CONTENTS

Contents......................................................................................................................................4 CHAPTER-1..............................................................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................7 Introduction to Cloud Computing..........................................................................................7 1.1.1 Defining Cloud Computing.......................................................................................7 Literature survey...................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER-2............................................................................................................................12 CLOUD COMPUTING INFRASTRUCTURE MODEL........................................................12 Public, private, and hybrid clouds.......................................................................................12 Public clouds......................................................................................................................13 Private clouds.....................................................................................................................14 Hybrid clouds ..............................................................................................................................................15 CHAPTER-3............................................................................................................................16 HOW CLOUD COMPUTING WORKS.................................................................................16 Building Blocks..................................................................................................................16 Software As A Service (SAAS)...........................................................................................17 Platform as a Service (PAAS)..............................................................................................17 Infrastructure as a Service (IAAS).......................................................................................18 CHAPTER-4............................................................................................................................19 BENEFITS OF CLOUD COMPUTING..................................................................................19 Cloud Computing Benefits...................................................................................................19 Reduce run time and response time......................................................................................19 Minimize infrastructure risk.................................................................................................19 Increased pace of innovation................................................................................................20 Streamlining the Data Center...............................................................................................20 Lower cost of entry..............................................................................................................20 Improving Business Processes.............................................................................................21 What remains the same........................................................................................................21 Scalability.............................................................................................................................21 Availability ..........................................................................................................................22 Reliability.............................................................................................................................22 Security.................................................................................................................................22 Flexibility and agility...........................................................................................................23

CLOUDCOMPUTING

Serviceability........................................................................................................................23 Efficiency.............................................................................................................................23 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................24

Department of E&C, SJCIT

Page 5

2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

List of tables and figures Figure number

1.2.1 2.2.1 2.3 .1 2.4.1 3.1.1

page number

The cloud..10 Public cloud...13 Private cloud.14 Hybrid cloud..15 Cloud Building Blocks .16

Department of E&C, SJCIT

Page 6

2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING
Imagine yourself in the world where the users of the computer of todays internet world dont have to run, install or store their application or data on their own computers, imagine the world where every piece of your information or data would reside on the Cloud (Internet). Cloud Computing, to put it simply, means Internet Computing. The Internet is commonly visualized as clouds; hence the term cloud computing for computation done through the Internet. With Cloud Computing users can access database resources via the Internet from anywhere, for as long as they need, without worrying about any maintenance or management of actual resources. Besides, databases in cloud are very dynamic and scalable. Cloud computing is unlike grid computing, utility computing, or autonomic computing. In fact, it is a very independent platform in terms of computing. The best example of cloud computing is Google Apps where any application can be accessed using a browser and it can be deployed on thousands of computer through the Internet. Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption, and delivery model for IT services based on Internet protocols, and it typically involves provisioning of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources. It is a byproduct and consequence of the ease-ofaccess to remote computing sites provided by the Internet. This frequently takes the form of web-based tools or applications that users can access and use through a web browser as if it was a program installed locally on their own computer. 1.1.1 DEFINING CLOUD COMPUTING Is Internet- ("cloud-") based development and use of computer Technology ("computing"). In concept, it is a paradigm shift whereby details are abstracted from the users who no longer need knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them. It typically involves the provision of dynamically scalable Department of E&C, SJCIT Page 7 2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

and often virtualized resources as a service over the Internet. Typical cloud computing providers deliver common business applications online which are accessed from a web browser, while the software and data are stored on the servers. These applications are broadly divided into the following categories: Software as a Service (SaaS), Utility Computing, Web Services, Platform as a Service (PaaS), Managed Service Providers (MSP), Service Commerce, and Internet Integration. The name cloud computing was inspired by the cloud symbol that is often used to represent the Internet in flow charts and diagrams. A cloud service has three distinct characteristics that differentiate it from traditional hosting. It is sold on demand, typically by the minute or the hour; it is elastic - a user can have as much or as little of a service as they want at any given time; and the service is fully managed by the provider (the consumer needs nothing but a personal computer and Internet access).

