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Network essentials

The first step when you studying network is to identify the main
layers of
Network concept there is 7 main layers helps in transferring data
from
Source to destination under authority of main server these 7 layers
1- application layer
2- presentation layer
3- session layer
4- transportation layer
5- network layer
6- data link layer
7- physical layer
We will discuss in detail all layers of network concept but in first we
must
Know the definition of Server band host and destination.
Server: main control unit for transferring data for all stations on
network.
Host: the station want to send data to anther station on network.
Destination: the station will receive data which sent by host.
Now we will discuss meaning of every layer on network concept
Application layer : its concerned with user application and its
directly
contact with these application
Presentation layer : ensure that data was sent from source to
destination
Readable by application layer
Session layer: its concerned with establishes and manages session
between
Two communicating hosts
Transportation layer: it’s concerned with data reassembles into
places On
receiving system
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Network layer: its concerned with paths and design of network witch
data
will transferring through it
Data link layer : its concerned with transmit media like (utp cables,
fiber cable ,..etc)
Physical layer : its concerned with NIC (network interface card ) ,
and
switches, hubs ,………etc
All data we illustrated before refer to OSI model (international
l organization for standardization) now we will describe all
network
topologies and network concepts be very careful about these
definition
of network topology because I think who studying network must be
a ware
of all network topology .
We have 5 main topology networks we illustrated in details now
Bus topology: it’s used single cable to link all computers on one
Backbone connecting directly to each other
Ring topology: All computers connects together in a ring the first
Computer connects to the second computer and the second
computer
Connects to the third computer to the last computer by the same
step and the
Last computer connects to the first computer I think it’s seemed
like a ring.
Star topology: it’s used central control unit to connects all
computer
Together this control unit may be switch or hub
Extended star topology: its seems like star topology but it
difference
In you can connects multiple central control unit together it means
that you
Can connect tow or more networks together by using control unit
Switches
And hub.
I mish topology: all computers connect together from the first
computer
To second and third and the second computer connects to the first
computer
And Third computer and, Etc by the same step.

Prepared by Mohammed El Qadi

Note: all organization or some of organization used star and


extended star topology in any design of network.
• Logical design of network is how the hosts communicate across
media
Or cables the tow main types of logical topology is broadcast and
token
ring.
* LAN: we mean by this word local area network this word you will use
it
a lot when you describe any network or design any network.
There are devices used when you begin to design any network this
Devices like computer, scanners, printers connects together by
using network
• interface card (NIC) : this devices can used without using network
interface
Card but when you want to share any document or any of this
devices you
Must used network interface card.
• NIC: network interface card used to connects all devices on the
network
Together and all hosts every network interface card carries a
unique code
Called media access code (MAC address), which used to manage
Communication between all hosts together.
• Media: which refer to cables will carries a flow of information from
source to destination or between all hosts in network
* Note: personal area network (PAN) which used personal body to
carries
a flow of information from source to destination
* Basics LAN devices: repeaters, hubs, switches, bridges.
* Repeaters: it used to extended segment on the network when you
want to
extend transferring data for long distance .
• Hubs: its central control unit used to connect group of computers
together
To make available more than one computer sends and receiving
data in the
Same Time.

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Switches: it’s central control unit same like hubs used to connect
Group of computers together to make available more than one
computer
Sending and receiving data in the same time but you must know
the
Difference between hubs and switches, hub divide the signal or the
Segment on all ports of hub if it used or unused but switches divide
the signal only on used ports.
• Example to understand the difference between both switch and hub
Suppose that you have switch and hub 8 ports and signal is 128 kb
Per second and you used only 4 ports from switch and hub you
Will find the signal out from hub is 128 divide by 8 and signal out
From switch 128 divide by four only that’s mean hub divide signal
Depends on number of port used or unused and switch divide
signal on
Ports used only.
* Bridges: it’s used to connect more than one LAN together.
Now we will discuss network layers in details we will begin from last
to first
• Physical layer : the function of physical layer is to transmit data by
Defining electrical specification between source and destination
which
Concerned with NIC (network interface card), server and
computers,
You will find more than one kind of network interface card in
market
Like realtek, Kingston, Compaq, 3com, ne200, c100, and other
kinds
All this kinds called network adapter we agree that the network
interface
Card is the device of sending data from computer to another so its
Very important to use network interface card in any network
design to
Make available sending and receiving data.
Another device used by physical layer is server which concerned
with
Control communication between the computers together by
installing an

