Professional Documents
Culture Documents
- Education
a) Horace Mann public school reform (Mass school superintendent)
- Advocated Public education (southern states didn’t have public
school yet [not supportive of taxation to fund them])(Midwest did have public schools)
- This is why its difficult for the south to attract industry
(lower literacy rates)
1) Age Segregation (grades by age)
2) Standardized Curriculums and Textbooks
3) Structured School day (Strict Time schedule)
- To prepare them for the industrial life
4) Teacher training (Normal School)
HS: Women enter teaching profession
- US leads the way in Public Education in the world in the 19th century
a) Levied local property taxes to fund public education
b) Reflects optimism on human nature, people’s ability to improve themselves
-Temperance
a) Female driven movement
- Lyman Beecher the most important temperance advocate
- American Temperance Society
a) In some states it turned into Prohibition (dry county)
- Only the state of Maine did in this era
- This would remain part of the American landscape until it accelerated further in
the late 19th century (18th amendment)
- Great example of grass roots democratic movement (without political party
affiliation)
women’s rights
- Embrace of idea that women are the same as men
- Wanted equal opportunity (Seneca Falls 1846) and equality
- Declaration of Rights and Sentiments
a) Right to vote, own property, initiate divorce, higher
education, minister, end to sex double standard, equal pay
- Would become fundamental marks to achieving later
equality all expressed in it
- Grimke sisters, Soujourner Truth (former slave and womens rights/abolitionist
advocate) Lucy Stone , Elizabeth Stanton, Susan b Anthony
Utopian Experiments
a) Brooke Farm: Established by transcendentalists, believed in potential of all
people Margaret Fuller, Thoureau
b) New Harmony Indiana by British socialist (trying to start socialist
communities)
c) Communes for plural marriage
- Reflective of optimism, can be a model for the rest of the country
Penal Institutions
- With the growth of cities came more crime, Jails were new in this era
a) What should be the nature of a prison?
-about punishment or rehabilitation/reform for productive members of
society to come out of prison
- Dorothea Dix advocated for prison models to improve lives for prisoners so that
they could be productive members of society (also crusaded for mental health reform
[asylums])
- Belief that we can help the mentally ill etc.
- All reforms are examples of Democracy In action (independent of gov’t grass
roots just like the progressive movement and the new left/civil rights movement)
#11) Influence on Development of Democracy
- Jacksonian Democracy 1829-1837
a) Born poor, made his own fortune, The embodiment of the American Dream
- Ambitious, huge ego, supported some reforms
a) Wanted more democracy for white men
- Got rid of property qualification for white men to vote
- Replace spoken ballot with written ballot
- Reform in electoral college (voted by political party, electors are
committed to vote for that person, whoever wins popular vote, those are the electors who
go off to the electoral college)
a) more democratic than having state legislatures choose it,
people have a more direct say
- Rotation in Office (new perspectives to help improve our
responsiveness to the people)
a) Spoils System (critics said you will favor people who
agree with your political affiliation, causes
corruption)
b) Big on Indian Removal
- As cotton economy grew, people were removing Indians on their
own
- Indian Removal Act of 1830 (states could remove Indians of
their own accord)( 5 southern tribes)
a) Cherokee Resistance
- Assimilated to life among whites, but not enough
-Cherokee sued in Supreme Court and got a decision that it
was the federal gov’ts duty to conduct Indian
removal (Jackson then sent US Army down to
remove Indians)
b) Did not support abolition or women’s rights
