Tutorial 9. Two-Dimensional Flow Over A Backward-Facing Step

Tutorial 9.
Two-Dimensional Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step

9.1 Introduction
This tutorial illustrates how to set up and solve for turbulent, incompressible ow over a 2D backward-facing step using FLUENT. Since a Cartesian grid will be used in the solution, the entire problem can be set up and solved using FLUENT. Turbulent ow over a backward-facing step is a common ow problem. Predicting the length of the recirculation zone behind the step is an item of particular interest. It is well-known that a standard high Reynolds number k- turbulence model tends to underpredict the length of the recirculation zone. The Renormalization Group Theory RNG based k- turbulence model, on the other hand, has been shown to be a better tool for modeling this type of problem. To illustrate the superiority of the RNG model, the ow behind a backward-facing step will be solved in this tutorial using both the k- and RNG turbulence models. The problem will be set up and solved rst with the k- turbulence model. The k- results will then be used as the starting guess for the RNG turbulence model calculation, and the results will be compared to each other.
Problem Description
The problem geometry is shown in Figure 9.1.1 The ow is assumed to be incompressible and turbulent. The domain is 35 meters long and 5 meters high, with a step height of 1 meter. At the inlet, a plug velocity pro le of 1.0 m s is speci ed. The uid density is 1.0 kg m3 and the dynamic viscosity is 3.57 10,5 kg m-sec. Based on the step height, the Reynolds number is 2.8 104 . The inlet turbulence intensity is assumed
c Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997
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to be 2.0, and the characteristic length of the ow is assumed to be the height of the upstream channel, 4m.
y
35m
u = 1.0m/s
4m H = 1.0m x 4 Re = 2.8 x 10 = 1.0 kg/m3 = 3.57 x 10-5 kg/m-sec = 2% I
5m
Figure 9.1.1: Problem Geometry for the Backwards Facing Step A brief explanation of the problem physics is appropriate at this point. According to the literature, the length of the recirculation zone behind the step should be on the order of 6 to 7 step-heights. In this problem the length of the recirculation zone should be 6 to 7 meters, since the step is one meter high. Furthermore, it is expected that the length of the recirculation zone will be closer to 6 meters since no boundary layer has formed upstream of the step. A boundary layer is a momentum sink which must be overcome by the core ow, delaying reattachment and extending the length of the recirculation zone. Since no boundary layer is able to form upstream of the step in this problem, it is expected that the length of the recirculation zone will fall below 6 meters. Additional expectations can be made regarding the use of the k- model. It is well known from the literature that this model is too di usive in ows that feature separation and reattachment. Thus, it is likely that it will underpredict the length of the recirculation zone. The RNG model,
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Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997
9.2 Geometry and Grid Setup

on the other hand, has been shown to be less di usive, so a longer reattachment length can be expected from the second set of results.
Features Demonstrated
The following FLUENT features will be demonstrated in this tutorial: Use of the graphical user interface for the setup and solution of the problem. Generation of a non-uniform grid using FLUENT. Use of the RNG turbulence model.
Background Requirements
This tutorial requires some familiarity with FLUENT You may nd it helpful to read about the RNG turbulence model in the FLUENT User's Guide.

To begin the problem setup, start FLUENT and enter the SETUP-1 menu to start the geometry setup. When FLUENT asks which units system to use, accept the default SI units. At this point, you can also assign a title to the problem.
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COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM *MAIN*: ALLOCATE-MEMORY READ-CASE-FILE READ-CASE-DATA EXPERT FORMATTED-FILES SETUP-1 OPTIONS VIEW-GRAPHICS QUIT HELP ENTER HELP COMMAND FOR MORE INFORMATION. *MAIN*S1 *- ALLOCATING MEMORY, PLEASE WAIT *- MEMORY ALLOCATION WAS SUCCESSFUL, INITIALIZING ARRAYS *- *DEFINE UNITS SYSTEM* L- USE BRITISH UNITS NO = S.I. UNITS? L- Y OR N ++DEFAULT-NO++ N COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM SETUP1: TITLE READ-GRID-FILE DISPLAY-LIMITS GENERATE-GRID CHANGE-CELL DEFINE-MODELS EXPERT QUIT ENTER HELP COMMAND FOR MORE INFORMATION. SETUP1TI PROBLEM TITLE S- DEFAULT"Flow Over a Backward Facing Step" DEFINE-DOMAIN LIST-NODE-COORDS VIEW-GRAPHICS HELP
9.2.1 Generating a Uniform Cartesian Coordinate Grid

The uniform Cartesian grid is created by selecting Domain... from the De ne pull-down menu. In the resulting De ne Domain panel, set a Length of 35 m and a Height of 5 m. A 2D Cartesian grid will be created with these dimensions. Under Number of Cells, enter 120 for the number of I Cells and 25 for the number of J Cells. When you are done, Apply the inputs and Close the panel.
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9.2.2 Modifying the Grid

The next step is to adjust the grid so that the cells are clustered in the region behind the step. To do this, use the GENERATE-GRID command to set up three segments in the x-direction and two segments in the y-direction, as shown in Figure 9.2.1
Direction Segment Length of Cells

x y 1 2 3 1 2 5 9 21 1 4 25 60 33 8 15
In the x-direction, the cells in segment 2 will be uniform in size and the cells in segments 1 and 3 will be compressed near the edges of segment 2 to ensure continuity in cell size between segments. You can do this by specifying weighting factors greater than one at the end point of segment 1 and at the starting point of segment 3. Begin with the GENERATE-GRID command and select GRID DIRECTION 1.
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segment #2
segment #1
x
segment #2
segment #1
segment #3
Figure 9.2.1: Grid Generation Strategy

