AQIS Methyl Bromide Fumigation Standard v1.5

AQIS METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION STANDARD
Version 1.5
July 2010
AQIS Methyl Bromide Standard – Version 1.5 – July 2010
CONTENTS 5.2 Fumigant supply pipes .......................................................................................... 17

5.3 Fans....................................................................................................................... 18
Fumigant considerations – risk assessment, commodity, dosage, temperature .......... 5
5.4 Sand and water snake specifications..................................................................... 18
1.1 Risk assessment........................................................................................................ 5
Calculating the dosage of fumigant required .............................................................. 19
1.2 Commodity (Non perishable)................................................................................... 5
1.3 Commodity (Perishable).......................................................................................... 5 6.1 Calculation of fumigation enclosure volume......................................................... 19
1.4 Dosage..................................................................................................................... 6 6.2 Calculation of fumigant dosage ............................................................................ 19
1.5 Temperature ............................................................................................................ 7 Performing the fumigation............................................................................................ 20
The fumigation site........................................................................................................... 8 7.1 Using a vaporiser.................................................................................................. 20
2.1 Site requirements ..................................................................................................... 8 7.2 Distributing fumigant within the enclosure........................................................... 21
2.2 Site floor .................................................................................................................. 8 7.3 Checking for leaks................................................................................................. 21
Consignment suitability for fumigation.......................................................................... 9 Monitoring and maintaining fumigant concentrations............................................... 22
3.1 Fumigant circulation ............................................................................................... 9 8.1 Monitoring frequency............................................................................................ 22
3.2 Fumigant penetration ............................................................................................ 10 8.2 Fumigant levels – Start-point and End-point ........................................................ 23
8.3 Fumigant concentrations ...................................................................................... 24
The fumigation enclosure .............................................................................................. 11
8.4 Topping-up ............................................................................................................ 26
4.1 Sheet fumigation .................................................................................................... 11
Completing the fumigation............................................................................................ 27
4.2 Using gas-tight containers as fumigation enclosures ............................................ 12
4.3 Pressure testing requirements for un-sheeted containers...................................... 13 9.1 Ventilation............................................................................................................. 27
4.4 Chamber fumigation .............................................................................................. 14 9.1 Continued .............................................................................................................. 28
4.5 Safety ..................................................................................................................... 15 9.2 Certification .......................................................................................................... 28

APPENDIX 1: Fumigation of Perishable Commodities.............................................. 29
Preparing the fumigation enclosure.............................................................................. 16
APPENDIX 2: Fumigation of vessels with methyl bromide ........................................ 33
5.1 Monitoring tubes.................................................................................................... 16
1. PRIOR TO FUMIGATION ...................................................................................... 33
2. FUMIGATION PROCEDURE ................................................................................. 34
APPENDIX 3: Commodities for which problems may occur when fumigated with
methyl bromide ............................................................................................................ 40
APPENDIX 4: Example of a record of fumigation...................................................... 41
APPENDIX 5: Example of a fumigation certificate .................................................... 45
APPENDIX 6: Pressure testing enclosures for gas-tightness ..................................... 47
APPENDIX 7: Monitor tube placement for container fumigation............................... 51
APPENDIX 8: Fumigant gas supply pipe systems ...................................................... 52
APPENDIX 9: Calculating the volume of differently shaped fumigation enclosures.. 53
APPENDIX 10: Vaporisers for methyl bromide.......................................................... 54
APPENDIX 11: Methyl bromide fumigation ready reckoner ...................................... 56
APPENDIX 12: Examples of ‘Top-up’ calculations.................................................... 57
APPENDIX 13: Methyl bromide as a quarantine fumigant ........................................ 59
APPENDIX 14: Methyl bromide as an ozone depleting gas ....................................... 60
APPENDIX 15: Glossary of terms .............................................................................. 61
How to use this Standard

This standard is divided into two main sections:
• AQIS Requirements
• Descriptive Appendices
AQIS Requirements Appendices

AQIS requirements for this section are designed to be subject to audit These appendices provide information on a range of issues that may be
during quality control procedures, either by AQIS, by other quarantine helpful to a fumigator on various aspects of the fumigation procedure.
authorities or by authorised agents of either.
This section is divided into two main columns:
MANDATORY
This column lists conditions that MUST be achieved and actions which
MUST be undertaken in order to conform to the requirements of the
AQIS Standard.
INFORMATIVE
This column lists information that may be helpful to a fumigator in
achieving the Mandatory Requirement.
MANDATORY INFORMATIVE
FUMIGANT CONSIDERATIONS – RISK ASSESSMENT, COMMODITY, DOSAGE, TEMPERATURE

1.1 Risk assessment
1.1.1 Before commencing any fumigation The purpose of risk assessments is to ensure that any fumigation undertaken is
process a risk assessment must be carried out in such a way that minimises any Occupational Health and Safety
carried out. (OH&S) risks, meets local regulations, protects the local population and the
environment,and addresses potential adverse effects on the commodity being
fumigated. A risk assessment may be written or visual, as appropriate
1.2 Commodity (Non perishable)

1.2.1 The commodity must be suitable See the Import Conditions (ICON) database Some commodities are unsuited to this treatment as they absorb large quantities
for methyl bromide fumigation. www.aqis.gov.au/icon for information on of methyl bromide e.g oils, fats and finely ground materials. This may cause
specific commodities. tainting or phytotoxicity and may lead to hazards such as the presence of
excessive bromide residues. This may result in the fumigated commodity not
being suitable for its intended use.
If there is concern that a commodity may be adversely affected by methyl

bromide, importers, exporters and fumigators should seek expert advice (outside
of AQIS) regarding its effects or conduct tests on the commodity.
See APPENDIX 3: Commodities for which problems may occur when fumigated
with methyl bromide. This table lists some commodities for which experts have
found problems when fumigated with methyl bromide. This list is not
comprehensive and is provided for guidance only.
1.3 Commodity (Perishable)

1.3.1 Fumigation of nursery stock must Perishable commodities include cut flowers, fresh fruit, vegetables and nursery
only be performed in Australia. stock.
1.3.2 Fumigation of fresh flowers must Additional requirements for the fumigation of perishable goods are set out in
APPENDIX 1: Fumigation of perishable commodities
only be performed in Australia (unless
exemptions are in place).
Page 5 of 62
1.4 Dosage
1.4.1 Dosage must conform to: Overdosing (the application of fumigant at rates above those specified by AQIS)
• Permit conditions to import to compensate for poor fumigation practice or inadequate equipment or sheeting
Quarantine Material into Australia; should not be undertaken.
• AQIS Import Conditions (ICON)
See the ICON database (www.aqis.gov.au/icon)
database outside Australia;
• Quarantine Directions (within
Australia).
1.4.2 For the majority of commodities TABLE 1 :

(excluding perishables) AQIS treatment COMMON STANDARD DOSAGE
dosages must be based on the anticipated FOR METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION
minimum ambient temperature that the REQUIRED
PEST/COMMODITY
commodities inside the fumigation CONCENTRATION
enclosure will experience during the 128g/m³ at 21ºC for 24 hours at
fumigation period. Giant African Snail Normal Atmospheric Pressure
(NAP)
80g/m³ for 48 hours with a
Khapra Beetle minimum concentration of
24g/m³ after 24 hours at NAP
32g/m³ at 21ºC for 24 hours at
Stored Product Pest of Quarantine concern
NAP
48g/m³ at 21ºC for 24 hours at
Timber
NAP
Page 6 of 62
1.5 Temperature
1.5.1 Fumigation for quarantine At temperatures below 10ºC the fumigant has decreased effectiveness against
purposes is not permitted if the ambient pests, and more of the gas may be absorbed by the commodity. Excessive
minimum temperature falls below 10ºC. fumigant uptake can pose an increased safety risk, as the gas is difficult to remove
from the commodity.
1.5.2 Dosage must be compensated for For each 5°C (or part of 5°C) the temperature Minimum ambient temperature
temperatures below 21ºC. is expected to fall below 21°C, 8g/m³ must be
added to the dosage, unless otherwise The minimum ambient temperature that the fumigation enclosure is expected
specified by AQIS. to experience over the duration of the treatment should be determined by
checking with the official weather bureau in the country where the fumigation is
For example, using the standard dosage of taking place. This temperature should be used when determining the dosage.
48g/m³ for a 24 hour exposure period, the Alternatively, temperature recording equipment may be used to verify the
dosage at: temperature within the enclosure during the fumigation exposure period.
21°C and above is 48 g/m3

16 - 20°C is 56 g/m3
11 - 15°C is 64 g/m3
10°C is 72 g/m3
See APPENDIX 5: Example of a fumigation certificate.
The fumigation provider must record the
temperature information on the fumigation
certificate.
1.5.3 Heating of fumigation enclosures. The temperature in the fumigation enclosure Heaters incorporating a fan and thermostat may be used for this purpose. Flash
must be raised above 100C during fumigation proof heaters should be used if the commodity is flammable.
if the minimum temperature inside the
enclosure is expected to fall below 10ºC. Consideration can also be given to storing and fumigating the commodity in
heated warehouses during extended cold periods.
Page 7 of 62
THE FUMIGATION SITE

2.1 Site requirements
2.1.1 The fumigation site must: The site should be protected from adverse weather conditions such as high winds
• Be able to be isolated from that can affect fumigation performance.
unprotected personnel.
• Be well ventilated. Electrical power or a generator will need to be accessible on site, to run fans and
• Be sheltered from high winds (as heaters during fumigation treatments.
much as possible).
• Have a smooth gas impervious floor
(see 2.2 Site Floor).
• Have a power supply available
(either mains or generator).
2.2 Site floor

2.2.1 The fumigation site floor must be The floor of any site used for sheet fumigation Surfaces sealed with concrete or hot mix asphalt, that is, with a smooth surface
impermeable to the fumigant if must be: finish that are in good condition and meet the requirements listed to the left,
fumigation under gas proof sheets is to generally provide good floor surfaces for effective fumigation.
• Flat and free of stones and other sharp
be carried out. objects so that a gas-tight seal can be made
Where unsealed cracks exist in a floor intended for fumigation, they may be
between the sheets and the floor;
sealed with an impervious sealant.
• Free of cracks (including unsealed
expansion joints in concrete floors) and Surfaces such as soil (including cement consolidated soil), sand, base rock and
drains or any other openings that will paving (stones or blocks) do not provide a suitable floor for a fumigation
reduce the gas-tightness of the enclosure. enclosure.
Where unsealed cracks or drains are present, • On porous or unsuitable surfaces, floor sheets should be used for sheet
they must be no closer than 1 metre from the fumigation;
fumigation enclosure. • Gas proof sheets should be used or the floor should be permanently sealed;
• Plastic sheeting or paper containing a tar (asphalt) layer may be used for this
purpose.
Page 8 of 62
CONSIGNMENT SUITABILITY FOR FUMIGATION

