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Country Profile of
Conventional and Renewable Energies:

Gabonese Republic
Last updated on 23 Oct 2006

Prepared by

Maria-Evangelia Kaninia
Intern from August to …, 2006

for the

Department of Economic and Social Affairs

Statistics Division
Energy Statistics Section
United Nations, New York
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1 Executive Summary
The economy of Gabon has for a long time been solely based on the oil bonanza, though the recent
decline in production (in spite of the efforts to reverse it with further exploration activities) will eventually oblige
the government to diversify the economy. Efforts to develop the natural gas fields (associated with the oil
fields) are also undertaken.
The vast majority of the almost 11,000ktoe of crude oil extracted in 2004 were exported, leaving
460ktoe of oil products for domestic consumption. In terms of final energy, the largest share is occupied by
biomass (~65%), although in a lesser extent than in other sub-Saharan countries.
The electricity sector is privatised. The generation of electricity is shared between hydro resources and
hydrocarbons, with the former accounting for 60% of the production in 2004.
It is reasonable to assume that the country has further RE potential (mainly hydro and solar energy).
Apparently, the priorities of the country focus on the salvation of the dwindling oil sector, since no RE-related
projects have been located.
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2 Introduction & Overview

2.1 Brief Country Fact
2.1.1 Geographical data
ƒ Location: Western Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the Equator, between the Republic of Congo
and Equatorial Guinea
ƒ Surface area: 257,667 sq km of land area ([EIU]), of which less than 2% arable land or permanent
crops; plus 10,000 sq km of water surface ([CIA])
ƒ Terrain/ topography: narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south
ƒ Climate: tropical; always hot and humid

2.1.2 Population
ƒ Total population: approximately 1.4 million ([CIA], July 2006 estimate)
ƒ Growth rate:2.1% (same source);
ƒ Gabon ranks 123d in terms of human development indices ([HDR]); this placement is considerably
higher than that of the neighbouring countries

2.1.3 Political situation ([CIA], [EIU])

Gabon gained independence from France in 1960. The country has been ruled during this period by
two autocratic presidents, the second (and current) one having been in place for the last four decades. A
nominal multi-party system and a constitution were introduced in the early nineties, however, allegations of
fraud during the last elections and a weak and divided opposition depict better the political reality. The lack of
actual democratic governance has not however prevented the country from enjoying a relative prosperity and
stability, fueled by the abundant natural resources.

2.1.4 Economical Situation ([EIU], [CIA])

The economy is dominated by the oil sector (reserves were first discovered in the early seventies). Oil
represented an estimated 48% of GDP and 81% of export earnings in 2005, despite stagnant oil production
which is well below the production peak of the nineties of the nineties. The economy is therefore very
vulnerable to fluctuations in international oil prices. Excluding the services sector, which is mainly associated
with petroleum businesses and the public sector, the non-oil economy (mainly forestry and mining) accounts
for less than 15% of the GDP ([EIU], economic structure). The long –term goal is to achieve a smooth
transition to a more diversified economy.
The per capita GDP stands out for being considerably higher than that of most of sub-Saharan African
nations. This has supported a sharp decline in extreme poverty; yet, because of high income inequality, a large
proportion of the population remains poor. Despite the abundance of natural wealth, poor fiscal management
impedes the growth of the economy. The country has a record of accepting IMF or bilateral arrangements in
order to face structural difficulties. The perspectives for future growth remain bleak, since the oil production
levels are dropping. The country was thus unable to realise full potential gains from the recent surge in oil
prices.
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2.1.4.1 Vital statistics (2005 estimation, [CIA])

GDP evolution (PPP, billion $), source: [EIU], Country Data

12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Figure 1 GDP evolution, billion $, PPP, source: [EIU]

ƒ GDP (PPP): $9.5 billion (2005 est.); $10.6 billion according to [EIU], Country Data
ƒ GDP growth rate: 2.1% (2005 est.); 2.9% according to [EIU], Country Data
ƒ GDP (PPP) per capita: approximately $6,800 (2005 est.)
ƒ Inflation rate (consumer prices): -0.1% (2005 est.); marginally above zero according to [EIU]; indicator
of the fact that domestic demand of imported products in previous years was unsustainable
ƒ Main exports: crude oil, timber, mining products; to the US (more than 50%), France, China
ƒ Main imports: all goods apart from oil: machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, construction
materials; from France (41%, 2005), the US, Cameroon
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Figure 2 Map of Gabon, [EIU]

