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True
False
ionic bonds
octene
methene
butene
pentene
Hydration
Substitution
Addition of Chlorine
acetic acid
ethane
6. Sometimes we can obtain alcohol from an alkene. What is the
functional group of any alcohol?
hydroxyl group
None of these
methanoic acid
None of these
vinegar
ethanoic acid
methanoic acid
water
None of these
preservative
insecticidal
all of these
10. Ethanol (ethyl alcohol), ester, and acetic acid contain both carbon
and hydrogen atoms, but are they hydrocarbons?
By which of the following reactions do you obtain ethane from ethene (ethylene)?
Hydrogenation (Addition of Hydrogen). It is the addition of hydrogen (hydrogenation) because
when we add H2 to C2H4 (ethylene) we obtain C2H6 (ethane).
When ethene (ethylene) undergoes a chemical reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric
acid, it produces a compound (A). What exactly is the compound (A)?
ethanol (ethyl alcohol). According to the following reaction: C2H4 + H2O ---> C2H5OH (C2H6O)
where ethylene takes one hydrogen atom from water and the rest (-OH) is the functional group of
any alcohol.
Sometimes we can obtain alcohol from an alkene. What is the functional group of any alcohol?
hydroxyl group. The (-OH) in an alcohol stands for hydroxyl.
An alcohol reacts with acetic acid to produce two compounds. What is the chemical name of
acetic acid?
ethanoic acid. Vinegar is the official name that everyone uses.
When ethanol (ethyl alcohol) undergoes a reaction with acetic acid, it produces an ester and a
compound (B). What is the name of the compound (B)?
water. By this reaction, ester and water are produced.
Esters are artificial compounds that are used in industry. What is (are) its use(s)?
flavor and odor. With these compounds, we can produce products with taste (flavor) and odor.
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol), ester, and acetic acid contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms, but are
they hydrocarbons?
No, because they contain the atom oxygen.. No, they are not hydrocarbons because
hydrocarbons are compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen only, while the other compounds
listed above contain the atom oxygen.
Alkene
Alkenes are hydrocarbons that have double bonds between carbon atoms and therefore are
called unsaturated substance. The generic formula is CnH2n. The simplest alkene is ethene (also known
as ethylene):
Physical properties
• The same as alkanes.
• Physical state depends on molecular mass.
Chemical properties
Alkenes are relatively stable compounds, but are more reactive than alkanes.
Obtainment of alkene
Mainly by cracking reaction of an alkane.
alkane→ light alkane + alkene
Hydrogenation reaction
This reaction is done under a pressure of about 50 atm. We use a catalyst called Raney's nickel who is
an alloy of nickel and aluminium.
here is an example with ethylene :
CH2=CH2 + H2 → CH3-CH3
Halogenation reaction
In the case of alkene, halogenation is an addition reaction.
CH2=CH2 + Cl2 → ClCH2-CH2Cl
Hydrohalogenation reaction
It's also a reaction of addition, an electrophilic addition.
δ+ δ- δ+ δ- CH3-CH=CH2 + H-Cl→ CH3-CH-CH3 | Cl
• Slow step : this step determine the velocity of the reaction
This is an electrophilic addition with formation of a carbocation. The attacker is the H+, he will search
for a source of electrons, the ones from the pi-bonding.
δ+ δ- CH3-CH=CH2 + H+ → CH3-CH+-CH3
• Fast step :
This is also an electrophilic addition.
CH3-CH+-CH3 + Cl- → CH3-CH-CH3 | Cl
Polymerisation
here is the case of the ethylene
• Activation step
Under a thermic source of energy, peroxide will decompose into two free radicals.
RO - OR → 2 RO*
• Initiation step
the alone electron of the RO* will bond with an electron from the pi-bonding.
RO* + CH2=CH2 → ROCH2-CH2*
• Propagation step
There is the addition of n monomers to obtain a polymer.
ROCH2-CH2* + n CH2=CH2 →RO(CH2-CH2)n-CH2-CH2*
• Breaking step
Recombinaison of two free radicals.
R* + *R → R-R
Oxydationreactions :ozonolysis reaction
Oxydationreactions : arranged oxydation
Oxydationreactions : brutal oxydation