3.1 Fumigant circulation
3.1.1 There must be sufficient free air The fumigator must be able to demonstrate The free air space requirements for effective treatment of a consignment will vary
space to circulate the fumigant and achieve that the required concentration of methyl depending on the commodity and the method of packing.
uniform distribution throughout the bromide can reach the target of the
As a guide, there should be at least 350mm of free airspace in total with 200 mm
enclosure. fumigation by taking and recording
free air space above the commodity, 50 mm below and the remaining 100 mm at
concentration readings from representative
the sides and between the commodity.
points within the enclosure.
Where commodities are stacked on the floor there must be sufficient free air
See 5.1 Monitoring tubes and,
space between individual items to allow the fumigant to act effectively on the
7.2 Distributing fumigant within the target of the fumigation throughout the entire enclosure.
enclosure
If there is insufficient space to allow the monitoring tubes to be positioned
according to the requirements then it is unlikely that the consignment can be
fumigated effectively.
3.1.2 Timber must be separated by a The separators must allow for any sagging
minimum of 5mm of air space in one to ensure that the 5 mm minimum
dimension every 200 mm. separation is maintained along the entire
length of the timber.
Page 9 of 62
3.2 Fumigant penetration
3.2.1 The target of the fumigation must The fumigator must verify that the If the consignment cannot be fully inspected for impervious materials because of
not be wrapped in or coated with consignment is not wrapped in impervious problems with accessibility the fumigator can;
materials that are impervious to methyl materials that may prevent the methyl
bromide from reaching the target of the • Rely on a packing declaration from the supplier/shipper/ packer that
bromide. describes how the consignment is packaged and what packing materials
fumigation.
have been used that allows assessment of the consignment’s suitability
The fumigator must verify that the target of for fumigation.
the fumigation does not have impervious
surfaces or coatings such as paints, lacquers Or, if this documentation is not available;
and veneers that may prevent the effective • Contact another party that has sufficient knowledge of the consignment
penetration of methyl bromide. to obtain a written declaration that states that it is free from impervious
Impervious wrappings such as plastic, tarred surfaces or wrappings that would prevent an effective fumigation.
or waxed papers, aluminium foil etc. must If suitable declarations cannot be obtained the container should be unpacked for
be perforated, cut or removed prior to inspection prior to fumigation. The inspection must be conducted either by the
fumigation to allow the methyl bromide to fumigator or by another party that subsequently provides the fumigator with a
reach the target of the fumigation. written declaration indicating that it is free from impervious surfaces or
wrappings.
Impervious wrapping does not need to be The AQIS Wrapping and Perforation Standard
cut or removed prior to fumigation if it To meet AQIS perforation requirements for fumigation impervious materials
conforms to the AQIS wrapping and must contain not less than four (4) perforations of 6 mm diameter / m2 or five (5)
perforation standard and is not more than perforations of 5 mm diameter / m2. Plastic wraps containing numerous pinholes
one layer thick. (at least 6 holes / cm2), frequently used for transportation of fruit and vegetables
are also acceptable.
3.2.2 Untreated timber products must Timber products must be fumigated before Methyl bromide will, in general, only penetrate 100 mm from the surface into
have at least one physical dimension any surface coating such as lacquering or timber within the fumigation exposure period.
which is less than 200 mm thick. paint is applied unless the product has at
least one uncoated surface and a maximum
thickness of 100 mm from the uncoated
surface.
Page 10 of 62
THE FUMIGATION ENCLOSURE
FUMIGATION TREATMENTS FOR QUARANTINE PURPOSES MUST BE CARRIED OUT IN GAS-TIGHT ENCLOSURES
4.1 Sheet fumigation

4.1.1 Containers must be fumigated For any sheet fumigation: Joining fumigation sheets
under gas proof sheets unless it can be • Fumigation sheets must be positioned or
shown that they comply with the AQIS protected with suitable padding to avoid Fumigation sheets can be joined by tightly rolling a 400mm to 500mm overlapped
pressure test standard for gas-tightness. any sharp corners or objects that might join, which should be secured by tight gripping welding style clips.
damage them;
Joins should be made on, and supported by, a solid surface e.g. a container roof or
4.1.2 Prior to every treatment all • Sheets must be arranged so that there is at
wall.
fumigation sheets must be visually least 500 mm of sheet extending beyond
inspected for tears, holes and abrasions. the limit of the seal;
When battens are used, there must be at least three to four full turns of the sheets
These must be repaired or the sheet • In high winds, ropes or belts must be used
around the battens and the rolled sheets must be held together with tight gripping
replaced. to hold fumigation sheets in place to
clips.
prevent them from flapping loose;
• Corners and areas where ropes, electrical To prevent joined sheets from coming apart they should be secured with weights
leads, gassing pipes and monitoring tubes or ropes.
emerge from between or under the sheets
must be tightly sealed;
• Loose fumigation sheeting on corners of
stacks must be secured by folding, rolling
and clipping to prevent blowing out in the
wind;
• Where more than one container is being
fumigated under sheet, at least one door of
each container must be fully opened.
Page 11 of 62
4.1 Continued
4.1.3 The sheets must: Thinly coated, woven materials allow too much gas to be lost and are unsuitable
• Be free from any defects (for example as fumigation sheets.
faulty seams/welds, tears or holes);
Pool liners or annealed polypropylene sheets are also unsuitable as they allow
• Have a permeability of less than 0.02 methyl bromide to escape too rapidly.
grams per square metre (of
fumigation sheet) per 24 hours
(multiplied by the dose in g/m³).
4.1.4 Sheets must be positioned to create Sand or water snakes used to seal the junction
a gas-tight seal with the floor. of fumigation sheets and the floor must be
overlapped and positioned to prevent
fumigant leakage. See 5.4 Sand and water
snake specifications
4.2 Using gas-tight containers as fumigation enclosures

4.2.1 Pressure testing must be If the decay time between 200 Pa and 100 Pa See APPENDIX 6: Pressure testing enclosures for gas-tightness.
undertaken every time any container is is less than 10 seconds, the container must be
fumigated without sheeting enclosed under a gas proof sheet before being
fumigated with methyl bromide.
Page 12 of 62
4.3 Pressure testing requirements for un-sheeted containers
4.3.1 A pressure decay time from 200 to The pressure within the container must be To perform a pressure test, the pressure inside the closed container should be
100 Pa of 10 seconds or more must be raised to 250 Pa and the decay time from 200 raised to 250 Pa using high-pressure compressed air supplied from a portable
achieved to certify that a container is Pa to compressor or gas cylinder. As the pressure inside the container reaches 250 Pa,
gas-tight. 100 Pa must be measured. turn off the compressed air supply and:
• Allow the pressure to decay to 200 Pa;
The pressure decay time must be 10 seconds • Start measuring the time (in seconds) when it reaches 200 Pa;
or more. • Stop measuring the time (in seconds) when it reaches 100 Pa;
• Record the pressure decay time.
If a container does not pass this test then it
must be enclosed under a gas-proof sheet
before fumigation.
Containers which pass the pressure test may

be fumigated with methyl bromide without
enclosing them under gas proof sheets, and
they must be treated as a sheeted enclosure
from this point forward.
Care must be taken to ensure that monitoring

tubes, fumigant supply pipes and electrical
leads introduced into a container after the
pressure test are adequately sealed to maintain
a gas-tight condition.
Page 13 of 62
4.4 Chamber fumigation
4.4.1 A permanent chamber used for A pressure test must be performed not less Chamber fumigation refers to fumigation treatments performed inside specifically
fumigation must meet the pressure test than twice a year. A general maintenance designed chambers or permanently situated containers adapted for this purpose.
requirements. check must be performed at least once a year.
See 4.3 Pressure testing requirements for un- The following actions should occur before performing any chamber fumigation:
sheeted containers. • Check that the chamber is not damaged and that there are no objects between
the chamber and the chamber door to impair the seal;
Door seals must be inspected before • Visually inspect the door seals of the chamber and replace where necessary.
undertaking each fumigation treatment.
4.4.2 Monitoring tubes must be placed See 5.1 Monitoring tubes.

within the fumigation chamber.
4.4.3 Fumigant supply pipes must be See 5.2 Fumigant supply pipes.
placed within the fumigation chamber.
4.4.4 Fans must be placed within the See 5.3 Fans NOTE
fumigation chamber. The use of an exhaust fan will aid in the ventilation of the chamber.
4.4.5 Where heating is required, a flash-

See 1.5 Temperature
proof heater(s) must be placed within
the fumigation enclosure.
Page 14 of 62
4.5 Safety
4.5.1 The fumigation enclosure and the A ‘risk area’ must be set up with a minimum
surrounding area must be made safe for of 3 metres clearance around the sheeted
unprotected personnel. fumigation enclosure in the open, or 6 metres
clearance in an enclosed area, and warning
signs put in place. The area must be cleared
of any unprotected personnel, that is,
personnel not wearing a respirator, and at no
time during the fumigation treatment should
unprotected personnel be allowed to enter the
‘risk area’.
4.5.2 A full-face respirator or self- Respirators must be fitted with a correct gas Gas filter canisters should be used and replaced in accordance with the
contained breathing apparatus must be cartridge and specified by the manufacturer as manufacturer’s instructions.
used when releasing fumigant and while suitable for methyl bromide (AX filter type).
working within the risk area after the
fumigant has been released.
Page 15 of 62
PREPARING THE FUMIGATION ENCLOSURE

5.1 Monitoring tubes
5.1.1 All fumigations must be monitored. Monitoring tubes must be placed as far as Monitoring tube inlets should be at least 2 metres from the outlet of fumigant
For enclosures larger than 30 cubic practicable from fumigant supply pipes. supply pipes.
metres (equivalent to the average ONE container must have one monitoring
internal volume of a 20 ft shipping Before placing monitoring tubes inside an enclosure, ensure that:
tube placed:
container), a minimum of three • Each monitoring tube can be identified through the use of tags or individually
• at the top back of the commodity – as far
monitoring tubes must be positioned coloured tubes.
from the doors as possible;
within the enclosure.
• as close to the centre of the commodity Fumigant monitoring tube specifications
5.1.2 For enclosures smaller than 30 as is practicable;
cubic metres, a minimum of one Crush-proof nylon or hydraulic tubing or similar (3 mm external diameter and
• at the front base of the commodity.
monitoring tube must be placed at the approximately 2 mm internal diameter) is effective for monitoring gas
top centre of the commodity being TWO containers (in the one enclosure) must concentrations when containers and other enclosures are fumigated.
have one monitoring tube placed:
fumigated.
• at the top centre of the commodity in Care should be taken to ensure that:
5.1.3 For commodities not fumigated each container;
inside a container (e.g. large items of • The monitoring tubes do not absorb methyl bromide;
• at the front base of the commodity in • A free flow mixture of gas/air can be maintained;
industrial and agricultural machinery, either container.
bagged grain, stacks of timber) the • No kinks or blockages are present in the tubes; and
entire enclosed space within the THREE containers or more (in the one • Monitoring tubes extend beyond the boundary of the risk area.
enclosure) must have one monitoring tube
fumigation sheets must be treated as a
placed:
single fumigation enclosure.
• at the top centre of the commodity in
each container.
See APPENDIX 7: Monitoring tube
placement for container fumigation.
Page 16 of 62
5.2 Fumigant supply pipes
5.2.1 Fumigant supply pipes must be Fumigant supply pipes must be placed as far Monitoring tube inlets should be at least 2 metres from the outlet of fumigant
positioned to allow the fumigant to be as practicable from fumigant monitoring supply pipes.
introduced into the free air space around tubes.
the commodity. Sealing fumigant supply pipes
To prevent leakage from supply pipes:
• Make a gas-tight seal around every supply pipe exit point from the enclosure;
• Seal the exposed ends after the fumigant has been introduced into the
enclosure.
5.2.2 Multiple containers under the one Where multiple fumigant supply pipe systems Multiple fumigant supply pipes per enclosure
enclosure must have a fumigant supply are used, the entire system must be balanced
pipe in each container. in order to achieve even distribution The use of multiple fumigant supply pipes will assist in distributing the fumigant
throughout the enclosure. when large enclosures or several containers in the one enclosure are treated.
In order to balance the system, each arm of Where the system is balanced, it is possible to effectively deliver all of the
the system must consist of fumigant supply fumigant through the entire system simultaneously.
pipes that are equal in total length and
diameter. Where the system cannot be balanced, the correct amount of fumigant should be
dispensed through each supply pipe in turn until the total amount of fumigant is
applied.
See APPENDIX 8: Fumigant gas supply pipe systems.
Page 17 of 62
5.3 Fans
5.3.1 Fans must be positioned to ensure The fans must be switched on 10-15 minutes Where high velocity and high volume fans are used, they should not run for longer
that the fumigant is rapidly and before the gas is introduced and for 30 minutes than 15 minutes after the introduction of the gas, as they may force the fumigant
effectively distributed throughout the after the introduction of the methyl bromide, or out of the enclosure.
fumigation enclosure. until gas monitoring indicates that uniform gas
distribution has been achieved.
Fans should have a capacity to make at least 20 air changes an hour, taking into
5.3.2 For methyl bromide fumigation in consideration the volume of the enclosure
small enclosures (such as freight
containers), at least one fan must be used.
For fumigation in larger enclosures, at
least two fans must be used.
5.3.3 Where multiple containers are

