Biology, 8e (Campbell)

Chapter
41

1
Animal
Nutrition
Multiple-Choice Questions
1)
The of catabolizing many substances as sources of energy. Which of the following would
body is be used as an energy source only after the depletion of other sources?
capable
A)
fat in adipose tissue
B)
glucose in the blood
C)
protein in muscle cells
D)
glycogen in muscle cells
E)
calcium phosphate in bone
Topic
:
Concept 41.1
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
2)
An that migrates great distances would obtain the greatest benefit from storing its
animal energy as
A)
proteins.
B)
minerals.
C)
carbohydrat es.
D)
amino acids.
E)
fats.
Topic
:
Concept 41.1
Skill:
Application/An
alysis
3)
Some nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of certain animals because
A)
only those animals use the nutrients.
B)
they are subunits of important polymers.
C)
they cannot be manufactured by the organism.
D)
they are necessary coenzymes.
E)
only some foods contain them.
Topic
:
Concept 41.1
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
4)
Animals certain amino acids in their diet. An amino acid that is referred to as nonessential
require would be best described as one that
A)
can be made by the animal's body from other substances.
B)
is not used by the animal in biosynthesis.
C)
must be ingested in the diet.
D)
is less important than an essential amino acid.
E)
is not found in many proteins.
Topic
:
Concept 41.1
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
5)
Which of the following vitamins is correctly associated with its use?
A)
vitamin Ccuring rickets
B)
vitamin Aincorporated into the visual pigment of the eye
C)
vitamin Dcalcium removal from bone
D)
vitamin Eprotection of skin from cancer
E)
vitamin Kproduction of white blood cells
Topic
:
Concept 41.1
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
6)
Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?
A)
vitamin A
B)
vitamin B12
C)
vitamin C
D)
iodine
E)
calcium
Topic
:
Concept 41.1
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
7)
Which of the following minerals is associated with its use in animals?
A)
calciumco nstruction and maintenance of bone
B)
magnesium cofactor in enzymes that make ATP
C)
ironnecess ary for thyroid function
D)
sulfuringre dient of nucleic acids
E)
iodineimpor tant in nerve function
Topic
:
Concept 41.1
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
8)
If the e systems of animals are to provide the energy needed for ATP and biosynthesis,
digestiv which of the following diets would be most suitable?
A)
a high protein, low carbohydrate diet
B)
a diet low in lipids and high in protein
C)
a low-calorie diet with large intake of fluids, especially water
D)
a diet that matches the "food pyramid" for the species
E)
a diet that maximizes vitamins and minerals
Topic
:
Concept 41.1
Skill:
Synthesis/Eval
uation
Use the following table of the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its % of
recommended daily values (DV) to answer the following questions.

Dietary Supplement % DV
Vitamin A 70
Vitamin C 100
Vitamin D 100
Vitamin E 150
Vitamin K 13
Vitamin B1 100
Vitamin B2 100
Folic acid 100
Vitamin B12 417
Calcium 20
Phosphorus 5
Iodine 100
Magnesium 25
Zinc 100
Copper 100
Chromium 125
Molybdenum 100
Iron 0
Etc.

9)
Some of vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100%. Which is the
the most likely explanation?
A)
It would be too expensive to add more.
B)
These vitamins and minerals are easily obtained in other food sources.
C)
It is too easy to overdose on minerals such as phosphorus, iron, and calcium.
D
)
It is dangerous to overdose on vitamins such as A and K.
E)
These supplements are meant for those who have been deprived of healthy foods.
Topic
:
Concept 41.1
Skill:
Application/An
alysis
10)
After examination of the table, which of the following groups would you expect to benefit
careful most from this supplement?
A)
pregnant women
B)
senior citizens
C)
infants
D)
the immunosuppressed
E)
women of menstruating ages
Topic
:
Concept 41.1
Skill:
Application/An
alysis
11)
Folic acid supplements have become especially important for pregnant women. Why?
A)
Folic acid supplies vitamins that pregnant women lose.
