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INTERNSHIP REPORT
UBAID URE REHMAN. BAHRIA ISTITUE OF MANAGEMENT AND COMPUTER SCIENCES, ISLAMABAD 19/9/2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
About PTCL.3
PSTN..19
SS7 Protocol..22
EWSD32
Fiber optics...38
ABOUT PTCL
Company Profile Historical Background Vision of PTCL Mission of PTCL Core Values Organizational Structure
COMPANY PROFILE:
PTCL is the largest telecommunication provider in Pakistan with employee strength of 30,089. It is also the largest CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) operator in the country with 0.8 million V-fone customers. Moreover, the company maintains a leading position in Pakistan as an infrastructure provider to other telecom operators and corporate customers of the country. PTCL has laid optical fiber Access network in the major metropolitan centers of Pakistan and it has modernized and upgraded the local loop services from copper to optical network.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
y y y y y y y y 1947- Establishment of Posts & Telegraph Dept 1961- Establishment of Pakistan Telegraph & Telephone Dept (T&T) 1990-91-Establishment of Pakistan Telecom Corporation (PTC) 1995- About 5% of PTC assets transferred to PTA, FAB (Frequency Allocation Board) & NTC(National Telecommunication Corporation). 1996- PTCL Formulation and listing on all Stock Exchanges of Pakistan. 1998- Establishment of Mobile (Ufone) & Internet (PakNet) subsidiaries. 2006- Etisalat Takes Over.
In April 2006, Emirates Telecommunication Corporation, which is commonly known as Etisalat, acquired 26% shares of PTCL. Etisalat has been the telecommunications service provider in the UAE since 1976 and stands 140th among the Financial Times Top 500 Corporations in the world in terms of market capitalization, and is ranked as the 6th largest
company in the Middle East in terms of capitalization and revenues.
Etisalat is currently operating in 14 countries namely UAE, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sudan, Niger, Ivory Coast, Benin, Togo, Tanzania, Bukina Paso, Gabon, and Central African Republic and is continuing to pursue new mobile and fixed line opportunities in many growth markets. Management has started another mega project from August, 2008 with MCKINZIE, a management consulting firm, which aims at revamping the HR policies, Processes and Organizational structures in order to convert PTCL from public entity to corporate entity. Now a days PTCL management is adopting new market oriented strategies to become the telecom icon in Pakistan.
VISION OF PTCL:
To be the leading Information and Communication Technology Service Provider in the region by achieving customer satisfaction and maximizing shareholders value.
MISSION OF PTCL:
To achieve our vision by having: y y y y y An organizational environment that fosters professionalism, motivation & quality. An environment that is cost effective & quality conscious. Services that are based on the most optimum technology. Quality & Time Conscious Customer service. Sustained growth in earnings & profitability
CORE VALUES:
y y y y Professional Integrity Customer Satisfaction Teamwork Company Loyalty
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE:
CONSUMER SERVICES:
1-PSTN (Public Switch Telephone Network):
This service is available on conventional fixed line phone. This service includes convenient features and options like Caller-ID, Call Forwarding, Call Waiting, Conference Calling, Call Barring and Do not Disturb.
2-VFONE:
It is a replacement of fixed line phone mainly in the areas where there is not network availability. PTCL has built-up capacity of 2.6M covering over 10,000 urban, suburban and rural villages. The network is enabled for Voice, Dialup-Internet access (115kbps) and EVDO Broadband.
3-BROADBAND:
PTCL is offering high speed broadband to its consumers for high speed internet connectivity with easy downloads & uploads. Free DSL modems are offered to the customers while special discounted student package is offered to the students as well.
8-PTCL DIRECT:
PTCL direct is a pre-paid international calling service for making calls from the UK to Pakistan. Customers can purchase credit online (using a credit card) and make calls to any number in Pakistan direct through PTCL. The calls will be charged according to prescribed PTCL tariffs.
CORPORATE SERVICES:
1-UAN (Universal Access Number):
UAN (Universal Access Number) consists of 6 digits, preceded by 3 digit code of 111, common to all UANs. UAN operates on existing telephone connection without disturbing normal phone number. UAN never changes, if you move your office or your normal telephone number is changed, your UAN will remain unchanged. UAN can be accessed from other cities by dialing the area code first.
3-Business DSL:
PTCLs business DSL solution provides a reliable, business-class broadband connectivity, which will help the customers to download software and large files, research the web and communicate with their business associates and business partners.
5-IP CONNECTS:
The IP Connect service is based on Internet Protocol Virtual Private Networks (IP-VPN), which allows companies with locations spread out in PAKISTAN to connect and transfer data on a private and secure way over reliable robust network infrastructure.