SETUP1GG ********************* WARNING ***************** CELL TYPES MAY BE CORRUPTED BY CHANGING THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CELLS. USE MANIPULATE-GRID IF YOU WISH TO PRESERVE THEM.
I- GRID DIRECTION X=1,Y=2 I- ++DEFAULT 1++ X I- DEFAULT ASSUMED COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM GRID-GENERATION X: INITIALIZE-SEGMENTS MODIFY-SEGMENTS LIST-GRID ADD-SEGMENT SPECIFY-NODE-COORDS VIEW-GRAPHICS CHANGE-DIRECTION QUIT ENTER HELP COMMAND FOR MORE INFORMATION. GRID-GENERATION XLIST-SEGMENTS DELETE-SEGMENT RESET HELP
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Use the INITIALIZE-SEGMENTS command to establish three segments in the x-direction with lengths of 5m, 9m, and 21m containing 25, 60, and 33 cells, respectively.
GRID-GENERATION XIS INITIALIZE-SEGMENTS BOUNDARY POINTS, X-DIRECTION 3 NUMBER OF SEGMENTS 118 0.0000E+00 5.0000E+00 1.4000E+01 3.5000E+01 DO TOTAL NUMBER OF INTERNAL CELLS SEGMENT 1 START-POINT M SEGMENT 2 START-POINT M SEGMENT 3 START-POINT M SEGMENT 3 END-POINT M ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH
INITIALIZE-SEGMENTS NUMBER OF CELLS, X-DIRECTION 25 NUMBER OF CELLS IN SEGMENT 1 LENGTH = 5.0000E+00 60 NUMBER OF CELLS IN SEGMENT 2 LENGTH = 9.0000E+00 33 DO NUMBER OF CELLS IN SEGMENT 3 LENGTH = 2.1000E+01 ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH
The LIST-GRID command shows the relative cell-size where the segments meet.
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GRID-GENERATION Xlg LIST-GRID X-DIRECTION NODE 1 2 3 4 5 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 LOCATION 0.0000E+00 2.0000E-01 4.0000E-01 6.0000E-01 8.0000E-01 4.6000E+00 4.8000E+00 5.0000E+00 5.1500E+00 5.3000E+00 5.4500E+00 5.6000E+00 1.3250E+01 1.3400E+01 1.3550E+01 1.3700E+01 1.3850E+01 1.4000E+01 1.4636E+01 1.5273E+01 1.5909E+01 SEGMENT INDEX 1 PRECEDING CELL-SIZE N A 2.0000E-01 2.0000E-01 2.0000E-01 2.0000E-01 2.0000E-01 2.0000E-01 2.0000E-01 1.5000E-01 1.5000E-01 1.5000E-01 1.5000E-01 1.5000E-01 1.5000E-01 1.5000E-01 1.5000E-01 1.5000E-01 1.5000E-01 6.3636E-01 6.3636E-01 6.3636E-01 CELL-SIZE RATIO N A 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.7500 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 4.2424 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
--
--
To smooth the transition between the segments, a weighting factor of .75,1 or 1.333 can be used at the end of the rst segment, and a weighting factor of 4.24 can be used at the beginning of the third segment. No weighting factors need to be applied to the second segment. The weighting factors are input using the MODIFY-SEGMENTS command.
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GRID-GENERATION XMS MODIFY-SEGMENTS 1 0.0000E+00 5.0000E+00 25 0.0000E+00 1.3300E+00 3 X-DIRECTION SEGMENT NUMBER OF 3 START-POINT M END-POINT M NUMBER OF CELLS START-POINT WEIGHTING FACTOR 0=UNCONSTRAINED DIM END-POINT WEIGHTING FACTOR 0=UNCONSTRAINED DIM SEGMENT NUMBER CHANGES IMPLY "DONE" ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH
MODIFY-SEGMENTS X-DIRECTION 3 SEGMENT NUMBER OF 3 1.4000E+01 START-POINT M 3.5000E+01 END-POINT M 33 NUMBER OF CELLS 4.2400E+00 START-POINT WEIGHTING FACTOR 0=UNCONSTRAINED DIM 0.0000E+00 END-POINT WEIGHTING FACTOR 0=UNCONSTRAINED DIM 3 SEGMENT NUMBER CHANGES IMPLY "DONE" DO ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH
With the x-direction grid generation complete, use the CHANGE-DIRECTION command to begin work on the y-direction grid.
COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM GRID-GENERATION X: INITIALIZE-SEGMENTS MODIFY-SEGMENTS LIST-GRID ADD-SEGMENT SPECIFY-NODE-COORDS VIEW-GRAPHICS CHANGE-DIRECTION QUIT ENTER HELP COMMAND FOR MORE INFORMATION. GRID-GENERATION XCD I- GRID DIRECTION X=1,Y=2 I- ++DEFAULT 2++ X COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM GRID-GENERATION Y: INITIALIZE-SEGMENTS MODIFY-SEGMENTS LIST-GRID ADD-SEGMENT SPECIFY-NODE-COORDS VIEW-GRAPHICS CHANGE-DIRECTION QUIT ENTER HELP COMMAND FOR MORE INFORMATION. GRID-GENERATION YLIST-SEGMENTS DELETE-SEGMENT RESET HELP LIST-SEGMENTS DELETE-SEGMENT RESET HELP
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Use the INITIALIZE-SEGMENTS command to establish 2 segments corresponding to the height of the step and the height of the upstream channel. Use 8 and 15 cells for these regions, respectively.
GRID-GENERATION YIS INITIALIZE-SEGMENTS BOUNDARY POINTS, Y-DIRECTION 2 NUMBER OF SEGMENTS 23 TOTAL NUMBER OF INTERNAL CELLS 0.0000E+00 SEGMENT 1 START-POINT M 1.0000E+00 SEGMENT 2 START-POINT M 5.0000E+00 SEGMENT 2 END-POINT M DO ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH INITIALIZE-SEGMENTS NUMBER OF CELLS, Y-DIRECTION 8 NUMBER OF CELLS IN SEGMENT 1 LENGTH = 1.0000E+00 15 DO NUMBER OF CELLS IN SEGMENT 2 LENGTH = 4.0000E+00 ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH
The LIST-GRID command shows that a weighting factor of 2.13 needs to be applied to the beginning of the second segment to achieve a smooth transition between the segments.
GRID-GENERATION YMS MODIFY-SEGMENTS Y-DIRECTION 2 SEGMENT NUMBER OF 2 1.0000E+00 START-POINT M 5.0000E+00 END-POINT M 15 NUMBER OF CELLS 2.1300E+00 START-POINT WEIGHTING FACTOR 0=UNCONSTRAINED DIM 0.0000E+00 END-POINT WEIGHTING FACTOR 0=UNCONSTRAINED DIM 2 SEGMENT NUMBER CHANGES IMPLY "DONE" DO ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH GRID-GENERATION YQ
While you may choose to display the grid at this point, the display will be more meaningful once the step has been created. The setting of the step is illustrated below.
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9.2 Geometry and Grid Setup 9.2.3 Setting the Cell-Types

The cell types that FLUENT automatically generates can be displayed graphically by selecting Cells... from the De ne pull-down menu and clicking on the Display push button.
Figure 9.2.2 displays the initial cell types. The blank blocks represent live cells, while the outer cells are labeled W1. You will modify these existing cell-types, creating an inlet, an outlet, and the step, using the Set Cells panel. To create the step, drag your mouse using the left button over the region that extends from 1,1 to 26,9. Use the middle mouse button to zoom the view rst, if necessary. The default boundary type of WWALL 1 will be used in this region, so click on Apply. The rectangular region will now be set with wall cells of zone 1.
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25 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 24 W1 W1 23 W1 22 W1 21 W1 20 W1 19 W1 18 W1 17 W1 16 W1 15 W1 14 W1 13 W1 12 W1 11 W1 10 W1 9 W1 8 W1 7 W1 6 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1
5 W1 W1 4 W1 W1 3 W1 W1 2 W1 W1 1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 J 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100101102103104105 106107108109110111112 113114115116117118119 120 I
Flow Over a Backward Facing Step Computational Grid
Dec 15 1994 Fluent 4.30 Fluent Inc.
Figure 9.2.2: Initial Display of Cells The inlet and outlet can now be set in the same manner, according to the indices listed in the table below. The cells on the top and bottom boundaries of the channel are set as WALL-1 cells by default, so no additional action is required for these.
Cell Type Assignment Cell Type Starting Coordinates Ending Coordinates I,J I,J
I1 O W1 W1 W1 1,10 120,2 1,1 27,1 1,25 1,24 120,24 26,9 120,1 120,25
An enlarged display of the cell types in the vicinity of the step is shown in Figure 9.2.3.
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25 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 24 I1 23 I1 22 I1 21 I1 20 I1 19 I1 18 I1 17 I1 16 I1 15 I1 14 I1 13 I1 12 I1 11 I1 10 I1 9 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 8 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 7 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 6 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 5 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 4 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 3 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 2 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 1 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
Flow Over a Backward Facing Step Computational Grid
Jan 12 1995 Fluent 4.30 Fluent Inc.
Figure 9.2.3: Left Side of the Domain with Assigned Cell-Types Now that the step is in place, a display of the grid will be more meaningful than it was before. To display the grid, select the Grid.. menu item in the Display pull-down menu. This action opens the Grid Display panel.
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Click on .LIVE under Zones so that all zones of the domain are selected, and click on Display. The grid is shown in Figure 9.2.4.
Y Z X
Flow Over a Backward Facing Step Grid ( 119 X 24 )
Figure 9.2.4: The Physical Grid
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9.3 Physical Modeling Inputs

Use the middle button of your mouse to zoom in on the region near the step Figure 9.2.5
Y Z X
Flow Over a Backward Facing Step Grid ( 119 X 24 )
Figure 9.2.5: The Physical Grid Near the Step Once the grid has been displayed, Close the Grid Display panel.
9.3.1 Selecting the Physical Models

The ow in this problem is turbulent. To enable turbulence, select Models... from the De ne pull-down menu. In the resulting Models panel, select K-Epsilon from the Model drop-down list under Turbulence. Click on Apply and Close the panel.
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9.3.2 Setting the Physical Constants