LITERATURE SURVEY
The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to the 1960s, when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility." Almost all the modern-day characteristics of cloud computing (elastic provision, provided as a utility, online, illusion of infinite supply), the comparison to the electricity industry and the use of public, private, government and community forms was thoroughly explored in Douglas Parkhill's 1966 book, The Challenge of the Computer Utility. The actual term "cloud" borrows from telephony in that telecommunications companies, who until the 1990s primarily offered dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offering Virtual Private Network (VPN) services with comparable quality of service but at a much lower cost. By switching traffic to balance utilization as they saw fit, they were able to utilize their overall network bandwidth more effectively. The cloud symbol was used to denote the demarcation point between that which was the responsibility of the provider from that of the user. Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover servers as well as the network infrastructure. The first scholarly use of the term cloud computing was in a 1997 lecture by Ramnath Chellappa. Department of E&C, SJCIT Page 8 2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their data centers after the dot-com bubble, which, like most computer networks, were using as little as 10% of their capacity at any one time, just to leave room for occasional spikes. Having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements whereby small, fast-moving "two-pizza teams" could add new features faster and more easily, Amazon initiated a new product development effort to provide cloud computing to external customers, and launched Amazon Web Service (AWS) on a utility computing basis in 2006.In 2007, Google, IBM and a number of universities embarked on a large scale cloud computing research project. In early 2008, Eucalyptus became the first open source AWS API compatible platform for deploying private clouds. In early 2008, OpenNebula, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission funded project, became the first open source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds and for the federation of clouds. In the same year, efforts were focused on providing QoS guarantees (as required by real-time interactive applications) to Cloud-based infrastructures, in the framework of the IRMOS European Commission funded project. By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them" and observed that "organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to cloud computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas." Cloud Computing is something in which IT-related capabilities are exposed as Services, which empowers users to use those services without knowledge of, expertise with, or control over the technology infrastructure that supports them. Its a collection or groups of integrated and networked hardware, software and internetworking infrastructure (called as a platform) using Internet as their communications and transport links to provide hardware, software and networking services to end clients (could be end users or software applications) as usual.

Department of E&C, SJCIT

Page 9

2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

According to a 2008 paper published by IEEE Internet Computing, Cloud Computing is a paradigm in which information is permanently stored in servers on the Internet and cached temporarily on clients that include desktops, entertainment centers, table computers, notebooks, wall computers, handhelds, sensors, monitors, etc. However, such platforms hide the complexities and details of the underlying infrastructure from end users and end applications by providing very simple graphical interface or API (Applications Programming Interface). Moreover, the said platforms provide an on demand, always on, anywhere, anytime and anyplace, pay as used and as needed, highly elastic (scale up and down in capacity and functionalities) hardware and software services to the general public, general and vertical corporate and businesses markets etc.

Figure 1.2.1 The cloud Based on the Figure above[1.2.1], Cloud computing become a general concept that incorporates software as a service (SaaS), Web 2.0 and other recent, well-known technology trends, in which the common theme is reliance on the Internet for satisfying the computing needs of the users. The concept of Software as a Service then grows specifically to the term as a service which bring everything as a service over the Internet, such as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), Database as a Service (DaaS) etc. Sometime, Cloud computing is often confused with grid computing (a form of distributed computing whereby a super and virtual computer is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely-coupled computers, acting in concert to perform very large tasks), utility computing (the packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility such as electricity) and autonomic computing (computer systems capable of self-management). Department of E&C, SJCIT Page 10 2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

Indeed many cloud computing deployments are today powered by grids, have autonomic characteristics and are billed like utilities, but cloud computing can be seen as a natural next step from the grid-utility model because Cloud computing environments support grid computing by quickly providing physical and virtual servers on which the grid applications can run. Clouds also support non-grid environments, such as a three-tier Web architecture running standard or Web 2.0 applications. A cloud is more than a collection of computer resources because a cloud provides a mechanism to manage those resources. Management includes provisioning, change requests, reimaging, workload rebalancing, deprovisioning, and monitoring. The majority of cloud computing infrastructure currently consists of reliable services delivered through next-generation data centers that are built on compute and storage virtualization technologies. The services are accessible anywhere in the world, with The Cloud appearing as a single point of access for all the computing needs of consumers. Commercial offerings need to meet the quality of service requirements of customers and typically offer Service Level Agreements (SLA). Open standards and open source software are also critical to the growth of cloud computing. In brief, Cloud here implies four main characteristics:

1. The no-need-to-know in terms of the underling details of infrastructure, applications interface with the infrastructure through API (Applications Programming Interface); 2. The flexibility and elasticity to scale up and down at will in utilizing computing resources of all kinds (storage, server capacity, load balancing, databases etc.); 3. The pay as much as used and needed type of utility computing and the always on, anywhere and any place type of network based computing. 4. As the Cloud is transparent to users and applications, it could be built in multiple ways. It could be on branded products, costumed hardware or software or off-the-shelf PCs. In general, it is built on clusters of PC servers and off-the-shelf components plus Open Source software combined with in-house applications and/or system software.

