Table 9.

2 Architectural ceramics glaze and body colors from Khmer kilns and other sites
Site/type of Architectural tile finial others source
ceramics round flat Eave/ridge
Glazed unglazed Glazed unglazed Glazed Unglazed Glazed unglazed Glazed unglazed
TMK Siem “Brown” gray, “Brown” “brown” Gray, Yellow, Gray, P2, Miksic et
Reap Light orange Light Yellow, orange milky orange al. 2008, Chhay
yellow yellow, grayish green et al. 2008
green white
Tani A6 light gray, light brown 2 orange brown, NARA 2005
green1 orange, green1 gray, brown etc. grayish
brown orange8 (restore5, brown6
(restore7) shard 177)
Tani B1,B4 Light Grayish Grayish yellow, Light grayish grayish Aoyagi and
green1 white4 white grayish brown1, white1 white1 Sasaki
Unknow Gray1 body2 white yellowish light 2007:96-99
n2 Orange4 Yellow body1 orange1 yellow1
green1 green1
unknown1
Sarsey Dark gray Yellow, Reddish Light gray Light gray Tin 2003
green gray reddish reddish Sok 2002, 2008
grayish
white
body
Khnar Por orange, Gray grayish Gray, Em 2004
reddish white, white, grayish OOUM 2009

149
 orange orange, white,
orange
Banteay Angkor, light light P Nakao 1992
Kdei Siem brown etc brown Masako 2005
Reap etc
Chau Say gray 1 both sides orange3 orange1 orange 2 Light Qiao and Li
5
Tevoda orange2 green 1 yellow2 2000,
Preah Khan Exterior orange 2 Interior orange3 light Light Chhan 2000
green1 gray 1 green3 yellow2 yellow7
Prasat NE orange orange orange orange Pottier 1994
Phanom Thailand
Wan
Prasat Hin brown, brown, brown, brown, Talbot 2001
Phimai reddish reddish reddish reddish
yellow >50 yellow yellow yellow

5
Author had found few pieces of celadon glazed flat tiles in Chinese Government Team for Safeguarding Angkor, Siem Reap.
150
 Table 10 Examples of Khmer architectural ceramics found from archaeological sites in Cambodia and Northeast Thailand
Archaeological site tile finial others Dating source

round flat Eave/ridge (A.D.)

TMK kiln Siem Reap, 11C- P2,Miksic

Cambodia et al. 2008

1 2 3 4 5
6

T014, L3, 19, l:24, w:12-15 T04, L6,23, l:26,w:10.5-17,t:0.4 T02E105, l:15.5 T08L6,26-27,
T03, L6,23, l:20, w:11-16 T06,L6,23, l:21,w:13.5-18.4 h:30

Tani A6 11C- NARA

2005
11
7 8 9 10

12 13

54, l:23.5,w:12-14.3 63,l:24.5,w:11.5-13.5,t:1 type15:39,h:13.8,w:11.7, 71,h :31.8,d :

70,l:26.5,w:14.5 61,l:22.5,14.5-17,t:1 type4:8,h:13.2,l:17,t:4 7.8

Tani B1,B4 11C- Aoyagi and

Sasaki
2007
14 15
16-17 18 19

202,Pit3-1 205,TrIIIĹ 198,TrIIIĹ 197,TrIII 199,TrIIIĸ

196,TrIII Ĺ

151
 Sarsei kiln 11C- Sok 2008

22

20 21 24
23

S23, l:24-26, w S22, l:24.2-26 10, S24, l:16.4, w:15-16.4 S25, h:14.4-27.4,w:13.8

Banteay Kdei Angkor, Late 12C Nakao

Cambodia 1992,
Marui 2005
25 26 27 28

CU02(III), C03(IV) C03(IV) C03(IV)

