Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objectives
1 2
3 4
As we have seen from this The hierarchical network model divides a network into three layers:
example, the network
– Access layer: Grants user access to network devices. In a network
requirements of a company
campus, the access layer generally incorporates switched LAN devices
can change dramatically as
with ports that provide connectivity to workstations and servers. In the
the company grows over
WAN environment, it may provide teleworkers or remote sites access to
time.
the corporate network across WAN technology.
Distributing employees – Distribution layer: Aggregates the wiring closets, using switches to
saves costs in many ways, segment workgroups and isolate network problems in a campus
but it puts increased environment. Similarly, the distribution layer aggregates WAN
demands on the network. connections at the edge of the campus and provides policy-based
Not only must a network connectivity.
meet the day-to-day – Core layer: (also referred to as the backbone) - A high-speed
operational needs of the backbone that is designed to switch packets as fast as possible.
business, but it needs to be Because the core is critical for connectivity, it must provide a high level
able to adapt and grow as of availability and adapt to changes very quickly. It also provides
the company changes. scalability and fast convergence.
5 6
Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
Presentation_ID.scr
Tim Horgan, 2008 Tim Horgan, 2008
The Hierarchical Network Model provides a modular framework that allows WAN operations focus primarily on Layer 1 and
flexibility in network design, and facilitates ease of implementation and Layer 2.
troubleshooting in the infrastructure.
WAN access standards typically describe both
physical layer delivery methods and data link layer
requirements, including physical addressing, flow
control, and encapsulation.
WAN access standards are defined and managed by
a number of recognized authorities, including the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
the Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA),
and the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA).
7 8
11 12
Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
Presentation_ID.scr
Tim Horgan, 2008 Tim Horgan, 2008
Data link layer protocols define how data is encapsulated for transmission to
remote sites and the mechanisms for transferring the resulting frames.
A variety of different technologies, such as ISDN, Frame Relay, or ATM, are
used.
Many of these protocols use the same basic framing mechanism, HDLC, an
ISO standard, or one of its subsets or variants.
ATM is different from the others, because it uses small fixed-size cells of 53
bytes (48 bytes for data), unlike the other packet-switched technologies,
which use variable-sized packets.
The most common WAN data-link protocols are:
– HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay & ATM
ISDN and X.25 are older data-link protocols used less frequently used today.
However, ISDN is still covered in this course because of its use when
provisioning VoIP network using PRI links.
15 16
Examining the header portion of an HDLC frame will help identify common A circuit-switched network is one that establishes a dedicated circuit (or
fields used by many WAN encapsulation protocols. channel) between nodes and terminals before the users may communicate.
The frame always starts and ends with an 8-bit flag field: 01111110. Time division multiplexing (TDM) gives each conversation a share by making
a fixed capacity connection available to each subscriber.
A WAN header address field is usually a broadcast address on a point-to-
point link. If the circuit carries “bursty traffic” such as computer data, the usage of this
fixed capacity may not be efficient.
The control field identifies the data portion as either information or control.
Because the subscriber has sole use of the fixed capacity allocation, switched
The protocol field identifies the intended layer 3 protocol (e.g., IP, IPX).
circuits are generally an expensive way of moving data.
17 18
Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
Presentation_ID.scr
Tim Horgan, 2008 Tim Horgan, 2008
In contrast to circuit switching, packet switching splits traffic data into packets Private WAN connections include both dedicated and switched link options.
that are routed over a shared network.
Dedicated links: A point-to-point link provides a pre-established WAN
Packet-switching networks do not require a circuit to be established, and they communications path from the customer premises through the provider
allow many pairs of nodes to communicate over the same channel. network to a remote destination. Point-to-point lines are usually leased from a
The switches in a packet-switched network determine which link the packet carrier and are also called leased lines.
must be sent on next from the addressing information in each packet. Switched communication links can be either circuit or packet switched.
There are two approaches to – Circuit switching dynamically establishes a dedicated virtual
this link determination, connection. Have to establish the connection through the service
connectionless (IP) or provider. Examples (PSTN) and ISDN.
connection-oriented (FR). – Packet-switched communication links-Many WAN users do not make
Because the internal links efficient use of the fixed bandwidth that is available with dedicated,
between the switches are switched, or permanent circuits because the data flow fluctuates. Data
shared between many users, is transmitted in labeled frames, cells, or packets. Examples include
the costs of packet switching Frame Relay, ATM, X.25, and Metro Ethernet.
are lower than those of circuit Public WAN Connection: Using VPN technology the Internet is now an
switching. inexpensive and secure option for connecting to teleworkers and remote
offices where performance guarantees are not critical.
19 20
Leased lines have different capacities and are priced based on the bandwidth
required and the distance between the two connected points.
Point-to-point links are more expensive than shared such as Frame Relay.
The dedicated capacity removes latency or jitter between the endpoints.
Constant availability is essential for some applications such as VoIP.
Leased lines provide permanent dedicated capacity and are used extensively
for building WANs. However they do have some disadvantages:
– Leased lines have a fixed capacity; however, WAN traffic is often
variable leaving some of the capacity unused.
– Each endpoint needs a separate physical interface on the router, which
increases equipment costs.
21 22
23 24
Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
Presentation_ID.scr
Tim Horgan, 2008 Tim Horgan, 2008
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
25 26
27 28
Packet Switching WANs: Frame Relay Packet Switching WANs: Frame Relay
29 30
Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
Presentation_ID.scr
Tim Horgan, 2008 Tim Horgan, 2008
31 32
33 34
35 36
Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
Presentation_ID.scr
Tim Horgan, 2008 Tim Horgan, 2008
37 38
41 42
Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
Presentation_ID.scr
Tim Horgan, 2008 Tim Horgan, 2008
43 44
Summary Summary
A WAN is a data communications network that operates beyond the geographic scope Data link layer protocols define how data is encapsulated for transmission to remote
of a LAN. sites and the mechanisms for transferring the resulting frames.
As companies grow, adding more employees, opening branch offices, and expanding A circuit-switching network establishes a dedicated circuit (or channel) between nodes
into global markets, their requirements for integrated services change. These business and terminals before the users may communicate.
requirements drive their network requirements.
A packet-switching network splits traffic data into packets that are routed over a shared
The Cisco Enterprise Architecture expands upon the Hierarchical Design Model by network. Packet-switching networks do not require a circuit to be established and allow
further dividing the enterprise network into physical, logical, and functional areas. many pairs of nodes to communicate over the same channel.
Implementation of a Cisco Enterprise Architecture provides a secure, robust network A point-to-point link provides a pre-established WAN communications path from the
with high availability that facilitates the deployment of converged networks. customer premises through the provider network to a remote destination. Point-to-point
links use leased lines to provide a dedicated connection.
WANs operate in relation to the OSI reference model, primarily on Layer 1 and Layer 2.
Circuit-switching WAN options include analog dialup and ISDN. Packet-switching WAN
Devices that put data on the local loop are called data circuit-terminating equipment, or
options include X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM. ATM transmits data in 53-byte cells
data communications equipment (DCE). The customer devices that pass the data to the
rather than frames. ATM is most suited to video traffic.
DCE are called data terminal equipment (DTE). The DCE primarily provides an
interface for the DTE into the communication link on the WAN cloud. Internet WAN connection options include broadband services, such as DSL, cable
modem or broadband wireless, and Metro Ethernet. VPN technology enables
The physical demarcation point is the place where the responsibility for the connection
businesses to provide secure teleworker access through the Internet over broadband
changes from the enterprise to the service provider.
services.
45 46
Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
Presentation_ID.scr