The physical constants for the problem are set in the PHYSICAL- CONSTANTS menu which is accessed from SETUP1.
SETUP1PC COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM PHYSICAL-CONSTANTS: DENSITY VISCOSITY OPERATING-PRESSURE QUIT HELP ENTER HELP COMMAND FOR MORE INFORMATION. PHYSICAL-CONSTANTS-
The ow in this problem is assumed to be incompressible with a density of 1.0 kg m3 . To set this, begin with the DENSITY command, and accept the default response of NO when asked if you wish to use the gas law.
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The density value can then be input. The dialog below shows the setting of the density using the type-ahead feature.
PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSDEN,NO,1.0
The dynamic viscosity is 3.57 10,5 kg m-sec. This is input using the VISCOSITY command.
PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSVIS,3.57e-5
When you are done, QUIT from the PHYSICAL-CONSTANTS menu and then QUIT from SETUP1 to return to the MAIN menu.
PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSQ SETUP1Q *MAIN*-
9.3.3 Setting the Boundary Conditions

The problem setup is completed by de ning the inlet boundary conditions. Select BCs... from the De ne pull-down menu. This results in the Boundary Conditions panel from which the boundary conditions can be set.
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Select INLET-1 from the Active Zones list, and keep the default Inlet Type of velocity-inlet.
Click on Set..., and the Velocity Inlet Boundary Conditions panel will appear. In this panel, enter 1 for the U velocity, 2 for the Turb. Intensity, and 4 for the Char. Length. Click on Apply and Close the panel.
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9.3.4 Saving the Case File

The problem setup is now complete and you should save the Case File. In the Write submenu of File select the Case.. menu item to open the Select File dialog box. Click your mouse in the Case File text entry box and enter step-ke.cas. Click on OK to write the le.
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9.4 Solving the Problem The k- Solution

Patching an Initial Guess
Before beginning the calculation, patch a u-velocity of 1.0 m s throughout the channel. To do this, use the PATCH command in the MAIN menu, and select all of the cells in the domain by accepting the defaults for the minimum and maximum I and J values. Select U-VELOCITY from the VARIABLE-SELECTION menu and set a value of 1.0. When you are done, type QUIT to return to the MAIN menu. These commands are shown below using the type-ahead method.
*MAIN*PA X X X X UV 1 Q
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9.4 Solving the Problem The k- Solution 9.4.1 Enabling Residual Plotting During Iteration
During the calculation, you can monitor the convergence by plotting the residuals. In the Monitors submenu of Solve, select the Residuals.. menu item to open the Residuals panel. Turn on the Plot option to enable the plotting of residuals in the active graphics window after each iteration. All of the problem variables will be plotted by default. Click on Apply and Close the panel.
9.4.2 Starting the Calculation

Select Iterate from the Solve pull-down menu. Begin the calculation by requesting 100 iterations in the Fluid Phase Calculation panel.
After 100 iterations, the residuals are converging smoothly Figure 9.4.1.
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- Pressure - U Velocity - V Velocity - Turb Energy - Dissipation
1.000E+01
1.000E+00
1.000E-01
1.000E-02
1.000E-03 0 20 40 60 80 100
Iterations Flow Over a Backward Facing Step Normalized Residuals Jan 13 1995 Fluent 4.30 Fluent Inc.
Figure 9.4.1: The Residuals After the First 100 Iterations
9.4.3 Increasing the Underrelaxation Factors

At this point, you can increase the underrelaxation factors on all variables except the pressure. To do this use the UNDERRELAX-1 command in the EXPERT menu.
*MAIN*EX U1 UNDERRELAX 1 5.0000E-01 VELOCITIES DIM 5.0000E-01 PRESSURE DIM 4.0000E-01 TURBULENCE K.E. E DIM 4.0000E-01 EDDY DISSIPATION D DIM 4.0000E-01 D EXPERTQ VISCOSITY DIM ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH
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9.4 Solving the Problem The k- Solution

Resume the calculation by requesting 300 more iterations.
The solution reaches the default convergence criterion after 344 iterations Figure 9.4.2.
1.000E+00
1.000E-01
1.000E-02
1.000E-03
1.000E-04
1.000E-05
1.000E-06 0 100 200 300 400
Figure 9.4.2: The Complete Residual History for the k- Solution
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.................NORMALIZED RESIDUALS............... NITER P U V E D 340 7.465E-05 2.859E-05 6.682E-06 4.444E-04 5.050E-04 341 7.277E-05 2.799E-05 6.504E-06 4.352E-04 4.979E-04 342 7.082E-05 2.743E-05 6.335E-06 4.263E-04 4.910E-04 343 6.999E-05 2.691E-05 6.164E-06 4.178E-04 4.841E-04 344 6.796E-05 2.644E-05 6.002E-06 4.096E-04 4.775E-04 *- --CONVERGENCE CRITERION SATISFIED-*STOP*
9.4.4 Saving the Case File and Data Files

Save the Case and Data File by selecting the Case and Data.. menu item to open the Select File dialog box. Click on step-ke.cas in the Files list and then OK. Click on OK when FLUENT ask whether to overwrite the existing Case File.
Once the Case File is written, a Data File will be written with the name step-ke.dat.
9.5 Examining the Results

Now that the solution has converged, you can look at the ow eld graphically.
Displaying Contour Plots

Stream function contours are a helpful means of observing the recirculation region behind the step Figure 9.5.1. To obtain this plot, two sets of stream function plots are overlaid, and the technique for doing this is now discussed.
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From the Display pull-down menu, select Contours. In the Contours panel, choose Velocity from the drop-down list under Contours Of, and select Stream Function from the sub-list. Note that the Min value is negative and small, and the Max value is positive and large.
Positive values of stream function will correspond to the main channel ow in this problem and negative values to the recirculation region. To capture both regions, each will be displayed separately, and the results will be overlaid. Begin by changing the Min value to 0 while leaving the Max value at its default. Reduce the number of Contour Levels to 15. Click on Display. Next, open the Display Options panel by choosing Options from the Display pull-down menu. Click on Overlays, Apply the change and Close the panel.
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If you plot a second set of contours at this point, the captions will be overlaid as well. To prevent this from happening, open the Captions panel by selecting this option from the Display pull-down menu. De-select the Enable Captions option. Click on Apply and Close the panel.
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Return to the Contours panel. Click on Compute. Keeping the Min value, change the Max value to 0. Reduce the number of Contour Levels to 5. Click on Display. In Figure 9.5.1, the view has been zoomed with the middle mouse button to better illustrate the recirculation zone. Once you have completed the gure, turn o the overlay option and enable the captions once again.
Determining the Reattachment Point

