1. Respiratory System The system by which oxygen is taken into the body and anexchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place; inmammals the system includes the nasal passages, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs 2. Nose The organs of smelland functions as the usual passageway for air inrespiration 3. Larynx A muscular and cartilaginous structure lined withmucous membrane at the upper part of the trachea inhumans, i n which the vocal cords are located 4. Trachea the tube in humans and other air-breathing vertebrates extending from the larynx to thebronchi, serving as the pr incipal passage for conveying airto and from the lungs; the windpipe 5. Bronchi Either of the two main branches of the trachea 6. Bronchioles A small branch of a bronchus. 7. Alveoli An air cell of the lungs, formed by the terminal dilation oftiny air passageways 8. Diaphragm A muscular, membranous or ligamentous wallseparating two cavities or limiting a cavity 9. Breathing To take air, oxygen, etc., into the lungs and expels it; inhaleand exhale; respire 10. Bronchitis Acute or chronic inflammation of the membrane lining of thebronchial tubes, caused by respiratory infection or exposure tobronchial irritants, as cigarette smoke 11. Emphysema A chronic, irreversible disease of the lungs characterized byabnormal enlargement of air spaces in the lungsacco mpanied by destruction of the tissue lining the walls ofthe air spaces 12. Asthma A paroxysmal, often allergic disorder of respiration, characterized by bronchospasm, wheezing, and difficulty inexpiration, often accompanied by coughing and a fe eling ofconstriction in the chest 13. Circulatory System The system of organs and tissues, including the heart, blood, blood vessels, lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands, involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body 14. Atria Either of the two upper chambers on each side ofthe heart that receive blood from the veins and in turn forceit i nto the ventricles 15. Ventricles Either of the two lower chambers on each side of theheart that receive blood from the atria and in turn forceit int o the arteries 16. Septum A dividing wall, membrane, or the like, in a plant or animalstructure; dissepiment 17. Valve A membranous fold or other structure thatcontrols the flow of a fluid, as one that permits blood to flowin one di rection only 18. Aorta The main trunk of the arterial system, conveying blood from theleft ventricle of the heart to all of the body exce pt the lungs 19. Pulmonary Artery An artery conveying venous blood from the right ventricle of theheart to the lungs 20. Pulmonary Vein A vein conveying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the leftatrium of the heart 21. Inferior Vena Cava Either of two large veins discharging blood into the right atrium of the heart, conveying blood from all parts below the diaphragm 22. Superior Vena Cava Either of two large veins discharging blood into the right atriumof the heart, one (superior vena cava or precava) conveyingblood from the head, chest, and upper extremities 23. Pulmonary Circulation The circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs foroxygenation and back to the heart 24. Systemic Circulation Circulation of blood throughout the body through the arteries, capillaries, and veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the leftventricle to various tissues and return venous blood to the rightatrium 25. Artery A blood vessel that conveys blood from theheart to any part of the body 26. Vein One of the systems of branching vessels or tubes conveyingblood from various parts of the body to the heart 27. Capillary One of the minute blood vessels between theterminations of the arteries and the beginnings of the veins 28. Blood Pressure The pressure exerted by the blood on the inner walls of thearteries, being relative to the elasticity and diameter o f thevessels and the force of the heartbeat 29. Pulse The regular throbbing of the arteries, caused by thesuccessive contractions of the heart, especially as may befelt at an artery, as at the wrist 30. Hypertension Elevation of the blood pressure, especially the diastolic pressure 31. Heart Attack Damage to an area of heart muscle that is deprived of oxygen, usually due to blockage of a diseased coronary artery, typicallyaccompanied by chest pain radiating down one o r both arms, the severity of the attack varying with the extent and location ofthe damage 32. Stroke Rupture of a blood vessel in the brainresulting in loss of consciousness, often followed byparalysis, or embolis m or thrombosis affecting a cerebralvessel 33. Plasma The liquid part of blood or lymph, asdistinguished from the suspended elements 34. Red Blood Cell One of the cells of the blood, which in mammal’s areenucleate disks concave on both sides, contain hemoglobin , andcarry oxygen to the cells and tissues and carbon dioxide back tithe respiratory organs 35. White Blood Cell Any of various nearly colorless cells of the immune system thatcirculate mainly in the blood and lymph and participate inreactions to invading microorganisms or fo reign particles, comprising the B cells, T cells, macrophages, monocytes, and andgranulocytes 36. Platelet Any of numerous, minute, protoplasmic bodies in mammalianblood that aid in coagulation 37. Atherosclerosis A common form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty substances forma deposit of plaque on the inner lining of arter ial walls 38. Hemoglobin The oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells that gives themtheir red color and serves to convey oxygen to t he tissues 39. Phagocytosis The ingestion of a smaller cell or cell fragment, amicroorganism, or foreign particles by means of the localinfol ding of a cell's membrane and the protrusion of its cytoplasmaround the fold until the material has been surroun ded andengulfed by closure of the membrane and formation of avacuole 40. Leukemia An acute or chronic disease characterized by a grossproliferation of leucocytes, which crowd into the bone marr ow, spleen, lymph nodes, etc, and suppresses the blood-formingapparatus 41. Hemophilia Any of several X-linked genetic disorders, symptomatic chiefly inmales, in which excessive bleeding occurs ow ing to the