Chao Say 12C Qiao and Li

Tevoda 33 2000

29 30 31 32 34

IT1503Ĺ:2 III T1511ĺ:6, t:1.2 IVT0901ķ2, Surface IIT0301Ĺ,

h:8.5,w:4,t:1.2 collection h:6.5,IIT0501

Preah Khan Late Chhan

37 12-early 2000
13C
35 36
38
39

From Dharmasala From Dharmasala From jetty From jetty

152
Prasat Phanom NE Thailand Dedica- Pottier
Wan ted 1082 1994
44

47
40 41 42 43
45 46

PWIT38, PWIT12 PWIT40, PWIT37 PWIT2, PWIT31 PWIT17 PWIT1

rasat Hin Phimai 1080- Talbot 2001

(2000) 1108

48 49 50 51 52

cat no.186, l:16.6 cat no.8, l:17 cat no.72,194, h:13.3,7.4 cat no.36, h:10.3

153
Table 11 Comparison between the form and shape of Chinese roof tiles and Khmer tiles
Khmer flat tile (ca.11C) Chinese flat tile (10C)
L6,23:T04 T1ļ:45
Celadon, celadon,
yellow white grayish body
body
l:26,w:13-14, l:29.5,w:23.3,
t:0.5-0.8 t:1.1-1.3
Weight:1268g weight:1858g

TMK002 Zhongshansi
(2007) Road,
Guangzhou
(2003)
(P1, Miksic et (P4,
al. 2008, pic8) Guangzhou
2005b, pic 37)

154
Khmer round tile Chinese round tile
L3,19:T015 T1ļB:31

Celadon, Celadon
yellow body grayish body

l:23,w:12-15,t: l:31,w:14,
0.5-0.9 t:1-1.2

weight:1000g weight:1595g
TMK002 Zhongshansi
(2007) Road,
Guangzhou
(2003)

(P1) (P4)

155
Khmer ridge tile/eave tile (ca.11C) Chinese ridge tile and tile-end (10C)
T028:2 T1ļ:68
celadon, celadon, grayish
yellowish body
white body
w:11 d:14,t:1.2-1.4
weight:671 weight: 741g
TMK002 Zhongshansi
(2007) Road,
Guangzhou
(2003)
(P1) (P4, Guangzhou
2005b:250,
pic6-1)
T030:2 T1ļ:53

celadon, celadon, grayish

yellowish body
white body
H:9.5 w:29,t:1.2-1.5
weight: 273g weight:615g
TMK002 Zhongshansi Road,
(2007) Guangzhou (2003)

(P1) (P4, Guangzhou

2004, pic39)

156
Khmer flat tile from Tani kiln, 11C Khmer flat tile from 15th Century site
A6, 66 WT04,
Section belt 2

Unglazed, light Unglazed,

orange body light orange
Short body
length:12.1

Tani Kiln Western Top

(1999) Temple,
Angkor Thom
(2005)
(P7, NARA (P7)
2005:58,
pl.29-2)

157
Table 12: Comparison of architectural ceramics forming, stacking and firing methods between Khmer Empire and China
Khmer architectural ceramics forming, stacking and firing methods Chinese architectural ceramics forming methods
Forming
method

K1 K2

Round tile from Tani kiln (P7) C1 C5

Stacking
method
K3

C2

K4 K5 K6
Tani kiln (Tabata 2005:29, pic6), Tiles from TMK002 (P1)
TMK001 (P6) C6

Firing
method C3

C4 C7 C8

K1: both tiles and urns unearthed from TMK002 fire box (P6), K2: Tile C1-2: Zhongzhou road, Luoyang, Warring States to Han (CAS 1993:448) C3:Pingshuo Tomb, Shanxi,

supports found from TMK001 (Tabata 2007:68, pic6) Western Han (Li 1996:314, pic176) C4,7: Mong Tseng Wai, Hong Kong, Ming (P8) C5-7: coiling and
molding (C5-6:P5, C7:Song 1998:225)
158
 Chinese architectural ceramics firing methods

C9 C10
C11
Tile kilns for Palace construction work,C1: Y3, Daming Palace, Shaanxi, Tile Firing and “burning-moistening” technique demonstration in Tiangong kaiwu, 17C
7C (CASS 1997:368, pic19) C2: Sui Tang Palace, Luoyang, A.D.605-731 (Song 1998:227-228)
(Xiong 1995:127, pic4-2-8)