B)
The folic acid stored by pregnant women is removed from their circulation.
C)
The fetus makes high levels of folic acid.
D)
Folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus.
E)
Folic acid deprivation is a cause of heart abnormalities in a newborn.
Topic
:
Concept 41.1
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
12)
With which of the following is excessive iron absorption most likely to be associated?
A)
blood loss due to severe injury
B)
liver abnormality that results in decreased number of red blood cells
C)
various forms of inherited or acquired anemia
D)
genetic disorders such as hemochromatosis
E)
menstruatio n and menopause
Topic
:
Concept 41.1
Skill:
Synthesis/Eval
uation
13)
During of digestion, fats are broken down when fatty acids are detached from glycerol. In
the addition, proteins are digested to yield amino acids. What do these two processes
process have in common?
A)
They are catalyzed by the same enzyme.
B)
Both occur intracellularly in most organisms.
C)
They involve the addition of a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).
D)
Both require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the pH.
E)
Each requires ATP as an energy source.
Topic
:
Concept 41.2
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
14)
To the digestive tract, a substance must cross a cell membrane. During which stage of
leave food processing does this take place?
A)
ingestion
B)
digestion
C)
hydrolysis
D)
absorption
E)
elimination
Topic
:
Concept 41.2
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
15)
Intracell ular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by which process?
A)
hydrolysis
B)
endocytosi s
C)
absorption
D)
elimination
E)
secretion
Topic
:
Concept 41.2
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
16)
Increasi ng the surface area directly facilitates which of the following digestive processes?
A)
hydrolysis
B)
absorption
C)
elimination
D)
A and B only
E)
A, B, and C
Topic
:
Concept 41.2
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
17)
Which following is an advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular
of the cavity?
A)
Extracellular digestion is not needed.
B)
Specialized regions are possible.
C)
Digestive enzymes can be more specific.
D)
Extensive branching is possible.
E)
Intracellular digestion is easier.
Topic
:
Concept 41.2
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
18)
Extracel mentalization of digestive processes is an evolutionary adaptation in many animal
lular phyla. Which of the following phyla is correctly paired with the compartment that
compart first evolved in that phylum?
A)
Molluscalar ge intestine
B)
Arthropoda stomach
C)
Annelidac omplete alimentary canal
D)
Cnidariagas trovascular cavity
E)
Chordataliv er
Topic
:
Concept: 41.2
Skill:
Application/An
alysis
19)
Foods by animals are most often composed largely of macromolecules. This requires the
eaten animals to have methods for which of the following?
A)
elimination
B)
dehydration synthesis
C)
enzymatic hydrolysis
D)
regurgitation
E)
demineraliza tion
Topic
:
Concept 41.2
Skill:
Application/An
alysis
20)
Which of the following describes peristalsis in the digestive system?
A)
a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine
B)
voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation
C)
the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel
D)
a common cause of loss of appetite, fatigue, and dehydration
E)
smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
21)
After n, the first type of macromolecule to be worked on by enzymes in the human
ingestio digestive system is
A)
protein.
B)
carbohydra te.
C)
cholesterol
D)
nucleic acid.
E)
glucose.
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
22)
What is the substrate of salivary amylase?
A)
protein
B)
starch
C)
sucrose
D)
glucose
E)
maltose
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
23)
Which of the following statements is true of mammals?
A)
All foods begin their enzymatic digestion in the mouth.
B)
After leaving the oral cavity, the bolus enters the larynx.
C)
The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea.
D)
Enzyme production continues in the esophagus.
E)
The trachea leads to the esophagus and then to the stomach.
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
24)
What part(s) of the digestive system have secretions with a pH of 2?
A)
small intestine
B)
stomach
C)
pancreas
D)
liver
E)
mouth
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
25)
Which of the following statements describes pepsin?
A)
It is manufactured by the pancreas.
B)
It helps stabilize fat-water emulsions.
C)
It splits maltose into monosaccharides.
D)
It begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.
E)
It is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with low pH.
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
26)
Without functioning parietal cells, which of the following would you expect for an individual?
