Lecture 5 Beams Design for Shear & Deflection

Steel beams are usually designed solely on the basis of moment. This means that bending stresses are the critical design factor. However, under certain circumstances, shear and deflection must also be checked. 1. Design for Shear Shear in steel beams generally does not control the design EXCEPT in the following two situations: Reduced beam cross-sectional area, as with coped beams

Shear plane Normal beam

Reduced Shear plane Coped beam

Very heavy loads on short-span beam Very heavy loads

Short span

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Shear in steel beams is assumed to be carried entirely by the area of the web, Aw:

tw

Beam X-Sect

Aw = Shear area in normal beam (shaded)

Aw = Shear area in coped beam (shaded)

Design for shear is dictated in AISC Spec. G p. 16.1-64 as follows: LRFD Factored Design shear strength = vVn ASD Service Allowable shear strength = where: v = 1.00 (LRFD) v = 1.50 (ASD) Vn = nominal shear strength = 0.6FyAwCv Aw = area of web (see sketch above) = twd Cv = Web shear coefficient = 1.0 for webs of rolled I shaped shapes (Conservative) = see AISC Eq. G2-3, G2-4 and G2-5 p. 16.1-65 for other conditions
Vn v

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Example 1 (LRFD) GIVEN: A W14x26 A992 steel beam. REQUIRED: Determine the FACTORED design shear strength, vVn for the beam. Step 1 Determine area of web, Aw: Aw = twd = 0.255 in(13.9 in) = 3.54 in2 Step 2 Determine FACTORED design shear strength: vVn = 1.00(0.6FyAw)Cv = 1.00(0.6(50 KSI)(3.54 in2)1.0) vVn = 106.2 KIPS (NOTE: The values of vVn can be found directly in the Maximum Total Factored Uniform Load Table 3-6 AISC p. 3-67) tw d

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Example 2 (ASD) GIVEN: The W12x30 A992 steel beam has a 4 cope and has the SERVICE load as shown below. Disregard beam weight. REQUIRED: 1) Determine if the beam is acceptable on the basis of shear at the coped end. 2) Determine if the beam is acceptable on the basis of shear at the location of the point load.

W12x30 R2

R1

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Step 1 Determine the reaction at the left support R1: R1 =

120KIPS (7' ) 10'

= 84 KIPS Step 2 Determine ALLOWABLE shear strength in coped web at R1: 0.6 Fy Aw C v Vn = v 1.50 Aw = Area of web = twh

h = d - cope

tw

From properties, tw = web thickness = 0.260 in. d = 12.3 in. h = d cope = 12.3 4 = 8.3 Aw = twh = 0.260(8.3) = 2.16 in2
Vn 0.6(50 KSI (2.16in 2 )(1.0) = v 1.50 Vn = 43.2 KIPS < 84 KIPS UNACCEPTABLE v

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Step 3 Determine ALLOWABLE shear strength at point of load: Since the beam is not coped at this location, the design shear V strength n can be found from AISC Table 3-6 p. 3-71. v
Vn = 64.2 KIPS < 120 KIPS UNACCEPTABLE v

(Note: This example looks ONLY at shear. Very high loads also require a detailed look at connections, which will be investigated later)

Possible Fixes for High Shear: By modifying any of the variables in the design shear equation, the capacity may be increased. These include: Using a higher grade of steel (increase Fy) Use a bigger beam (increase Aw) Weld additional plates to the web (increase Aw)

New plate welded to web of beam

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2. Design for Deflection Building codes (such as the IBC) require that deflections in beams be held to a minimum for occupancy comfort as well as to reduce likelihood of cracking ceiling finishes such as plaster. It is considered to be a serviceability check. Allowable deflection limits are dictated by the codes, such as L/360 of the span. Actual deflection is calculated using SERVICE LOADS in the formulas given in the AISC p. 3-208 thru 3-226. These actual deflections are then compared against the allowable deflection.

The following allowable deflection limits for steel construction are used by the IBC: Construction Roof member supporting plaster ceiling Roof member supporting nonplaster ceiling Roof member supporting no ceiling Floor members Live Load L/360 L/240 L/180 L/360 Snow or Wind L/360 L/240 L/180 -

It should be noted that the above-noted allowable deflections are minimums. Architects and engineers often reduce the deflection limit to L/480 or even L/540 to ensure that floors are not bouncy.

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Example 3 GIVEN: The floor framing plan below. The total superimposed service dead load = 86 PSF (not including beam weight) and the service live load = 125 PSF. REQUIRED: Determine the maximum actual mid-span deflection and compare with a Live load limit = L/480 and a Dead load + Live load limit = L/240 on the W18x35 steel beam.

W24x62 girder W18x35 beam

do

4@8-0 = 32-0

Step 1 Determine the actual max. deflection considering Live load only:

From AISC p. 3-211, the maximum deflection formula is: 5wL4 max = 384 EI w = uniform live load on beam = 8(125 PSF) = 1000 PLF

1000 PLF 4 5 (25' x12" / ft ) 12 max = 384(29000000 PSI )(510in 4 )

= 0.59 in.

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do

25-0

Step 2 Determine allowable deflection of L/480 for live load only:

allow =

L 480

25'0" (12" / ft ) 480

= 0.625 in. Since allow = 0.625 > 0.59 beam is acceptable Step 3 Determine max. defl. considering Deal load + Live load:

max =

5wL4 384 EI

w = uniform dead load + live load on beam = 8(125 PSF + 86 PSF) + 35 PLF = 1723 PLF

1723PLF 4 5 (25' x12" / ft ) 12 max = 384(29000000 PSI )(510in 4 )

= 1.02 in. Step 4 Determine allowable deflection of L/240 for LL + DL:

allow =

L 240 25'0" (12" / ft ) 240

= 1.25 in. Since allow = 1.25 > 1.02 beam is acceptable

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