- Eli Whitney: Invents Cotton Gin
a) More efficient to get seed out of cotton, growing cotton demand due to
booming textile industry (cotton price high)
- Cotton growing profitable, explains fast growth of Georgia
Alabama east Texas and the resistance of the south to abolishing slavery
- Invents interchangeable parts (machine tools would later make this
hugely important for mass production along an assembly line and the American System
of manufacturing)
a) Henry Ford and the Automobile and many things before
- Samuel Slater stole secrets from British about water powered machines in early
textile mills, brought the info to America, helped build the first textile factory in 1790’s
c) Vetoed the National Bank in 1832 (became big issue in election against Clay)
- Saying it was a Monopoly and anti-competitive, catered to elite interests,
not much for the little people
- McCullough v. Maryland had said it was constitutional, he didn’t care,
seen as his embrace of democracy in industrial sector
- Sympathetic to a protective Tariff (South Carolina nullification crisis [on a
protective tariff])
a) Federal law is upheld as supreme in the land, states cant violate it
without a response
- Jackson passes the Force Bill in Congress, sends Army to the border
a) Compromise Tariff was passed
- John Calhoun (jacksons VP) secretly wrote a pamphlet in which he
defended a states rights to overcome the decisions of fed gov’t, The South Carolina
Exposition and Protest
- Government is protecting industries, agricultural and
consumer interests are put at a disadvantage, inconsistent with his embrace of
competition
- He was not very engaged with blacks and womens movements
Second Great Awakening
- Explosion of evangelical Christianity
a) Growth of ministers with congregations from many places in society
(not necessarily trained)
- A cultural democratic movement, started in Kentucky
a) Camp Town Meetings: examples of religious fervor to
listen to preachers and performers
b) The Burned Over District: NY along the canal, looking
for work in these new businesses, a hunger for religious meaning in life alongside the
economic explosion
- The Mormon Faith founded by Joseph Smith,
grew up in Burned Over District ( polygamy was illegal [moved to Utah [Mexico] and
established salt lake
- Charles Finney came from a traditional religious
background, he developed the Doctrine of Perfectionism (live without sin)
Westward Movement
- Jefferson had purchased Louisiana Territory
- Comprise of 1850: Reduced size of Texas
- Mexican Cession: 1/3 of it gained in Mexican War
- 54 40 or Fight, now settle for 49th Parallel
a) Boom to economic opportunity
- Mining and Agricultural
- California with rich lands and trade with pacific thru its harbors
- Oregon’s Timber industry
a) allowed affluence throughout American history thru rich natural
resources
- The Frontier experience for Women: in tandem with set of political
values stated in constitution allowed women to shape American society (building the
farms, fighting the Indians, living proof of woman’s capabilities and makes it harder to
deny the potential of Women)
- Rocky Mountain states were first ones in1870-80’s give women
the right to vote (one reason was to attract settlers)
Adams Onis Treaty: acquisition of Florida and its panhandle
- Spain recognized our acquisition of Louisiana territory and our claim to
pacific in the west
#12) Impact of Expansion on National Unity
1) Missouri Compromise 1820: Application with Missouri entering the union as
a slave state in 1819
a) Unbalanced the states (It would give slave states more weight over free
states)(The whole American System passed in 1816 requires taxation, broad sontruction,
giving the federal gov’t more power, this all didn’t sit well in southern political culture
[tax, tariff]
- Maine enters as a free state, Missouri as a slave state
- Banned slavery north of the 36th parallel
2) Texas gained independence in their war against Mexico
a) Will it enter the Union?
