Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

References: 1.Handbook of water and wastewater treatment, Frank R. Spellman, CRC 2003. 2.Water Treatment Handbook, Degrremont, 1979. 3.Waste- water Treatment Technologies: a General Review , United Nations , New York, 2003. 4. Historical aspects of wastewater treatment , P. F. Cooper 5.Process Chemistry for Water and Wastewater Treatment, Larry D. Benefield, Joseph F. Judkins and L. Weand, Prentice-Hall, NJ 1982.
Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

Syllabus Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

Overview Physical unit operations Chemical unit operations Biological unit operations

Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

Overview

Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

EARLY HISTORIC TIMES

Mesopotamian empire (3500 to 2500 BC) some homes were connected to a storm water drain system to carry away wastes. In Babylon there were latrines which were connected to 18 inch (450 mm) diameter ver cal sha s lined with perforated clay pipes leading to cesspools.
Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

THE AGE OF SANITARY ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1750 TO 1950

Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

The age of miasmas, disease, a shortage of safe water and development: 1750-1950

This period is characterised by a high population growth in the new industrial cities, leading to high population densities. The increasing death rates are now known to be related to water and waste-borne disease.

Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

General goals of wastewater treatment

A. Pollution prevention: To protect the environment elements such as groundwater , soil , marine life , air, sea shore and recreation sites. B. Protection of public health: C. Reuse of the treated effluent For agriculture, groundwater recharge, industrial recycle, or any other usage. D. Solving social problems caused by the accumulation of wastewater.

Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

1. What is wastewater ? Wastewater is created when the water supply to communities , industries or any activity is mixed with solids. Thus wastewater simply is: Wastewater = clean water supply + solids The percent of solids in domestic wastewater is very small , from 0.1 to1% only. 2. What do we mean by wastewater treatment ? Wastewater treatment is simply the separation of solids from water. 3. How can we separate solids from water ? There are many methods used to separate solids from water: - Physical methods - Chemical methods - Biological methods
Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

Basic Wastewater Treatment Processes

Physical: Physical processes were some of the earliest methods to remove solids from wastewater, usually by passing wastewater through screens to remove debris and solids. In addition, solids that are heavier than water will settle out from wastewater by gravity. Particles with entrapped air float to the top of water and can also be removed. These physical processes are employed in many modern wastewater treatment facilities today. Biological: In nature, bacteria and other small organisms in water consume organic matter in sewage, turning it into new bacterial cells, carbon dioxide, and other by-products. The bacteria normally present in water must have oxygen to do their part in breaking down the sewage. In the 1920s, scien sts observed that these natural processes could be contained and accelerated in systems to remove organic material from wastewater. With the addition of oxygen to wastewater, masses of microorganisms grew and rapidly metabolized organic pollutants. Any excess microbiological growth could be removed from the wastewater by physical processes. Chemical: Chemicals can be used to create changes in pollutants that increase the removal of these new forms by physical processes. Simple chemicals such as alum, lime or iron salts can be added to wastewater to cause certain pollutants, such as phosphorus, to floc or bunch together into large, heavier masses which can be removed faster through physical processes. Over the past 30 years, the chemical industry has developed synthetic inert chemicals know as polymers to further improve the physical separation step in wastewater treatment. Polymers are often used at the later stages of treatment to improve the settling of excess microbiological growth or biosolids.
Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

4. How can we select the separa on ( treatment) method? The separation method ( physical, chemical, or biological) depends on the type of the solid to be separated or removed from water. 5. So, What are the types of solids exis ng in wastewater? solids in WW are: a. Gig floatable solids: (separated physically by screens) b. Grit and sand: (separated physically by grit removal channels) c. Suspended solids: i. Settleable : (separated physically by sedimentation tanks) ii .non settleable: 1. oatable (separated physically by oata on tanks ) 2. colloidal (separated indirectly biologically or by chemical and physical methods coagulation followed by filtration tanks) d. Dissolved solids: i. organic (separated biologically by biological treatment tanks) ii. Inorganic (separated chemical treatment tanks)

Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

6. So what are the technical goals of Wastewater treatment? a. Separation of solids from liquid b. Stabilization of separated solids c . disinfection of pathogenic micro-organisms d. Proper reuse or disposal of treated liquid and solids

Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

 Chemical parameters associated with the organic content of waste-water include: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total oxygen demand (TOD). Inorganic chemical parameters include: salinity, hardness, pH, acidity and alkalinity, as well as concentrations of ionized metals such as iron and manganese, and anionic entities such as chlorides, sulfates, sulfides, nitrates and phosphates. Bacteriological parameters include coliforms, fecal coliforms, specific pathogens, and viruses.
Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

Typical composition of untreated domestic wastewater

Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment

IMPORTANT CONTAMINANTS IN WASTE-WATER

Suspended solids (SS) can lead to development of sludge deposits and anaerobic conditions when untreated wastewater is discharged to the aquatic environment. Biodegradable organics are principally made up of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. They are commonly measured in terms of BOD and COD. If discharged into inland rivers, streams or lakes, their biological stabilization can deplete natural oxygen resources and cause septic conditions that are detrimental to aquatic species. Pathogenic organisms found in waste-water can cause infectious diseases. Priority pollutants, including organic and inorganic compounds, may be highly toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic. Refractory organics that tend to resist conventional wastewater treatment include surfactants, phenols and agricultural pesticides. Heavy metals usually added by commercial and industrial activities must be removed for reuse of the waste-water. Dissolved inorganic constituents such as calcium, sodium and sulfate are often initially added to domestic water supplies, and may have to be removed for waste-water reuse.
Unit Operations of Wastewater Treatment