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Metal co-precipitation during flocculation with iron or aluminum salts is also possible for some metals (e.g., arsenic).
PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT
Many heavy metals are amphoteric. Therefore their solubility reaches a minimum at a specific pH (different for each metal).
Pb
10
Zn
Solubility (mg/L)
Ag
0.1
0.01
0.001
Cd Cu Ni
0.0001 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8
Cu
Ni
Solubility (mg/L)
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Zn Cd Ag Pb
-9
10
12
14
pH
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8
Cu
Ni
Solubility (mg/L)
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Zn Cd Ag Pb
-9
Sulfide salts undergo hydrolysis, partially reforming the undissociated acid: S + H2O HS + OH
-2
HS + H2O H2S + OH
Metal Complexation
Many transition metals (e.g., Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Zn) can form complexes with a number of different ligands such as hydroxides, sulfides, chlorides, cyanides, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Metal complexes (e.g., Na2Cd(CN)4, sodium cadmiocyanide) can increase the solubility of a metal far beyond what the solubility of the metal is (e.g., as hydroxide).
Cyanide Oxidation
Neutralization Precipitation
Coagulation Flocculation
Clarification
Treated Wastewater
Equalization and Partial Neutralization Chrome Reduction
Wastewater Recycle
Sludge Thickening Filtration
Acid Wastewater
Alkaline Wastewater
After EPA, Environmental Regulations and Technology: The Electroplating Industry, 1985
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