absenceor abnormality of a clotting factor in the blood 42. Sickle Cell Anemia a chronic hereditary blood disease, occurring primarily amongAfricans or persons of African descent, in which abnormalhemoglobin causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped andnonfunctional, characterized by enlarg ed spleen, chronic anemia,lethargy, weakness, joint pain, and blood clot formation 43. Endocrine System The glands and parts of glands that produce endocrinesecretions, help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity, and include especially the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, islets of Langerhans, ovaries, and testes 44. Exocrine Gland Any of several glands, as the salivary glands, that secreteexternally through a duct 45. Endocrine Gland Any of various glands, as the thyroid, adrenal, and pituitaryglands, that secrete certain substances or hormones d irectly intothe blood or lymph; ductless gland 46. Hormone Any of various internally secretedcompounds, as insulin or thyroxine, formed in endocrine glands that affect the functions of specifically receptiveorgans or tissues when transported to them by the bodyfl uids 47. Target Cell Red blood cell having a dark center surrounded by a lightband that is itself encircled by a darker ring, and occur ring incertain anemias and after splenectomy 48. Growth Hormone Any substance that stimulates or controls the growth of anorganism, especially a species-specific hormone, as th e humanhormone somatotropin, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland 49. Anti-Diuretic Hormone Polypeptide hormone secreted by the posterior portion of thepituitary gland that constricts blood vessels, raises blood pressure, and reduces excretion of urine 50. FSH follicle-stimulating hormone: a peptide, producedby the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, that regulates thede velopment of the Graafian follicle in the female and stimulatesthe production of spermatozoa in the male 51. LH Luteinizing hormone: a hormone produced by the anterior lobe ofthe pituitary gland that, in the female, stimulat es maturation ofthe ovarian follicle and formation of the corpus luteum 52. Thyroxine The thyroid gland hormone that regulatesthe metabolic rate of the body 53. Adrenaline A hormone that is secreted by theadrenal medulla in response to stress and increases heart rate, pulse rate, and blood pressure, and raises the blood levels ofglucose and lipids 54. Insulin A polypeptide hormone, produced bythe beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that regulates the metabolism of glucose and othernutrients 55. Glucagon A hormone secreted by the pancreas that acts in opposition toinsulin in the regulation of blood glucose levels 56. Negative Feedback Feedback that tends to stabilize a process by reducing its rateor output when its effects are too great 57. Feedback Loop The path by which some of the output of a circuit, system, ordevice is returned to the input 58. Testosterone The sex hormone, C 19 H 28 O 2, secretedby the testes, that stimulates the development of male sexorgans, second ary sexual traits, and sperm 59. Estrogen Any of several major female sex hormones produced primarilyby the ovarian follicles of female mammals, capa ble of inducingestrus, developing and maintaining secondary female sexcharacteristics, and preparing the uterus for the reception of afertilized egg 60. Progesterone A hormone, C 2 1 H 3 0 O 2, that preparesthe uterus for the fertilized ovum and maintains pregnancy 61. Disease a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part,structure, or system of the body resulting from the effect ofge netic or developmental errors, infection, poisons,nutritional deficiency or imbalance, toxicity, or unfavorableenv ironmental factors; illness; sickness; ailment 62. Infectious Disease A disease caused by the entrance into the body of organisms (as bacteria, protozoans, fungi, or viruses) which grow andmultiply 63. Pathogen Any disease-producing agent, especially a virus, bacterium, orother microorganism 64. Vector Any agent that acts as a carrier or transporter, as avirus or plasmid that conveys a genetically engineered dank segment into a host cell 65. Immune System a diffuse, complex network of interacting cells, cell products, andcell-forming tissues that protects the body fro m pathogens andother foreign substances, destroys infected and malignant cells,and removes cellular debris: the system includes the thymus,spleen, lymph nodes and lymph tissue, stem cells, white bloodcells, antibodies, and lymphokines 66. Antibodies any of numerous Y -shaped protein molecules produced byB cells as a primary immune defense, each molecule and itsclones having a unique binding site that can combine withthe complementary site of a foreign antigen, as on a virusor bacterium, thereby disabling the antigen and signalingother immune defenses 67. Killer T-Cells A killer cell that destroys target cells only when specificallyactivated by helper T cells 68. Humoral Immunity Immunity conferred to an individual through the activity of Bcells and their progeny, which produce circulating antibodies inresponse to the presence of a foreign substance and recognizethe substance upon renewed exposure 69. Cell Mediated Immunity immunity independent of antibody but dependent onthe recognition of antigen by T cells and their subsequentde struction of cells bearing the antigen or on the secretion by Tcells of lymphokines that enhance the ability of ph agocytes toeliminate the antigen 70. Active Immunity Immunity in an organism resulting from its own production ofantibody or lymphocytes 71. Passive Immunity Immunity resulting from the injection of antibodies or sensitizedlymphocytes from another organism or, in infa nts, from thetransfer of antibodies through the placenta or from colostrum 72. Vaccine Any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to conferimmunity against a specific disease, usually employi ng aninnocuous form of the disease agent, as killed or weakenedbacteria or viruses, to stimulate antibody produ ction 73. Immunization The creation of immunity usually against a particular disease especially: treatment (as by vaccination) of an organism for thepurpose of making it immune to a particular pat hogen