Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SCHOOL OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
REPORT
ON
POKHARA TOUR
By: Bishal Bhari(02) Pratik dotel(07) Ranendra Lakha(13) Manish Ranjit(19) Alpha Thapa(26) Rojina Haiju(37)
Submitted to:
Assist.Prof Atindra Sapkota 7th June, 2010
INTRODUCTION TO POKHARA
Pokhara is a remarkable place of natural beauty. Situated at an altitude of 827m from the sea level and 200km west of Kathmandu valley, the city is known as a center of adventure. The enchanting city with a population of around 95,000 has several beautiful lakes and offers stunning panaromic views of Himalayan peaks. The serenity of lakes and the magnificence of the Himalayas rising behind them create an ambience of peace and magic.
1. Phewa Lake
1.1Introduction
The Phewa lake is Nepals second largest lakes, and the largest one in heart of Pokhara valley. Phewa Lake is the master peace of nature that has an added glamour of water, mountain, forest and snow-filled high mountains at one place. It is the source of livelihoods apparently made out of lake tourism. However, conflicting governance structure built within prevailing policy and legal arrangements has victimized Phewa lake as common property element. Phewa lake environment is degrading. In the past, national and international supports particularly under the JICA, had extended in Pokhara for improving town improvement including restoration of Phewa lake environment. Such intervention partly contributed to improve town environment, but failed improving lake environment.
Trophically the lake changed from oligotrophic in 70s, to mesotrophic in 80s, and eutrophic by 90s (Shrestha and Jananuer, 2001).
Promotion of Ecotourism- Development of tourism has been unplanned and spontaneous. Growing urbanization and unplanned tourism development activities around the lake in absence of inadequate infrastructural facilities have depressingly affected the lakes recreational values Eco-zoning of Lake Shoreline: The effects of non-point sources such as agricultural run off are found to be greater than those of point sources of pollution such as laundry areas in the Phewa lake. Inadequate Institutional Capability: Institutional inefficiency in terms of inadequate cooperation and coordination among stakeholders has hindered effort on sustainable management of the lake resources.
2.1 Introduction
A landfill, also known as a dump or rubbish dump , is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment. Pokhara landfill site is situated far from the city area in Bachhebuduwa (ward no 18) 9 km from Prithivi highway. It lies near the converging point of Seti river and Phurse river. Its construction began in December 1997, after the need of a proper dumping site was felt necessary for the growing population of the city. The Pokhara municipal sanitary landfill is an anaerobic type landfill site. The landfill site was developed by cutting the vertical valley wall. Here both civil engineering and vegetative method has been used. It was completed on June 2003 and it was inaugurated on January 2004.
It occupies a huge area of 200 ropani, which include the landfill area of 80 ropani, treatment area of 30 ropani, composting area of 15 ropani and the rest 75 ropani includes internal road, buffer zone and other infrastructures. It was build with a massive cost of NRS 19,83,86,209 which include the following cost Access road construction Treatment plant construction Landfill area construction Equipment cost Total cost 74231314 40085774 34852154 49216926 198386209
2.4 Geo-membrane
This is the first landfill site in Nepal where geo-membrane has been used. The clay lining has not been used. Instead of clay lining, silty sand has been used. It consists of very good leachate control system. The geo- membrane has been used to channelise leachate at a point. Geomembrane is placed in the bottom of the landfill site. It is an impermeable layer that collects the leachate and directs it toward the intermittent tank where leachate is collected. After the collection of leachate it is sent to the horizontal and vertical reed bed for the purification of leachate to a standard point. Geo-membrane prevents the ground water contamination.
2.5 Leachate
Liquid that percolates through the layer of waste material during the decomposition as well as the water that seeps through the ground water and works its way out of the refuse is known as leachate. It contains high concentration of pollutants in small volume. The typical concentration of leachate of sanitary landfill is as follow Components BOD5 COD Ammonia nitrogen Chloride Total iron Zinc Lead Total polychlorinated biphenyl(PCB) residue pH Typical value 20000 mg/L 30000mg/L 500mg/L 2000mg/L 500mg/L 50mg/L 2mg/L 1.5ug/L 6.0
The leachate is then sent to horizontal and vertical reed bed to purify it pollutants to a considerable level.
The above picture shows the system of purification of horizontal reed bed.
2.8.2 Vertical Reed Bed (VRB) After the HRB has played its part the effluent from the HRB enters the VRB through the second intermittent tank. VRB occupies a total area of 2203 square meter. Vertical flow reed-bed systems are much more effective than horizontal flow reed-beds. It is not only effective in reducing BOD and SS level but is also effective in reducing ammonia level and eliminating smells. VRB can be considerably smaller and can cope with much stronger effluents.
2.12 Conclusion
Pokhara landfill site has helped to manage the waste of the Pokhara municipality. Such approach to management of waste is need in the other part of the nation. It has played a crucial role in developing proper sanitation in the tourism place like pokhara.
2.13 Recommendation
There should be a proper management of the gases that comes out from the landfill site. Such gas consist of methane and other toxic gases. It can be a threat to the environment near it . There should be a proper collection of such gas. Approach of collection of such gas and use of it as fuel gas would prove to be a proper and efficient management of such gases.
