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QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

QUASI
• QUASI comes from the latin word for « as if » and in English it
means giving the appearance of.
• A quasi experiment is look like an experiment but it is not.
• Quasi also means resembling but not actually the same. These
involves procedures resembles to those of experiments
Quasi Experimental Design
• It is a type of design that approximates control features of a true
experiment to infer that a given treatment have an intended effect.
• Alternative when true experiments are not possible.

Quasi Experiments
True Experiments Lacks degree of
Control control
Randomization Lacks of
Manipulation of a variable to randomization
compare groups. Non manipulable
variable

Types of QUASI experimental designs:


1. Single group pretest post test deisgn
2. Time series design design
3. Interrupted time series design
4. Non equivalent control group design
5. Multiple time series design
6. Reversal Design
• Reversal with multiple variables
• Multiple Baseline Design

Single Group Pre test Post Test Design


• Simplified version
Consists of only one observation before and after an event or treatment for
single group of participants.
O1 x O2 where O is observation and X is event or treatment.
Simply called pre test post test design or one group pre test post test design or
bad experiment.

Time Series Design


• It is basically a pre test post test design with repeated observations
before and after the treatment.
• OOO X OOO
• E.g., researcher observes the number of fights before and after the
anger management for students.
Interrupted Time series design

• It consists of series of observations before and after the occurrence of


an event.
• Event is neither treatment nor nor experience created and
manipulated by the experimenter.
• E.g., researcher may manipulate the impact of natural disaster like
earthquake or flood at chritable contributions by recording gifts received by
human service agencies for the months before and after the disaster.

Non equivalent control group


• .In this design a treatment group and a comparison group are
compared using pre test and post test measures.
• A control group is one group of participants who experience all
aspects of the study except the IV.
• O X O experimental group
• O Nil O control group
• e.g, take patients from one hospital and another group and see the
effectiveness of CBT in treating depression

Multiple Time Series Design


• Natural extension of time series design and non equivalent control
group design.
• It incorporates both repeated pre test and post test observations and
a control group.
• Also called time series with non equivalent control group.
• OOO X OOO
• OOO nil OOO
• E.g., effectiveness of relaxation training

Reversal Designs

• Multiple Baseline Designs


Reversal with Multiple
AOOO B OOOOOOOO
Variables
AOOOOO B OOOOOO
A, B, A,B, BC, B, BC,C,
AOOOOOOO B OOOO
BC,C A,C,A
AOOOOOOOOO B OO

Steps for implementing QUASI Experimental Design

• Define research problem


• State research hypothesis
• Operationally define variables
• Define population be sampled
• Select participants if possible
• Assign participants to groups
• Establish methodology
• Carry out procedures as establish for design
• Observe and record DV
• Compare the performance of groups.

Program Evaluation

Posavac and Carey (2003) define program evaluation as


• Collection of methods, skills, and sensitivities necessary to determine
whether a human service is needed and likely to be used.
• Whether service is sufficiently intense to meet the unmet needs
identified.
• Whether service is offered as planned.
• Whether service actually helps people in need at reasonable cost
without unaccepted side effects.

Goals of Program Evaluation
Providing feedback regarding human service activity to administrators of
human service organizations to help them decide what services to
provide to whom and how to provide them most effectively and
efficiently

Phases of Program Evaluation


• Posavac and Carey (2003) identify 4 questions asked by program
ealuators
• 4 phases of program evaluation
needs Process Outcome Efficiency

Needs
• Whether there are in fact problems that needs to be addressed in
target population.
• E.g., Is literacy problem of society?
• what services elderly needed?
• What is need of a community….
• Water, electricity, pollution, roads, recreational spots…

Process
• Process evaluation and program monitoring
• Whether program is providing the serviices it is supposed to provide.
• Observational methods are used.
• It is seen whether program is implemented accurately or not.

Outcome
• Is program effective in order to meet the needs stated goals.
• Do citizens have access to needs.
• E.g., recreational activities
• water supply
• electricity
• roads

Efficiency
• It relate to cost of the program… choices have to been made
between govt and other organization
Successfulness
• Program of a program
Evaluation
How we could
• Evaluation improve it further.
researchers takes
Programactions
immediate Evaluation
on basisVs
of Basic research
Basic research
research. Tentative
Determine whether program was Conduct research,
successful and needed to be continued research and research to
in future. draw strong and valid
Extreme case of applied research. conclusions.
Practical. Theoretical
BASIC RESEARCH
Concerned with
knowledge for the sake
of theory.
Its design is not
controlled by the
practical usefulness of
the findings.

PRACTICAL
APPLIED (action) RESEARCH(progra
RESEARCH m evaluation)
Concerned with showing Goes one step
how the findings can be further and applies
applied or summarized the findings of
into some type of research to a
teaching methodology. specific practical
teaching situation.

Reciprocal Relationship between Basic and applied


research

Applied research leads to

• Modifies & affects

• Deductive Theory Human & Social World

• Guides Interprets & Explains



Basic Research

Disadvantages
• Difficulty of random assigning of participants.
• Getting administration to cooperate with experimental procedures.
• Dealing with loss of participants
Advantage
• Based on sound experimental methodology.
• Inform society problems and their better solution for treating social
problems.

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