9-CALL CENTERS:
International Call Centers: Call centers operate through a 0800 Toll-Free Service, wherein overseas customers' calls are routed to Pakistan or overseas destinations through VoIP (Voice over internet protocol) technology where trained agents are ready to respond to the queries of the customers. This service however involves certain human resource requisites like communication skills and customer handling to be arranged by the subscribers. Domestic Call Centers: Domestic Call Centers also operate through 0800 Toll-Free Service, wherein customers calls are routed to a call center where trained agents respond to the inquiries of the customers. This
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service however involves certain human resource requisites like communication skills and customer handling to be arranged by the subscribers.
10-AUDIO CONFERENCE:
PTCL offers audio conferencing services for Corporate Customers with up to 120 participants per conference. Audio conferencing services are easy to use with interesting billing packages, designed for maximum user comfort and convenience with web integrated interface. Audio Conferencing allows organizations to conduct virtual meetings between clients/customers/staff both locally and internationally.
11-INTERNATIONAL IP-SERVICES:
PTCL is the largest IP services carrier in Pakistan with extensive international peering capacity. It provides secure and reliable VoIP solutions catering to the requirements of LDIs and other operators in the marketplace. PTCL provides dedicated IPs to other organizations that would help them to transfer data with increased security and connectivity.
13-PTCL PAYPHONE:
This service operates like a PCO. It is compatible with a call centre solution and generates printed receipts at the end of call at call centre. PTCL payphone provide Wide Area Network coverage, quality service, best speech quality, and reliability.
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A Telephone Exchange is a system of electronic components grouped for the connection of different calls, data, internet e.t.c
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HISTORY:
y y
Initially manual telephone exchanges. Switching of one terminal of a telephone line to another.
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SWITCHING:
y y Connection of calls. All the protocols associated to connection of calls. Brain of exchange.
y MDF:
y y
Main Distribution Frame. Interconnects main equipments inside the exchange with the cables going outside the exchange building up to the subscribers.
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MDF:
Long steel rack accessible from both sides. Cables coming from exchange are terminated at horizontal blocks. Cables going out of exchange are connected to vertical blocks. Fuse strips.
INSIDE PLANT:
MDF is the point where the local exchange ends, so the Local exchange and MDF are known as INSIDE PLANT.
OUTSIDE PLANT:
All the cables, towers, poles, cabinets till the DP are referred as the Outside Plant.
CABINET:
Metallic bar used for further connections to the subscribers. Secondary wire. The calls can be tapped from the cabinet.
DP:
Stands for Demarcation Point. Normally contains 10 connections or pairs of wires. Drop Wires. Located at the Telephone Pole.
FIBER OPTICS
Definition How Fiber works The Design of Fiber Fiber Geometry Joining the Optical Fibers
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FIBER-OPTICS
DEFINITION:
Fiber-optic communications is based on the principle that light in a glass medium can carry more information over longer distances than electrical signals can carry in a copper or coaxial medium or radio frequencies through a wireless medium. With few transmission losses, low interference, and high bandwidth potential, optical fiber is an almost ideal transmission medium.
An optical fiber consists of two different types of highly pure, solid glass, composed to form the core and cladding. A protective acrylate coating then surrounds the cladding. In most cases, the protective coating is a dual layer composition. A protective coating is applied to the glass fiber as the final step in the manufacturing process. This coating protects the glass from dust and scratches that can affect fiber strength. This protective coating can be comprised of two layers: a soft inner layer that cushions the fiber and allows the coating to be stripped from the glass mechanically and a harder outer layer that protects the fiber during handling, particularly the cabling, installation, and termination processes.
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Multimode fiber was the first type of fiber to be commercialized. It has a much larger core than single-mode fiber, allowing hundreds of modes of light to propagate through the fiber simultaneously. Additionally, the larger core diameter of multimode fiber facilitates the use of lower-cost optical transmitters (such as light emitting diodes [LEDs]) and connectors. Singlemode fiber, on the other hand, has a much smaller core that allows only one mode of light at a time to propagate through the core. While it might appear that multimode fibers have higher capacity, in fact the opposite is true. Single mode fibers are designed to maintain spatial and spectral integrity of each optical signal over longer distances, allowing more information to be transmitted. Its tremendous information-carrying capacity and low intrinsic loss have made single-mode fiber the ideal transmission medium for a multitude of applications. Single-mode fiber is typically used for longer distance and higher-bandwidth applications. Multimode fiber is
used primarily in systems with short transmission distances (under 2 km), such as premises communications, private data networks, and parallel optic applications.