159
Table 13: Comparison of architectural ceramics setting and roofing methods between Khmer and China during eighth to thirteenth centuries
Khmer architectural ceramics setting and roofing Chinese architectural ceramics setting and roofing
Tile
setting/
function
of
different C1 C2 C3
forms of K1 K2
tile K4

K3 C4 C5 C6
K1:Tiles from Tani Kiln, 11C (P7) K2: Prah Ko end Reconstruction of roofing, C1:celadon tiles from Nanhan Palace, Guangzhou, 10C (P4), C2: tile setting in
tiles K3: Tiles from the Eastern Mebon and Pre Rup Prasat Phanom Wan, 11C Shanxi (Knapp 2000, pic3.166) C3: Chiwei, terracotta, Tang Daming Palace,
(Dumarçay 2001, pic47,63) (Pottier 1994, pic 8) Xi’an 8-9C(CASS 2007, pic17-2), C4:Kaiguo Temple Pagoda, Kaifeng, Song
(Pan 2005:165,pic517 ), C5-6: function of eave tiles (CAS 1993:311pic6-4-9,10)
Tile
roofing

K5 K6
C7

K5: reconstruction of roofing in the Eastern Mebon K6: reconstruction of roofing Reconstruction of roofing , Nanhan Palace, Guangzhou, 10C(Guangzhou 2005a,
(Dumarçay 2001, pic4,6) picture adopted from Cheng 1991, pic2-5-5)

160
Elevation
and plan
of temple
and palace
K7 C8

K9
K8 C9 C10 C11
Elevation of Bayon east façade, plan of Bayon Inner gallery, Bayon (Dumarçay Elevation and plan of Hanyuan Hall, Daming Palace, Xi’an (Steinhardt 1984:97-98,
(Dumarçay 2001, pic81,80) 2001, pic97) pic5.6-7) Theory of harmony in universal and man (Cheng 1991:30, pic1-1-2,3)

Roofing
informa-
tion from
bas relief
and K10 C12

painting

K11 K12 C13

Tile roofing method and reconstruction from Pre Rup (Dumarçay 1973:29, pic30), different tile roofing method from Yingzao fashi “State Building Standard" (Pan 2005:160,
roofing methods on bas relief in Bayon Temple (Photos taken by the author) pic5-7, CAS1993:310, pic6-4-3) tile and straw roofing in Qingming Shanghetu “Along
the River in Qingming Festival” (CAS 1993:264, pic8-4-16)

161
Table 14 Comparison between the ranking and color of architectural ceramics using in Khmer Empire and Chinese palaces
Type Flat tile Round tile Eave tile Ridge tile Floor tile
Tang
Daming
Palace 1-3 4-5 6 7 8
7-9C
(CASS 2007, pl.16-6,19-3,23-3) (CASS 2007, pl.16-5-6) (CASS 2007, pl.17-2, pl.56-2) (CASS 2007, pl.16-3)

Nanhan

Palace 10C

Yellow 9 10 11 12

Glaze (Guangzhou 2005b:196,pic203, pic200,206, pic203,208, pic205)

Celadon
Glaze
13 14 15 16

(Guangzhou 2005a:pl.37, Guangzhou 2005b:194, pic191,200, pic197, 195, pic192)

Glass lead
glazed 17
18 19
(Guangzhou 2005a:pl.38, 42,254, pic2)
Unglazed
Yellow
white 20 21 22
body (Guangzhou 2005b:198, pic195, 202, pic199, Guangzhou 200a:254, pic4)

Unglazed
gray body
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

(23-24,26-P4; 25,27-30-Guangzhou 2005b:199, pic196,204, pic201,201,pic198,207,pic204,205, pic202)

162
 Type Flat tile Round tile Eave tile Ridge tile/finial
TMK002

ca. 11C

“brown”

Glaze TMK002T020,2; T40FT6(P1) TMK002T015,19,3; TMK002T43,FT6(P1)