Department of E&C, SJCIT

Page 11

2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

CHAPTER-2 CLOUD COMPUTING INFRASTRUCTURE MODEL

There are many considerations for cloud computing architects to make when moving from a standard enterprise application deployment model to one based on cloud computing. There are public and private clouds that offer complementary benefits, there are three basic service models to consider, and there is the value of open APIs versus proprietary ones.

PUBLIC, PRIVATE, AND HYBRID CLOUDS

IT organizations can choose to deploy applications on public, private, or hybrid clouds, each of which has its trade -offs. The terms public private, and hybrid do not dictate location. While public clouds are typically out there on the Internet and private clouds are typically located on premises, a private cloud might be hosted at a collocation facility as well. Companies may make a number of considerations with regard to which cloud computing model they choose to employ, and they might use more than one model to solve different problems. An application needed on a temporary basis might be best suited for deployment in a public cloud because it helps to avoid the need to purchase additional equipment to solve a temporary need. Likewise, a permanent application or one that has specific requirements on quality of service or location of data, might best be deployed in a private or hybrid cloud.

Department of E&C, SJCIT

Page 12

2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

PUBLIC CLOUDS

Figure 2.2.1: Public Clouds.

Public clouds are run by third parties, and applications from different customers are likely to be mixed together on the clouds servers storage systems, and networks (As shown in Figure). Public clouds are most often hosted away from customer premises, and they provide a way to reduce customer risk and cost by providing a flexible, even temporary extension to enterprise infrastructure. If a public cloud is implemented with security, performance, and data locality in mind, the existence of other applications running in the cloud should be transparent to both cloud architects and end users. Indeed, one of the benefits of public clouds is that they can be much larger than a companys private cloud or might be offering the ability to scale up and down on demand, and shifting infrastructure risks from the enterprise to the cloud provider, if even just temporarily. Portions of a public cloud can be carved out for the exclusive use of a single client, creating a virtual private datacenter. Rather than being limited to deploying virtual machine images in a public cloud, a virtual private datacenter gives customers greater visibility into its infrastructure. Now customers can manipulate not just virtual machine images, but also servers, storage systems, network devices, and network topology. Creating a virtual private datacenter with all components located in the same facility helps to lessen the issue of data locality because bandwidth is abundant and typically free when connecting resources within the same facility.

Department of E&C, SJCIT

Page 13

2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

PRIVATE CLOUDS

Figure 2.3.1: Private Clouds.

Private clouds are built for the exclusive use of one client, providing the utmost control over data, security, and quality of service (As shown in Fig) The Company owns the infrastructure and has control over how applications are deployed on it. Private clouds may be deployed in an enterprise datacenter, and they also may be deployed at a collocation facility Private clouds can be built and managed by a companys own IT organization or by a cloud provider. In this hosted private model, a company such as Sun can install, configure, and operate the infrastructure to support a private cloud within a companys enterprise datacenter. This model gives companies a high level of control over the use of cloud resources while bringing in the expertise needed to establish and operate the environment.

Department of E&C, SJCIT

Page 14

2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

HYBRID CLOUDS

Figure 2.4.1: Hybrid Clouds

Hybrid clouds combine both public and private cloud models (As shown in Fig ). They can help to provide on-demand, externally provisioned scale. The ability to augment a private cloud with the resources of a public cloud can be used to maintain service levels in the face of rapid workload fluctuations. This is most often seen with the use of storage clouds to support Web 2.0 applications. A hybrid cloud also can be used to handle planned workload spikes. Sometimes called surge computing, a public cloud can be used to perform periodic tasks that can be deployed easily on a public cloud. Hybrid clouds introduce the complexity of determining how to distribute applications across both a public and private cloud. Among the issues that need to be considered is the relationship between data and processing resources.

Department of E&C, SJCIT

Page 15

2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

CHAPTER-3 HOW CLOUD COMPUTING WORKS

BUILDING BLOCKS
Cloud computing is typically divided into three levels of service offerings: Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a service (IaaS). These levels support virtualization and management of differing levels of the solution stack.