fumigated under the same sheets, fans
must be placed in each container.
5.4 Sand and water snake specifications

5.4.1 When using sand snakes, a Sand snakes must be filled to only 65%-75% Additional sand snakes may be placed on corners and other areas where fumigant
minimum of two rows of sand snakes with sand so that they lie flat on the fumigation leakage may be higher due to folds in the sheet or the presence of pipes or
must be placed side by side with joins floor. electrical leads.
overlapping (like brickwork), and laid
flush against the enclosure to create a
continuous seal.
5.4.2 When using water snakes a single, Water snakes must be filled to only 75%-85% If water snakes are used, the sheets should be weighed down and sealed using a
continuous water snake must be laid of capacity so that they lie flat on the single, continuous water snake placed flush against the enclosure. Particular
flush against the enclosure to create a fumigation floor. attention should be given to ensure a complete seal where the ends of the water
continuous seal. snake meet. Water snake placement should not start or end on a corner.
Page 18 of 62
CALCULATING THE DOSAGE OF FUMIGANT REQUIRED

6.1 Calculation of fumigation enclosure volume
6.1.1 The volume of a fumigation When fumigating sheeted enclosures the The volume of most freight containers is commonly found on the outside of the
enclosure must be calculated from the measured external dimensions must be used container, but this measurement can only be used if the container is not sheeted
measured dimensions. and has been satisfactorily pressure tested.
Where an enclosed unsheeted container or
chamber is used for fumigation, the volume of See 4.3 Pressure testing requirements for un-sheeted containers.
any gas circulation equipment external to the
chamber must be included in the calculation
of the enclosure volume, together with the
known internal volume of the container or
chamber
See APPENDIX 9: Calculating the volume of

differently shaped fumigation enclosures.
6.2 Calculation of fumigant dosage

6.2.1 The dosage of methyl bromide To calculate the dosage (weight) of methyl bromide to be introduced into the
See www.aqis.gov.au/icon fumigation enclosure, the following formula must be applied:
applied to a fumigation enclosure must
conform to the requirements of AQIS D=VxC
for the commodity and country of origin Where:
as found in the ICON database. D = Dosage (in grams);
V = Volume (in cubic metres);
C = Required concentration (in grams per cubic metre).
6.2.2 Compensation must be applied to To calculate compensation for a mixture of 98% methyl bromide and 2%
the dosage for fumigant mixtures chloropicrin the following formula applies:
containing less than 100% methyl D = (V x C) ÷ 0.98
bromide.
6.2.3 Compensation must be applied for See 1.5 Temperature.

temperatures below 21ºC.
Page 19 of 62
PERFORMING THE FUMIGATION

7.1 Using a vaporiser
7.1.1 A vaporiser must be used for all Methyl bromide must be applied to the In warm or hot climates, ambient temperatures cannot be relied on to adequately
fumigations conducted for quarantine fumigation enclosure in gaseous form. This vaporise liquid methyl bromide during the gassing process.
purposes. must be achieved in all circumstances by
applying the liquid fumigant through a The water in the vaporiser unit should be raised to boiling point before any liquid
vaporiser (HOT GASSING) in order to fully methyl bromide is released into it. The water should be maintained at this
volatilise the fumigant prior to its entry into temperature for as long as possible throughout the gas introduction process and
the fumigation enclosure. should not be allowed to fall below 65ºC to ensure complete vaporisation of the
methyl bromide (and chloropicrin if present).
See APPENDIX 10: Vaporisers for methyl
bromide. The temperature can be monitored during the gas introduction process by holding
the gas supply pipe from the vaporiser to the fumigation enclosure. The pipe
should feel warm/hot throughout the period in which the gas is introduced. If the
temperature of the pipe reduces significantly, either stop the introduction of the
fumigant and allow the water in the vaporiser to re-boil, or slow the flow of the
fumigant from the cylinder to the vaporiser.
Complete fumigant vaporisation will allow more effective distribution and

penetration of the fumigant, and will reduce the possibility of product damage and
pest survival.
Page 20 of 62
7.2 Distributing fumigant within the enclosure
7.2.1 Fans must be operating during the If all concentration levels cannot be achieved within 15% of the lowest reading
application of the fumigant to ensure (equilibrium) the fumigant should be redistributed by turning on the fan for a
even distribution within the enclosure. further period of time. Concentrations should then be measured to see if
equilibrium has been reached.
7.2.2 Effective distribution of methyl
This process should be continued until either equilibrium is reached or when
bromide must be determined by the levels drop below the standard.
monitoring gas concentrations at all
monitoring points at set times after the The fumigation cannot start if the fumigant levels drop below the standard
introduction of the gas. concentration (A) as displayed in APPENDIX 11: Methyl Bromide Fumigation
Ready Reckoner. If the cause can be identified and rectified without removing
the sheet or losing excessive fumigant from the enclosure, the enclosure may be
re-dosed and the fumigation process continued.
7.3 Checking for leaks

7.3.1 The fumigation enclosure and all Checking for leaks must be carried out during A small amount of fumigant should be released through the system prior to the
application equipment must be free from the fumigant introduction process and after all release of the total dose. All joins and connections should be checked for leakage
leaks. the fumigant has been applied to the enclosure and corrective action taken, if required.
at the start of fumigation.
Page 21 of 62
MONITORING AND MAINTAINING FUMIGANT CONCENTRATIONS

8.1 Monitoring frequency
8.1.1 Methyl bromide concentrations NOTE
within the fumigation enclosure must be The fumigation period begins when all the readings are at or above the
measured on at least two occasions standard concentration and equilibrium has been reached.
during the fumigation exposure period;
at the start of the fumigation exposure
period and at the end of the fumigation
exposure period.
8.1.2 All instruments used for measuring Specifications for monitoring equipment
and monitoring methyl bromide
concentrations must be fit for the Monitoring equipment requires regular calibration and maintenance to ensure it
purpose, in good working order and operates effectively. It is particularly important to maintain carbon dioxide and
calibrated on a regular basis according moisture absorbers fitted to instruments (if applicable). Where batteries are used,
to manufacturer’s instructions. they should be checked regularly for working condition.
8.1.3 All instruments used for measuring Any monitoring equipment may be used providing it is capable of reliably
measuring methyl bromide concentrations within the fumigation enclosure of
and monitoring methyl bromide
between
concentrations within a fumigation 2 – 100 g/m³ . However, it should be noted that the dosage required for some
enclosure must be fitted with a moisture treatments will result in methyl bromide concentrations in excess of 100g/m³
absorption filter, an appropriate carbon during the initial stages of the treatment.
dioxide (CO2), or other filter, as required
by the manufacturer.
Page 22 of 62
8.2 Fumigant levels – Start-point and End-point
8.2.1 Fumigant concentrations must be Fumigant concentrations must be measured at: TABLE 2 : MONITORING TIMES
measured at the start and end of the Exposure Start-point Mid-point End-point
fumigation exposure period. 1. Start-point monitoring
period monitoring monitoring monitoring
The fumigation exposure period begins when
the methyl bromide concentrations at all
Less than 48 Take the first readings Not required but End of exposure
monitoring points are AT OR ABOVE THE
hours once it is reasonable to may be period
STANDARD and have reached
expect that equilibrium undertaken
EQUILIBRIUM (when all readings are within
has been achieved.*
15% of the lowest reading).
48 hours or Take the first readings 24 hours after End of exposure
2. End-point monitoring more once it is reasonable to start and as period
Methyl bromide concentrations at all expect that equilibrium required.
monitoring points must be AT OR ABOVE has been achieved.*
THE STANDARD at the end of the
fumigation period, before fumigation can be * Equilibrium can be achieved quicker if:
declared successful. • There is good free air space in the enclosure
See APPENDIX 11: Methyl Bromide • The are sufficient fans and they are positioned to best effect
Fumigation Ready Reckoner. • The methyl bromide is applied as a hot gas.
Page 23 of 62
8.3 Fumigant concentrations
8.3.1 Fumigant concentrations must be See Appendix 11 Methyl Bromide Ready The concentrations presented in the ready reckoner are based on the required
at or above the standard concentration Reckoner percentage retention in the following table:
(A) at all times, as set out in the Ready TABLE 3:
Reckoner. Some quarantine treatments require a higher STANDARD CONCENTRATIONS REQUIRED AT SPECIFIC
retention rate than what is specified in this MONITORING TIMES
Standard. In such cases the higher retention
Monitoring times Concentration of original
rate is the end-point concentration that must
be achieved for a successful fumigation. fumigant required
0.5 hours 75% or more
This is most common for fumigations of 1 hours 70% or more
perishable commodities where there is a short
exposure time. 2 hours 60% or more
4 hours 50% or more
12 hours 35% or more
See APPENDIX 11: Methyl Bromide Fumigation Ready Reckoner.
Page 24 of 62
8.3.2 Fumigant concentrations at all If readings from the monitoring points are NOT within 15% of the lowest
monitoring points must be within 15% reading at start point, there may be a problem with:
of the lowest concentration at the start of • Inadequate fumigant distribution throughout the enclosure.
the fumigation exposure period. • Blockages in the monitoring tubes or other monitoring problems.
• Monitoring equipment (malfunction).
Where the problem is identified as inadequate fumigant distribution, the fan(s)

