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Chart for Averages Chart for Standard Deviation (s) Chart for Ranges (R) Divisors Divisors to to Control Estimate Factors for Control estimate Factors for Control Limits Factor Limits Limits x x
A2 1.880 1.023 0.729 0.577 0.483 0.419 0.373 0.337 0.308 0.223 0.153
d2 1.128 1.693 2.059 2.326 2.534 2.704 2.847 2.970 3.078 3.472 3.931
D4 3.267 2.574 2.282 2.114 2.004 1.924 1.864 1.816 1.777 1.653 1.541
A3 2.659 1.954 1.628 1.427 1.287 1.182 1.099 1.032 0.975 0.789 0.606
c4 0.7979 0.8862 0.9213 0.9400 0.9515 0.9594 0.9650 0.9693 0.9727 0.9823 0.9896
B4 3.267 2.568 2.266 2.089 1.970 1.882 1.815 1.761 1.716 1.572 1.435
Control Limits
UCLX = X + A2 R
LCL
X
x
R d2
CL X = X
CLR = R
= X A2 R
UCLR = D4 R
UCLX = X + A3 S
LCL R = D3 R
CLX = X
LCL X = X A3 S
CL s = s
UCL s = B4 s
LCL s = B 3 s
s c4
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Control Divisors to Limits Estimate Factors for Control Factor Limits x Subgroup size 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
~ A2
1.880 1.187 0.796 0.691 0.548 0.508 0.433 0.412 0.362
Centerline
CL
Control Limits
UCL
~ X
~ X
~ = X
~ ~ = X + A2 R
LCL
~ X
~ = X A2 R
CLR = R
UCLR = D4 R
LCL R = D3 R
CL
= X
UCL X = X + E 2 R
LCL X = X E 2 R
CLR = R
UCLR = D4 R
LCL R = D3 R
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Control Limits
Samples not necessarily of constant size
UCL
p chart for CL p = p proportions of units in a category
pi
= p+3
p (1 p ) ni
LCL p i = p 3
p (1 p ) ni
p (1 p ) n
UCL p = p + 3
p (1 p ) n
LCL p = p 3
np chart for number / rate of units in a category c chart for number of incidences in one or more categories
CL = np np
UCLnp = np + 3 np(1 p)
UCLc = c + 3 c
LCLnp = np 3 np(1 p)
LCLc = c 3 c
CL c = c
CLu = u
u chart for number of incidences per unit in one or more categories
UCLu = u + 3
u ni
LCLu = u 3
u ni
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