COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Electronics Engineering Department

OSCILLOSCOPE Experiment no. 2 ECE 322N-1F; 1:30-4:30

Lanag, Rodney Jay E. 20081126752 Date performed: July 07, 2010 Date Submitted: July 28, 2010

Engr.Handig Professor

GRADE

THEORETICAL DISCUSSION An oscilloscope (also known as a scope, CRO or, an O-scope) is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences using the vertical or 'Y' axis, plotted as a function of time, (horizontal or 'x' axis). Although an oscilloscope displays voltage on its vertical axis, any other quantity that can be converted to a voltage can be displayed as well. In most instances, oscilloscopes show events that repeat with either no change or change slowly. Oscilloscopes are commonly used to observe the exact wave shape of an electrical signal. In addition to the amplitude of the signal, an oscilloscope can show distortion, measure frequency, the time between two events (such as pulse width or pulse rise time) and relative timing of two related signals. Some oscilloscopes can analyze and display the frequency spectrum of a repetitive event. These are called spectrum analyzers, and depending on the analyzer, can display spectra from audio frequency well into the Gigahertz range. Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, medicine, engineering, and telecommunications industry. General-purpose instruments are used for maintenance of electronic equipment and laboratory work. Special-purpose oscilloscopes may be used for such purposes as analyzing an automotive ignition system, or to display the waveform of the heartbeat as an electrocardiogram. Originally all oscilloscopes used cathode ray tubes as their display element and linear amplifiers for signal processing, (commonly referred to as CROs) however, modern oscilloscopes have LCD or LED screens, fast analog-to-digital converters and digital signal processors. Although not as commonplace, some oscilloscopes used storage CRTs to display single events for a limited time. Oscilloscope peripheral modules for general purpose laptop or desktop personal computers use the computer's display, allowing them to be used as test instruments.

DISPLAY AND APPEARANCE The basic oscilloscope is typically divided into four sections: the display, vertical controls, horizontal controls and trigger controls. The display is usually a CRT or LCD panel which is laid out with both horizontal and vertical reference lines referred to as the graticule. In addition to the screen, most display sections are equipped with three basic controls, a focus knob, an intensity knob and a beam finder button. I.CALIBRATION 1. Oscilloscope Screen Oscilloscopes have an x axis and a y axis. The x axis is horizontal and represents time in seconds (s). The y axis is vertical and represents voltage in volts (v). 2. First, set all of the buttons and switches to their normal positions. This means, all push button switches should be in the out position, all slide switches in the up position, all rotating dials are centered, and the TIME/DIV and VOLTS/DIV and the HOLD OFF are in the Calibrated (CAL) position. 3. Time-Div Set the VOLTS/DIV to 1V/DIV. 4. Set the TIME/DIV control to 2s/DIV 5. Switch the power to ON. You should now see the trace moving across the screen. 6. Y-Position Control Locate the Y-POS control. This will allow you to move the trace up or down the screen. Adjust the trace so that it runs horizontally across the center of the screen. 7. Now locate the INTENSITY and FOCUS controls. These will allow you to control how bright the trace is and whether it is sharp or blurry.

8. Time/Div Control The TIME/DIV will control the horizontal scale of the graph. As you change this setting to a smaller number, the trace will move across the screen faster. 9. The VOLTS/DIV control will determine the vertical scale of the graph. Set the control to where you can see the entire vertical motion on the screen. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS/DATA II. AC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT

Transformer Measured Output Voltage

3V

8.96V

6V

17.98V

9V

26.4V

12V

35.4V

III. SIGNAL & FREQUENCY & AMPLITUDE MEASUREMENT Function Measured Period( General Frequency Frequency 1kHz 10kHz 100kHz 1MHz 1.176Hz 6.932kHz 97.09kHz 961.5kHz 0.85 0.14 0.01 0.00104