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Operating system on server to manage this communication by assign
Policies, rights, and groups for every one use the network, another
device
Used by physical layer is switches, hubs, bridges, repeaters we
Illustrated.
• Data link layer : it’s define as transmission media like cables we
agree
That the cable is used to carry out sending data from source to
destination
there is 3 main category cables used to connect tow computers
together
or connect tow switches together or to configure switch or router .
• STP: shielded twisted pair cable.
• UTP: unshielded twisted pair cable.
There are 3 types of linked cable used to carry out data one called
pair to
Pair and second called cross over and last one called console cable.
• Pair to pair : used to connect switch with any computer or used to
connect
Server with any switch that’s mean every computer on a network
linked
By switch using pair to pair cable and every switch linked with
server used
Pair to pair cable
* Cross over cable: used to connect tow switches together or to
connect
2 LAN together when you want to use more than one switch on your
network
You must use cross over cable to connect tow switches together .
• Console cable : used to connect switch with any computer or router
with
Any computer to have ability to configure this switch or routers
these cable
Very important to configure any switch or router you have .

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* Pair to pair standard wire color


The first of cable The end of cable
*Cross
White orange White orange
over
Orange Orange
White green White green
Blue Blue
White blue White Blue
Green Green
White brown White Brown
Brown Brown
standard wire cable
The fist of cable The end of cable
White orange White Green
Orange Green
White green White Orange
Blue Blue
White blue White Blue
Green Orange
White brown White Brown
Brown Brown

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* Console Cable

The fist of cable The end of cable


White orange Brown
Orange White Brown
White green Green
Blue White Blue
White blue Blue
Green White Green
White brown Orange
Brown White Orange

* Design and documentation of any network:


Learning how to design a network?
General design process before you can make a design for any
network you
Must determine the type of cables and wiring you will use you have
Two CCPN(Central Control Point Of Our Network ) types of network
Wiring topologies 10 Base-T and 100 Base-TX and for cables you
Have
Many types of network cables like Cat 5, Cat 5.e, Cat 6, Fiber Cable
if you
Have all resources that support 100 Base-TX that’s good as all, you
must
Decide the type of central control point of our network like hubs,
Switches, bridges, repeaters, patch Panel and network interface
card
Network design issues: in order to design any network you must
have
Some information about the organization witch will design a
network fro it
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1-Organization charts and history.


2-Operating policies and management procedures.
3-Who will use the LAN?

Second step is to make analysis about equipments support using


network.
Third step is to identify resources that will use to develop a network
its
full on two categories computer hardware, software.
• General network design process: There are 3 words in network
design you
Must understand these words before you getting up to design a
network
• Designer: the man who will design a network
• Client: the man who will pay to design a network
• Users : the user who will use your network design

When you design a network you must produce a document about


your
Design include some information about

1- engineering journal
2- logical topology
3- physical topology
4- cut sheets
5- problem solving matrices
6- labeled outlets
7- labeled cables run
8- summary of outlets and cables run
9- summary of devices, media access control and IP addressing

Prepared by Mohammed El Qadi

Sizing of wiring closet: when you want to design a network you must
Determine the size of cables will use on your network and you must
be aware
That any UTP cables the maximum size is 150 meter, any fiber
optical
Cable have maximum size very big than UTP cables.
• Network layer: network layer is responsible for navigating data
over all
Network the function of network layer is to find the best path to
transfer
Data over all network, network layer using two types of address to
identify
the path which data will transfer one called flat address and
another
called hierarchical address.
• Network address: location port used by router.
• Host address: specific port or device on a network.
Network layer is responsible for addressing routers and translates
system
Name to address.
• MAC address : Media access control this address helps us in
designing
Network for every network interface card in a network address this
Address called MAC address if you want to point any station on a
network
You must know its MAC address we used this address in
configuration
network to make policies and procedure every MAC address consist
Of 12 bits the first 6 bits refer to IEEE (institute of electrical and
Electronics engineer).

First 6 bits Last 6 bits

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IP (internet protocol): most popular implementation of hierarchical


address schema.
• IP address format: IP address is thirty two bits it consist of two
main
parts network number and host number

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits


• Every IP consist of 4 main category
0 4 8 16
31
VERS HELEN Service Type Total Length

• We will discuss in details every category


• VERS: this category refers to current version used of IP (internet
protocols).
• HELEN: IP Header and length indicates datagram header length.
• Service Type: specify the level of importance that has been
assigned
by a particular upper layer
• Total Length: specify the length of IP packet including data and
header.
Source and destination address: every IP protocol contains of
Necessary information that will help to rout packets through
network,
source IP address identify the device will send packets count as 32
bits.