You can determine the length of the recirculation zone behind the backwardfacing step using commands in the VIEW-ALPHA menu. The length of the recirculation zone is determined by nding the point on the bottom wall behind the step at which the u-velocity is zero. This point is commonly referred to as the ow-reattachment point. The ow upstream of the reattachment point has a negative u-velocity component, and is part of the recirculation zone that forms behind the step. The ow to the right of the reattachment point has a positive u-velocity component and is part of the core ow that will be convected downstream. Begin by examining values of u-velocity by selecting U-VELOCITY from
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4.00E+00 3.71E+00 3.43E+00 3.14E+00 2.86E+00 2.57E+00 2.29E+00 2.00E+00 1.71E+00 1.43E+00 1.14E+00 8.57E-01 5.71E-01 2.86E-01 0.00E+00
Y Z X
Flow Over a Backward Facing Step Stream Function (M2/S) Lmax = 4.000E+00 Lmin = 0.000E+00
Figure 9.5.1: Contours of Stream Function for the k- Solution the SELECT-VARIABLE menu. By scrolling DOWN and RIGHT, you can locate the cells along J=2 where the u-velocity changes sign.
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*MAIN*VA COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM VIEW-ALPHANUMERICS: INTEGRATE-VARIABLE SELECT-VARIABLE QUIT HELP ENTER HELP COMMAND FOR MORE INFORMATION. VIEW-ALPHANUMERICSSV UV VIEW ALPHA: U-VELOCITY M S J I= 50 51 52 53 18 9.35E-01 9.31E-01 9.28E-01 9.24E-01 17 9.34E-01 9.30E-01 9.26E-01 9.22E-01 16 9.32E-01 9.28E-01 9.23E-01 9.19E-01 15 9.31E-01 9.25E-01 9.21E-01 9.16E-01 14 9.28E-01 9.23E-01 9.18E-01 9.13E-01 13 9.25E-01 9.20E-01 9.14E-01 9.09E-01 12 9.23E-01 9.16E-01 9.11E-01 9.06E-01 11 9.18E-01 9.12E-01 9.06E-01 9.01E-01 10 8.84E-01 8.80E-01 8.77E-01 8.74E-01 9 7.39E-01 7.43E-01 7.46E-01 7.48E-01 8 5.74E-01 5.83E-01 5.91E-01 5.99E-01 7 4.25E-01 4.39E-01 4.51E-01 4.64E-01 6 2.98E-01 3.15E-01 3.31E-01 3.47E-01 5 1.96E-01 2.16E-01 2.35E-01 2.53E-01 4 1.24E-01 1.46E-01 1.66E-01 1.87E-01 3 8.44E-02 1.07E-01 1.29E-01 1.50E-01 2 -8.77E-02 -6.27E-02 -3.78E-02 -1.34E-02 1 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 54 9.20E-01 9.18E-01 9.15E-01 9.12E-01 9.09E-01 9.05E-01 9.01E-01 8.96E-01 8.72E-01 7.50E-01 6.06E-01 4.75E-01 3.61E-01 2.71E-01 2.06E-01 1.70E-01 1.06E-02 0.00E+00 DISPLAY-LIMITS
55 9.17E-01 9.14E-01 9.11E-01 9.08E-01 9.04E-01 9.00E-01 8.97E-01 8.92E-01 8.69E-01 7.52E-01 6.13E-01 4.85E-01 3.76E-01 2.87E-01 2.25E-01 1.91E-01 3.35E-02 0.00E+00
56 9.14E-01 9.11E-01 9.08E-01 9.04E-01 9.01E-01 8.97E-01 8.93E-01 8.88E-01 8.67E-01 7.53E-01 6.18E-01 4.95E-01 3.89E-01 3.04E-01 2.43E-01 2.10E-01 5.51E-02 0.00E+00
ACTION RETURN =NEXT,LEFT,RIGHT,UP,DOWN,QUIT,:
The change occurs between cells at I=53 and I=54. The x-position for this location can be found next by selecting the X-POSITION command from the XTENDED-XOPTIONS menu under SELECT-VARIABLE.
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VIEW-ALPHANUMERICSSV XX XP VIEW ALPHA: X-POSITION M J I= 50 51 52 18 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 17 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 16 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 15 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 14 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 13 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 12 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 11 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 10 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 9 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 8 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 7 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 6 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 5 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 4 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 3 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 2 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 1 8.52E+00 8.68E+00 8.82E+00 53 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 8.97E+00 54 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 9.12E+00 55 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 9.27E+00 56 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00 9.43E+00
The x-position halfway between I=53 and I=54 is 9.045m, corresponding to a reattachment length of 4.045m. The length, as expected, is well below the minimum expectation of 6m, set earlier.
9.6 Solving the Problem The RNG Solution

The data from the k- solution will now be used as a starting point for the RNG solution. To initiate this calculation, the RNG model needs to be selected in the Models panel.
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When you click on Apply and Close the panel, a Question box will appear asking if you want to discard the existing data. Click on No.
9.6.1 Starting the Calculations

Resume the calculation by requesting another 300 iterations. The continuation of the residuals will be plotted in your graphics window.
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The solution converges after about 600 iterations Figure 9.6.1.

1.000E+00
1.000E-01
1.000E-02
1.000E-03
1.000E-04
1.000E-05
1.000E-06 0 200 400 600 800
Figure 9.6.1: The Complete Residual History for the RNG Solution
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.................NORMALIZED RESIDUALS............... NITER P U V E D 583 6.737E-05 3.283E-05 6.070E-06 5.068E-04 6.650E-04 584 6.676E-05 3.249E-05 5.999E-06 4.979E-04 6.585E-04 585 6.527E-05 3.214E-05 5.935E-06 4.892E-04 6.520E-04 586 6.446E-05 3.182E-05 5.865E-06 4.807E-04 6.456E-04 587 6.375E-05 3.149E-05 5.803E-06 4.723E-04 6.393E-04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 5.495E-05 2.792E-05 5.163E-06 3.878E-04 5.724E-04 599 5.425E-05 2.759E-05 5.115E-06 3.809E-04 5.666E-04 600 5.376E-05 2.729E-05 5.060E-06 3.740E-04 5.608E-04 601 5.298E-05 2.698E-05 5.008E-06 3.673E-04 5.551E-04 602 5.282E-05 2.667E-05 4.958E-06 3.608E-04 5.495E-04 *- --CONVERGENCE CRITERION SATISFIED-*STOP*
9.6.2 Saving the New Case and Data Files

Save the Case and Data File by selecting the Case and Data.. menu item to open the Select File dialog box. Enter step-rng.cas in the Case File text entry box, and both a Case File of this name and a Data File step-rng.dat will be written.
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9.7 Determining the Reattachment Length

The length of the recirculation zone can be determined in the same manner that was used earlier. Use the scrolling commands to locate the sign change in the U-VELOCITY along J=2.
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9.7 Determining the Reattachment Length

*MAIN*VA VIEW-ALPHANUMERICSSV UV VIEW ALPHA: U-VELOCITY M S J I= 57 58 59 18 9.16E-01 9.13E-01 9.09E-01 17 9.14E-01 9.10E-01 9.06E-01 16 9.11E-01 9.07E-01 9.03E-01 15 9.08E-01 9.04E-01 9.00E-01 14 9.05E-01 9.00E-01 8.96E-01 13 9.01E-01 8.96E-01 8.92E-01 12 8.97E-01 8.92E-01 8.87E-01 11 8.93E-01 8.87E-01 8.83E-01 10 8.76E-01 8.72E-01 8.69E-01 9 8.19E-01 8.19E-01 8.20E-01 8 6.85E-01 6.91E-01 6.96E-01 7 5.29E-01 5.41E-01 5.51E-01 6 3.86E-01 4.02E-01 4.17E-01 5 2.70E-01 2.90E-01 3.08E-01 4 1.86E-01 2.08E-01 2.30E-01 3 1.39E-01 1.62E-01 1.85E-01 2 -3.43E-02 -7.61E-03 1.84E-02 1 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 60 9.06E-01 9.03E-01 8.99E-01 8.96E-01 8.92E-01 8.87E-01 8.83E-01 8.78E-01 8.65E-01 8.20E-01 7.01E-01 5.60E-01 4.31E-01 3.26E-01 2.50E-01 2.07E-01 4.32E-02 0.00E+00 61 9.02E-01 8.99E-01 8.96E-01 8.92E-01 8.88E-01 8.84E-01 8.79E-01 8.75E-01 8.62E-01 8.20E-01 7.04E-01 5.69E-01 4.45E-01 3.43E-01 2.70E-01 2.29E-01 6.65E-02 0.00E+00 62 8.99E-01 8.96E-01 8.92E-01 8.89E-01 8.85E-01 8.80E-01 8.76E-01 8.71E-01 8.60E-01 8.20E-01 7.07E-01 5.77E-01 4.57E-01 3.60E-01 2.89E-01 2.49E-01 8.84E-02 0.00E+00 63 8.96E-01 8.93E-01 8.89E-01 8.85E-01 8.81E-01 8.77E-01 8.73E-01 8.68E-01 8.58E-01 8.20E-01 7.10E-01 5.84E-01 4.69E-01 3.75E-01 3.07E-01 2.69E-01 1.09E-01 0.00E+00
The reattachment point is between cells at I=58 and I=59.
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VIEW-ALPHANUMERICSSV XX XP VIEW ALPHA: X-POSITION M J I= 57 58 59 18 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 17 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 16 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 15 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 14 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 13 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 12 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 11 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 10 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 9 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 8 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 7 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 6 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 5 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 4 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 3 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 2 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 1 9.57E+00 9.73E+00 9.88E+00 60 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 1.00E+01 61 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 1.02E+01 62 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 1.03E+01 63 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01
ACTION RETURN =NEXT,LEFT,RIGHT,UP,DOWN,QUIT,: VIEW-ALPHANUMERICSQ
The position of the reattachment point is at an x-position of about 9.805m, or 4.805m behind the step. This is approximately 0.8m beyond the k- prediction, illustrating the improvement that can be achieved by making use of the RNG turbulence model.
Quitting from FLUENT