Figure 3.1.1: Cloud Building Blocks

Department of E&C, SJCIT

Page 16

2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE (SAAS)

Software as a service features a complete application offered as a service on demand. A single instance of the software runs on the cloud and services multiple end users or many other examples have come to market, including the Google Apps offering of basic client organizations. The most widely known example of SaaS is salesforce.com, though business services including email and word processing. Although salesforce.com preceded the definition of cloud computing by a few years, it now operates by leveraging its companion force.com, which can be defined as a platform as a service.

PLATFORM AS A SERVICE (PAAS)

Platform as a Service (PaaS) is an application development and deployment platform delivered as a service to developers over the Web. It facilitates development and deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying infrastructure, providing all of the facilities required to support the complete life cycle of building and delivering web applications and services entirely available from the Internet. This platform consists of infrastructure software, and typically includes a database, middleware and development tools. A virtualized and clustered grid computing architecture is often the basis for this infrastructure software. Some PaaS offerings have a specific programming language or API. For example, Google AppEngine is a PaaS offering where developers write in Python or Java. Engine Yard is Ruby on Rails. Sometimes PaaS providers have proprietary languages like force.com from Salesforce.com and Cog head, now owned by SAP. There are at least two perspectives on PaaS depending on the perspective of the producer or consumer of the services: Someone producing PaaS might produce a platform by integrating an OS, idle ware, application software, and even a development environment that is then provided to a customer as a service Someone Using PaaS would see an encapsulated service that is presented to them through an API. The customer interacts with the platform through the API, and the platform does what is necessary to manage and scale it to provide a given level of service. Virtual Department of E&C, SJCIT Page 17 2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

appliances can be classified as instances of PaaS.

INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE (IAAS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is the delivery of hardware (server, storage and network), and associated software (operating systems virtualization technology, file system), as a service. It is an evolution of traditional hosting that does not require any long term commitment and allows users to provision resources on demand. Unlike PaaS services, the IaaS provider does very little management other than keep the data center operational and users must deploy and manage the software services themselvesjust the way they would in their own data center. Amazon Web Services Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Secure Storage Service (S3) are examples of IaaS offerings.

Department of E&C, SJCIT

Page 18

2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

CHAPTER-4 BENEFITS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

CLOUD COMPUTING BENEFITS
In order to benefit the most from cloud computing, developers must be able to reactor their applications so that they can best use the architectural and deployment paradigms that cloud computing supports. The benefits of deploying applications using cloud computing include reducing run time and response time, minimizing the risk of deploying physical infrastructure, lowering the cost of entry, and increasing the pace of innovation.

REDUCE RUN TIME AND RESPONSE TIME

For applications that use the cloud essentially for running batch jobs, cloud computing makes it straightforward to use 1000 servers to accomplish a task it 1/1000 the time that a single server would require. The New York Times example cited previously is the perfect example of what is essentially a batch job whose run time was shortened considerably using the cloud. For applications that need to offer good response time to their customers, refactoring applications so that any CPU-intensive tasks are farmed out demand to meet customer demands. The Animoto application cited previously is a good to worker virtual machines can help to optimize response time while scaling on example of how the cloud can be used to scale applications and maintain quality of service levels.

MINIMIZE INFRASTRUCTURE RISK

IT organizations can use the cloud to reduce the risk inherent in purchasing physical servers. Will a new application be successful? If so, how many servers are needed and can they be deployed as quickly as the workload increases? If not, will a large investment in servers go to waste? If the applications success is s hort-lived, will the IT organization

Department of E&C, SJCIT

Page 19

2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

Invest in a large amount of infrastructure that is idle most of the time? When pushing an application out to the cloud, scalability and the risk of purchasing too much or too little infrastructure becomes the cloud providers issue. In a growing number of cases, the cloud provider has such a massive amount of infrastructure that it can absorb the growth and workload spikes of individual customers, reducing the financial risk they face.

INCREASED PACE OF INNOVATION

Cloud computing can help to increase the pace of innovation. The low cost of entry to new markets helps to level the playing field, allowing start-up companies to deploy new products quickly and at low cost. This allows small companies to compete more effectively with traditional organizations whose deployment process in enterprise datacenters can be significantly longer. Increased competition helps to increase the pace of innovation and with many innovations being realized through the use of open source software, the entire industry serves to benefit from the increased pace of innovation that cloud computing promotes.