should be turned on and run for a further period of 15-30 minutes and the
readings retaken.
If fumigant levels are below the required standard concentrations at any time
during the fumigation exposure period, in addition to the possible causes listed
above, there may be a problem with:
• Fumigation sheets or fumigation floor.
• Gas-tight seals between sheets and floor.
• Highly sorptive commodity.
• Incorrect dosage.
If the cause can be identified and rectified without removing the sheet or losing
excessive fumigant from the enclosure, the fumigation can continue as normal so
long as concentrations are equal to or above the standard concentrations (A) as set
out in the Ready Reckoner. See Appendix 11 Methyl Bromide Fumigation Ready
Reckoner.
Additional fumigant may need to be added to top-up the concentration to a

satisfactory level.
Where the cause cannot be readily identified (particularly in smaller fumigation

enclosures, such as containers) fumigation should be stopped and the fumigant
ventilated from the enclosure.
Once the area is safe (free of fumigant at levels hazardous to humans) the
commodities and the enclosure should be inspected for possible causes.
Page 25 of 62
8.4 Topping-up
8.4.1 Topping-up must only be When topping-up is done after the end point There are two options available for topping-up methyl bromide:
undertaken when fumigant monitoring the exposure period must be
concentrations are above the minimum extended for a further 4 hours and final Option 1 - Top-up – Start-point and End-point monitoring with top-up option at
top-up level at all monitoring points. monitoring readings must be taken and the end.
recorded.
This option allows for topping-up the level of methyl bromide at the end of the
8.4.2 Topping-up is not an option for
The top-up dosage must be applied in fumigation period, but only in certain circumstances and only if fumigant
fumigations of less than 12 hours. accordance with Section 7: Performing the concentration levels have been monitored according to TABLE 3.
fumigation.
If the fumigant concentration falls below the standard concentration (A) but not
Topping-up is not an acceptable action solely below the minimum concentration (C) indicated in APPENDIX 11: Methyl
to compensate for inadequate operational Bromide Fumigation Ready Reckoner. The fumigant levels may be topped up to
practices not more than the maximum top-up concentration (B).
e.g. use of torn or unsuitable fumigation
sheets. Option 2 - Top-up – Continuous monitoring with top-up options.
This option should be used when highly sorptive commodities have to be
Topping-up must only be undertaken when fumigated and the need for a top-up is indicated.
fumigant concentrations are above the
minimum concentration to allow top-up (B) at Commodities considered to be highly sorptive to methyl bromide include:
all monitoring points. Fish Meals; Bone Meals; Corn Meals; Nuts; Seeds; Fats; Coffee Beans and
commodities packed in polystyrene material.
Fumigant levels must not be topped-up above
the maximum top-up concentration (C).
See APPENDIX 12: Examples of ‘Top-up’ calculations.
In addition to the monitoring times in TABLE
2 monitoring must take place at intervals not
greater than 6 hours apart throughout the
fumigation period if it is suspected that the
relevant final concentration will not be
achieved. Monitoring at the set times must
still be done.
Page 26 of 62
COMPLETING THE FUMIGATION

9.1 Ventilation
9.1.1 On completion of a fumigation Ventilation of fumigation enclosures
treatment, the methyl bromide must be This can be done by either natural aeration or forced ventilation using fans or
vented out of the fumigation container. other appropriate equipment.
9.1.2 Ventilation of the enclosure must The time taken to reach the TLV (5 ppm in Australia) may take longer than 48
If there is the likelihood of exceeding the hours, particularly when:
be conducted so that the workplace TLV, then the risk area must be extended
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for methyl beyond the recommended distance for the • Commodities are fumigated in 40ft (12.2 m) containers;
bromide is not exceeded outside of the duration of the ventilation. • Commodities are tightly packed or sorptive;
risk area. • Free airspace around the commodity is less than a total of 350 mm.
Before measuring TLV, the fumigator should switch off all fans being used for
aeration of the fumigation enclosure. Where containers have been sheeted, the
sheet must be fully removed prior to testing for TLV. Where containers have been
fumigated, fumigant concentrations should be sampled from one or more
representative points from within the fumigation enclosure. After taking the
samples the fumigator will close the enclosure and leave the risk area.
After 30 minutes of ventilation, the fumigator should reopen the enclosure and
check the fumigant concentration inside the enclosure. If the concentration is less
than or equal to 5 ppm, the enclosure may be declared safe. If concentrations of
fumigant above 5 ppm are detected, the fumigator should leave the risk area, re-
ventilate using fans or naturally ventilate the enclosure for a further period of time
and recommence the TLV check procedure. This process should be repeated until
all sections of the fumigation enclosure have been proved safe for re-entry.
Note
Commodities that have not been adequately ventilated threaten the health of
people packing and inspecting fumigated commodities.
A notice may be placed on the container stating:
“Due to possible desorption of fumigant from the commodities within this
container, further ventilation may be necessary before the container is entered and
the commodities removed”
Page 27 of 62
9.1 Continued
9.1.3 At the end of the fumigation Before any unprotected personnel are allowed Where there is no documentation showing that an enclosure or container has been
exposure period, concentrations of access to a fumigation enclosure and ‘risk ventilated, handlers should treat it as still ‘under gas’ until it can be declared safe.
methyl bromide in the fumigation area’ it must be declared free from hazardous
enclosure, the air spaces of the treated levels of fumigant (at or below TLV).
commodity and the surrounding area
Before a fumigated container or commodity is
must fall below the TLV. released from the control of the fumigator, it
must be declared free from hazardous levels
of fumigant (at or below TLV) in air spaces of
the commodity or packing material enclosing
the commodity.
9.1.4 The equipment used for measuring

methyl bromide concentrations in ‘risk Leak detection equipment must not be used
areas’ and post treatment clearance of for this purpose.
enclosures must be fit for the purpose
and capable of detecting concentrations
of between 1 – 100 ppm v/v.
9.2 Certification
9.2.1 For offshore fumigations, See APPENDIX 4: Example of a record of fumigation.
fumigation providers must issue a
certificate indicating the fumigation was See APPENDIX 5: Example of a fumigation certificate.
successful and conformed to the AQIS
standard. To support the claims made on
the fumigation certificate, a Record of
Fumigation sheet must also be completed
on site and retained for audit purposes.
Page 28 of 62
APPENDIX 1: Fumigation of Perishable Commodities
In addition to the requirements described in the Methyl Bromide Fumigation Standard, perishable commodities fumigated to ICON and PHYTO
database requirements must meet the following:
FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLES, NURSERY STOCK AND FRESH CUT FLOWERS
1. General conditions
1.1 Impervious wrappings or bags without If the plants are to remain in their original boxes or other packages, or are placed
perforations must be removed or opened. in other packages for fumigation, ensure that there is adequate ventilation by
cutting holes or making numerous gaps in all sides of the packages.
1.2 The consignment must be prepared and
stacked to allow effective fumigant The AQIS Wrapping and Perforation Standard
circulation.
Gas impervious materials (plastic wraps, cellophane, film, shrink wrap,
aluminium foil and papers that are tarred or waxed, laminated, or waterproofed)
1.3 Cartons, boxes and other receptacles that meet AQIS perforation requirements do not need to be slashed, opened, cut
used to transport fumigated perishable or removed. To meet AQIS perforation requirements for fumigation, impervious
goods must also be fumigated. materials must contain not less than four (4) perforations of 6 mm diameter/100
cm2 or five (5) perforations of 5 mm diameter/100 cm2. Plastic wraps containing
See Sections 6.1 and Section 6.2 of the numerous pinholes (at least 6 holes per cm2), frequently used for transportation of
Standard fruit and vegetables are also acceptable.
See Section 8.3 of the Standard NOTE
Methyl bromide concentrations may decline below an effective level when methyl
bromide is used to treat commodities packed in polystyrene boxes.
Page 29 of 62
2. Fresh fruit and vegetables
2.1 The temperature of the fruit pulp must The temperature must be measured by Some commodities require specific minimum temperatures, e.g. New Zealand
be measured for dose calculations, not the placing the temperature probe into the strawberries 18oC.
minimum ambient temperature. centre of a piece of fruit located in the
middle of a carton. At least three Where appropriate, the commodity may be warmed to meet the minimum
temperature readings must be taken from temperature requirement.
2.2 The lowest temperature recorded must
fruit in three different cartons/pallets and
be the temperature used to calculate the from different varieties within the
dose of methyl bromide for treatment consignment:
purposes. • From one carton at the top of the pallet;
• From one carton in the middle of the
2.3 A carbon dioxide absorption tube or pallet; Some perishable commodities (e.g. garlic and onions) release high amounts of
filter must be used in addition to a moisture • From one carton at the bottom of the carbon dioxide and this affects gas measurements of some instruments. It is
absorption tube in specific circumstances. pallet. particularly important to maintain the carbon dioxide and moisture absorbers
fitted to instruments. Where batteries are used, they should be checked for
working condition.
Page 30 of 62
3. Nursery stock and fresh cut flowers
3.1 Pure methyl bromide must be used for Chloropicrin is phytotoxic and must not Plants may be covered with single sheets of damp newspaper so that the gas is not
nursery stock and fresh cut flowers. be used. circulated directly on to them.
3.2 Fumigation of nursery stock and fresh The fumigation of plants above 30oC should be avoided as plants may become
See Section 1.5 of the Standard. stressed or damaged.
flowers must not be conducted below 11oC or
above 30oC. Plants should not be wet, but roots should be moist to prevent damage.
3.3 Plants that have been refrigerated or Low humidity during treatment may damage plants. Relative humidity in the
stored in a cool room must be brought up to fumigation enclosure should be held above 75% during fumigation.
ambient temperature of the enclosure prior
to the introduction of methyl bromide. In the absence of water misters within the fumigation chamber, damp newspapers
and shallow trays of water may also be placed on the floor of the fumigation
chamber to help prevent plant desiccation.
Excessive air currents during fumigation or the post-treatment aeration period