A)
not to be able to initiate protein digestion in the stomach
B)
not to be able to initiate mechanical digestion in the stomach
C)
only to be able to digest fat in the stomach
D)
not to be able to produce pepsinogen
E)
not to be able to initiate digestion in the small intestine.
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Application/An
alysis
27)
Which of the following is true of bile salts?
A)
They are enzymes.
B)
They are manufactured by the pancreas.
C)
They emulsify fats in the duodenum.
D)
They increase the efficiency of pepsin action.
E)
They are normally an ingredient of gastric juice.
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
28)
Most nutrients absorbed into the lymph or bloodstream are in which form?
A)
disaccharide s
B)
polymers
C)
monomers
D)
enzymes
E)
peptides
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
29)
Which of the following enzymes has the lowest pH optimum?
A)
amylase
B)
pepsin
C)
lipase
D)
trypsin
E)
sucrase
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
The following questions refer to the digestive system structures in Figure 41.1.

Figure 41.1

30)
Where are the agents that help emulsify fat produced?
A)
1
B)
2
C)
3
D)
8
E)
9
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
31)
Where does the complete digestion of carbohydrates occur?
A)
3 only
B)
4 only
C)
1 and 4
D)
3 and 4
E)
1, 3, and 4
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
32)
Where does the digestion of fats mostly occur?
A)
3 only
B)
4 only
C)
1 and 4
D)
3 and 4
E)
1, 3, and 4
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
33)
Which e is home to bacteria that produce vitamins as by-products of their metabolism?
structur
A)
3
B)
4
C)
5
D)
7
E)
8
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
34)
How does the digestion and absorption of fat differ from that of carbohydrates?
A)
Processing not require any digestive enzymes, whereas the processing of carbohydrates
of fat does does.
B)
Fat occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small
absorption intestine.
C)
Carbohydrat es need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not.
D
)
Most fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly
absorbed enter the blood.
E)
Only fat must be worked on by bacteria in the large intestine before it can be absorbed.
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
35)
Which of the following is a nutritional monomer that can be transported in the blood?
A)
sucrose
B)
maltose
C)
fatty acid
D)
dipeptide
E)
trinucleotide
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
36)
In which blood vessel is glucose concentration likely to vary the most?
A)
abdominal artery
B)
coronary arteries
C)
pulmonary veins
D)
hepatic portal vessel
E)
hepatic vein, which drains the liver
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Application/An
alysis
37)
Which following glandular secretions involved in digestion would be most likely released
of the initially as inactive precursors?
A)
protein- digesting enzymes
B)
fat- solubilizing bile salts
C)
acid- neutralizing bicarbonate
D)
carbohydrat e-digesting enzymes
E)
hormones such as gastrin
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
38)
Adult onto large fish and feed regularly on their body fluids. Given this continuous supply
lamprey of food, which one of the following is most likely missing in lampreys?
s attach
A)
liver
B)
pancreas
C)
intestine
D
)
stomach
E)
gallbladder
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Application/An
alysis
39)
Which of the following would probably contribute to constipation? A substance that
A)
contains plenty of fiber.
B)
promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine.
C)
speeds up movement of material in the large intestine.
D)
decreases water reabsorption in the large intestine.
E)
stimulates peristalsis.
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Application/An
alysis
40)
Numero currently treated for reflux disorders. However, at an earlier time in medical history
us adult these same individuals probably would have been diagnosed with gastric ulcers.
humans Which of the following has most contributed to correct diagnosis of this problem?
are
A)
better pH monitoring
B)
improvemen ts in X-ray technology
C)
ability to diagnose and treat H. pylori infection
D)
ability to perform colonoscopy
E)
ability to perform sonography
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Synthesis/Eval
uation
41)
A hiatal the function of the smooth muscle between the esophagus and the stomach. The
hernia hernia would be most likely to increase the frequency of which of the following?
affects
A
)
gastric reflux
B)
premature entry of food into the duodenum
C)
excess secretion of pepsinogen
D)
increased stomach pH
E)
retention of food in the stomach
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Application/An
alysis
42)
Bacteria beneficial to animal nutrition, including that of humans. Which of the following is
are among their greatest benefits to us?