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Destination IP address: indicates to address of the device which will


receives
Data Count As 32
Bits
32 bits 32 bits

Source Address Destination


Address

• IP Address Components Field


IP Address consists of two main parts network address and Host
address
Network address: identifies the network which a device will attach
to it.
• Host Address: identifies the specific device on network.

Network
16 bits Host Address
16 bits
Address
• ARIN (American registry for internal network) classified IP Address
In three Classes class a, class b and class c we will discuss the
three classes
On details.
• Class A: in Class A every IP is divided to 4 parts every part consist
of 8
Bits the first 8 bits to identify the network portion and the another
24 bits is to
Identify the Host Portion.
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

N H H H

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You can determine the classification of any IP by translate the first


cell of
IP to binary system for Example of class A (124.95.44.15) this IP
classified
As class A why?
124 when you translate this number to binary system you will find
that
This number in binary is 1111100 you see the most right number is
Zero that’s mean this IP Classified as Class A.
* To convert from decimal number to binary number you use this
function
28 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Any decimal number can convert to binary by this function lets see
some
Example about this case Assume that you have number 10 in
decimal this
Number in binary system will
Be number 10 is result of add number 8 and 2 like this equation
10 = 8+2. so we used number 8 and number from this function we
put
Under the number we used number 1 and another number we not
used put
Under this number 0 so the binary system of number 10 is 1010
8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0
* Another example of converting decimal to binary number 220 this
number
In binary system are 11011100.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

• he second class of IP address is Class B in this class the IP address


is
Divided into four parts the first tow parts for network portion and
the
Second two parts is identify the host address

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8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

N N H H

In Class B the first two bits must be equal 10 in binary system that’s
mean
After you convert the first cell in IP address to binary system the
first two
Number must be equal 10 for example about class B assume that
you
Have IP Address is 131.120.2.5 in this example we convert the first
cell to
Binary system you will found the number like 10000011.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

* The third class of IP address is Class C the IP address is divided into


four
Parts the first three parts is identify the network portion and the
last
Part is identifying the host address portion.
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

N N N H

* In class C the first third number in binary system must be equal 110
that’s
Mean after you converting the first cell in IP address to binary
system the
Fist third number must be like 110 for example about class C
assume that
You have IP address 201.110.213.18 after we convert the first cell
to
binary system the number will be like 11001001.

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
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Notes
• In class A the first right number is = 0
• In class B th first two number right is equal = 10
• In class C the first third number is equal = 110
• Most designers or administrator for any network want to dived the
whole
Into smaller parts called subnet work
• What is subnet and subnet mask?
Range of bits needed to create subnet mask depending the type
Of IP classification in class A the range of bits 8 bit.
• In class B the range of bits 16 in class C the range of bits is 24
that’s depending
Of the portion of every IP type to understand this part look to the
Illustrate figure later.
• Question: in the address 131.108.0.0 what are the routing bits?
Answer: to determine routing bits for this IP you must in first
determine
The classification of this IP A,B,C By selecting the first octal
number
And converted it to binary system to identify which class this IP
131 this is the first octal number in binary system the number will
Be like 10000011.

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

After we converted the first octal number we detect that this IP is


Class B means that the range of routing bits is 16 That’s meaning
the subnet mask
Is 255.255.255.0

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Question 2: in the address 192.168.1.2 which are the routing bits ?
Answer: 192 after we convert this portion to binary system the
number
Will be like 11000000

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
That’s mean this IP is classified as class C then the range of routing
bits is
24 and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.224
Protocols
Router is type of internetworking device the function of any router
is to
Determine the best path on the network to transfer data through
the main
Function is to process data packets between networks.
• Routers : in network there are two address schema one called
MAC address) based on layer (2) and anther called IP address
based on
Layer (3) ,there are difference between routers , switches, bridges
are
Used MAC address to make data forwarding decision based on
layer (2)
Data link layer but router used IP address to make data forwarding
Decision based on layer (3) Network layer.
• Mac Address: is media access control which is assigned by network
interface
card but the network administrator who assign IP address .
Routers used to connect two or more network together but each
network must
have a unique number in order to routing successfully.

Prepared by Mohammed El Qadi

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