3.4 Fans must be used to disperse the
See Section 5.3 of the Standard. aggravate injury. It is recommend that circulating and ventilating fans or blowers
fumigant throughout the enclosure. be operated for the minimum length of time required for distributing the fumigant
evenly or for removing toxic concentrations after treatment.
3.5 Where the lids of cardboard boxes are not Alternatively, flowers can be removed from the cartons and placed upright in the
sufficiently vented, the boxes must be opened fumigation enclosure.
and stacked to allow adequate gas
circulation. Some flowers, for example roses, may be imported with cardboard collars or
plastic sleeves to prevent bruising during transport. These may be retracted or
removed to allow effective gas circulation.
Page 31 of 62
4. Post fumigation
4.1 Fumigated plants must not be packed The original packing material may be used as long as it has been fumigated also.
into plastic boxes or boxes lined with
plastic.
Page 32 of 62
APPENDIX 2: Fumigation of vessels with methyl bromide
Application
In addition to the requirements outlined in the AQIS Methyl Bromide Standard and ICON, the Yacht appendix is intended for the fumigation of vessels that can be sheeted
or sealed for fumigation. See 4.2 Using gas tight containers as fumigation enclosures and 4.3 Pressure testing requirements for un-sheeted containers of the Standard.
THESE REQUIREMENTS APPLY TO VESSELS UNDER TWENTY FIVE (25) METRES IN LENGTH AND MAY BE APPLIED TO
LARGER NON-COMMERCIAL VESSELS THAT CAN BE EFFECTIVELY SEALED. IT IS NOT INTENDED TO BE APPLIED TO THE
FUMIGATION OF CARGO VESSELS.
1. PRIOR TO FUMIGATION
1.1 An assessment must be made to Timber components must not be covered or
determine if the vessel can be effectively coated. See Section 3.2 of the Standard.
fumigated.
1.2 Due to the complex nature of vessel The fumigator must visit the vessel to assess The plan can be presented as a diagram with locations of supply pipes, fans and
fumigations, a written plan for each how it will be prepared and fumigated. monitoring tubes clearly indicated.
fumigation must be submitted to AQIS for
approval before fumigation commences. The written plan must contain the following The diagram does not have to be to scale, but needs to be legible and should
information: indicate the fumigant enclosure volume accounting for volume reductions for any
• Location of fumigation site added fittings etc.
• How the vessel will be sealed/sheeted
• If the vessel is to be sealed, how it will be Yacht dimensions are usually provided in the owner’s manual.
pressure tested
• The number and locations of fumigant
supply pipes
• The number and location of fans
• The number and location of monitoring
tubes
• The calculation of fumigant to be used
and enclosure volume.
See Section 6.1 of the Standard.
Page 33 of 62
2. FUMIGATION PROCEDURE
2.1 The fumigation site must be secured If the vessel is to be fumigated on water, a Proximity to other vessels should be taken into consideration when fumigating.
and a safety risk assessment must be ‘risk area’ must be set up around the
undertaken. fumigation enclosure or moored vessel (3 If the vessel to be fumigated is moored on a public jetty security personnel may
metres if achievable) with warning signs be required.
visible from all sides of the vessel. See
Section 5.4 of the Standard. Permission to fumigate may be required from the relevant:
1. Harbour master
Only authorised personnel are allowed within 2. Marina/Jetty
the risk area. The area must be cleared of any 3. Council
unprotected personnel, that is, personnel not 4. Waterways
wearing a respirator, and at no time during the
fumigation should unprotected personnel be For containerised, dry dock, patent slip or flat rack fumigations refer to
allowed to enter the risk area. Section 2.1 and Section 2.2 of the Standard.
2.2 If the vessel is to be fumigated on If the vessel is to be fumigated on a flat rack, refer to Section 2.1 and Section 2.2
water, weather conditions, such as sea of the Standard.
and wind conditions for the following 24
hours must be taken into account. The weather conditions should be determined by checking with the Bureau of
Meteorology to obtain the forecast applicable to the area where the fumigation
will be performed.
Page 34 of 62
2. CONTINUED
2.3 If fumigating on water the sheeting It is preferable to sheet the entire vessel/container as per Section 4.1 of the
of a vessel must be weighted and extend Standard. Multiple vessels/containers may be fumigated under a single gas proof
below the water to ensure an air tight sheet. If the sheet is unable to enclose the mast or superstructure, a seal must be
seal (the sheet must be secure enough not secured to prevent gas leakage
to be affected by sea conditions).
Regardless of whether a vessel is sealed, containerized, individually sheeted or
part of a multi-vessel fumigation, the fumigant supply pipe, fan and monitoring
tube requirements in Section 5.1, Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 of the Standard
apply.
2.4 If a vessel cannot be entirely sheeted, Prior to every treatment, any items used for
all windows, doors, hatches, ventilation sealing the vessel must be visually inspected Water proof does not necessarily mean gas tight.
points, entry/exit points, etc. must be for tears, holes and abrasions, as these are a
made gas tight. major contributing factor to significant gas
loss.
The entry/exit points for gas supply pipes and

monitoring tubes must be made gas tight.
The cabin or area to be treated must be sealed

with tape. Any bung holes need to be sealed
and all foam rubber, beds, etc. must be
removed.
2.5 Sealed vessels must be pressure
tested. See Appendix 6: Pressure testing enclosures for gas tightness of the Standard.
See Section 4.2 and Section 4.3 of the
Standard.
2.6 The vessel’s volume must be
determined so that the correct amount of
fumigant can be applied.
Page 35 of 62
2. Continued
2.7 Fumigant supply pipes must be See Section 5.2 of the Standard. The size and design of a vessel will determine the number of fumigant supply
positioned to allow fumigant to be pipes needed for effective fumigation.
introduced and circulated effectively Minimum requirements for single storey
throughout the vessel. vessels: Single storey vessels:
Single storey vessels are those with one accommodation deck with under-floor
• One pipe per vessel less than 15 metres compartments that have a shared air space and a simple weather deck. Vessels
in length. The line should be centrally with a distinct separate but simple wheelhouse on the upper deck could be treated
located (e.g. mid-ship). as a single storey vessel. Vessels with one accommodation deck, but segregated
• Two pipes per vessel greater than 15 by waterproof bulkheads broken into distinct spaces, may need to be treated
metres in length. One line should be separately.
placed forward and one aft.
Minimum requirements for multi-storey

vessels:
Multi-storey vessels:
• One pipe per storey for vessels less than Multi-storey vessels are those that have separate floors/levels, including
15 metres in length. With due regard for inhabitable levels. Vessels with a single storey that have storage and bilge areas
internal lay out, the line should be under the floor should be treated as a single-storey vessel.
centrally located (e.g. mid-ship).
• Two pipes per storey for vessels greater Complex or unusual vessels will often have distinct sealed bulkheads and storage
than 15 metres in length. With due regard compartments (for example: patrol boats, fishing vessels and pack ice vessels).
for internal lay out, one line should be When fumigating these types of vessels, these requirements should be taken into
placed forward and one aft. account to determine fumigant supply pipe numbers and placement. In some
cases, there will need to be a fan, a supply pipe and a monitoring tube in each
2.8 Where multiple fumigant supply In order to balance the system, each arm of separate compartment.
pipes are used, the entire system must be the system must consist of fumigant supply
balanced in order to achieve even pipes that are equal in total length and
distribution throughout the enclosure. diameter.
Page 36 of 62
2. Continued
2.9 Fans must always be used in vessel There must be enough fans situated in Fans should run sequentially to assist with the movement of the fumigant from
fumigations. appropriate locations throughout the vessel, areas where it has been introduced to areas where no fumigant supply pipe is
with enough capacity to adequately and present.
evenly distribute the fumigant.
All doors and compartments should be opened to allow fans to be effective.
Fans are required for at least the first 30
minutes of the fumigation or until equilibrium High velocity and high volume fans should not run for longer than 15-20
and initial dose concentrations have been minutes after the introduction of the fumigant, as they may force the fumigant
reached. out of the enclosure.
See Section 5.3 and Section 7.2 of the
Standard.
Minimum requirements are:
Single storey vessels: The size and design of a vessel will determine the number of fans needed.
• One fan per vessel for small single cabin
area vessels (e.g. cabin cruisers). The fan
must be located adjacent to an injection
line.
• Two fans per vessel between 15 – 30
metres in length. One fan must be placed
forward and one aft.
• Three fans per vessel greater than 30
metres in length. One fan must be placed
forward, one mid-ship and one aft.
• Two fans per storey. One fan must be
placed forward and one aft.
Page 37 of 62
2. Continued
2.10 Vessels must have a minimum of For fumigation under sheet, an additional The size and design of a vessel will determine the number of monitoring tubes.
three monitoring tubes per storey/level. monitoring tube must be placed outside the
vessel, between the vessel and the sheet.
2.11 Inside the vessel, all monitoring

Minimum requirements are:
tubes must be located at least 2 metres
away from any fumigant supply pipes. Single storey vessels:
Three tubes per vessel. Each vessel must have
one tube placed as follows:
• Ceiling level forward
• Mid-ship around 1.5 metres above the
floor.
• At or below floor level aft.
For vessels greater than 30 metres in

length, four monitoring tubes are required.
These are to be situated as above, with the
additional placed mid-ship – one in a cabin
and one in a corridor, both around 1.5 metres
above the floor.
Three monitoring tubes per storey. Each
storey must have one tube placed as follows:
• Ceiling level forward
• Mid-ship around 1.5 metres above the
floor
• Below floor level aft (If it is not possible
to place the tube below floor level it must
be placed at floor level).
Page 38 of 62
2. Continued
2.12 Dosage and Temperature See Section 1.4 of the Standard.
2.13 Monitoring See Section 7.3 of the Standard.

2.14 Ventilation See Section 9.1 of the Standard.
Page 39 of 62
APPENDIX 3: Commodities for which problems may occur when

fumigated with methyl bromide
Commodity Notes
1. Foodstuffs: Never exceed the recommended dosage or
a. Butter, lard and fats; exposure periods for food or foodstuff
b. Iodised salt stabilised with sodium hyposulphite; commodities.
c. Full fat soybean flour, whole wheat flour, other Foods imported into Australia or manufactured
high protein flours and baking powders; in Australia must comply with the Food
d. Nuts with high oil content; Standards Code
e. Certain baking sodas, cattle licks, salt blocks, or www.foodstandards.gov.au.
other foodstuffs containing reactive sulphur
compounds;
f. Bone meal.
2. Leather Goods Particularly kid or other leather goods tanned
with sulphur processes.
3. Woollens Extreme caution should be used in the
fumigation of Angora woollens.
Some adverse effects have been noted on
woollen socks, sweaters, shawls and yarn.
4. Viscose rayon Rayons processed or manufactured with the use
of carbon bisulfide.
5. Photographic chemicals Excluding camera film or X-ray film.
6. Paper:
a. Silver polishing papers;
b. Certain writing and other papers cured by sulphide
processes;
c. Photographic prints;
d. “Carbonless” carbon paper;
e. Blueprint papers.
7. Rubber Goods:
a. Sponge rubber;
b. Foam rubber, such as rug padding, pillows,
cushions, mattresses, and some car seals;
c. Rubber stamps and other similar forms of
reclaimed rubber.
8. Vinyl
9. Furs
10. Feathers Especially in feather pillows.
11. Rug Padding e.g. foam rubber, felts, etc.
12. Charcoal, cinder blocks and activated carbon
13. Horsehair articles
14. Oil artworks
15. Sulphur-based paint
16. Cellophane
17. Polystyrene packaging and containers Polystyrene can absorb large quantities of
methyl bromide, which may take a long time to
desorb.
Page 40 of 62
APPENDIX 4: Example of a record of fumigation
RECORD OF FUMIGATION
I. FUMIGATOR DETAILS
Fumigation Company: .....................................................................................................................................................
Fumigator in charge:.................................................. Date: ................................... Record No:................................
II. COMMODITY DETAILS
Type of commodity: ..........................................................................................Quantity: ..............................................
Special Marks: .................................................................................................................................................................
Container Number(s): ......................................................................................................................................................
Country/Area of Origin: ..................................................................................................................................................
Name and Address of Consigner: ....................................................................................................................................
Country/Area of Destination:...........................................................................................................................................
Name and Address Consignee: ........................................................................................................................................
III. DETAIL OF FUMIGATION
No. Details Remarks
1. Date fumigation commenced Date: ...........................................................
2. Place/location of fumigation ....................................................................
3. Fumigation to be carried out in: Permanent Chamber: ................................. F
Pressure checked container: ...................... F
Container under sheet:............................... F
Stack under sheet:...................................... F
4. Fumigation site checked for suitability Protected from wind ................................. F
Floor smooth and impervious ................... F
Undersheet used........................................F
Site secure.................................................F
Danger area established ............................F
Can be vented safely ............................F
5. Verification that commodity is suitable for Commodity on: ⁭ Pallets ⁭ Skids ⁭ None…………………..
fumigation
Appropriate space between commodity and floor, walls, ceiling and
Page 41 of 62
between stacking: ⁭ Yes ⁭ No
Timber thickness < 200 mm: ⁭ Yes ⁭ No
Impervious coating: ⁭ Yes ⁭ No
Unperforated plastic wrapping: ⁭ Yes ⁭ No
6. Relevant parties notified Plant Quarantine F
Owner F
Shipper F
Others (specify)………………………………..
7. Type of fumigant, recommended dose rate and Type:….………..……Dose Rate: .………..…

