43.20: Note that Eq. 43.

17 can be written as follows

−t/T 1 /2
N=N 0 2 .
The amount of elapsed time since the source was created is roughly 2.5 years. Thus, we expect the
current activity to be
2. 6years
− 5 . 271years
N =( 5000 Ci )2 =3600 Ci .

ln(2 )
λ= =0 . 132(years)−1
The source is barely usable. Alternatively, we could calculate
T 1/2
and use the Eq. 43.17 directly to obtain the same answer.

14
43.21 For
C , T 1/2 =5730 y
−( ln 2) t/T 1 /2
A= A 0 e− λt ; λ=ln 2/T 1/2 so A= A 0 e ; A 0 =180. 0 decays/min

a)  t=1000 y , A=159 decays/min

b)  t=50,000 y, A=0.43 decays/min
90
43.22: (a)  39
Sr → β− + 90
39 X

90
X has 39 protons and 90 protons plus neutrons, so it must be Y.
(b) Use base 2 because we know the half life.
−t /T 1/ 2
A= A 0 2
−t /T
0 . 01 A0 = A 0 2 1/2

T 1/ 2 log 0. 01
t =−
log 2
( 28 yr ) log 0. 01
¿− =190 yr
log 2
3 0 3
43.23: a)  1 H →−1 e+ 2 He
−λt
b) 
N=N 0 e , N =0 .100 N 0 and λ=( ln 2)/T 1/2
−ln(0 .100)T 1/2
−t(ln 2) /T 1 /2
−t (ln 2)/T 1/2=ln(0.100 ); t= =40 .9 y
0 .100=e ; ln 2

dN
=500 μ Ci=(500×10−6 )(3 . 70×10 10 s−1 )
43.24: a)  dt
7
dN /dt=1 .85×10 dec/s
 ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
T 1 /2 = → λ= = =6 . 69×10−7 s
λ T 1/2 12 d (86,400 s/d )
dN dN /dt 1. 85×107 dec / s
=λN → N= = =2 .77×1013 nuclei
dt λ 6. 69×10−7 s−1
131
many
The mass of this Ba nuclei is
13 −27
m=2 .77×10 nuclei×(131×1 . 66×10 kg/ nucleus )
−12 −9
=6. 0×10 kg=6.0×10 g=6. 0 ng
(b) 
A= A 0 e− λt
1 μ Ci=( 500 μ Ci ) e− λt
ln ( 1/ 500 )=−λt
ln ( 1 /500 ) ln ( 1/ 500)
t =− =−
λ 6. 69×10−7 s−1
1 d
¿ 9 .29×106 s (
86 , 400 s
=108 days )
−t( ln 2)/T 1 /2
43.25:
A= A 0 e− λt= A 0 e
(ln 2) t
− =ln( A/ A 0 )
T1
2

( ln 2 )t (ln 2 )(4 . 00 days)

T 1 =− =− =2 .80 days
2 ln( A / A 0 ) ln(3091 /8318 )

dN
=λN
43.26: dt
ln 2 ln 2
λ= =
T1 7
3 . 15×10 s
2 1620 yr
1 yr ( )
−11 −1
λ=1. 36×10 s
6 . 022×1023 atoms
N=1 g (
226 g )
=2. 665×1025 atoms

dN dec
=λN=(2. 665×1025 )(1 .36×10−11 s−1 )=3 . 62×1010
dt s
10
¿ 3 .62×10 Bq
Convert to Ci:
1 Ci
3 .62×10 Bq
10
( 3. 70×1010 Bq)=0. 98 Ci

43.27: Find the total number of carbon atoms in the sample.