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2.2 Overview of the energy sector
2.2.1 Production, trade and consumption of commercial energy
Combustible
Crude Oil Natural
ktoe, source: [IEA], 2004 Hydro Renewable Electricity Total
Oil products Gas
and Waste

Inland Production 10929 106 77 995 12107

Imports 104 104
Exports -10195 -328 -10523
TPES 734 -219 106 77 995 1693
Electricity Plants -83 -100 -77 -6 132 -134
Refineries -734 698 -36
Other transformation 65 -4 -32 29
TFC 461 1 990 99 1551
Industry 193 1 294 27 515
Transport sector 187 187
Residential 39 696 52 787
Other 27 20 47
Electricity Generated -
381 256 893 7 1537
GWh
Table 1 Simplified energy balance table for 2004 (source: [IEA])
Gabon is a net exporter on energy resources (crude oil and refined petroleum products). The inland
production of crude oil (220,000bbl/d in 2004, according to [IEA] data, Table 1) amounts to approximately 2%
of the total African production or 4.3% of the sub-Saharan production for 2004. The country is self-sufficient in
refining capacity. The small quantity of natural gas produced is consumed locally. The electricity sector is
almost based on hydro resources and hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas). Apart from biomass, which
constitutes 64% of the total final energy consumed, no other RE resource is being exploited.

Figure 3 Total final energy consumption ([IEA])

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2.2.1.1 Oil

Oil production evolution, 000 bbl/d, source: [EIAc]

400.0

350.0

300.0

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Figure 4 Oil production evolution, 000 bbl/d, source: [EIAc]

[EIAa] quotes the Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ) estimate of the proven oil reserves in Gabon (2.5 billion
bbl as of January 2006). Fields are located both on- and off-shore, with the offshore Rabi-Kounga field1
containing the vast majority of the reserves. Additional significant reserves are located in the offshore
Tchatamba Marin and Etame fields. During the first nine months of 2006, Gabon produced 237,000bbl/d of
crude oil (ranking 6th in sub-Saharan Africa and showing a trend to reverse the decrease in output). According
to Figure 4, the production has declined2 significantly since the 1971 peak at 371,000bbl/d (36% from 1971 to
2006; the same production levels were again reached in 1997). The decline3 is due to maturing fields and a
lack of new fields coming online ([EIAa]). [EIAc] data place the 2004 production at 238,000bbl/d (equivalent to
11,850ktoe4 per year), while [CIA] gives an estimate of 268,900bbl/day for 2005.

1
Operated by Shell; estimated reserves amount to 440 million bbl; production is at 150,000 bpd ([MBa]), although
[EIAa] provides a probably more recent estimate of the daily production at 55,000bbl/d.
2
The graph on page 3 of [RK], although it is dated 2002, indicates the steep decline in production that is to be
expected unless new fields come on-stream.
3
[MBa] reports that “at the beginning of 2005 the IEA announced that without the discovery of new fields current
production will deplete Gabon’s oil reserves by 2012”.
4
Using a conversion factor of 49.8 (from bbl/d to ktoe).
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Figure 5 Proven oil reserves, as estimated by the OGJ (source: [GEN])

Upstream sector - Projects:
o Total Gabon5 (see [TOTa]) produced around 100,000bbl/d in 2004 and 2005 (with a slight reduction of
approximately 2% in 2005). The Atora onshore field contains an estimated 100 million bbl of reserves,
and is currently producing 20,000bbl/d ([MBd]). According to [TOTd] “the oil production of the fields
operated by Total Gabon amounted to 35.7m bbl (97,800bbl/d) in 2005, representing roughly 29% of
the national crude oil production”. However, [TOTc], mentions that “net oil production (including the tax
oil reverting to the government as per the production sharing agreement6), operated and non-operated,
was 12.3m bbl in the first half of 2006 compared with 13.8m for the first half of 2005. First half 2006
production was affected by unscheduled stoppages on several facilities”. These quantities amount to
67,400bbl/d for 2006 and 75,600bbl/d for 2005, which is significantly less than the quantity mentioned
in [TOTd] for 2005 – meaning that production resumed during the second half of the year. The reason
for this divergence is unclear. Total has - in cooperation with Shell - announced a ten-year extension
(until 2017) of an existing exploration and production-sharing contract (EPSC) agreement in the Rabi-
Kounga area ([EIAa], [TOTb]). This contract – which involves investments of $150m to improve the
output of the field - will replace the concession license that was due to expire in 2007. Total is a major
shareholder of the Rabi-Kounga field with 32.92%, second largest after Shell. The improvement works
at Rabi-Kounga are confirmed by the mention in [TOTc] that “continuation of the re-development drilling
works on the Rabi Kounga field with the drilling of a new series of additional development wells” was
among the most significant capital expenditures.
o Shell Gabon7 operates (with 42.5%) the largest oil-field, Rabi-Kounga (onshore), whose current daily
production is at 55,000bbl. Since 2003 Shell has to re-inject associated natural gas into the field to
maintain its productive life. Its upstream assets include both exploration projects and oil production.
Shell Gabon holds substantial interests in various offshore permits. Specifically, they hold PSA for the
Douka Marin (which could provide an extra 10-15,000bbl/d, increasing the total national output by 5-
6%, according to [IZF]; the agreement involves Amerada Hess and the state) and Panga Marin Blocks
([EIAa]).

5
The major shareholders are Elf Aquitaine (predecessor of Total) (58.3%) and the state (25%).
6
According to which approximately 20% of the production is rendered to the government, as deduced from
[TOTd].
7
An offspring of Shell, which holds 75%.
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o Hess Corporation has been active in Gabon since 1989 and holds interests in eight onshore and
offshore permits (including 10% of the Rabi-Kounga field, [TOTb]). Production in Gabon averaged
12,000bbl/d in 2004 (5.5% of the total production). Further future wells are planned ([HE04]).
o Tullow ([TUL]) has interests in 15 licenses in Gabon including eight producing fields. Oil production
averaged 17,500bbl/d during 2005. The company is involved in development, appraisal and work-over
activities, most notably onshore at Niungo (Tullow 40%), and offshore at Etame (Tullow 7.5%) where a
successful development well was drilled and brought on stream. These activities resulted both in
reversing a previously declining production trend and in providing additional reserves in the existing
fields. Tullow is the operator of the Kiarsseny Marin Property, which is located offshore in the Port
Gentil Basin.
o Perenco operates in Gabon since 1992, and currently (year to which this refers is not clarified)
produces 50,000 to 60,000bbl/d from numerous onshore and offshore fields. During the last five years
the company has implemented an ambitious development program, resulting in a significant increase in
reserves (see [PER] for a list and map of the fields and exploration permits).
o Vaalco (operator, approximately 30%), Addax Petroleum, and Sasol (approximately 30%, [SASa]) are
involved in the Etame offshore field (discovered in 1998; output came online in 2002; see Figure 9).
Current output at Etame field is approximately 18,000bbl/d ([EIAa], confirmed by [VAA], though [SASb]
mentions that production is increased to 22,000bbl/d due to an additional well). In the summer of 2005,
the International Finance Corporation (IFC) approved a revolving credit facility of $30 million for Vaalco
to continue its oil exploration, development and production in the Etame block ([IFCa]). Vaalco also
holds interests on the Avouma offshore field, which is currently in development phase, while the first oil
is expected to come on-stream in December 2006 ([VAA]). The Ebouri field is currently under
exploration. The location of the fields is presented in Figure 9.
o Sasol also acquired interests to the Dussafu field in 2003 (onshore, on the border to Congo, estimated
to contain 22-70m bbl). A “technical evaluation contract” was signed for this field ([IZF]).
o Addax Petroleum purchased the interests of Pan-Ocean Energy in Gabon in July 2006 for $1.4 billion.
The acquisition makes Addax the largest producer in Gabon, with total production of more than
100,000bbl/d ([EIAa]). The portfolio of properties that Pan-Ocean had assembled combines both
offshore and onshore assets, and importantly, represents a well balanced portfolio consisting of: current
production; proven, probable and possible reserves (264m bbl in total); many near-term development
opportunities and significant exploration potential ([ADX]). Before this purchase, Addax had acquired (in
2004) 42.5% of a Production Sharing Contract (PSC) for the Kiarsseny Property (see Figure 10).
o First Africa Oil completed, in September 2006, initial drilling in the offshore East Orovinyare oilfield
(unrisked reserves amount to 421m bbl). The company expects to have the field output online by the
third quarter of 2007 (the company site [FAOa] mentions the 4th quarter of 2006 as the commencement