A)
production of vitamins A and C
B)
generation of gases needed for elimination
C)
absorption of organic materials
D)
production of biotin and vitamin K
E)
recovery of water from fecal matter
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
43)
The pH gastric juice of the stomach is about 2 due to the formation of HCl. Where does this
of the formation of HCl occur?
A)
in the chief cells of the stomach
B)
in the parietal cells of the stomach
C)
in the transformation of pepsinogen to pepsin
D
)
in the lumen of the stomach
E)
in the secretions of the esophagus
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
44)
The pH h is low enough and the protease activity high enough that the cells of the stomach
of the itself are at risk of self-digestion. This is prevented by which of the following?
stomac
A)
a sufficient colony of H. pylori
B)
mucus secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells
C)
high level of secretion by chief cells
D)
high level of secretion from parietal cells
E)
secretions entering the stomach from the pancreas
Topic
:
Concept 41.3
Skill:
Application/An
alysis
45)
In general, herbivorous mammals have molars modified for
A)
cutting.
B)
ripping.
C)
grinding.
D)
splitting.
E)
piercing.
Topic
:
Concept 41.4
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
46)
In which group of animals would you expect to find a relatively long cecum?
A)
carnivores
B)
herbivores
C)
autotrophs
D)
heterotrophs
E)
omnivores
Topic
:
Concept 41.4
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
47)
Which of the following are adaptations to a carnivorous diet?
A)
broad, flat molars
B)
a rumen
C)
ingestion of feces
D)
bile salts
E)
amylase
Topic
:
Concept 41.4
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
48)
Why are cattle able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material?
A)
They are autotrophic.
B)
Cattle, like the rabbit, reingest their feces.
C)
They manufacture all 15 amino acids out of sugars in the liver.
D)
Cattle saliva has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose.
E)
They have digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.
cellulose-
Topic
:
Concept 41.4
Skill:
Application/An
alysis
49)
Physical locating the jaw bones of previously unknown vertebrate animal fossils are often
anthrop able to assess the animal's diet especially because of clues from which of the
ologists following?
A)
the position of muscle attachment sites
B)
the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth
C)
the size of the mouth opening
D)
the evidence of food molecules still present
E)
whether the mouth is the most anterior structure
Topic
:
Concept 41.4
Skill:
Application/An
alysis
50)
In which of the following would you expect to find an enlarged cecum?
A)
rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears
B)
carnivorous animals
C)
tubeworms that digest via symbionts
D)
humans and other primates
E)
tapeworms and other intestinal parasites
Topic
:
Concept 41.4
Skill:
Synthesis/Eval
uation
51)
Coprop allows some animals to re-eat fecal material in order to recover more nutrients. In
hagy which of these animals would such behavior be displayed?
A)
ruminants such as cows
B)
insects and arthropods
C)
rabbits and their relatives
D)
squirrels and some rodents
E)
very large animals, e.g., elephants
Topic
:
Concept 41.4
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
52)
Microbi symbionts are especially important for nutritional support in which of the following?
al
A)
herbivores and carnivores
B)
herbivores and omnivores
C)
carnivores and omnivores
D)
animals with large stomach and short intestines
E)
animals without an esophagus
Topic
:
Concept 41.4
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
Use the following information to answer the following questions.

Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene produces a
satiety factor (the hormone leptin). The db gene product is required to respond to the
satiety factor (the leptin receptor).

53)
Leptin product of adipose cells. Therefore, a very obese mouse would be expected to have
is a which of the following?
A)
increased gene expression of ob and decreased expression of db
B)
increased gene expression of db and decreased expression of ob
C)
decreased transcription of both ob and db
D)
mutation of ob or db
Topic
:
Concept 41.5
Skill:
Synthesis/Eval
uation
54)
Most humans produce normal or increased levels of leptin without satiety. Which might
obese provide an answer to at least some human obesity if a means to do so is found?