With the analysis complete you may end the FLUENT session, by selecting Exit.. from the File pull-down menu or returning to the MAIN menu and typing QUIT.
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Tutorial 10.
Periodic Flow and Heat
Transfer in an In-Line Tube Bundle
10.1 Introduction
Many CFD problems involve geometries that are streamwise periodic, that is, geometries that are repetitive in the main ow direction. These problems are encountered in heat exchangers, boilers, electronics cooling, and turbomachinery, to name a few applications. In such cases, it is observed experimentally that after a few modules typically 3-5, the ow pattern also becomes periodic. In FLUENT these special ows can be solved with speci ed mass ow rate periodic boundary conditions. This option provides an economical way to compute periodically fully developed" ows because the calculation domain can be restricted to only one module. When the mass ow rate is speci ed through the domain, FLUENT will compute the periodic ow eld and heat transfer solution. While the streamwise component of the pressure gradient is not periodic, it is constant from one module to the next after the ow becomes fully-developed. A relative static pressure eld is also part of the FLUENT solution.
Problem Description
The problem of two-dimensional ow through an in-line tube bank heat exchanger has been selected to illustrate the periodic boundary condition facility in FLUENT. The problem geometry is shown in Figure 10.1.1. The computational domain will be restricted to extend from the centerline of one tube to the centerline of the next tube in the ow direction. In the cross-stream direction a plane of symmetry exists between the tubes. Therefore, in the cross-stream direction the computational domain will extend from the centerline of one tube to the plane of symmetry between the tubes. The geometry of the computational domain is shown in Figure 10.1.2.
10-1
Periodic Flow and Heat Transfer in an In-Line Tube Bundle
D Flow Computational Domain
2D
2D
Figure 10.1.1: The Problem Geometry

symmetry plane
inlet
outlet
wall (tube #1) symmetry plane
wall (tube #2)
Figure 10.1.2: The Geometry of the Computational Domain
10-2

In this problem the ow is assumed to be incompressible and turbulent, and the tubes are assumed to be heated to a uniform temperature of 500 K. The mass ow through the module is speci ed to be 11.0 kg sec, and the uid is assumed to be water. The physical constants, determined at the uid bulk temperature of 400 K, are 937 kg m3 for density, 2.19 10,4 kg m-sec for viscosity, 4250 J kg-K for speci c heat, and 0.685 W m-K for thermal conductivity. Based upon these conditions and the diameter of the tubes, the Reynolds number of the ow is 1.0 105 , so a turbulent simulation will be performed.
Features Demonstrated
The following FLUENT features will be demonstrated in this tutorial: Use of CYCLIC cells with a translationally cyclic boundary condition. Use of the EXPERT PERIODIC-MASS-FLOW command in FLUENT to specify the periodic boundary conditions for the problem.
Background Requirements
This tutorial requires little experience using FLUENT but you may nd it helpful to read about modeling periodic ow and heat transfer in the FLUENT User's Guide.
10.2.1 Reading the Grid into FLUENT

This tutorial requires reading in an existing Grid File. Copy the le
path Fluent.Inc fluent4.x tut 10 bundle.grd
from the FLUENT installation area to your working directory. path is the directory in which you have placed the release directory, Fluent.Inc, and x is replaced by the appropriate version number for your release, such as fluent4.4.
10-3

Once the Grid File is in place, start FLUENT and read in the Grid File by selecting the File Read Grid... menu item, selecting bundle.grd from the list, and clicking on OK.
After the Grid File is read, a Question dialog box appears asking about scaling the units of length.
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No scaling of the grid is required since the SI unit system in FLUENT is consistent with the units of length of meters in the Grid File. Click on No. As the Grid File is being read, FLUENT prompts you to choose between rotationally and translationally cyclic boundary conditions. Click on No to indicate that the grid is translationally cyclic.
********-
Created by: PreBFC V4.3 TITLE: 2D Turbulent Flow in an In-Line Tube Bundle ALLOCATING MEMORY, PLEASE WAIT MEMORY ALLOCATION WAS SUCCESSFUL, INITIALIZING ARRAYS GRID: 62 X 42 X 1 CELLS 2604 TOTAL GRID FILE READ. *** CALCULATING GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS...*** *** CHECKING GRID VALIDITY...***
10.2.2 Displaying the Grid

Before beginning the problem setup in FLUENT, you will display the grid and the cell types. To display the grid, select Grid from the Display pull-down menu. To display the grid lines in the interior of the domain, click on .LIVE under Zones.
10-5
Click on Display, and then Close the panel. You should see the grid shown in Figure 10.2.1 in your graphics window. This view has been enlarged slightly from the default view.
10.2.3 Displaying the Cell Types

Open the Set Cells panel by selecting Cells from the De ne pull-down menu.
10-6
Y Z X
2D Turbulent Flow in an In-Line Tube Bundle Grid ( 61 X 41 )
Figure 10.2.1: The Grid for the Tube Bundle
10-7

Click on Display obtain a display of the cell types Figure 10.2.2.
42 40 30 20 10 J11 I 10 20 30 40 50 60 62
2D Turbulent Flow in an In-Line Tube Bundle Computational Grid
Figure 10.2.2: The Cell Types Enlarge the view with the middle button of your mouse to con rm that the correct cell types are set. Figure 10.2.3 shows the lower left corner of the domain. In this region, CYCLIC cells are shown on the left edge, W-WALL-1 cells are on the left portion of the lower edge, and correspond to the tube surface. SYMMETRY cells are located next to the W-WALL-1 cells to mark the horizontal boundary along the tube axis. Once you have con rmed that the cell types are correctly set, Close the Set Cells panel.
10.2.4 Selecting Physical Models

To solve this problem,you will nedd to activate the calculation of temperature and the k- turbulence model. To do this, select Models... from the De ne pull-down menu. Click the checkbox for Calculate Temperature under Heat Transfer. Under Turbulence, choose K-Epsilon from the Model drop-down list.
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13 C 12 C 11 C 10 C 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 C C C C C C C C 1 I
2D Turbulent Flow in an In-Line Tube Bundle Computational Grid Jan 23 1995 Fluent 4.31 Fluent Inc.
1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 S S 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Figure 10.2.3: Enlarged View of the Cell Types
10-9

Click on Apply, and a Question panel will appear, asking you once again for con rmation that the CYCLIC boundaries are translationally cyclic. Click on No, and then Close the Models panel.
10.2.5 Setting Physical Constants

The physical constants for the problem will be set in the SETUP-1, PHYSICAL-CONSTANTS menu. Begin by setting the density to a constant value of 937 kg m3 .
SETUP1PC COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM PHYSICAL-CONSTANTS: DENSITY VISCOSITY THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY CP-SPECIFIC-HEAT OPERATING-PRESSURE QUIT HELP ENTER HELP COMMAND FOR MORE INFORMATION. PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSDEN L- USE GAS LAW? L- Y OR N ++DEFAULT-NO++ X L- DEFAULT ASSUMED *- DEFINE DENSITY OF FLUID KG M3*- AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE K *I- NUMBER OF COEFFICIENTS +VE = POLYNOM., -VE = P.W.LINEAR, -1 = HARMONIC I- ++DEFAULT 1++ X I- DEFAULT ASSUMED R- DENSITY OF FLUID KG M3 R- UNITS= KG M3 ++DEFAULT 1.0000E+03++ 937
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Set a constant viscosity of 2.19 10,4 kg m-sec, and thermal conductivity of 0.685 W m K.
PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSVIS X 2.19e-4 PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSTC X 0.685
Finally, set a speci c heat of 4250 J kg-K. When solving a periodic ow problem with heat transfer, the reference temperature for enthalpy should be set to the temperature of the wall to or from which the uid is transferring heat. Thus, the reference temperature for enthalpy should be set to 500 K.
PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSCP R- REFERENCE TEMPERATURE FOR ENTHALPY R- UNITS= K ++DEFAULT 2.7300E+02++ 500 *- DEFINE SPECIFIC HEAT OF FLUID J KG-K *- AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE K *I- NUMBER OF COEFFICIENTS +VE = POLYNOM., -VE = P.W.LINEAR, I- ++DEFAULT 1++ X 4250 I- DEFAULT ASSUMED PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSQ
-1 = HARMONIC
10.2.6 Setting the Boundary Conditions