date). Initial production is expected at over 7,000bbl/d ([EIAa]; for technical description of the field, see
[FAOa]). First Africa Oil also has interests in the Epaemeno Onshore field (see [FAOb]).
o An Indian consortium (which includes Marvis, Oil India, Indian Oil Corporation and the Oil and Natural
Gas Corporation) has signed exploration contracts with Perenco and the government ([EIAa]).
o Maurel et Prom finalised, in February 2005, the acquisition of the South African company Rockover Oil
& Gas Ltd, which had 27m bbl of proven plus probable and 30m bbl possible reserves, in a deal worth
€54.3m. This transaction means the company owns 100% of four onshore permits (Kari, M’Bindji
(which contains the majority of reserves), Ofoubou and MT2000) and 50% of the Banio permit
([MEPa]). The company will commence production at 12,000bbl/d at the end of 2007 (see [MEPb]).
o A new licensing round is planned for late 2006 ([GEN]) with a view to focusing on Gabon’s unexplored
deep and ultra-deep waters.
Midstream sector: The Sogara refinery (Société Gabonaise de Raffinerie) - in operation since 1967 - at
Port Gentil is the refining plant. It is jointly owned by the Government (25%) and a number of international
firms, led by Total (44%) and Shell (17%). According to OGJ, the refinery had 17,300 bbl/d of crude distillation
capacity as of January 2006 ([EIAa]), although the nominal capacity is 21,000 ([MBb]). In 2004, though,
according to [IEA] data, the input quantity of crude oil was 14,700bbl/d. Inland demand has always been
covered by the refining capacity, therefore Gabon is a net exporter of oil products (4,400bbl/d, [IEA], 2004),
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although it does import products in order to achieve the demanded supply mix. Oil products are shipped by sea
to the capital.
Downstream sector: The distribution market is privatised. The major players are, in order of magnitude:
Total, Mobil Oil, Pizo and Shell ([IZF]).
Sector organisation: The Oil Ministry8 superintends all regulation in the oil industry. The national oil
company, Société Nationale Petrolière Gabonaise (SNPG or Petrogab) is not actively involved in development
projects9. Ownership of oil and gas rights is vested in the State. Companies provide services on behalf of the
State and finance hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation activities. Exploration and production companies
are licensed under the Exploration and Production Contract (ESPC) established by Law No 14/82 in January
1983. Gabon was a member of OPEC until 1996, when it left citing the high annual dues required by the
organisation as its reason ([MBa]). The tax system within Gabon encourages foreign investment; providing, for
example, for tax-exemptions for certain exploration activities. Gabon also strives towards greater transparency
within the oil industry. In addition, Gabon joined the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) to
increase transparency in oil and mining payments from companies to governments ([EIAa]).
Refinery output Imports - Exports Consumption
2003, [EIAb] 000 bbl/d ktoe % 000 bbl/d ktoe 000 bbl/d ktoe %
Gasoline 1.61 80.2 11.0 -0.49 -24.4 1.00 49.8 7.9
Jet fuel 1.17 58.3 8.0 0.02 1.0 1.43 71.2 11.4
Kerosene 0.44 21.9 3.0 0.17 8.5 0.53 26.4 4.2
Distillate 4.29 213.6 29.2 0.51 25.4 4.91 244.5 39.0
Residual 5.70 283.9 38.8 -3.80 -189.2 1.96 97.6 15.6
LPG 0.31 15.4 2.1 0.35 17.4 0.66 32.9 5.2
Unspecified 1.18 58.8 8.0 0.95 47.3 2.10 104.6 16.7
Total 14.70 732.1 100.0 -2.29 -114.0 12.59 627.0 100.0
Table 2 Shares of petroleum products, by type, in refinery output, imports and total consumption, 200310
source: [EIAb]

2.2.1.2 Natural gas

Gabon had proven natural gas reserves of 1.2 trillion cubic feet (tcf) in 2006 ([EIAa], OGJ quoted). In
2004, Gabon produced and consumed domestically 3.5 billion cubic feet (bcf) of natural gas11. This quantity
amounts to 91ktoe, which is 14% less than the quantity reported by [IEA]. The majority of the natural gas
output is used in the generation of electricity and as input to the refining process. In 2004, Total was awarded
the first natural gas exploration license under a PSA (Production Sharing Agreement). The exploration area is
located between the capital, Libreville, and Port Gentil. Any natural gas discovered will be used to enhance
oilfield performance (by re-injection), or for electricity production at Port Gentil.
2003,[EIAb] bcf ktoe
gross production 75.9 1974.2
vented flared 56.5 1469.0
reinjected 12.7 330.5
marketed production 6.7 174.5
dry production 3.2 82.7
dry consumption 3.2 82.7
Table 3 Natural gas balance table, 2003, [EIAb]

8
Apparently, this appellation is short for the “Ministère des Mines, de l’Energie, du Pétrole et des Ressources
hydrauliques”.
9
According to [PRF], a document published by an organisation politically opposed to the government, this
company does not exist any more, having transferred the assets it owned to the state (page 8). [IZF] confirms that the
state company was dissolved in 1993.
10
It is reasonable to assume that the ratio between the types of products remained approximately the same for
2004.
11
Corresponds to the dry production entry of Table 3.
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Projects: In December 2005, Perenco signed a natural gas contract with SEEG. Under the contract
terms, Perenco will supply natural gas to SEEG power plants in Libreville and Port Gentil. Proposed pipelines
will be built by Perenco in order to transport natural gas from company fields to the power plants ([EIAa]).

2.2.1.3 Electricity
According to [EIAc], the electricity generation capacity in 2004 consisted of 244MW (59%) of thermal
and 170MW (41%) of hydro plants:
Electricity generation capacity by type, MW, [EIAc]

450

400

350

300

250 hydro
200 thermal

150

100

50

0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Figure 6 Generation capacity (MW) evolution, [EIAc]

The amount of electricity generated amounted to 1.5b kWh (41% or 640m kWh from thermal plants;
59% or 900m kWh from hydro plants). This means that the hydro plants operate at a greater utilisation rate,
covering the base load (see Table 4).
Electricity generation by type, million kWh, [EIAc]

1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000
hydro
800
thermal
600

400

200

0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Figure 7 Generation by type of plant in million kWh, [EIAc]

2004, [EIAc] MW m kWh utilisation rate (%)
thermal 244 636 29.7
hydro 170 900 60.4
combined 414 1536 42.3
Table 4 Utilisation rates for the electricity generation plants, by type ([EIAc])
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The Nice Port station (60MW) and Owendo (45MW) are the major thermal plants. According to [MBc],
210MW of the thermal plants are fueled with natural gas and the remaining with heavy fuel oil.
The primary hydroelectric sites are located at Tchimbele (69MW) and Kinguele (58MW) on the M’Bei
River as well as Poubara on the Ogooue River ([EIAa], [MBc]).
According to the [EIAc] data, the loss percentage is steady at about 7% (deemed too low).
Sector organisation: The electricity sector is operated by the Société d'Electricité et d’Eaux du Gabon
(SEEG). Since 1997, Veolia (a French water and power utility, formerly Vivendi) has owned 51% of SEEG12
(concession for 20 years). The remaining shares of SEEG are owned by SEEG employees (5%) and the public
(44%).
Projects: According to an IFC report ([IFCb]), IFC has also been requested to extend a partial credit
guarantee (PCG) to SEEG on a loan of up to €35 million that will be provided by a syndication of local banks.
The loan will allow funding part of SEEG investments planned for 2005-2010. Those investments include
adding generation capacity in the form of thermal plants and improving electricity transmission and distribution
networks.

2.2.2 Access to electricity/ network

The [WRI] estimate of the percentage of population with access to electricity in 2000 was 31%.
[EIAa] mentions though that almost half of the population is connected to the national grid (October
2006). SEEG supplies electricity to approximately 520,000 people in Gabon, primarily in the three major cities:
Libreville, Port Gentil and Franceville. Electricity rates have fallen since Veolia led efforts to improve the
country’s generating capacity and its transmission/distribution network ([MBc]).
Since signing the privatisation concession in 1997, Veolia has declared its committed approach to
increase connections to the water and electricity services by 50% ([VEO]).

3 Analysis of Renewable Energy Sector

The information on the RE sector is extremely scarce: No information on the official policy regarding RE
development has been located, leading to the conclusion that the government’s efforts are focused on fortifying
the oil sector.

3.1 Hydro
Gabon has approximately 6,000 MW of undeveloped hydroelectric potential ([MBc]). Apart from this
vague reference, no information on the expansion of the generating capacity has been found.

3.2 Solar
It is reasonably expected that Gabon has potential to develop micro solar projects, as is the case in
other (even with far less financial capabilities). However, no leads to such projects were found.

3.3 Biomass and other combustible renewable resources

Biomass accounts for 8% of the inland primary energy supply and 64% of the total final energy
consumption ([IEA] data, 2004). The main forms in which biomass is consumed is as fuel wood or charcoal
(which constitutes an important fuel particularly for urban dwellers). The data presented in Figure 8 ([WRI])
shows a tendency for wood fuel consumption to increase at an almost steady pace. The energy equivalent of
the quantity indicated by [WRI] for 2004, though, is far less than what is reported by [IEA].

12
The privatisation was the first in sub-Saharan Africa with a commitment from the private operator to future
investment in order to upgrade and modernize equipment ([MBc]).
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Wood Fuel production (000 cubic meters), source: [WRI]

550

500

450

400

350
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Figure 8 Wood fuel production, source: [WRI], assumed average wood density 0.5t/cubic meter

4 Sources
ƒ [EIU] Economist Intelligence Unit, http://www.eiu.com/, Country Profile and Data
ƒ [CIA] World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gb.html
ƒ [HE04] Hess Corporation Exploration and Production, http://www.hess.com/ep/west_africa.htm#gabon
ƒ [EIAa] Country Analysis Brief, updated in Oct-06, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Gabon/Full.html
ƒ [EIAb] Energy balance table for 2003, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/world/country/cntry_GB.html
ƒ [EIAc] International data time series, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html
ƒ [MBa] Mbendi portal on Africa, Gabon Oil Sector, http://www.mbendi.co.za/, link
ƒ [MBb] same, Gabon oil refining, link
ƒ [MBc] same, Gabon Electrical Power, link
ƒ [MBd] same, Gabon Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction, link
ƒ [TOTa] Total Gabon Production Statistics, http://www.total-gabon.com/stat/production.htm
ƒ [TOTb] “Elf Gabon signs Extension of Rabi-Kounga License with Gabonese Republic”, Apr-23 2003,
http://www.total.com/, link
ƒ [TOTc] “Total Gabon: financial results for the first half of 2006”, Sep-12 2006, http://www.total.com/, link
ƒ [TOTd] “Total Gabon: financial results for fiscal year 2005”, Mar-21 2006, link
ƒ [PER] Perenco Gabon, http://www.perenco.com/, link
ƒ [TUL] Tullow Oil, http://www.tullowoil.com/, link
ƒ [IEA] Energy Balances of non-OECD countries, 2006
ƒ [RK] Presentation of the Rabi-Kounga oil-field in Gabon, Nov-2005, link
ƒ [GEN] Portal on the Energy sector in Gabon, http://www.gabonenergy.com/
ƒ [WRI] http://earthtrends.wri.org/, World Resources Information, Earthtrends
ƒ [IRI] Territorial dispute between Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, Feb-28 2006, http://www.irinnews.org/,
link
ƒ [VAA] Vaalco Energy, Properties, http://www.vaalco.com/
ƒ [IFCa] International Finance Corporation, “IFC Invests $30 Million in VAALCO Gabon”,
http://www.ifc.org, Jun-13 2005, link
ƒ [IFCb] link
ƒ [SASa] Sasol Oil, http://www.sasol.com/, Feb-04 2004, link
ƒ [SASb] Oct-6 2004, link
ƒ [ADX] Addax Petroleum, http://www.addaxpetroleum.com/operations/gabon
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ƒ [FAOa] First Africa Oil, Gabon Epaemeno Onshore field, http://www.firstafricaoil.com/project1.asp
ƒ [FAOb] First Africa Oil, Gabon Epaemeno Onshore field, http://www.firstafricaoil.com/project2.asp
ƒ [MEPa] Maurel et Prom, Gabon activities, http://www.maureletprom.com, link
ƒ [MEPb] Résultats du 1er semestre 2006, Oct-19 2006, link
ƒ [PRF] Pétrole et renaissance économique au Gabon, Rapport de la Commission Economique du BDP-
Gabon Nouveau, http://www.bdpgabon.org/docs/petrogab_rapport_final.pdf
ƒ [IZF] “L’évolution du secteur pétrolier”, http://www.izf.net, link
ƒ [VEO] Veolia Water, http://www.veoliawater.com/presence/africa/gabon.htm

5 Annex

Figure 9 The offshore fields of Vaalco Energy, source: [VAA]

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Figure 10 Kiarsseny Property map, [ADX]