NETWORKING

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model There are 7 layers in the OSI model. Each layer is responsible for a particular aspect of data communication.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer

y Application Layer: Provides network services to user applications. It is responsible for exchanging information between programs running on the machine, such as an e-mail program, and other services running on a network, such as a print server or another computers' application. y Presentation Layer: Examples of format conversions include ASCII text for documents and .gif and JPG for images. This layer performs code conversion, data translation, compression and encryption.

y Session Layer: Determines how two devices establish, maintain and manage a connection - how they talk to each other. These connections are called sessions. y Transport Layer: Responsible for breaking the data into segments, establishing an end-to-end logical connection between machines, and providing for error handling.

y Network Layer: Responsible for determining addressing on the network, determining the routes that information will take on its journey, and managing network traffic congestion. Data at this level is packaged into packets. y Data Link Layer: Provides the link for how data, packaged into frames is communicated through hardware to be transported across a medium notification.

y Physical Layer: Specifies how data is processed into bits and physically transferred over medium, such as cables. It's responsible for activating and maintaining the physical link between systems.

TCP/IP Overview
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer

y In the above layers the 1st three layers are depends on the operating system. y The above 1st three layers can be said as application layer. y The transport layer is the data transmission layer said as transport layer. y The network layer is used for IP addressing the internet said as internet layer. y The data link and physical layers are used for finding MAC address and electrical lines like binary coding(0&1) is said to be network layer.

IP Addressing In a TCP/IP environment, end stations communicate seamlessly with servers or other end stations. This communication occurs because each node using the TCP/IP protocol suite has a unique 32-bit logical IP address. Each IP datagram includes the source IP address and destination IP address that identifies the source and destination network and host. This IP addressing is classified into 5 types 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Class A address Class B address Class C address Class D address Class E address

Class A addresses
y y y

The first bit is 0. Range of network numbers: 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0 Number of possible networks: 127 (1-126 usable, 127 is reserved)

Class B addresses
y y y

The first two bits are 10. Range of network numbers: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0 Number of possible networks: 16,384

Class C addresses
y y y

The first three bits are 110. Range of network numbers: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0 Number of possible networks: 2,097,152

Class D addresses include the following:

y

Range of network numbers: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

Class E addresses include the following: y Range of network numbers: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.0 y It is used for experimentation purpose.

BROADCAST TECHNIQUES
Unicast Unicast packets are sent from host to host. The communication is from a single host to another single host. There is one device transmitting a message destined for one reciever. Broadcast y Broadcast is when a single device is transmitting a message to all other devices in a given address range. This broadcast could reach all hosts on the subnet, all subnets, or all hosts on all subnets.. Multicast y Multicast is a special protocol for use with IP. Multicast enables a single device to communicate with a specific set of hosts, not defined by any standard IP address and mask combination. This allows for communication that resembles a conference call.

Hub
Hub are used in Ethernet bases 10 and bases 100. Hub is the simplest concentrator. It is practically only one repeater (it is its French name). It amplifies the signal to be able to transfer it towards all connected PC. The HUB are characterized by a number of connection: 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 24...

Network switch.
Of appearance, it is equivalent to a HUB. The HUB'S default is that all information forwards towards all the PC. A switch recognizes the various computers, servers, routers, printers and firewall connected on the network. The majority of the switch can use the duplex Full mode.

Routers.
The hub and switch make it possible to connect equipment forming part of the same class of address in IP or of the same sub-network (other protocols). For recall, an address IP of an apparatus connected to a network is single. It is of type X.X.X.X, for example 212.52.36.98. Values X can vary from 0 to 255. Address IP consists of 32 bits and a mask also coded on 32 bits.

BY ARJUN 08821A0427