exposure time
Exposure Time: .………..…
8. Container pressure tested: Yes ⁭ No ⁭ Time 200-100Pa drop ……sec.
9. Fan installed Yes ⁭ No ⁭
How many: ……. unit(s)
10. Anticipated minimum temperature ………
11. Heater and thermostat installed Yes ⁭ No ⁭
How many: ……. unit(s)
12. Volume of fumigation enclosure ………….. m3
13. Dose allowance for temperature below 210C Required dose rate ……gm/m3
Allowance ……gm/m3
Corrected required dose rate ……gm/m3
14. Dose corrected for Chloropicrin Yes ⁭ Corrected required dose rate ……gm/m3
15. Total quantity of fumigant applied ……….. gram(s)
16. Adequate vaporizer and heating source Yes ⁭ No ⁭
17. Date and Time Fumigant applied Date: ……………. Time: …………………
18. Leaks checked and adjusted Yes ⁭ No ⁭
19. Gas concentration readings
Page 42 of 62
20. Start point (equilibrium) monitoring Date : ………………… Time: ………………
Concentration Enclosure 1 Enclosure 2 Enclosure 3 Enclosure 4
Top g/m3 g/m3 g/m3 g/m3
Middle g/m3 g/m3 g/m3 g/m3
Bottom g/m3 g/m3 g/m3 g/m3
21. At or above Concentration and in Equilibrium Yes ⁭ No ⁭ Fans restarted ⁭
22. Second monitoring (if applicable) Date : ………………… Time: ………………
23. Mid point monitoring (if applicable) Date : ………………… Time: ………………
24. End point monitoring Date : ………………… Time: ………………
25. Top Up required Yes ⁭ No ⁭
Page 43 of 62
26. Quantity of fumigant re applied ……….. gram(s)
27. Time fumigant re applied Time: …………………
28. Final monitoring readings Date : ………………… Time: ………………
98. Ventilation started Date: ……………. Time: …………………
30. Ventilation finished Date: ……………. Time: …………………
31. Final Gas concentration readings (TLV) ……………ppm.
Quarantine Officer in charge Fumigator in Charge
…………………………………… ………………………………….
(Signature) (Signature)
…………………………………… ………………………………….
(Print Name) (Print Name)
Page 44 of 62
APPENDIX 5: Example of a fumigation certificate
COMPANY LETTERHEAD
(including address)
FUMIGATION CERTIFICATE
Certificate Number: AFAS number: 0000
This is to certify that the following regulated article has been fumigated according to the appropriate procedures to
conform to the current phytosanitary requirements of the importing country:
ARTICLE DETAILS
Description of Goods: ................................................................................................................................................
Quantity declared:........................................... ……….Distinguishing marks: ...........................................................
Consignment Link: ................................................................................................................................................... .
Country of origin: ...................................................... ..Port of loading: …………………………………………….
Country of destination:..................................................Declared point of entry:.........................................................
Name and address of consignor/exporter/shipper: ................................................................................ ....................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
Declared name and address of consignee/buyer/notified party: ................................................................................
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
TREATMENT DETAILS
Name of fumigant: ................................................................................Date of fumigation: .................................
Place of fumigation:...........................................................................................................................
Dosage .............................................................................................Exposure period: ......................................
Minimum air temperature in container: ...............................................Fruit temperature: ....................................
Fumigation carried out under gas tight enclosure/sheet: yes no n/a
Fumigation performed in a container: yes no n/a
Container meets pressure test requirements: yes no n/a
Container has free air space in accordance with the methyl bromide standard: yes no n/a
Container has been ventilated to below 5ppm v/v methyl bromide: yes no n/a
WRAPPING AND TIMBER

Has the commodity been fumigated prior to lacquering, varnishing, painting or
wrapping? yes no n/a
Has plastic wrapping been used in the consignment? yes no n/a
• If yes, has the consignment been fumigated prior to plastic wrapping? yes no n/a
• Or has the plastic wrapping been slashed, opened or perforated in
accordance with the AQIS Wrapping and Perforation Standard? yes no n/a
Is the timber in this consignment less than 200mm thick in one dimension and
correctly spaced every 200mm in height? yes no n/a
ADDITIONAL DECLARATIONS
...................................................................................................................................................................................................... …….
...................................................................................................................................................................................................... …….
................................................................................................................................................................................... ……
I declare that these details are true and correct and the fumigation has been carried out in accordance with the Australian
Methyl Bromide Standard.
Place and Date
Company stamp Signature and Name of Accredited Fumigator
Page 45 of 62
How to use the AFAS Approved Standard Fumigation Certificate

For a treatment certificate to be accepted by AQIS, there is critical information that must be supplied. These are called
critical fields. All of this information should be on a single page and be in the same format as the example certificate.
The critical fields are as follows:
1. Certificate must be supplied by an AQIS-acceptable treatment provider

Under AFAS, a fumigation company must appear on the Acceptable Treatment Providers list to be considered
acceptable. Acceptable treatment providers must also provide the correct AFAS ID number on the fumigation
certificate.
2. Certificate must be on an AQIS-acceptable treatment provider’s letterhead
This letterhead should include the address of the fumigation provider that matches the address provided for
registration purposes.
3. Certificate must provide a description of the goods being treated
This information should be supplied in the ‘Description of Goods’ section.
4. Certificate must be signed by a representative of the treatment provider
The representative for an AFAS approved facility must have attended the AFAS training and be accredited
under the scheme. The signature must appear below all of the information on the certificate. Where a
certificate is endorsed by a government agency, the endorsement should also appear on the same page as the
fumigation details.
5. Consignment identification
Acceptable consignment links are: a container number, a bill of lading number, marks and numbers, a
commercial invoice number, a preferential tariff certificate number, a packing list number or a letter of credit
number. Where a document does not contain one of the above forms of consignment identification, it must
have a direct numerical link to another document that does contain one of the above forms of consignment
identification.
6. Certificate must be dated
Both the date of the treatment and the date of signing must be displayed on the document.
The following details of the fumigation must also be displayed on the fumigation certificate for it to be considered
acceptable:
a. Name of fumigant
For all AFAS treatment certificates, the name of the fumigant will be Methyl Bromide (CH3Br).
b. Dosage
This is the amount of Methyl Bromide applied to the consignment during fumigation.
c. Duration
The duration for fumigation is the time period from achieving equilibrium to releasing the gas.
d. Air/Fruit temperature
The minimum ambient temperature reached during fumigation must be displayed. When fruit is fumigated, the
core temperature of the fruit must also be recorded.
e. Date
See point 6 above.
Note: There are also extra details required on the standard AFAS fumigation certificate in relation to the
fumigation process and the wrapping of the product. There are answer boxes provided for these details. Please
tick the correct box - yes, no, or n/a (not applicable) that applies to your fumigation.
Page 46 of 62
APPENDIX 6: Pressure testing enclosures for gas-tightness

All fumigations must be conducted in gas-tight enclosures. Where it is not intended to enclose the commodity in gas-
proof sheets, the gas-tightness of the enclosure must be determined prior to the introduction of any fumigant.
Inspection of empty containers
If a container can be selected prior to packing, the procedure below should be followed.
The container should be positioned to allow easy access to all four sides and the roof. It should stand on a flat,
horizontal surface to avoid twisting (or racking) that may prevent the doors from providing an adequate seal.
The container should be examined before pressure testing to ensure it is structurally sound, the sides and roof are free of
significant holes, and free of obvious distortion. Containers that are obviously damaged (e.g. where large holes and
gaps are present in the roof and walls, or where the doors, door seals and locks do not fit and function properly) are not
suitable and should not be pressure tested.
Where rust is present, the affected areas should be closely inspected and checked for the presence of holes. Containers
with holes, gaps or those that are badly rusted are not suitable for pressure testing. The doors must make firm contact
with each other, the doorframe and floor sill so that their seals function effectively. The rubber seals around the doors
should be unbroken, leaving no obvious gaps. Containers with faulty doors and door seals are unsuitable for pressure
testing.
The interior of the container should be examined from inside, with the doors closed so that any gaps or holes should be
visible as they will allow light to enter the container. Containers with any holes and gaps are unsuitable for pressure
testing.
Containers with:
• Wet or damaged floors are not suitable for pressure testing;
• Dry floors that are in good condition showing no signs of damage are suitable for pressure testing.
Closing the ventilators
All ventilators must be sealed on the outside of the container – not the inside.
Make sure the area around each ventilator is dry and free from grease, then completely cover and seal all ventilators to
make them gas-tight. The most effective way to seal ventilators is to completely cover them with plastic duct tape.
It is important to unseal all ventilators at the end of the exposure period – and always before the container is loaded onto
any form of transport.
Pressurising the container
This should be done without drilling holes through the walls of the container.
AQIS recommends a ‘finger manifold’ be used for pressure testing.
The finger manifold is designed to deliver high pressure compressed air into a container, rapidly pressurise it and then
allow the pressure decay time to be measured. The manifold has twelve ‘fingers’, nine of which deliver compressed air
into the container while the other three measure the pressure within the container. The ‘fingers’ are made of soft copper
tubing that can be bent to shape as necessary.
The manifold is bent to fit over the front of the sill so that it can be sealed between the right hand door and the sill, and
removed after the pressure test has been completed.
Page 47 of 62
Instruments for measuring the pressure decay time
The pressure inside the container can be measured using a variety of instruments. The equipment required ranges from
relatively simple to proprietary instruments including:
• A simple U tube manometer or an inclined manometer, using a manually operated stop watch;
• Any sensitive pressure gauge, using a manually operated stop watch;
• A purpose made instrument, the CONTESTOR, which combines a pressure sensor with a timer that cuts in
when the required pressures have been achieved.
Procedure for pressure testing
Make sure the area around the container ventilator is dry and free from grease, then completely cover and seal all
ventilators to make them gas-tight.
The pressure inside the closed container must be raised to 250 Pa using high-pressure compressed air supplied from a
portable compressor or gas cylinders.
1) As the pressure inside the container reaches 250 Pa, turn off the compressed air supply.
2) Allow the pressure to decay to 200 Pa.
3) Start measuring the time (in seconds) when it reaches 200 Pa.
4) Stop measuring the time (in seconds) when it reaches 100 Pa.
5) Record the pressure decay time.
NOTE
AQIS considers containers that give a pressure decay time from 200 to 100 Pascals of 10 seconds or more to be
gas-tight. Such containers may be fumigated with methyl bromide without enclosing them under gas proof sheets.
Where the pressure decay time does not meet the minimum requirements, the container must be enclosed in gas
proof sheets.
Page 48 of 62
FIGURE 1 –FINGER MANIFOLD FOR DELIVERING HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSED

AIR INTO A CONTAINER AND MEASURING THE PRESSURE INSIDE THE
CONTAINER.
The ‘finger manifold’ is designed to deliver compressed air into a container, pressurise it and allow the pressure decay
to be measured. The manifold (illustrated above) has twelve ‘fingers’, nine of which deliver compressed air into the
container, while three measure the pressure within it. The ‘fingers’ are made of soft copper tubing that can be bent to
shape as necessary.
The manifold can be bent to fit either over the front of the sill or between the vertical door seal. In either case sealant is
applied between the fingers of the manifold and door seals and removed after the pressure test has been completed.
Page 49 of 62
FIGURE 2. TECHNICAL DRAWING OF THE FINGER MANIFOLD FOR PRESSURE

TESTING FREIGHT CONTAINERS.
Page 50 of 62
APPENDIX 7: Monitor tube placement for container fumigation
One container in one enclosure

Three gas monitoring points
(1) Top back (2) Middle centre (3) Front base
Two containers in one enclosure

Three gas monitoring points
One top centre of the commodity in each container, one front base of either container
Three or more containers in one enclosure

One gas monitoring point at the top centre of the commodity in each container
Page 51 of 62
APPENDIX 8: Fumigant gas supply pipe systems

When gas is introduced into an enclosure through multiple supply pipes of differing length or diameter, the amount of
gas flowing through each pipe will vary due to friction between the gas and sides of the pipe, as well as the flow
dynamics of the gas.
Arrangements of gas supply pipes for single and multiple manifold systems to ensure balanced
distribution of fumigant gas into the fumigation enclosure.
c a a a d d
c c
b
a b
M Vaporiser M Vaporiser M Vaporiser
Complex systems
Gassing pipes of equal length and diameter All splits must contain pipes of equal length
Gassing pipes of unequal length or diameter
Apply equal quantity through all taps at the and diameter
Apply equal quantity through each tap in turn same time
a+c+c = b+d+d
Multiple Manifold Systems

M – Volumetric measuring device (dispenser) or scales.
c Complex
Systems
b a a a
These examples
demonstrate possible
a methods of creating
balanced systems for
distribution of fumigant
gas.
Multiple manifold
systems are the most
adaptable, allow for
Vaporiser
quick, safe and effective
M M Vaporiser
fumigation and are
recommended.
Gassing pipes of unequal length or diameter Gassing pipes of equal length and diameter
Pipes connected individually and equal Pipes connected to manifold and total
quantities of gas dispensed quantity of gas dispensed
Single Manifold Systems

The overlying principle is that a balanced system will distribute the same volume of gas through each
arm of the system at the same time. If it is not possible to achieve a balanced system then balanced
application must be achieved by distributing measured amounts of gas through each arm of the system
in turn.
Page 52 of 62
APPENDIX 9: Calculating the volume of differently shaped fumigation

enclosures
The following guidelines may be used to assist in calculating the volume of differently shaped fumigation
enclosures:
Shape 1 Shape 2
H H
W
L
W
L
Shape 3
H Shape 4
H Shape 5
H
D
The internal volume of a fumigation enclosure can be calculated by adding up the volume of its parts where:
L = Length W = Width H = Height

R = Radius (Diameter/2) D = Diameter (Radiusx2)
π (Pi) = 3.142
Volumes are:
Shape 1 (triangular prism): 1/2(L x W x H)

Shape 2 (rectangular prism): LxWxH
Shape 3 (dome): 2/3(π x R x R x R)
Shape 4 (cone): 1/3(π x R x R x H)
Shape 5 (cylinder): π(R x R) x H
Page 53 of 62
APPENDIX 10: Vaporisers for methyl bromide
The following is a design for a simple yet sophisticated vaporiser that can be made cheaply with locally available
components.
The following materials and methods are required:
The Heat Transfer Coil
The coil should be made from copper tubing and should be at least 12 metres long. It can be made from one continuous
length of copper tubing (12 mm in diameter [ID]). However, a much faster gas flow can be achieved by constructing it
from three five metre lengths of tubing of increasing diameter; 6 mm ID, 9 mm ID and 12 mm ID, for example. The
system illustrated below (Diagram 1) will allow the gas to escape quickly through the outlet, avoiding excessive back-
pressure, which can slow down gas flow from the cylinder.
The whole system should allow for at least 0.1 square metres of tubing surface for every kilogram of fumigant to be
vaporised each minute.
5 m min 5 m min 5 m min
6 mm ID 9 mm ID 12 mm ID
Direction of flow of fumigant

Diagram 1
The lengths of tubing must be carefully joined in a manner that is completely gas-tight. Suitable connectors should be
fitted to the inlet and outlet to meet the requirements of the gas inlet and outlet pipes. This instruction shows the use of
a manifold with four outlet taps that easily allow for a balanced system to fumigate up to four or more containers at the
same time, ensuring that the same amount of gas is introduced to each.
The manifold should be constructed from 19 mm to 24 mm tubing, with suitable gas taps and outlets fitted.
The tubing should be coiled as tightly as possible to allow for the coil to fit into a suitable water container. The inlet
and outlet ends should be positioned above the top segment of the coil so that they are clear of the water bath (see
Diagram 2).
Page 54 of 62
The Water Container
Stainless steel sheet 1.6 mm thick should be used to construct the water container and cowling because mild steel sheet
rusts very rapidly. Handles should be provided to allow for lifting.
Outlet manifold A cowling should be included to support the

Fumigant inlet container above the gas burner and to protect the
burner from the wind.
The Gas Burner

A three-ring gas burner of the type used for
boiling large food pots is satisfactory.
Care should be taken to use a burner that can be

adjusted to burn with a hot flame, to ensure that
adequate heat can be applied to the water
container both before and during the application
of the fumigant.
Fittings
The choice of fittings for both inlet and outlet
will depend on the individual and the equipment
used.
Support However it is strongly recommended that good

cowling quality, gas rated fittings are used. Threaded
fittings on all gas piping is strongly
Gas burner recommended, rather than relying on hose
Diagram 2 clamps to hold piping in place on bare copper
tubing.
Page 55 of 62
APPENDIX 11: Methyl bromide fumigation ready reckoner
Page 56 of 62
APPENDIX 12: Examples of ‘Top-up’ calculations
Chart 1 graphically shows what should happen to methyl bromide levels during a well-sealed, sheeted fumigation,
based on the values in Table 3. and an initial dosage of 48g/m3. Also shown are the boundaries around the standard
concentration, below which the fumigation will not be acceptable. The middle line (standard concentration represents
the theoretical progress of a fumigation treatment in a well-sealed sheeted fumigation enclosure.
The middle line is the AQIS STANDARD CONCENTRATION (value A in the Methyl Bromide Fumigation Ready
Reckoner).
The lower boundary is the Minimum concentration to allow top-up (value B in the Methyl Bromide Fumigation
Ready Reckoner).
The upper boundary is the Maximum top-up concentration (value C in the Methyl Bromide Fumigation Ready
Reckoner).
If the methyl bromide concentration falls below the minimum concentration then the fumigation has failed and a
TOP-UP MAY NOT BE CARRIED OUT.
Page 57 of 62
Example 1 – Top-up at the end of the fumigation period
Fumigation has been carried out, applying methyl bromide at 48 g/m3. At 24 hours the
19.4 lowest fumigant concentration at the monitor points is 12 g/m3.
12 g/m3 is below the AQIS Standard for 48 g/m3 at 24 hours (14.4 g/m3, as shown,
14.4 centre figure) but above the Minimum Concentration to allow top-up (9.4 g/m3 as
shown, bottom right figure).
9.4
48 g/m3 @ 24 hours The AQIS Standard allows for the fumigant concentration to be topped-up to the
Maximum Top-Up Concentration (19.4 g/m3 as shown, top left figure).
To determine the amount of fumigant to be added to the enclosure, subtract the lowest concentration from the
maximum top up value, as shown below:
19.4 - 12 = 7.4 g/m3 x volume of the enclosure
This figure is multiplied by the volume of the enclosure to determine the total dosage to be applied. The fumigant
should be evenly distributed to the entire enclosure, using a vaporiser, with fans operating.
The fumigation period must be extended by 4 hours, at which time ALL monitor points must read at or above the
standard (for the 24 hour standard figure).
Where any concentration has dropped below the standard, only one top-up procedure is permitted.
Example 2 – Continuous top-up during the fumigation period
21.8 Fumigation has been carried out, applying methyl bromide at 48 g/m3. At 12 hours the
lowest fumigant concentration on the monitor tubes is 17 g/m3.
16.8 It is suspected that fumigant levels may drop below standard by the end of the
fumigation and a decision to top-up is made.
11.8
3
The AQIS Standard allows for the fumigant concentration to be topped-up to the
48 g/m @ 12 hours Maximum Top-Up Concentration (21.8 g/m3 as shown, top left figure).
To determine the amount of fumigant to be added to the enclosure, subtract the lowest concentration from the
maximum top up value, as shown below:
21.8 - 17 = 4.8 g/m3 x volume of the enclosure

