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Faculty of Engineering

Undergraduate Modular Scheme

Session 2009/2010

Semester 1

Level 6

SUBJECT: AE3010: Aerodynamics and Propulsion 2

DATE: 12 January 2010

TIME: 09.30 – 12.30

Instructions to Candidates

This paper contains SIX questions in TWO sections: Section A and Section B
Answer FOUR questions only:
Section A: Answer TWO questions
Section B: Answer TWO questions
All questions carry equal marks

ANSWER EACH SECTION IN A SEPARATE ANSWER BOOK

CANDIDATES ARE PERMITTED TO BRING ONE STANDARD CALCULATOR


INTO THIS EXAMINATION: from either Casio FX83 or Casio FX85 series (with any
suffix)

Number of Pages: 1 – 4
+ Data Sheet: 1 page
SECTION A

Unless otherwise stated all symbols carry their usual meaning.

1. A thin aerofoil may be modelled by distributing the circulation along the camber
line. Such a distribution has to satisfy the Kutta condition.

(a) With the aid of appropriate sketches, discuss the need for this condition
and its implications to aerofoils with finite angle and cusped trailing edges.
(5 marks)

(b) If the distribution of circulation γ along the camberline of a thin aerofoil is


given by:
γ  (1 + cos θ) 
 sin θ  + ∑1 A n sin nθ

= A0
2U  

where U = free-stream velocity,


 A 
Show that C L = 2π  A 0 + 1  , and that
 2 
π A 
C m = −  A 0 + A 1 − 2  about the leading edge. (10 marks)
2 2 

x  x
(c) The camber line of a thin aerofoil is given by : y = 1 −  , where the
12  c
c
origin is at the leading edge and x = (1 − cos θ) . Determine the zero lift
2
angle and the pitching moment about the quarter chord point. The
identities,
π π
1 dy 2 dy
A 0 =α− ∫ dθ, and An = ∫ cos nθdθ , satisfy the boundary
π 0 dx π 0 dx
conditions at incidence α , and may be used without proof. (10 marks)

2. (a) The boundary layer flow over a flat plate is partly laminar and partly
turbulent. Show that the turbulent and laminar boundary layer thicknesses
at transition are related by:
( ∂T ) t =1.4 ( ∂L ) t .
State clearly the necessary rationale and the assumptions involved.
The velocity profile for the laminar part may be assumed to be:


π
u = sin y ,
2
and for the turbulent part to be:
u = ( y ) (1/7) (10 marks)

Question 2 continued on page 2...

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Question 2 continued:

(b) A flat plate of 0.7 m chord and large span is held at zero incidence in a
uniform airstream of 45 ms-1. The non-dimensional velocity profile for the
boundary layer, which is wholly laminar is given by:
u = 2 y - (y)
2

Calculate the displacement thickness at the trailing edge of the flat plate.
Note: u and y are the non-dimensional velocity and transverse
distance
respectively. (10 marks)

(c) Discuss the need for boundary layer control in principle and the practical
approach to achieving it.
(5 marks)

3. (a) How does the aerodynamics of a finite wing differ from that of an infinite
wing and why?
For a finite wing of aspect ratio, A , show that the lift curve slope, a , is
given by:

a0
a=
 57 .3 a 0  .
1 +  
 πe A 

In proving the above relationship, you may assume that the induced angle
of attack, α i , for a wing of any general planform is given by:

CL
α i ( degrees) = , where e is the span efficiency factor and a0 is
πe A
the infinite wing lift curve slope.
(13 marks)

(b) An aircraft wing has an aspect ratio of 10 and the NACA 23012 aerofoil
section. At a flight Reynolds number of 5x106 the profile drag coefficient
Cd = 0.006. Assuming a value of 0.95 for the span efficiency factor, e, and
that the wing incidence is 4o, calculate the wing lift and drag coefficients
CL and CD respectively. The variation of the section lift coefficient with α
for the NACA 23012 profile may be assumed to be linear and to have the
following specific values:

C l = 1.2 at α = 10 o, C l = 0.14 at α = 0o , and α L=0 = -1.5 o .