OPTICAL FIBER SIZES: The international standard for outer cladding diameter of most single-mode optical fibers is 125 microns ( m) for the glass and 245 m for the coating. This standard is important because it
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ensures compatibility among connectors, splices, and tools used throughout the industry. Standard single-mode fibers are manufactured with a small core size, approximately 8 to 10 m in diameter. Multimode fibers have core sizes of 50 to 62.5 m in diameter. STRENGTH OF OPTICAL FIBRES: One common misconception about optical fiber is that it must be fragile because it is made of glass. In fact, research, theoretical analysis, and practical experience prove that the opposite is true. While traditional bulk glass is brittle, the ultrapure glass of optical fibers exhibits both high tensile strength and extreme durability. How strong is fiber? Figures like 600 or 800 thousand pounds per square inch are often cited, far more than coppers capability of 100 pounds per square inch. That figure refers to the ultimate tensile strength of fiber produced today. Fibers real, rather than theoretical; strength is 2 million pounds per square inch. LIFE EXPECYANCY: Fiber is designed and manufactured to provide a lifetime of service, provided it is cabled and installed according to recommended procedures. Life expectancy can be extrapolated from many tests. These test results, along with theoretical analysis, support the prediction of long service life. Environmental issues are also important to consider when evaluating a fibers mechanical and reliability performance. BENDING PARAMETRES: Optical fiber and cable are easy to install because it is lightweight, small in size, and flexible. Nevertheless, precautions are needed to avoid tight bends, which may cause loss of light or premature fiber failure. Experience and testing show that bare fiber can be safely looped with bend diameters as small as two to three inches, depending on allowable optical loss. Splice trays and other fiber-handling equipment, such as racks, are designed to prevent fiber-installation errors.
FIBER GEOMETRY:
Fiber geometry is the key factor which should be taken care while splicing the optical fibers. Fiber that exhibits tightly controlled geometry tolerances will not only be easier and faster to splice but will also reduce the need for testing by ensuring predictable, high-quality splice performance. This is particularly true when fibers are spliced by passive, mechanical, or fusion techniques for both single fibers and fiber ribbons. In addition, tight geometry tolerances lead to the additional benefit of flexibility in equipment choice. The benefits of tighter geometry tolerances can be significant. In todays fiber intensive architectures, it is estimated that splicing and testing can account for more than 30 percent of the total labor costs of system installation. The three fiber geometry parameters that have the greatest impact on splicing performance include the following:
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Cladding diameter: the outside diameter of the cladding glass region. Core/clad concentricity (or core-to-cladding offset): how well the core is centered in the cladding glass region. Fiber curl: the amount of curvature over a fixed length of fiber. CLADDING DIAMETER: The cladding diameter tolerance controls the outer diameter of the fiber, with tighter tolerances ensuring that fibers are almost exactly the same size. During splicing, inconsistent cladding diameters can cause cores to misalign where the fibers join, leading to higher splice losses. The drawing process controls cladding diameter tolerance, and depending on the manufacturers skill level, can be very tightly controlled. CORE OR CLAD CONCENTRICITY: Tighter core/clad concentricity tolerances help ensure that the fiber core is centered in relation to the cladding. This reduces the chance of ending up with cores that do not match up precisely when two fibers are spliced together. A core that is precisely centered in the fiber yields lowerloss splices more often. Core/clad concentricity is determined during the first stages of the manufacturing process, when the fiber design and resulting characteristics are created. During these lay down and consolidation processes, the dopant chemicals that make up the fiber must be deposited with precise control and symmetry to maintain consistent core/clad concentricity performance throughout the entire length of fiber. FIBER CURL Fiber curl is the inherent curvature along a specific length of optical fiber that is exhibited to some degree by all fibers. It is a result of thermal stresses that occur during the manufacturing process. Therefore, these factors must be rigorously monitored and controlled during fiber manufacture. Tighter fiber-curl tolerances reduce the possibility that fiber cores will be misaligned during splicing, thereby impacting splice loss. Some mass fusion splicers use fixed vgrooves for fiber alignment, where the effect of fiber curl is most noticeable.
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Splices, which form permanent connections between fibers in the system. Connectors, which provide remittable connections, typically at termination points. FUSION SPLICING: Fusion splicing provides a fast, reliable, low-loss, fiber-to-fiber connection by creating a homogenous joint between the two fiber ends. The fibers are melted or fused together by heating the fiber ends, typically using an electric arc. Fusion splices provide a high-quality joint with the lowest loss (in the range of 0.01 dB to .10 dB for single-mode fibers) and are practically not reflective. MECHANICAL SPLICING: Mechanical splicing is an alternative method of making a permanent connection between fibers. In the past, the disadvantages of mechanical splicing have been slightly higher losses, lessreliable performance, and a cost associated with each splice. However, advances in the technology have significantly improved performance. System operators typically use mechanical splicing for emergence restoration because it is fast, inexpensive, and easy. (Mechanical splice losses typically range from 0.05.0.2 dB for single-mode fiber.) CONNECTORS: Connectors are used in applications where flexibility is required in routing an optical signal from lasers to receivers, wherever reconfiguration is necessary, and in terminating cables. These remateable connections simplify system reconfigurations to meet changing customer requirements.
UNDER SPECIAL GOVERNESS OF: Sir Ghulam Mustafa (S.D.O) Sir Zahid (M.D.F) S.E F.8 Exchange Islamabad
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