 n=m/M ;
N tot =nN A=m N A / M=(12. 0×10−3 kg ) (6 . 022×10 23 atoms /mol )/(12 .011×10−3 kg /mol)
23 −12 23 11
N tot =6 . 016×10 atoms, so (1 .3×10 ) (6 . 016×10 )=7 .82×10 carbon-14 atoms
ΔN / Δt=−180 decays/min=−3 . 00 decays/s
−( ΔN / Δt )
ΔN / Δt=−λN ; λ= =3 . 836×10−12 ( s)−1
N
T 1/2 =( ln 2)/ λ=1. 807×1011 s=5730 y
43.28: a) Solving Eq. (43.19) for λ ,
ln 2 ln 2
λ= = =4 .17×10−9 s−1 .
T 1/2 (5 . 27 y) (365 days/ year)(24 hrs/day ) (3600 sec/hr )
−5
m 3 . 60×10 g
N= = =3. 61×10 17 .
b) 
Au (60 ) (1 .66×10 g )
−24

dN
=λN=1 . 51×109 Bq,
c)  dt which is d) 0.0408 Ci. The same calculation for radium, with
larger A and longer half-life (lower λ ) gives
T A (5 . 27 yrs) (60)
(
λ RA N Ra=λ Co N Co 1/2Co Co =0 . 0408 Ci
T 1/2Ra A Ra ) (
(1 . 600 yrs) (226)
=3 .57×10−5 Ci .
)
dN (0)
| |=7 .56×1011 Bq=7 .56×10 11 decays/s
43.29: a)  dt
and
0 . 693 0 . 693
λ= = =3 .75×10−4 s−1 .
T 1/2 (30 . 8 min )(60 s/min )
so
1 dN (0) 7 . 56×1011 decays/s
N (0 )= | |= =2 .02×1015 nuclei .
λ dt 3. 75×10 s−4 −1

N (0)
=1 .01×1015
b) The number of nuclei left after one half-life is 2 nuclei, and the activity is
dN
| |=3 .78×1011 decays/ s.
half: dt
14
c) After three half lives (92.4 minutes) there is an eighth of the original amount N=2 . 53×10
nuclei, and an eighth of the activity:

( dNdt )=9 . 45×10 10

decays/s.
 3070 decays/min
=102 Bq/kg ,
43.30: The activity of the sample is (60 sec/min ) (0 .500 kg ) while the
activity of atmospheric carbon is 255 Bq/ kg (see Example 43.9). The age of the sample is then
ln (102/255 ) ln (102/255 )
t=− =− =7573 y.
λ 1 .21×10−4 / y

0 . 693 0 .693
λ= =
43.31: a) 
T 1/2 (1 .28×10 y )(3 . 156×107 s/ y )
9

−17 −1
⇒ λ=1.72×10 s .
−6 40
In m=1.63×10 g of K there are
−9
1 .63×10 kg
N= −27
=2. 45×1016 nuclei .
40(1. 66×10 kg )
dN
| |=λN =(1.72×10−17 s−1 )(2.45×1016 nuclei )=0. 421 decays/s.
So dt
dN 0. 421 Bq
| |= =1. 14×10−11 Ci.
b) 
dt 3 .70×10 Bq/Ci
10

6
360×10 decays
=4.17×103 Bq=1.13×10−7 Ci=0.113 μCi.
43.32: 86,400 s

0 . 693 0.693
λ= = =4 .91×10−18 s−1 .
43.33: a) 
T 1/2 (4 .47×10 9 y)(3 . 156×107 s/ y)
decays
b) 
1. 20×10−5 Ci=(1 . 20×10−5 Ci ) 3 .70×1010( s⋅Ci )
=4 . 44×105 decays/s .

5
dN 1 dN 4 . 44×10 decays/s
But | |=λN ⇒ N = | |= .
dt λ dt 4 .91×10−18 s−1
22
⇒ N =9 . 04×10 nuclei ⇒m=(238 u) N
⇒m=(238)(1 . 66×10−27 kg )(9. 04×1022 )=0 . 0357 kg .
c) Each decay emits one alpha particle. In 60.0 g of uranium there are
0 .0600 kg
N= −27
=1 . 52×1023 nuclei
238(1. 66×10 kg )
dN
⇒ | |=λN =( 4 . 91×10−18 s−1 )(1 . 52×1023 nuclei )=7 . 46×105
dt
alpha particles emitted each second.