(12 marks)

Continued...

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SECTION B

4. A jet aircraft is held stationary on the runway by its brakes prior to takeoff. Air
enters the intake of its turbojet engine and passes to the compressor with
negligible velocities (i.e. air can be assumed still at entry of compressor). The
compressor pressure ratio is 12. The compressed air passes through the
combustion chamber where its temperature is raised to 1000 ºC at constant
pressure. Combustion gases flow through the turbine before exiting through the
propelling nozzle. Expansion in the convergent nozzle can be considered to be
full and isentropic.
Air inlet conditions are 20 ºC and 1 bar with a mass flow rate of 10 kg/s. Both the
compressor and the turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 90 %.

(a) Draw a block diagram of the engine and illustrate the cycle on a T-s
diagram.
(6 marks)

(b) Calculate the exit conditions (stagnation temperature and pressure) of the
gas after the turbine.
(13 marks)

(c) Show that the brake force to hold the aircraft stationary is 7.85 KN.
(6 marks)

For air Cp = 1005 J/kg K and γ = 1.4


For gas Cp = 1150 J/kg K and γ = 1.33

5. An axial flow air compressor has blades with inlet and outlet angles of 45° and
10° respectively. The compressor is to produce a pressure ration of 6 with an
overall isentropic efficiency of 0.85 when the inlet temperature is 40 °C. The
blade speed and axial velocity are constant throughout the compressor. Assume
a value of 200 m/s for the blade speed and 170 m/s for the air axial velocity.

(a) Draw the velocity vector diagrams for one stage.


(6 marks)

(b) By applying trigonometrical relationships on the inlet and outlet velocity


diagrams, show that the difference in the air whirl velocities can be
expressed as C w 2 − C w1 = Ca ( tan β1 − tan β 2 )
(6 marks)

(c) Find the air exit temperature.


(6 marks)

(d) Find the number of stages required when the work done factor is 0.89.
(7 marks)

Continued…

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6. (a) Give a brief description of the major components and mode of operation
of turbojet and ramjet engines, accompanying each description with a
schematic of the engine.
(6 marks)

(b) Define and give expressions for Propulsive, Thermal and Overall
efficiencies
(6 marks)

(c) Express the specific fuel consumption as a function of relevant engine


and flight parameters (efficiencies, forward speed etc.) and explain how
they affect it.
(5 marks)

(d) A turbojet engine is used in an airplane flying with a speed of 250 m/s. Air
flows through the engine at 25 kg/s. Atmospheric and nozzle exit
pressures are 1 bar and 0.24 bar respectively. The gross momentum
thrust is 28500 N. Mass fuel addition can be neglected. Take density of
combustion gas = 0.2 kg/m3.

(i) Find the jet exit velocity.


(2 marks)

(ii) The exit area of the nozzle.


(3 marks)

(iii) The total thrust.


(3 marks)

END OF EXAMINATION PAPER

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Propulsion Data Sheet

Steady Flow Energy Equation: ( ( )


Q − W = m C p( T2 − T1 ) + 12 c 22 − c12 + g ( z 2 − z1 ) )
Speed of sound: a = γR T

C2
Stagnation temperature: T0 = T + 2 Cp

stage = Ωm U ( c w 2 −c w1 )

Compression power per stage: W 

1
Degree of Reaction: Λ =1 − 2 U ( C w 2 +C w1 )

T h ru spt o w e r ( (m a + m f ) C j − m aCa ) Ca


ηp = =
Engine propulsive efficiency:
(
P o w eor u tp ut 12 ( m a + m f ) C 2j − m aCa2 )

Engine thermal efficiency: η th =


P o w e or u tp ut
=
1
2 ( ( m a + m f ) C 2j − m a Ca2 )
P o w e ar d d e d m f L C V

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