To set the boundary conditions for this problem, select the BCs... menu item from the De ne pull-down menu. In the resulting Boundary Conditions panel, the rst zone to appear is W-WALL 1. The non-slip tube walls are assumed to be isothermal at a temperature of 500 K. To set this, click the Set... push button and in the resulting Wall Boundary Conditions panel, keep the default Type of Temperature under the Thermal Boundary Condition Parameters option
10-11

and input 500 for the Temperature value. Click on Apply and Close the panel again click on No when the Question panel asks if the CYCLIC boundaries are rotationally cyclic.
After setting the tube boundary conditions, you can set the periodic ow boundary conditions in the EXPERT PERIODIC-MASS-FLOW table. Since the problem setup is nearly complete, you can, at this point, QUIT from SETUP1 and enter the EXPERT menu from the MAIN menu.
10-12

SETUP1Q *- DOMAIN HAS CYCLIC BOUNDARY. L- IS GEOMETRY ROTATIONALLY CYCLIC? ELSE TRANSLATIONALLY CYCLIC? L- Y OR N ++DEFAULT-NO++ N *- *** CALCULATING GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS...*** *- *** CHECKING GRID VALIDITY...*** *MAIN*EX COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM EXPERT: OPTIONS SOLUTION-PARAMETERS SELECT-VARIABLES UNDERRELAX-1 UNDERRELAX-2 PHYSICAL-MODELS BODY-FORCES SET-UNITS TIME-DEPENDENCE LINEAR-EQN.-SOLVER DISPLAY-LIMITS LP-PARAMETERS INSTALLATION USER-SUBROUTINES RESET-ITERATION-COUNT PERIODIC-MASS-FLOW DENSITY-INTERPOLATION QUIT HELP ENTER HELP COMMAND FOR MORE INFORMATION. EXPERTPMF
In the table, input YES to the rst question, SPECIFY A DESIRED PERIODIC MASS FLOW RATE?. Next, input the DESIRED MASS FLOW RATE through the module, which was speci ed as 11 kg sec. The PRESSURE DROP PARAMETER, input next, is estimated to be 500 Pa m based on the expected pressure drop between the periodic boundaries. Careful estimation of this parameter can improve convergence of the solution.
SPECIFIED PERIODIC MASS FLOW PARAMETERS YES SPECIFY A DESIRED PERIODIC MASS FLOW RATE? 1.1000E+01 DESIRED MASS FLOW RATE KG S 5.0000E+02 CURRENT GUESS FOR PRESSURE DROP PARAMETER PA M 2 NUMBER OF CORRECTION SWEEPS NO SPECIFY HEAT FLUX B. C.? ELSE CONSTANT WALL TEMP. DO ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH
After you type DONE in the above table, a second table appears asking for information about the thermal nature of the domain. In particular, FLUENT will prompt you for the inlet bulk temperature minus the tube
10-13

wall temperature 500 K. This di erence will be input as 400 K - 500 K, or -100 K .
PERIODIC FLOW WITH CONSTANT WALL TEMPERATURE -1.0000E+02 INLET BULK TEMPERATURE MINUS WALL TEMPERATURE K DO ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH
10.3 Solving the Problem
10.3.1 Adjusting the Solver Parameters Setting the Underrelaxation Parameters

Since the ow and heat transfer are not coupled the properties are temperature independent, you can increase the underrelaxation factors on all variables beyond the default settings.
EXPERTU1 UNDERRELAX 1 5.0000E-01 VELOCITIES DIM 5.0000E-01 PRESSURE DIM 5.0000E-01 TURBULENCE K.E. E DIM 5.0000E-01 4.0000E-01 9.0000E-01 1.0000E+00 DO EDDY DISSIPATION D DIM VISCOSITY DIM ENTHALPY DIM TEMPERATURE DIM ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH
Increasing the Sweeps of Solver

By default, multigrid is used in the solution of the pressure and enthalpy equations. To further accelerate convergence you can increase the sweeps of the LGS solver on the other equations. When multigrid is being used in the solution of one of the governing equations, the input for the number of sweeps for that equation is ignored.
10-14

EXPERTLES COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM LINEAR-EQN.-SOLVER: TYPE-OF-SOLVER SWEEPS-OF-LGS-SOLVER MULTI-GRID-PARAMETERS VIEW-MG-PERFORMANCE BLOCK-CORRECTIONS-MG QUIT HELP ENTER HELP COMMAND FOR MORE INFORMATION. LINEAR-EQN.-SOLVERSW NUMBER OF SWEEPS SWEEP DIRECTION 5 PRESSURE-CORRECTION 2 U-VELOCITY 2 V-VELOCITY 2 2 1 1 YES DO TURBULENCE K.E. E EDDY DISSIPATION D ENTHALPY SWEEP DIRECTION I=1, J=2 ALTERNATE SWEEP DIRECTION ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH
Setting Multigrid Parameters

The default multigrid parameters will be used for the pressure equation. However, experience has shown that the multigrid parameters for the enthalpy equation can be altered to speed convergence. The parameters for the enthalpy equation will therefore be changed from their default settings. Decreasing the RESIDUAL-REDUCTION-PARAMETER to 0.1 from the default value of 0.7 will force the multigrid solver to visit coarser grid levels more often. Reducing the TERMINATION-CRITERIA to 0.001 from the default value of 0.1 will force the multigrid solver to seek a better level of convergence at each grid level. Note that the multigrid parameters are problem dependent, and the changes made to the enthalpy equation parameters in this problem may not work in another problem. You must tune the multigrid parameters for each problem individually in order to achieve optimum solution speed. The multigrid solver is discussed in more detail in the FLUENT User's Guide.
10-15

LINEAR-EQN.-SOLVERMGP COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM MULTI-GRID-PARAMETERS: GLOBAL-PARAMETERS RESIDUAL-REDUCTION-PARAMETERS TERMINATION-CRITERIA QUIT HELP ENTER HELP COMMAND FOR MORE INFORMATION. MULTI-GRID-PARAMETERSRRP RESIDUAL REDUCTION PARAMETERS 7.0000E-01 PRESSURE DIM 1.0000E-01 ENTHALPY DIM DO ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH MULTI-GRID-PARAMETERSTC TERMINATION CRITERIA 1.0000E-01 PRESSURE DIM 1.0000E-03 ENTHALPY DIM DO ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH MULTI-GRID-PARAMETERSQ
Block Correction
Block correction can also be used in the multigrid solution of the pressure and enthalpy equations in order to further accelerate the convergence. Below, an input of 4 for block correction in both the I- and J-directions indicates that block correction is to be applied up to and including the Level 4 grid.
LINEAR-EQN.-SOLVERBCM COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM BLOCK-CORRECTIONS: PRESSURE ENTHALPY QUIT ENTER HELP COMMAND FOR MORE INFORMATION. BLOCK-CORRECTIONSPRE HELP
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GIVE MAX LEVEL FOR INITIAL MG-BLOCK CORRECTION 4 I-DIRECTION 4 DO J-DIRECTION ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH
BLOCK-CORRECTIONSEN GIVE MAX LEVEL FOR INITIAL MG-BLOCK CORRECTION 4 I-DIRECTION 4 J-DIRECTION DO ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH BLOCK-CORRECTIONSQ Q Q
10.3.2 Saving the Case File