STREAMLINING THE DATA CENTER

An organization of any size will have a substantial investment in its data center. That includes buying and maintaining the hardware and software, providing the facilities in which the center running. An organization can streamline its data center by taking advantage of cloud technologies internally or by offloading workload into the public. hardware is housed and hiring the personnel who keep the data

LOWER COST OF ENTRY

There are a number of attributes of cloud computing that help to reduce the cost to enter new markets: Because infrastructure is rented, not purchased, the cost is controlled, and the capital investment can be zero. In addition to the lower costs of purchasing compute cycles and storage by the sip, the massive scale of cloud providers helps to minimize cost, helping to further reduce the cost of entry. Department of E&C, SJCIT Page 20 2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

Applications are developed more by assembly than

programming.

This

rapid

application development is the norm, helping to reduce the time to market, potentially giving organizations deploying applications in a cloud environment a head start against the competition.

IMPROVING BUSINESS PROCESSES

The cloud provides an infrastructure for improving business processes. An organization and its suppliers and partners can share data and applications in the cloud, allowing everyone involved to focus on the business process instead of the infrastructure that hosts it.

WHAT REMAINS THE SAME

Numerous advances in application architecture have helped to promote the adoption of cloud computing. These advances help to support the goal of efficient application development while helping applications to be elastic and scale gracefully and automatically. The overriding objective of good application architectures, however, has not changed at all: it is to support the same characteristics that have always been important:

SCALABILITY
This characteristic is just as important as it has ever been. Applications designed for cloud computing need to scale with workload demands so that performance and compliance with service levels remain on target. In order to achieve this, applications and their data must be loosely coupled to maximize scalability. The term elastic often applies to scaling cloud applications because they must not only be ready to scale up, but also scale down as workloads diminish in order to not run up the cost of deploying in the cloud.

Department of E&C, SJCIT

Page 21

2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

AVAILABILITY
Whether the application serves the users of social networking sites, or it manages the supply chain for a large manufacturing company, users of Internet applications expect them to be up and running every minute of every day. Sun has been an industry leader in this area establishing early on its SunTone certification program that helped customers to certify that its applications and services would stand up to required availability levels.

RELIABILITY
The emphasis on reliability has shifted over time. When large application meant large symmetric multiprocessing systems, reliability meant that system components rarely fail and can be replaced without disruption when they do. Today, reliability means that applications do not fail and most importantly they do not lose data. The way that architecture addresses this characteristic today is to design applications so that they continue to operate and their data remains intact despite the failure of one or more of the servers or virtual machines onto which they are decomposed. Where we once worried about the failure of individual server components, now we build applications so that entire servers can fail and not cause disruption.

SECURITY
Applications need to provide access only to authorized, authenticated users, and those users need to be able to trust that their data is secure. This is true whether the application helps individual users on the Internet prepare their tax returns, or whether the application exchanges confidential information between a company and its suppliers. Security in todays environments is established using strong authentication, authorization, and accounting procedures, establishing security of data at rest and in transit, locking down networks, and hardening operating systems, middleware, and application software. It is such a systemic property that we no longer call it out as its own principle security must be integrated into every aspect of an application and its deployment and operational architecture and processes.

Department of E&C, SJCIT

Page 22

2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

FLEXIBILITY AND AGILITY

These characteristics are increasingly important, as business organizations find

themselves having to adapt even more rapidly to changing business conditions by increasing the velocity at which applications are delivered into customers hands. Cloud computing stresses getting applications to market very quickly by using the most appropriate building blocks to get the job done rapidly.

SERVICEABILITY
Once an application is deployed, it needs to be maintained. In the past this meant using servers that could be repaired without, or with minimal, downtime. Today it means that an applications underlying infrastructure components can be updated or even replaced without disrupting its characteristics including availability and security.

EFFICIENCY
This is the new characteristic on the list, and it is perhaps one that most differentiates the cloud computing style from others. Efficiency is the point of cloud. computing, and if an application cant be deployed in the cloud quickly and easily, while benefitting from the pay-by-the-sip model, it may not be a good candidate. Enterprise resource planning applications, for example, may be best suited to vertically scaled systems and provided through SaaS in the near term. Applications that extract, manipulate, and present data derived from these systems, however, may be well suited to deployment in the cloud.

Department of E&C, SJCIT

Page 23

2010-2011

CLOUDCOMPUTING

BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] www.wikipedia.com www.salesforce.com www.sun.com www.oracle.com www.searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com

Department of E&C, SJCIT

Page 24

2010-2011