- Jackson said it should not, too divisive an issue
- By 1836, Abolition William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator and Sojourner
Truth was speaking out, The Nat Turner Rebellion 1831 [scared the white south], Gag
Rule passed as a result, Censoring the mail about not distributing abolitionist literature
- Polk ran on expansionist ticket
1) Settle the Oregon Issue (54 40 or Fight)
2) Bring Texas into the Union
3) Acquire California
a) Tyler could not get a bill passed by Congress to admit Texas
- Free Soil sentiment (against EXPANSION of slavery) against
admitting Texas as a slave state (increasing northern
opposition)
- Mexican War was a success under Polk (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo)
- Compromise of 1850
1) Abolished the Slave Trade in Washington DC
2) A tougher Fugitive Slave Law passed (punish northerners who
support runaways, led to strong opposition in the North with many personal liberty laws
passed to nullify this new fugitive slave act) (most controversial issue)
- Led to Beecher Stowe to write Uncle Toms Cabin
3) California enters the Union as a Free State
- Stunned the south, Northerners and immigrants went to
California overwhelmingly and decided to make it a free state under the Northwest
Ordinance of 1787 procedures
4) Popular Sovereignty will decide slavery in Utah and NM
territory (used for the first time in some new part of the country)
5) Texas reduced in size (a slave state reduced in size, better for
anti slavery interests)
- Kansas Nebraska Act 1854
a) Future of Slavery be decided by Popular Sovereignty (nullified Missouri
compromise)
- Kansas became the battle ground for anti-slavery and pro-slavery
conflicts
- Bleeding Kansas 1856: Guerilla War broke out and continued until civil War
a) John Brown Pottawattamie Creek (slaughtered pro-slavery farmers)
- Lecompton Constitution: trying to e admitted under Buchanan’s
presidency as a pro-slavery state, but they remained a territory until beginning of civil
war when they were admitted as a free state with Lawrence as its capital
#13) Use of legal, religious, economic arguments defending slavery in the South
Legal
- Slavery apologists: John Calhoun and George Fitzhugh
a) 3/5 clause, End of (1808) international slave trade, shows how its legal
under the law
b) People have a right to property (5th Amendment), does not coincide
with the law to take peoples land
- Religion
a) Bible justifies slavery
- Economic
a) Calhoun’s Wage Slavery (factory workers are worse off than slaves,
they can lose their jobs and become homeless, but slaves have a home and are fed, treated
better than northern factory workers)
#14) Manifest Destiny, was it an aggressive expansionism?
- Know what manifest destiny is
- Closely tied to the City upon a hill puritan belief
- Model of Christian Charity (Winthrop)
- Mexican War imperialistic or benevolent?
#15) 1858 Lincoln Statement Reconciled by 1862 Emancipation Proclamation
a) Emancipation Proclamation abolished slavery in parts of the confederacy, freed
no slaves loyal to union in northern states, didn’t advocate equal rights
b) Intentions were to keep the union together
- Lincoln Douglas Debates
a) Makes Lincoln a national figure
- “House Divided Speech” at the beginning of every debate but insisted he
wasn’t an abolitionist
- In 1860, Lincoln got elected as a Free-Soiler (Southerners did not like this, states
seceded at that time (SC first), upper south seceded after Fort Sumter)
a) Fort Sumter: Called for 75,000 volunteers to put down a domestic
insurrection; Upper South States Secede (slower to leave because of stronger economic
ties to northern states)
- War Aim in early stages: To save the Union (black men couldn’t
even join the union army) (both sides think God is on their side)
- Doesn’t want to lose Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and
Missouri by declaring Abolition as a war aim)
- Seward wanted to make abolition a war aim so that a European
country would not recognize Confederacy
- Wherever the Union went, Blacks went to the Union Army (no black soldiers
fighting for the confederacy), clear indication that blacks wanted to be free
- 1862: Second Confiscation Act: Any slaves behind union lines inside
confederacy were free, and could be put to work for Union Army
- 1863: Emancipation Proclamation: Freed all salves inside confederate
territory, implications that slavery is a war aim and we are going to end this
-allowed blacks to enter union army Inspired by Antietam [Lee’s army of
northern Virginia attack to show the unions inability to defend themselves]
- Deadliest day in American history, first victory for Union in
eastern theater (Union looked strong like they could win the war)
-States Rights and Slavery were the most fundamental causes of Civil War
- Dred Scott Decision 1857 very influential as well (slave conspiracy)
a) Slavery is fundamental cause (it caused States Rights to be an issue because of