3. DAIRY INDUSTRY
3.1 Introduction
The dairy industry is comprised of milk producers, dairy co-operatives, proprietary processors and manufacturers. Milk's production and marketing characteristics shape the industry with prices coordinating the actions of producers, processors and manufacturers, marketers and consumers. Key features of milk production are its location, quantity (both aggregate and per cow), the size and distribution of herds, farm numbers and ownership, producers' financial conditions, and the ability of producers to respond to changing economic conditions. The dairy industry is shaped by the production and market characteristics of the milk. Sanitary production and handling conditions, rapid movement, refrigeration, and heat treatment are a must. The dairy industry is generally considered to be the largest source of food processing wastewater in many countries. As awareness of the importance of improved standards of wastewater treatment grows, process requirement have become increasingly stringent. Although the dairy industry is not commonly associated with severe environmental problems, it must continually consider its environmental impact-particularly as dairy pollutants are mainly of organicorigin . For dairy companies with good effluent management system in place, treatment is not a major problem, but when accidents happen the resulting publicity can be embarrassing and very costly. The problem for most dairy plants is that waste treatment is perceived to be necessary.
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3. Cheese The first process of making cheese is curd manufacturing, where pasteurized milk is mixed with rennet and a suitable starter culture. After coagulation formation and heat and mechanical treatment, whey separates from the curd and is drained. The finished curd is then salted, pressed and cured after which the cheese is coated and wrapped .during this process two types wastewater may arise: which either be disposed of or used in the production of whey powder and wastewater , which can result from a cheese rinse step used during the manufacturing of certain cheeses. 4. Butter Cream is the main raw material for manufacturing butter. During the churning process it separates into butter and buttermilk. The drained buttermilk can be powdered, cooled and packed for distribution, or discharged as wastewater. 5. Evaporated milk This type of milk is first standardized in terms of fat and dry solids content after which it is pasteurized, concentrated in an evaporator, and homogenized, then packaged, sterilized, and cooled for storage. In the production of sweetened condensed milk, sugar is added in evaporating stage and the product is cooled. 6. Ice-cream The raw materials such as water, cream, butter, milk, and whey powders are mixed, homogenized, pasteurized, and transferred to a vat for ageing, after which flavorings, colorings, and fruits are added prior to freezing. During primary freezing the mixture is partially frozen and air is incorporated to obtain the required texture. Then the containers are filled and frozen. 7. Yogurt Milk used for yogurt production is standardized in terms of fat content and fortified with milk solids. Sugar and stabilizers are added and the mixture is then heated to 60 c , homogenized, and heated again to about 95 c for 3-5 minutes. For set yogurts , the milk base is packed directly and the retail containers are incubated for the desired period, after which they are cooled and dispatched.for stirred yogurts , the milk base is incubated in bulk after which it is cooled and packaged and then distributed.
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Fats oil and grease removal The presence of fats,oil and grease in dairy processing waste water can cause all kinds of problems in biological waste water treatment system,onsite and public sewage treatment facilities.It is therefore essential to reduce if not removed grease (FOG) completely prior to further treatments.
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of settling tanks, clarifiers or sedimentation tanks. Because of variations in design, operation, and application, settling tanks can be divided into four general groups: 1. 2. 3. 4. Septic tanks Two story tanks -- Imhoff and several proprietary or patented units Plain sedimentation tank with mechanical sludge removal Upward flow clarifiers with mechanical sludge removal
When chemicals are used, other auxiliary units are employed. These are: 1. Chemical feed units 2. Mixing devices 3. Flocculators The results obtained by primary treatment, together with anaerobic sludge digestion as described later, are such that they can be compared with the zone of degradation in stream selfpurification. The use of chlorine with primary treatment is discussed under the section on Preliminary Treatment. 3.6.3 Secondary Treatment Secondary treatment depends primarily upon aerobic organisms which biochemically decompose the organic solids to inorganic or stable organic solids. It is comparable to the zone of recovery in the self-purification of a stream. The devices used in secondary treatment may be divided into four groups: 1. 2. 3. 4. Trickling filters with secondary settling tanks Activated sludge and modifications with final settling tanks Intermittent sand filters Stabilization ponds
The use of chlorine is also possible under secondary treatment. This is a method of treatment which has been employed for many purposes in all stages in wastewater treatment, and even prior to preliminary treatment. It involves the application of chlorine to the wastewater for the following purposes: 1) Disinfection or destruction of pathogenic organisms 2) Prevention of wastewater decomposition a. odor control, and b. protection of plant structures
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a. Sedimentation, b. Trickling filters, c. Activated sludge bulking 4) Reduction or delay of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) While chlorination has been commonly used over the years, especially for disinfection, other methods to achieve disinfection as well as to achieve similar treatment ends are also used. Among the most common is the use of ozone. In view of the toxicity of chlorine and chlorinated compounds for fish as well as other living forms, ozonation may be more commonly used in the future.
3.8 Conclusion
Dairy industry is a major site for waste water generation as the dairy industry is a major water user. Thus it is a potential candidate for wastewater reuse. Purified wastewater can be utilized in boilers and cooling systems as well as for washing plants, and so on. Dairy industry can benefit from such reuse. If improperly managed pollutant like grease, oil, fats can imbalance the aquatic ecosystem.
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