This figure is multiplied by the volume of the enclosure to determine the total dosage to be applied. The fumigant
should be evenly distributed to the entire enclosure, using a vaporiser, with fans operating.
No extension of the fumigation period is required, as long as the concentration has not fallen below the standard.
Multiple top-up actions may take place where the concentration has not fallen below the standard.
Page 58 of 62
APPENDIX 13: Methyl bromide as a quarantine fumigant
Methyl bromide fumigation has been used globally as a disinfestation treatment for many years. It has a reputation
for effectiveness against a wide range of pests and commodity combinations. It is favoured in many countries for
plant quarantine because of its reputation for having:
• Good penetrating ability;
• Rapid action;
• High toxicity to a broad spectrum of insects and similar pests.
It is frequently used for treating timber, agricultural products, empty containers, foodstuffs, seeds and plants.
Due to its recognised effectiveness and the lack of well-tested alternatives, AQIS currently uses methyl bromide
extensively for preventing exotic pest incursions into Australia. Methyl bromide is equally important as a
treatment allowing Australian exporters to meet the importing requirements of other countries.
AQIS aims to minimise methyl bromide use where possible, due to its damaging effect on the ozone layer and the
likelihood that it may be phased out completely. (see Appendix_14: Methyl Bromide as an Ozone Depleting Gas).
This includes encouraging the efficient use of methyl bromide at minimum effective application rates and avoiding
re-treatments by providing comprehensive and accurate information on treatment requirements.
Safety and methyl bromide formulations
Methyl bromide is an extremely toxic, odourless gas. Regulations in some countries may specify that methyl bromide
used in fumigation treatments must contain a warning agent. This is typically 2% chloropicrin. However, methyl
bromide with chloropicrin is phytotoxic to live plants, cut flowers, fresh fruit and vegetables and seeds. In Australia
chloropicrin residues are not permitted in many foodstuffs.
NOTE
In some situations the chloropicrin may condense and pool, increasing the health and safety hazards
associated with the use of methyl bromide.
Page 59 of 62
APPENDIX 14: Methyl bromide as an ozone depleting gas
At a meeting of signatories to the Montreal Protocol in November 1992, methyl bromide was listed as a category 1
ozone depletant. This decision was made due to concern that methyl bromide’s continued use would threaten the
integrity of the ozone layer. This is a major environmental concern as the depletion of the ozone layer allows greater
amounts of ultra violet (UV) radiation to reach the surface of the Earth. Subsequently, developed countries have agreed
to progressively phase out the general use of methyl bromide by the year 2005 (except for quarantine and specific
exemption purposes) and developing countries by 2015.
In recognition of the importance of methyl bromide as a quarantine tool, without alternatives in many cases, an
international exemption on phase out for quarantine purposes has been agreed to for the time being. However, it is
likely that as the agricultural use of methyl bromide is phased-out the costs of producing methyl bromide will increase
substantially, and the gas may become increasingly difficult to obtain. As a result, and despite the current exemption, it
is likely that methyl bromide has only a limited future for quarantine purposes.
AQIS recognises the ozone depleting properties of methyl bromide and seeks to actively promote reduced methyl
bromide use, within the constraints of quarantine protection, through:
• Encouraging effective use of treatments with this fumigant at minimum effective application rates;
• Advising its client industries of acceptable alternatives to methyl bromide where available;
• Encouraging quality assurance practices that minimise reliance on end-point treatments as the primary measure to
reduce quarantine risks associated with pest infestation in goods.
Australia supports the use of technologies that recycle or trap methyl bromide, preventing it from escaping into the
atmosphere providing all other requirements of the AQIS Methyl Bromide Standard are met.
Suppliers and users of methyl bromide need to be aware that importing this gas into Australia without a licence, is
prohibited under the Commonwealth's Ozone Protection Act 1989.
Page 60 of 62
APPENDIX 15: Glossary of terms

Term Definition
Ambient temperature Temperature of the air immediately surrounding the fumigation enclosure.
Chloropicrin A strong-smelling chemical commonly added to the odourless methyl bromide
to indicate the presence of gas.
Commodity The item or goods that are being exported or targeted for fumigation.
Concentration The amount of fumigant present at a certain point in the fumigation enclosure,
usually expressed as grams per cubic metre (g/m3)
Consignment Refers collectively to the commodity, any packing materials used and the mode of
transport such as a freight container.
Container Standardised transportation units intended to be suitable for transporting a
(freight container) variety of commodities.
Dosage The calculated amount of fumigant applied to a fumigation enclosure, usually
expressed as kilos or grams.
Dry dock Narrow basin, trench or area that may be flooded and is large enough to hold a
vessel. After flooding, the basin is able to be sealed from the body of water and
emptied of water to allow work to be carried out on the vessel.
Dunnage Materials used for supporting or protecting commodities during transportation.
External timber Any timber components used in construction or fittings of the yacht e.g.
railings, non-slip strips on deck.
Free air space Empty space between, above or around a commodity to allow the fumigant
access to the commodity to eradicate pests.
Fumigant A chemical, which at a particular temperature and pressure can exist in a
gaseous state in sufficient concentration and for sufficient time to be lethal to
insects and other pests.
Fumigant supply pipe A relatively large diameter pipe used to supply fumigant to a fumigation enclosure.
Fumigation Application of a fumigant to a fumigation enclosure to eradicate pests.
Fumigation certificate Documentation certifying that a fumigation treatment has been undertaken in
compliance with AQIS requirements.
Fumigation chamber A permanent chamber used for fumigation purposes that meets the AQIS pressure
test requirements.
Fumigation enclosure Any space or area designed to contain fumigant for the purposes of fumigation.
Examples include gas-tight containers, gas-proof sheets sealed to an
impermeable floor with sand or water snakes, and purpose built structures.
Fumigation sheets Gas impervious material (generally made from vinyl, coated nylon or
polyethylene) capable of creating a temporary fumigation enclosure (also known
as tarps or tarpaulins).
Gas equilibrium At the start of fumigation, where the gas concentration at each monitoring point is
within 15% of the lowest reading. AQIS only accepts that a fumigation exposure has
started AFTER it has been demonstrated that equilibrium has been achieved and
concentrations at all monitoring points are at or above the standard.
Internal timber Any timber items found inside the yacht e.g. wooden fittings, floors, drawers and
panels.
Monitoring tube A relatively small diameter tube used to withdraw a sample of gas/air mixture from
within a fumigation enclosure for measuring fumigant concentration.
Normal atmospheric Standard, natural atmospheric (air) pressure (105Pa).
pressure (NAP)
Pallet A platform used to support commodities during shipment generally of standard
dimensions to allow for easy stacking. Pallets used in shipping are generally made of
timber, plywood, metal, plastic or moulded fibreboard.
Page 61 of 62
Term Definition
Patent slip Moveable cradle that is able to slide under the vessel’s keel in the water, then
transport the vessel beyond the high tide mark to a work area.
Perishable commodities Cut flowers, fresh fruit, vegetables and nursery stock.
Permeability The rate at which a substance (such as methyl bromide) flows through a material
(such as a fumigation sheet).
Pest Any animal, plant or other organism that may pose a threat to the community or the
natural environment.
Phytotoxic Poisonous to plants.
Quarantine pest A pest of potential economic and/or environmental importance to an area where
it is not yet present, or is present but not widely distributed and is being
officially controlled.
Risk area Any area in proximity to a fumigation enclosure into which fumigant may escape in
hazardous concentrations as determined by local legislation relevant to fumigation
practice in the location in which the treatment is performed. May also be referred to
as ‘danger area’.
Sand snake Sand filled tubes approximately 1 metre long used as weights to hold fumigation
sheets in place during fumigation.
Sealed vessel Yacht or vessel that may be effectively sealed to retain gas pressure as per the
AQIS pressure testing requirements (see Section 4.2, 4.3 and Appendix 5).
Sheet fumigation A process of creating a gas-tight enclosure by covering/enclosing the commodities to
be fumigated under a gas proof sheet, which is sealed to an impermeable floor
(generally using sand or water snakes).
Sheeted vessel Yacht or vessel that has been covered by a fumigation sheet that meets AQIS
requirements (see Section 4 and 5, Sheet fumigation).
Sorption/sorptive The uptake of a fumigant by any material being treated with a fumigant. This may be
reversible (unchanged fumigant may be released on ventilating) or irreversible
(leading to residues of fumigant or breakdown of products in the commodity).
Threshold Limit Value TLV is the maximum concentration of fumigant that a worker can be repeatedly
(TLV) exposed to in the workplace without harmful effects. This figure is based on an 8
hour day, 40 hour working week and is currently 5ppm in Australia.
Timber (also known as A term of commerce for wood, either as logs or sawn units.
lumber)
Under gas Term used to describe container(s) that do not have documentation that states that the
container has been ventilated to TLV (5ppm in Australia).
Uniform gas distribution See gas equilibrium.
Water snakes Water filled tubes used as weights to seal fumigation sheets to the floor. These
perform the same function as sand snakes. Water snakes are much longer and wider
than sand snakes.
Yachts Non-commercial vessels of any dimension for private use, either powered or
under sail.
Page 62 of 62

AQIS Methyl Bromide Fumigation Standard v1.5

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

AQIS Methyl Bromide Fumigation Standard v1.5

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AQIS METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION STANDARD

CONTENTS 5.2 Fumigant supply pipes .......................................................................................... 17

1.4 Dosage..................................................................................................................... 6 6.2 Calculation of fumigant dosage ............................................................................ 19

1.5 Temperature ............................................................................................................ 7 Performing the fumigation............................................................................................ 20

The fumigation site........................................................................................................... 8 7.1 Using a vaporiser.................................................................................................. 20

2.2 Site floor .................................................................................................................. 8 7.3 Checking for leaks................................................................................................. 21

Consignment suitability for fumigation.......................................................................... 9 Monitoring and maintaining fumigant concentrations............................................... 22

3.1 Fumigant circulation ............................................................................................... 9 8.1 Monitoring frequency............................................................................................ 22

4.4 Chamber fumigation .............................................................................................. 14 9.1 Continued .............................................................................................................. 28

4.5 Safety ..................................................................................................................... 15 9.2 Certification .......................................................................................................... 28

2. FUMIGATION PROCEDURE ................................................................................. 34

How to use this Standard

AQIS Requirements Appendices

This section is divided into two main columns:

FUMIGANT CONSIDERATIONS – RISK ASSESSMENT, COMMODITY, DOSAGE, TEMPERATURE

1.2 Commodity (Non perishable)

If there is concern that a commodity may be adversely affected by methyl

1.3 Commodity (Perishable)

1.4.2 For the majority of commodities TABLE 1 :

21°C and above is 48 g/m3

THE FUMIGATION SITE

2.2 Site floor

CONSIGNMENT SUITABILITY FOR FUMIGATION

THE FUMIGATION ENCLOSURE

4.1 Sheet fumigation

4.2 Using gas-tight containers as fumigation enclosures

Containers which pass the pressure test may

Care must be taken to ensure that monitoring

4.4.2 Monitoring tubes must be placed See 5.1 Monitoring tubes.

4.4.5 Where heating is required, a flash-

PREPARING THE FUMIGATION ENCLOSURE

See APPENDIX 8: Fumigant gas supply pipe systems.

5.3.3 Where multiple containers are

5.4 Sand and water snake specifications

CALCULATING THE DOSAGE OF FUMIGANT REQUIRED

See APPENDIX 9: Calculating the volume of

6.2 Calculation of fumigant dosage

6.2.3 Compensation must be applied for See 1.5 Temperature.

PERFORMING THE FUMIGATION

Complete fumigant vaporisation will allow more effective distribution and

7.3 Checking for leaks

MONITORING AND MAINTAINING FUMIGANT CONCENTRATIONS

See APPENDIX 11: Methyl Bromide Fumigation Ready Reckoner.

Where the problem is identified as inadequate fumigant distribution, the fan(s)

Additional fumigant may need to be added to top-up the concentration to a

Where the cause cannot be readily identified (particularly in smaller fumigation

COMPLETING THE FUMIGATION

9.1.4 The equipment used for measuring

APPENDIX 1: Fumigation of Perishable Commodities

See Section 8.3 of the Standard NOTE

Excessive air currents during fumigation or the post-treatment aeration period

APPENDIX 2: Fumigation of vessels with methyl bromide

See Section 6.1 of the Standard.

The entry/exit points for gas supply pipes and

The cabin or area to be treated must be sealed

Minimum requirements for multi-storey

Minimum requirements are:

2.11 Inside the vessel, all monitoring

For vessels greater than 30 metres in

2.13 Monitoring See Section 7.3 of the Standard.

2.14 Ventilation See Section 9.1 of the Standard.

APPENDIX 3: Commodities for which problems may occur when

APPENDIX 4: Example of a record of fumigation