abolition question)
SHEET 3
- Most immigration comes from northwest/Central Europe, British Isles Ireland
and Scandinavia
1) 1830’s beyond civil War: German and Scandinavian Immigration in plain
states and Midwest
- WWI sparked anti-sentiment to immigration
- Anti- Irish/Catholic: Know-Nothings Party established (Nativism: hostility to
immigrants)
#1) How did constitutional and social developments amount to a Revolution between
1860 and 1877
Constitutional
1) Emancipation Proclamation allows blacks to join union army
2) Radical Republican Reconstruction (13th 14th and 15th amendment)
-13th Amendment 1865 (Civil War ideals reaching their full realization)
-14th amendment
a) Anyone born in the US is a citizen (Overturns Dred-Scott)
b) Equal Protection, Due Process, and Citizenship Clauses
c) No state shall deny a citizen the right to life, liberty, or property without
due process of law
- Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal segregation) consistent
with 14th amendment (law until Topeka Board of Education v. Brown 1954)
- 15th amendment
a) black suffrage, Right to vote shall not be denied on race, creed, color, or
previous involuntary servitude (not for women)
b) Did not deny common disenfranchisements methods like literacy tests
and poll taxes (ended in Voting Rights Act of 1965 [literacy tests] and 24th Amendment
[poll tax] under LBJ)
Freedman’s Bureau (to aid freedmen to integrate into American society)
Social Developments
Share Cropping: describe share cropping (it kinda better than slavery)
- most people did not make money, fell into debt, Crop Lien System
Agriculture devastated after Civil war in south because of fall of cotton
prices cause whites to start share cropping
Political Terrorism: KKK used to prevent ideal of racial equality from getting
traction, Grant passed Force Acts which gave army ability to pursue white terrorism
against black voters
Amnesty Act of 1872: Restored right to vote to all of the white
southerners that had been disenfranchised under Radical Republican Reconstruction
- By 1876, The Democrats are back in power
Compromise of 1876: Ended reconstruction, contested election returns for the
presidency, special committee had a majority of one republican and they chose Hayes
won, Democrats outraged, no longer try to enforce 14/15th amendments in the South, Jim
Crow laws and black disenfranchisement come into place
1896- Plessy v. Ferguson Disenfranchisement methods were upheld as legal
Abolition of Slavery: was still big, even though white south doesn’t embrace it
(sharecropping, an increase of literacy rates for blacks thanks to radical republicans, a
black professional class by 1900, Booker T. Washington)
#3) Economic consequences of Civil War
Agriculture, Transportation, labor, industrialization
- Sharecropping in the South
- Good for the spread of industry and agriculture in the North
a) National Railway Act of 1862: Authorized construction of first
transcontinental railroad
- Workers in factories continue economic growth as a result of meeting war
demands and the profits made during war help the industries grow more to make more
jobs and increase wages
- Industrialization grew as a result of need of material
- South suffers in all these, North good in all these
a) Cotton prices fall and never come back up as high as they were before
civil war (world supply of cotton expands)
b) Destruction of fields and lands
c) Abolition makes all the southern wealth disappear (cant grow and invest
to make economy grow, dependent on foreign investment [which no one would do
because of lack of education and industrialization]
d) South had few railroads and canals/paved roads (anti-taxation
philosophy), after Civil War they couldn’t attract money to build this infrastructure
#4) The reality of the “New South” before WWI
Race relations
a) White Supremacy still widespread (nothing has changed in south)
- Random: TR was the first person to appoint Blacks to his cabinet
b) Illiteracy rates high in the south
Economic
- Barely a money economy (crop-lien/sharecropping_
- Abolition created evaporation of wealth
- No Credit System
Politics
- Monolithically democratic south
Grady Atlanta Constitution and other Southern Newspapers (encouraged
industrialization in the “New South”)
Textile Industry well established in the South instead of the North by this time
Tobacco Industry: smoking became an American habit (Winston Salem)
Steel Industry: Birmingham Alabama Timber Industry
-Still small compared to rest of country, South remained very behind until WWII
#5) How were lives of Plains Indians affected by technology and gov’t actions?
- US army waged war against them and defeated them
- National Railway Act 1862
- The Telegraph, Railroad, Fancier machinery in Mining industry
- Railroad put pressure on Indians by bringing people west faster, allowed
expansion of mining industry
#6) Analyze Impact on American Industrial Worker.