A)
supplementa ry leptin
B)
inactivation of leptin
C)
overexpressi on of the leptin receptor gene
D)
activation of receptors for leptin
E)
inhibition of leptin receptors
Topic
:
Concept 41.5
Skill:
Synthesis/Eval
uation
55)
PKU ry condition in which infants and young children cannot ingest any more than tiny
(phenyl amounts of the amino acid phenylalanine without serious neurological results. This
ketonuri damage can be prevented by a severe restriction of phenylalanine in the diet.
a) is a Which of the following is the nutritional concept that forms the basis for this
heredita preventive treatment?
A)
enzymatic hydrolysis
B)
essential nutrients
C)
symbiosis
D)
dehydration synthesis
E)
structural anatomy of the brain
Topic
:
Concept 41.5
Skill:
Synthesis/Eval
uation
56)
Which following occurs when digestion of organic molecules results in more energy-rich
of the molecules than are immediately required by the animal?
A)
The excess is eliminated.
B)
The excess is stored as starch.
C)
The excess is stored as glycogen.
D)
The excess is oxidized.
E)
The excess is hydrolyzed.
Topic
:
Concept 41.5
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
57)
Which following hormone actions will occur when more energy is required by a human?
of the
A)
Blood insulin increases.
B)
Blood glucagon increases.
C)
Both insulin and glucagon increase.
D)
Both insulin and glucagon decrease.
E)
Thyroid hormone is increased.
Topic
:
Concept 41.5
Skill:
Application/An
alysis
58)
When energy sources are needed than are generated by diet, in which order does the
more animal draw on stored sources?
A)
fat, glycogen, protein
B)
glycogen, protein, fat
C)
liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, fat
D)
muscle glycogen, fat, liver glycogen
E)
fat, protein, glycogen
Topic
:
Concept 41.5
Skill:
Knowledge/Co
mprehension
59)
Obesity in humans is most likely to contribute to which of the following?
A)
type I diabetes and prostate cancer
B)
type I diabetes and breast cancer
C)
type II diabetes and muscle atrophy
D
)
type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease
E)
type II diabetes and decreased insulin production
Topic
:
Concept 41.5
Skill:
Application/An
alysis
Self-Quiz Questions
1)
Individu als whose diet consists primarily of corn would likely become
A)
obese.
B)
anorexic.
C)
overnourishe d.
D)
undernouris hed.
E)
malnourish ed.
2)
Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired with its feeding mechanism?
A)
lionsubstr ate feeder
B)
baleen whalesuspension feeder
C)
aphidfluid feeder
D)
clamsuspen sion feeder
E)
snakebulk feeder
3)
The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the
A)
large intestine.
B)
stomach.
C)
pharynx.
D)
rectum.
E)
epiglottis.
4)
Which of the following enzymes works most effectively at a very low pH?
A)
salivary amylase
B)
trypsin
C)
pepsin
D)
pancreatic amylase
E)
pancreatic lipase
5)
Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?
A)
stomachpro tein digestion
B)
oral cavitystarch digestion
C)
large intestinebile production
D)
small intestinenutrient absorption
E)
pancreasen zyme production
6)
After removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict
surgical dietary intake of
A)
starch.
B)
protein.
C)
sugar.
D)
fat.
E)
water.
7)
The ic microbes that help nourish a ruminant live mainly in specialized regions of the
symbiot
A)
large intestine.
B)
liver.
C)
small intestine.
D)
pharynx.
E)
stomach.
8)
If you jog a mile a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?
were to
A)
muscle proteins
B)
muscle and liver glycogen
C)
fat stored in the liver
D)
fat stored in adipose tissue
E)
blood proteins
9)
Make a that occur after partially digested food leaves the stomach. Use the following
flowcha terms: bicarbonate secretion, circulation, decrease in acid, secretin secretion,
rt of the increase in acid, signal detection. Next to each term, indicate the compartment(s)
events involved. You may use a term more than once.
Answer: