Presentation Transcript

SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING PULSE WIDTH MODULATION : SPEED CONTROL

OF DC MOTOR USING PULSE WIDTH MODULATION Submitted by SHAKTI MOHAN
PATNAIK(06-3261) ABINASH PADHI(06-3273) RITESH KUMAR LENKA(06-3262) EIE,
7th SEM Under Guidance of Mr. Rakesh Kumar Patnaik

Content : : Content : Introduction D.C. motor Working principle Types of motor Method of speed
control Pulse width modulation Circuit diagram & its description Advantages & Disadvantages
Application Conclusion

Introduction : : Introduction : Almost all the machine in industries operated using electrical motors.
Among them most of motors are DC motors. DC series motor is specially used for traction,
electric locomotive, trolley systems, cranes and conveyor belt. All these works require frequent
speed control for preparation of job. A PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) wave can be used to
control the speed of the motor.

Working Principle: : Working Principle: A machine that convert d.c power into mechanical power.
It is based on electromagnetism i.e. when a current carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic
field there is some mechanical force exerted on the current carrying conductor which is
perpendicular to both the conductor and the magnetic filed. The most common DC motor types
are the shunt wound and series wound types.

Shunt wound motor : : Shunt wound motor : Shunt wound motor are used for driving constant
speed shafts, centrifugal pumps, blower & pumps etc. The characteristics of a DC shunt wound
motor give it very good speed regulation, and it is classified as a constant speed motor, even
though the speed does slightly decrease as load is increased. Shunt-wound motors are used in
industrial and automotive applications where precise control of speed and torque are required.

Series wound motor : : Series wound motor : The advantage of a Series Wound Motor is that it
develops a large torque and can be operated at low speed. It is a motor that is well-suited for
starting heavy loads; it is often used for industrial cranes and winches where very heavy loads
must be moved slowly and lighter loads moved more rapidly. DC series motor is specially used
for traction, electric locomotive, trolley systems, cranes hoists and conveyor

Speed control of dc motor : : Speed control of dc motor : The purpose of a motor speed controller
is to take a signal representing the required speed, and to drive a motor at that speed. Motor
speed can be controlled by controlling- Armature voltage (Va) Armature current (Ia)

Cont……… : Cont……… It is obvious that the speed can be controlled by varying flux/pole, F
(Flux Control) resistance Ra of armature circuit (Rheostatic Control) applied voltage V (Voltage
Control)

Cont… : Cont… The above methods have some demerits i.e A large amount of power is wasted
in the controller resistance. Hence, efficiency is decreased. It needs expensive arrangement for
dissipation of heat produced in the controller resistance. It gives speeds below the normal speed.

Electronic Speed Control Methods for DC Motors : : Electronic Speed Control Methods for DC
Motors : compared to the electric and electromechanical systems of speed control, the electronic
methods have higher accuracy greater reliability quick response higher efficiency

Principle : : Principle : The main principle is control of power by varying the duty cycle. Here the
conduction time to the load is controlled. Let for a time t1, the input voltage appears across the
load ie ON state. for t2 time the voltage across the load is zero. The average voltage at output is
given by Va = 1/T  vodt = t1/T Vs = ft1 Vs = kVs the average load current Ia = Va/R = KVs/R
where T is the total time period =t1+t2 k = t1/T is the duty cycle
Cont…… : Cont…… The rms value of output voltage is V0 = ( i/T  V02 dt ) ½ = k Vs The output
power and is given by Pi = 1/T  v0idt = 1/T  v02/R dt = kVs2/R The duty cycle can be varied
from 0 to 1 by varying t1, T or f. Therefore, the output voltage V0 can be varied from 0 to Vs by
controlling k, and the power flow can be controlled. As the time t1 changes the width of pulse is
varied and this type of control is called pulse width modulation (PWM) control.

Pulse Width Modulation : : Pulse Width Modulation : Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a method
for binary signals generation, which has 2 signal periods (high and low). The width (W) of each
pulse varies between 0 and the period (T). The duty cycle (D) of a signal is the ratio of pulse
width to period. D=(t1+t2) / T

Pictures of the Waveform : : Pictures of the Waveform : The motor is on for most of the time and
only off a short while, so the speed is near maximum The switch is on 50% and off 50%. The
motor will only rotate slowly.

High Speed Signal (90%) : High Speed Signal (90%) The signal at the right shows the motor on
for most of the time. The white dips indicate when the motor isn’t receiving power.

Signal With The Motor Half Speed (50%) : Signal With The Motor Half Speed (50%) The signal at
the right shows the motor receiving power half the time.

Low Speed Signal (10%) : Low Speed Signal (10%) The signal at the right shows the low speed
signal which turns the motor slowly

Circuit Description : : Circuit Description : Power supply Motor Controller

Power Supply : : Power Supply :

Circuit Description: : Circuit Description: The transformer is a center tap 12-0-12V 500mA and
supply 12v to the circuit. The i/p sine wave is rectified by using full wave rectifier which convert it
to one constant polarity. A 1000mFcapacitor is used for filtration purpose. The three terminal
voltage regulators 7812 provides regulated DC 12 v outputs for the operation of the circuit.

Circuit Diagram : (Motor Controller Sections) : Circuit Diagram : (Motor Controller

Sections)

Circuit Description : : Circuit Description : The design is based on astable multivibrator IC1a.
output is low for a period determined by R1 and high for a period set by R2 and P1. When C1 is
discharged, the level at the input of IC1a is below the lower threshold, so that the output of this
stage is high. The capacitor is then charged rapidly via D1 and R1, and reaches the upper
threshold in about t = ln(2)RC = ln(2).(22k).(100nf) =1.5 ms

Cont….. : Cont….. As output of IC1a goes low, whereupon C1 is discharged via D2, R2, and P1.
The discharge time could be set between 0.2ms and 25ms. the duty factor of the output signal
may be varied between 5% and 90%. The signal is inverted again and then applied to the input of
transistor BC557 through 4k7. The transistor Bc557 act as a buffer which transfer electrical
impedance from one circuit to another circuit i.e. it act as a pre amplifier.

Cont… : Cont… The o/p of Bc557 is given to the power transistor 2N3055 which is used in a
circuit as an amplifier, detector, or switch. The diode connected across the motor is for
freewheeling purpose i.e. the diode used to eliminate flyback, the sudden voltage spike seen
across an inductive load when its supply voltage is suddenly reduced or removed. The resistance
of P1(Potentiometer) is at a minimum, the rotary speed of the motor is at a maximum.

Advantage : : Advantage : PWM duty cycle control techniques enable greater efficiency of the DC
motor . PWM switching control methods improve speed control and reduce the power losses in
the system. The pulses reach the full supply voltage and will produce more torque in a motor by
being able to overcome the internal motor resistances more easily.

Disadvantages : : Disadvantages : The main Disadvantages of PWM circuits are the added
complexity and the possibility of generating radio frequency interference . It can give speed below
the full speed, not above. It cannot be used for fast controlling of speed.

Applications : : Applications : Traction application Conveyor Belt carrying loads Various motors
requiring smooth speed control DC motors of all range can be controlled, which are used for the
production of materials Electric locomotives DC motor using precise job preparations

Conclusion : Conclusion The present project is practical one and high feasibility according to
economic point of view, reliability & accuracy. It is programmable one therefore it can control
various motors ranging small one to several hp motors.

Any query : Any query