At this point you can save the Case File. In the Write submenu of File select the Case... menu item to open the Select File dialog box. Click your mouse in the Case File text entry box and enter bundle.cas. Click on OK.
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10.3.3 Patching an Initial Guess for Velocity and Temperature

A velocity component tangent to the I-direction and a uid temperature of 400 K will be patched throughout the domain before the calculation is started using the PATCH command. Use the type-ahead method to identify the entire domain, and select TANGENTIAL-VELOCITIES from the VARIABLE-SELECTION menu. Specify a velocity of 1 m s in COORDINATE DIRECTION 1.
10-18

*MAIN*PATCH X X X X I- DEFAULT ASSUMED COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM VARIABLE-SELECTION: BURNOUT-XCHANGE CP-SPECIFIC-HEAT DENSITY DISSIPATION-RATE EFFECTIVE-VISCOSITY EFFECTIVE-CONDUCTIVITY ENERGYTURB EXCHANGE-HEAT EXCHANGE-MASS EXCHANGE-X EXCHANGE-Y MOLECULAR-VISCOSITY NORMAL-VELOCITIES PRESSURE SOURCE-X-MOM SOURCE-Y-MOM SOURCE-HEAT TANGENTIAL-VELOCITIES TEMPERATURE THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY U-VELOCITY V-VELOCITY XTENDED-XOPTIONS QUIT HELP ENTER HELP COMMAND FOR MORE INFORMATION. VARIABLE-SELECTIONTV TANGENTIAL VELOCITY PATCHING 1 ENTER COORDINATE DIRECTION I=1, J=2 1.0000E+00 ENTER VELOCITY IN COORDINATE DIRECTION M S DO ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH
Next, set a TEMPERATURE of 400 K, and then type QUIT to return to the MAIN menu.
VARIABLE-SELECTIONTEMP 400 Q
10.3.4 Enabling Residual Plotting During Iteration

During the calculation, you can monitor the convergence by plotting residuals. In the Monitor submenu of Solve, select the Residuals... menu item to open the Residuals panel. Turn on the Plot option to enable the plotting of residuals in the active graphics window after each iteration. Click on Apply to apply your change and then Close the panel.
10-19
10.3.5 Starting the Calculation

Begin the solution process by selecting the Iterate... menu item from the Solve menu. In the resulting Fluid Phase Calculation panel, change the Number of Iterations to 100 and click on Iterate.
A Working dialog box will appear to inform you that FLUENT is iterating.
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*MAIN**- FLUID PHASE CALCULATION ............................RESIDUALS......................... NITER P U V E D H 1 7.708E+01 1.380E+00 1.065E-01 1.318E-01 1.678E+01 2.976E+05 ......................NORMALIZED RESIDUALS.................... 2 1.000E+00 2.722E-02 4.258E-02 9.947E-01 8.926E+01 3.543E-03 3 1.654E+00 2.614E-01 6.445E-02 9.435E-01 1.523E+00 1.332E-03 4 1.512E+00 1.850E-01 5.998E-02 8.422E-01 3.031E-01 7.171E-04 5 7.784E-01 1.027E-01 4.778E-02 6.907E-01 2.880E-01 6.258E-04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3.156E-02 6.459E-03 7.682E-03 3.089E-02 3.407E-02 1.066E-04 96 3.101E-02 6.420E-03 7.657E-03 3.102E-02 3.512E-02 1.073E-04 97 3.036E-02 6.383E-03 7.629E-03 3.118E-02 3.610E-02 1.081E-04 98 2.971E-02 6.357E-03 7.606E-03 3.134E-02 3.707E-02 1.090E-04 99 2.964E-02 6.332E-03 7.579E-03 3.153E-02 3.798E-02 1.099E-04 ......................NORMALIZED RESIDUALS.................... NITER P U V E D H 100 2.929E-02 6.313E-03 7.543E-03 3.176E-02 3.886E-02 1.107E-04
After the rst 100 iterations, the solution is not yet converged. See Figure 10.3.1. Continue the calculation for another 2000 iterations.
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- Pressure - U Velocity - V Velocity - Turb Energy - Dissipation - Enthalpy
1.000E+02
1.000E+01
1.000E+00
1.000E-01
1.000E-02
1.000E-03
1.000E-04 0 20 40 60 80 100
Iterations 2D Turbulent Flow in an In-Line Tube Bundle Normalized Residuals Jan 23 1995 Fluent 4.31 Fluent Inc.
Figure 10.3.1: The Residual History for the First 100 Iterations
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................NORMALIZED RESIDUALS.................... NITER P U V E D H 1620 2.476E-05 5.359E-05 3.246E-05 3.173E-04 3.040E-04 1.011E-06 1621 2.455E-05 5.351E-05 3.242E-05 3.169E-04 3.036E-04 1.009E-06 1622 2.466E-05 5.343E-05 3.238E-05 3.165E-04 3.032E-04 1.005E-06 1623 2.464E-05 5.334E-05 3.234E-05 3.161E-04 3.028E-04 1.006E-06 1624 2.459E-05 5.326E-05 3.230E-05 3.157E-04 3.024E-04 1.003E-06 1625 2.451E-05 5.318E-05 3.226E-05 3.153E-04 3.019E-04 9.980E-07 *- --CONVERGENCE CRITERION SATISFIED-*STOP* . . .
The solution converges after 1625 iterations Figure 10.3.2.

- Pressure - U Velocity - V Velocity - Turb Energy - Dissipation - Enthalpy
1.000E+00
1.000E-01
1.000E-02
1.000E-03
1.000E-04
1.000E-05
1.000E-06
1.000E-07 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Iterations 2D Turbulent Flow in an In-Line Tube Bundle Normalized Residuals Jan 23 1995 Fluent 4.31 Fluent Inc.
Figure 10.3.2: The Complete Residual History
10.3.6 Saving the Data File

With the solution converged you can now save the Data File before proceeding to examine the results. In the Write submenu of File, select the Data... menu item to open the Select File dialog box. Click your mouse in the Data File text entry box and enter bundle.dat. Click on OK.
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10.4.1 Graphical Reporting
You will examine the results by generating a vector plot of velocity and contour plots of stream function, relative static pressure, and scaled temperature.
Displaying Velocity Vector Plots

To display a plot of velocity vectors, select Vectors... from the Display menu and the Velocity Vectors panel will appear. For better viewing of the velocity vectors, use an I Step and a J Step of 2 so that the vectors will be displayed at every other cell center and increase the Scale Factor to 3.
10-24
Click on the Display push button to generate the velocity vector plot, and then Close the panel. The result, shown in Figure 10.4.1, shows that the velocity pro le leaving the domain is identical to that entering the domain, as required by the periodic boundary condition.
Displaying Contour Plots

Contours of stream function can be generated next. Select Contours... from the Display pull-down menu. In the resulting Contours panel, select Velocity... in the upper drop-down list under Contours Of and select Stream-Function from the sub-list.
10-25
6.35E-01 6.13E-01 5.91E-01 5.69E-01 5.48E-01 5.26E-01 5.04E-01 4.82E-01 4.60E-01 4.39E-01 4.17E-01 3.95E-01 3.73E-01 3.51E-01 3.30E-01 3.08E-01 2.86E-01 2.64E-01 2.42E-01 2.21E-01 1.99E-01 1.77E-01 1.55E-01 1.33E-01 1.12E-01 8.97E-02 6.79E-02 4.61E-02 2.43E-02 2.54E-03
Y Z X
2D Turbulent Flow in an In-Line Tube Bundle Velocity Vectors (M/S) Max = 6.347E-01 Min = 2.537E-03
Figure 10.4.1: Velocity Vectors
10-26

Note from the Min and Max values that the negative value is about two orders of magnitude smaller than the positive value. In this example, the negative stream function values correspond to the recirculation region behind the rst tube. If 20 or 30 contours were requested between the limits shown above, there would be little or no detail in the recirculation region compared to that in the main ow region from one cyclic boundary to the other. To enhance the detail in the recirculation zone, you will overlay two sets of contours one for the lower range of values and one for the higher range. Begin by changing the Min value to 0, and reduce the number of Contour Levels to 20.
Click on Display, and the stream function contours for the main ow will be shown in the graphics display window Figure 10.4.2. Leave the Contours panel open.
10-27
1.17E-02 1.11E-02 1.05E-02 9.89E-03 9.27E-03 8.65E-03 8.03E-03 7.41E-03 6.80E-03 6.18E-03 5.56E-03 4.94E-03 4.33E-03 3.71E-03 3.09E-03 2.47E-03 1.85E-03 1.24E-03 6.18E-04 0.00E+00
Y Z X
2D Turbulent Flow in an In-Line Tube Bundle Stream Function (M2/S) Lmax = 1.174E-02 Lmin = 0.000E+00
Figure 10.4.2: Stream Function Contours for the Main Flow Region To capture the recirculation region, select the Options... menu item in the Display pull-down menu. In the Display Options panel, click the Overlays checkbox, click on Apply and Close the panel.
10-28
If you request a second plot at this point, the captions will be overlaid as well. To prevent this, select Captions from the Display pull-down menu. In the Captions panel, de-select the Enable Captions option. Apply the change and Close the panel.
10-29
Return to the Contours panel and click the Compute push button to reset the Min and Max range values. Enter 0 for the Max range, and 10 for the number of Contour Levels.
10-30
Click on the Display push button. The resulting plot Figure 10.4.3 clearly shows the recirculation region behind the left tube. When you are done, disable the Overlays option, and turn the Enable Captions option on again. The domain will now be expanded by mirroring about the maximum y-boundary and requesting a single cyclic repetition. To do this, select the Views... menu item from the Display pull-down menu. In the Views panel, select the Y Max option from the Mirroring list. In the Cyclic Repeats box, enter 1. Apply the changes and Close the panel.
10-31
1.17E-02 1.11E-02 1.05E-02 9.89E-03 9.27E-03 8.65E-03 8.03E-03 7.41E-03 6.80E-03 6.18E-03 5.56E-03 4.94E-03 4.33E-03 3.71E-03 3.09E-03 2.47E-03 1.85E-03 1.24E-03 6.18E-04 0.00E+00
Y Z X
2D Turbulent Flow in an In-Line Tube Bundle Stream Function (M2/S) Max = 1.174E-02 Min = 0.000E+00
Figure 10.4.3: Contours of Stream Function
You will now display contours of the Relative Static Pressure by choosing Pressure from the Contours Of drop-down list. Click on the Filled option.
10-32

Request 30 Contour Levels. Click on Display to obtain Figure 10.4.4. You will have to adjust the size of the display with the middle button of your mouse to obtain this view.
1.57E+02 1.52E+02 1.46E+02 1.41E+02 1.36E+02 1.31E+02 1.25E+02 1.20E+02 1.15E+02 1.10E+02 1.04E+02 9.91E+01 9.38E+01 8.86E+01 8.33E+01 7.81E+01 7.28E+01 6.76E+01 6.23E+01 5.70E+01 5.18E+01 4.65E+01 4.13E+01 3.60E+01 3.07E+01 2.55E+01 2.02E+01 1.50E+01 9.70E+00 4.44E+00 -8.19E-01
Y Z X
2D Turbulent Flow in an In-Line Tube Bundle Static Pressure (Pa) Max = 1.570E+02 Min = -8.185E-01
Figure 10.4.4: Contours of Relative Static Pressure The plot of pressure contours shows that the regions of lowest pressure are near the tubes in the narrowest sections of the channel, and that the regions of highest pressure are on the upstream faces of the tubes, as expected. Continuity of the pressure contours is also evident as the contour lines cross the cyclic boundaries. The last plot will be of scaled temperature. Scaled temperature is a quantity that is relevant when periodic mass ow problems with heat transfer are solved. It is de ned as
TSCALED
=T
, TWALL BULK , TWALL

T
where TBULK is the local streamwise bulk uid temperature. The minimum value that the scaled temperature can have is zero, when T =
10-33

TWALL. The maximum value is dependent on how much the bulk temperature deviates from TWALL, and can therefore be used as a measure of the e ciency of the heat exchanger. To create the plot, select Temperature and Scaled-Temperature in the Contours Of list and click on Display. The resulting plot Figure 10.4.5 shows that the maximum scaled temperature value is near 1.0, indicating an e cient heat exchanger design.
1.01E+00 9.80E-01 9.45E-01 9.10E-01 8.75E-01 8.40E-01 8.05E-01 7.70E-01 7.35E-01 7.00E-01 6.65E-01 6.30E-01 5.95E-01 5.60E-01 5.25E-01 4.90E-01 4.55E-01 4.20E-01 3.85E-01 3.50E-01 3.15E-01 2.80E-01 2.45E-01 2.10E-01 1.75E-01 1.40E-01 1.05E-01 7.00E-02 3.50E-02 0.00E+00
Y Z X
2D Turbulent Flow in an In-Line Tube Bundle Scaled Temperature Lmax = 1.015E+00 Lmin = 0.000E+00
Figure 10.4.5: Contours of Scaled Temperature
Quitting from FLUENT

With the analysis complete and the Case and Data Files saved, you may end the FLUENT session, by selecting Exit... from the File pull-down menu or returning to the MAIN menu and typing QUIT.
10-34

Tutorial 9. Two-Dimensional Flow Over A Backward-Facing Step

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Tutorial 9. Two-Dimensional Flow Over A Backward-Facing Step

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Tutorial 9.

Two-Dimensional Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step

Two-Dimensional Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step

4m H = 1.0m x 4 Re = 2.8 x 10 = 1.0 kg/m3 = 3.57 x 10-5 kg/m-sec = 2% I

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

9.2 Geometry and Grid Setup

9.2 Geometry and Grid Setup

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Two-Dimensional Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step

9.2.1 Generating a Uniform Cartesian Coordinate Grid

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9.2 Geometry and Grid Setup

9.2.2 Modifying the Grid

Direction Segment Length  of Cells

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Two-Dimensional Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step

Figure 9.2.1: Grid Generation Strategy

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

9.2 Geometry and Grid Setup

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Two-Dimensional Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

9.2 Geometry and Grid Setup

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Two-Dimensional Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

9.2 Geometry and Grid Setup 9.2.3 Setting the Cell-Types

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Two-Dimensional Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step

Flow Over a Backward Facing Step Computational Grid

Dec 15 1994 Fluent 4.30 Fluent Inc.

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

9.2 Geometry and Grid Setup

Flow Over a Backward Facing Step Computational Grid

Jan 12 1995 Fluent 4.30 Fluent Inc.

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Two-Dimensional Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step

Flow Over a Backward Facing Step Grid ( 119 X 24 )

Jan 12 1995 Fluent 4.30 Fluent Inc.

Figure 9.2.4: The Physical Grid

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9.3 Physical Modeling Inputs

Flow Over a Backward Facing Step Grid ( 119 X 24 )

Jan 12 1995 Fluent 4.30 Fluent Inc.

9.3.1 Selecting the Physical Models

9.3 Physical Modeling Inputs

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Two-Dimensional Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step

9.3.2 Setting the Physical Constants

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9.3 Physical Modeling Inputs

9.3.3 Setting the Boundary Conditions

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Two-Dimensional Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

9.3 Physical Modeling Inputs

9.3.4 Saving the Case File

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Two-Dimensional Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step

9.4 Solving the Problem The k- Solution

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9.4.2 Starting the Calculation

Direction Segment Length of Cells

ACTION RETURN =NEXT,LEFT,RIGHT,UP,DOWN,QUIT,:

ACTION RETURN =NEXT,LEFT,RIGHT,UP,DOWN,QUIT,:

The solution converges after about 600 iterations Figure 9.6.1.

ACTION RETURN =NEXT,LEFT,RIGHT,UP,DOWN,QUIT,:

ACTION RETURN =NEXT,LEFT,RIGHT,UP,DOWN,QUIT,: VIEW-ALPHANUMERICSQ