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EIO

(m), g, mg
X

(V), L, mL cm3
g
m
g
g
= ,
L cm3 mL
V

(.. Na+, Ca2+, NH4+)

(S2, Cl, OH, ...)

9 A (P = 1atm, = 25C)
M

2, 2, 2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

3 ()

P4, As4, Sb4

9
(p)

(n)
(e)

p + n

: p = e

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A

9 K -

()

9
% w/w:
g 100g

% w/v:
g 100ml

% v/v:
ml 100ml

ppm:

ppd:


(C = n):
v
mol 1L
1000ml
2

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A

, .

+1

Ba, Ca, Mg, Zn

+2

+1, (1)

Al

+3

Cl, Br, I

1, (+1, +3, +5, +7)

Cu, Hg

+1, +2

2, (+4, +6)

Fe, Ni

+2, +3

N, P

3, (+3, +5)

Pb, Sn

+2, +4

C, Si

4, +4

Mn

+2, +4, +7

2, (1, +2)

, Na, Ag

9
NO3

ClO4

ClO3

SO4

ClO2

SO32

ClO

PO4

SO4

CO32

PO42

nO4

2PO4

Cr2O72

HCO3

CrO42

4+

CN

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(.. Cl, Br, ...)

1. : x
(.. SO4)

.. HCl, HCN, ...

.. 3, 2SO4

M (x = 1)
.. HCl, HNO3, ...

(x 2)

.. H2SO4, H3PO4, ...

: HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4

A: .

: +
.. 2S
O: +
.. NO3:

2. : ()x :

.. a, Ca(OH)2, ...

.. 3, (.. CH3NH2)

Mo (x = 1)

.. aOH, KOH, NH3

(x 2)

.. Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

:
A: 3,
: + .. Ca(OH)2
3. : xy : 4+
:

.. N2S

O .. K2C3

: (-()) +
.. F
O: +
.. g2(P4)3

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4. : 2x :

.. SO3, N2O5, ...

.. Na2O, CaO, ...

.. l2O3, ZnO, ...

O: +
.. gO .

.
..
CO
CO2

1.
i)
) o + + 2
.. Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O
) +
.. 3 + Cl N4Cl
) + + 2
.. SO3 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O
+ + 2
.. 2O + 2SO4 K2SO4 + H2O
+
.. N2O5 + CaO Ca(NO3)2
ii)
) o1 + 1 o2 + 2
.. 23 + aCl2 Ba(NO3)2 + 2HCl
) 1 + 1 2 + 2
.. Ca()2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaOH
) 1 + 2 3 + 4
.. aCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3

:
1.
2.
3.
4, 2CO3
2SO3,
4 3 + 2, 2CO3 CO2 + 2, 2SO3 SO2 + 2
..
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
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NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + NH3 + H2O
Na2SO3 + 2HBr 2NaBr + SO2 + H2O

A:
HF, HCl, HBr, HI, H2S, HCN, SO2, CO2, NH3
I:
gCl, AgBr, AgI, BaSO4, CaSO4, PbSO4
2CO3, Na2CO3, (NH4)2CO3
: K2S, Na2S, (NH4)2S
: KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
2.
i)

2 + 32 23
2 + Cl2 2Cl
ii)
2HgO 2g + O2
iii)
) 1 + 1 2 + 2
.. n + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
) + + 2
.. n + 2Cl ZnCl2 + 2
) + ... + 2
.. a + 2O NaOH + 12
2
Mg + 2O MgO + 2

: , a, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb H Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt

A: F2, Cl2, Br2, O2, I2, S

N
m
mol n = = ( )
Mr
NA
: Avogadro

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A
V
mol n = ( , )
Vm
STP (P = 1atm = 25C) Vm = 22,4 L

:
PV = nRT

L atm
R = 0,082
molK

:
Po V = n RT

= 273 +

P1V = n1RT
1atm = 760mmHg

mol -
P1
n1
P1
n1
= = ,
P2
n2
P
n

mol -
V1
n1
V1
n1
= = ,
V2
n2
V
n

Palton:
P = P1 + P2 + ... + Pv

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