T40,FT6(P1)
Yellow
glazed

TMK002T04,L6,23(P1) TMK002T02,9,2(P1) TMK002T43,FT6?(P1) T017,L2b(P1)

Celadon
glazed

TMK002T05,19,9(P1) TMK002T007,L5(P1)
Unglazed
grayish
white
TMK002T03,E1.05(P1)
Unglazed
gray

TMK002T011,L2,6(P1) TMK002T016,19,3(P1) TMK002(P1)

Unglazed
orange

TMK002T07,26-27(P1) TMK002T17,19,3(P1) TMK002T01E105(P1)

163
Table 15 Technique sequences of contemporary glass glazed tile production in China*
Forming

Use a wire bow to fix the size of mold Round and flat tile mold, trimming tools Smooth tile on the mold Lift off the excess clay from the edge Warm the biscuit in half dry for first firing

Glazing

1. flat tile glazing Stir the glaze Dip down to the rim Pour glaze on interior side Stack after glazed

2. round tile glazing Pour the glaze in the basin Stack after glazed 3. pour the glaze on the floor Dry after glaze
Stacking
and
firing

Stack flat tiles vertically from Kiln for first firing of unglazed Brushing away the dirt Removing ceramics separators Glazed eave tile products
bottom to the top of the kiln biscuit between glazed tiles
*Photos taken by Wong Wai Yee in Liulicun (Glass Glazed Tiles Village) company, Mentougou, Beijing

164
Table 16 Technique sequences of contemporary unglazed roof tile production in China and India
Roof tiles production in Zhejiang, China

1 2 3 4

buffalo trampling river mud repeatedly Smoothing the packed mud, cutting into thin The sheet of clay is laid around a wooden mold, Smoothing the sheet of clay with the hands
sheets using a wire bow covered of with a moistened cloth

5 6 7 8
Using a curved shaping tool, rotating the Tubular clay separated from the mould and After dry, the tubular clay is broken with a twist of Preparing firing in a temporary kiln
mould until surface is even stacking to a drying area the wrist into four tiles (1-8. Knapp 2000:159-161, pic3.168-175)

Roof tiles production in India

Throwing cylinders and sun-drying, Large half-cylinder flat tiles are sun-dried over a Tile making with mould and ash in Rajwar, Round and flat tiles setting in Nizamabad,
Madhubani, Bihar (Cooper 1998:27) mould, Eastern Gujarat (Cooper 1998:31) Madhya Pradesh, India (Perryman 2000:139) Uttar Pradesh (Perryman 2000:2)

165
Table 17 Roof tiles excavated in Nanyue Kingdom Official Hall site, Guangzhou
Double Phoenix motif on eave tiles in Nanhan Period (10C)

Black glazed (P9) Yellow glazed Unglazed, Yellow Unglazed, grayish

(Guangzhou white body body (P9)
2005b:196, (Guangzhou
pic203) 2005b:198,
pic195)

Table 18.1 Roof tiles excavated in Oc Eo, Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Unglazed flat tiles unearthed in Pre-Angkorian Period (1-9C)

Tiles Type A-D (Manguin 2006:295-297, pic1-3)

Angkorian type round and eave tiles (Manguin 2006:306, pic18)

166
 Table 18.2 Roof tiles in Pre-Angkorian Period, Cambodia
Unglazed flat tiles unearthed in Pre-Angkorian Period (1-9C)

Angkor Borei (Lun 2009:1-1) Sambo Prei Kuk (Lun 2009:1-2)

Table 18.3 Roof tiles in Angkorian Period, Cambodia

Glazed round tile, eave tile and finial Unglazed flat tile

Royal Palace (Lun 2009:3-1)

Brown glazed architectural ceramics Eave tile

Khnar Po (Lun 2009:2-3) Angkor Wat Western Causeway

(Marui 1999:179, pic3)

Table 18.4 Lead tiles discovered in the Elephant Terrace, Angkor Thom
Flat tile Round tile

(Pottier 1997:214, photo 1, 217,fig2) (Pottier 1997:214, photo 2, 217,fig3)

Eave tile

(Pottier 1997:215, photo 3, 218-219,fig4)

167