SQUARE WAVE

Function General Amplitude 10%

Measured Amplitude 1.04V

20%

3.6V

50%

9.8V

75%

16.6V

100%

25.8V

SINE WAVE Function General Amplitude 10% Measured Amplitude 1.84V

20%

3.52V

50%

9.44V

75%

18.4V

100%

32.2V

GRAPHS: 1 kHz 100 kHz

10 kHz

1 MHz

Sine Wave (1 unit:1) 10 %

20 %

50 %

75 %

100 %

Square Wave (1 unit:1) 10 %

20 %

50 %

75 %

100 %

EXPERIMENTAL DISCUSSION The basic oscilloscope is typically divided into four sections: the display, vertical controls, horizontal controls and trigger controls. The display is usually a CRT or LCD panel which is laid out with both horizontal and vertical reference lines referred to as the graticule. In addition to the screen, most display sections are equipped with three basic controls, a focus knob, an intensity knob and a beam finder button. The vertical section controls the amplitude of the displayed signal. This section carries a Voltsper-Division (Volts/Div) selector knob, an AC/DC/Ground selector switch and the vertical (primary) input for the instrument. Additionally, this section is typically equipped with the vertical beam position knob. The horizontal section controls the time base or sweep of the instrument. The primary control is the Seconds-per-Division (Sec/Div) selector switch. Also included is a horizontal input for plotting dual X-Y axis signals. The horizontal beam position knob is generally located in this section. The trigger section controls the start event of the sweep. The trigger can be set to automatically restart after each sweep or it can be configured to respond to an internal or external event. The principal controls of this section will be the source and coupling selector switches. An external trigger input (EXT Input) and level adjustment will also be included. CONCLUSION Based on our experiment, an engineering student must know how to manipulate analog and digital oscilloscope because when we are already in our fields, we dont know what of those two are will going to use. In order to do the experiment, the team work of the group is very significant at all times, because if there is teamwork, the possibility of determining the datas will achieve very fast. RECOMMENDATION In this experiment, I recommend that in order to make our work faster in getting datas in the oscilloscope, digital oscilloscope is much better and more efficient because the data that will going to compute are already in the screen of it. But, as an engineering student we should be able to know how to manipulate analog and digital oscilloscope. EXPERIMENT SUMMARY Oscilloscopes are commonly used to observe the exact wave shape of an electrical signal. In addition to the amplitude of the signal, an oscilloscope can show distortion, measure frequency, the time between two events (such as pulse width or pulse rise time) and relative timing of two related signals. Some oscilloscopes can analyze and display the frequency spectrum of a repetitive event.

These are called spectrum analyzers, and depending on the analyzer, can display spectra from audio frequency well into the Gigahertz range. The basic oscilloscope is typically divided into four sections: the display, vertical controls, horizontal controls and trigger controls. The display is usually a CRT or LCD panel which is laid out with both horizontal and vertical reference lines referred to as the graticule. In addition to the screen, most display sections are equipped with three basic controls, a focus knob, an intensity knob and a beam finder button.

GLOSSARY Oscilloscope- is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages. X-axis- is the horizontal axis of a two-dimensional plot in Cartesian coordinates that is conventionally oriented to point to the right (left figure). In three dimensions, the x-, y-, and z- are usually arranged so as to form a right-handed coordinate system. Y-axis- is the vertical axis of a two-dimensional plot in Cartesian coordinates. Physicists and astronomers sometimes call this axis the ordinate, although that term is more commonly used to refer to coordinates along the y-axis. Voltage- is a short name for the electrical force that would drive an electric current between those points. - is the total energy required to move a small electric charge along that path, divided by the magnitude of the charge. Graticule- is a transparent scale in front of a cathode-ray oscilloscope or other measuring instrument. Cathode-ray tube- is a vacuum tube that produces images when its phosphorescent surface is struck by electron beams. Frequency- is the number of waves that pass a fixed point per unit time; also, the number of cycles or vibrations undergone in unit time by a body in periodic motion. LCD (Liquid-Crystal display) - is a low-power flat-panel display used in many laptop computers, calculators and digital watches, made up of a liquid crystal that is sandwiched between layers of glass or plastic and becomes opaque when electric current passes through it. LED (light-emitting diode) - A semiconductor diode that converts electric energy into

electromagnetic radiation at a visible and near infrared frequencies when its pn junction is forward biased.
Spectrum Analyzer- is a test instrument used to show the distribution of energy contained in the frequencies emitted by a pulse magnetron; also used to measure the Q of resonant cavities and lines, and to measure the cold impedance of a magnetron.

REFERENCES: Answers.com http://mathworld.wolfram.com/y-Axis.html http://mathworld.wolfram.com/x-Axis.html http://www.ehow.com/how_4526145_calibrate-an-oscilloscope.html http://en.wikipedia.org