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Oscilloquartz SA
Contents
I. The Need for Synchronisation II. Characterizing Synchronisation Quality III. Synchronisation Distribution: General Principles IV. Synchronisation Distribution: SDH/SONET-based Solution
1. Elements 2. Architecture 3. Synchronisation Status Message (SSM)
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Contents
VI. Synchronisation Distribution: From Co-operating Network VII. Summary on Standards VIII. How to Synchronize Mixed Technology Networks
1. Mixed Technology Network Example 2. SDH and SONET Networks 3. The Public Switched Telephony Network
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Contents
VIII. How to Synchronize Mixed Technology Networks (cont d)
4. ATM Networks 5. Optical Networks 6. GSM and UMTS-FDD Radio Access Networks 7. cdmaOne and cdma2000 Radio Access Networks
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Abbreviations
Add Drop Multiplexer Asynchronous Transfer Mode Building Integrated Timing Supply bits per second 1kbit/s = 1,000 bits/s 1Mbit/s = 1,000,000 bits/s 1Gbit/s = 1,000,000,000 bit/s Constant Bit Rate Cell Delay Variation Do Not Use Digital Cross-Connect frequency First-In First-Out Global Positioning System Graphical User Interface High Stability Clock
Hz
Hertz (cycles per second) 1mHz = 0.001Hz 1 Hz = 0.000001Hz International Telecommunications Union kilo = 1,000 Loss Of Signal Line Terminal Maximum Time Interval Error Network Element Operating System pointer
PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange PDH PEC PLL Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy Plesiochronous Equipment Clock Phase Locked Loop
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Abbreviations
PRC
SSM SSU
ps/km/C pico seconds per kilometre per degree centigrade QL QOS s Quality Level Quality Of Service second 1ms = 0.001s
STM-N Synchronous Transport Module level N STS-N Synchronous Transport Signal level N TF TIE TS0 VBR VCO VC VT VTG UN W w d Transfer Function Time Interval Error Time Slot Zero Variable Bit Rate Voltage Controlled Oscillator Virtual Container Virtual Tributary Virtual Tributary Group Undefined Wander radians per second variation
SASE Stand Alone Synchronous Equipment SD SDH SC SEC Synchronisation Distribution Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SONET Clock Synchronous Equipment Clock
SETG Synchronous Equipment Timing Generator SETS Synchronous Equipment Timing Source sin SOH Sine function Section OverHead
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Frequency synchronisation
System A System B
fA = fB
Clock signal of system A TA = 1 / fA
t
Clock signal of system B TB = 1 / fB
t
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Phase synchronisation
System A System B
t
Clock signal of system B
!
t
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Time synchronisation
System A System B
14/01/00 08:34:55
14/01/00 08:34:56
14/01/00 08:34:57
t
Time signal of system B
14/01/00 08:34:55 14/01/00 08:34:56 14/01/00 08:34:57
t
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1 x 2.048 Mbit/s
2 1 2 30
Multiplexer
30
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N x 2.048 Mbit/s
Switch
1 2 34 5 6
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What is a slip?
A slip occurs when a buffer over- or underflows due to differences in timing
Slip
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Facsimile
A slip can wipe out several lines
Modem
A slip can cause several seconds of drop out
Compressed video
A slip can wipe out several lines More slips can freeze frames for several
seconds
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= = = = = = =
1 slip in 4.8 months 1 slip in 14.5 days 1 slip in 1.45 days 6.9 slips per day 2.9 slips per hour 28.8 slips per hour 4.8 slips per minute
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1 x STM-1
2
OH
1 2
63
Multiplexer
63
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TIE of E1 signal
E1 ADM NE NE
NE
E1 ADM
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BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
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Radio spectrum
Frequency
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Ideal
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Ideal
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Sampling points
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Tref(t)
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data
Master System
Slave System
data
clock
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Therefore both the master and slave systems have the same transmit and receive rates
There are no slips
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data
Network A System
Network B System
data
atomic clock
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atomic clock
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SEC
SSU
PRC
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SEC
SSU
SEC SD trail
PRC
SSU SD trail
PRC SD trail
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Causes of jitter
Phase-noise generated by clock recovery circuits in transmission network elements Phase-noise generated by low-quality equipment clocks
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Causes of wander
Temperature variations induce low-frequency phase-noise in network element clocks Temperature variations (e.g. between day and night) modify the propagation delays in transmission cables
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Filter Bandwidth
Roll-off
0.001f 0.01f
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0.1f
fpeak
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1. Elements
Clocks and Links
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Clocks
Primary Reference Clock (PRC) Node Clock or Synchronisation Supply Unit (SSU)
If it is an independent piece of equipment, then it is called a SASE (Stand-Alone Synchronisation Equipment)
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< 1 x 10-11
Based on atomic Cesium clocks
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PRC Implementation
Autonomous equipment with one or several atomic Cesium clocks Radio-controlled clock synchronized to remote atomic Cesium clocks (e.g. Global Positioning System - GPS) A combination of the above
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Attenuates the jitter and wander present at the input via narrow-band (mHz) low-pass filtering. If all reference signals are lost, maintains the last phase & frequency as good as it can (holdover mode).
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5E-10 + t x 2E-10 / day 3 mHz 1E-10 + t x 1E-10 / day 1 mHz 1E-9 + t x 1E-9 / day 1 mHz
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PDH input
external timing input (2 MHz or 1.5 Mbit/s or 2 Mbit/s) Issue 05/01 Slide 1.53
NE internal timing
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SASE
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SEC Performance
Type Application Option 1 2048 kbit/s based Option 2 1544 kbit/s based
Bandwith 1 .. 10 Hz 0.1 Hz
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2. Architecture
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Master-slave principle
A designated master clock is used as a reference frequency generator. The frequency generated by the master clock is disseminated to all other clocks which are slaved to the master clock.
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Master-slave principle
PRC
SEC SEC
= master
SEC
= slave
SEC
= slave
SSU
SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC
SSU = slave
SEC
= slave = slave
SSU = slave
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SEC
SSU
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SSU
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Link failure!
SEC
SSU
SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC
SSU
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SSU
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SSU
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max. 20 SEC
SEC
SSU max. 10 x
SEC
max. 20 SEC
SEC
max. 60 SEC
SSU
SEC
max. 20 SEC
SEC
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Summary - 1
PRC
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SEC
Node boundary
SSU
SEC
SEC
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e.g. Switch
SASE
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= Primary Reference Clock = SSU Transit Node Clock = SSU Local Node Clock = SDH Equipment Clock = Do not use
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QLQL-PRC
QLQL-PRC
QLQL-DNU
QLQL-PRC
2 1
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SSM = QL - PRC QL2 input 1 = LOS detected SEC selects input 3 input 2 = QL -PRC detected QLSEC selects input 2 QLQL-DNU QLQL-PRC QLQL-PRC
QLQL-PRC
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S G
S G
S G
S G
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G = GPS-based PRC
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GPS 1 1 1 1
GPS 2
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GPS 1 1 1 1
GPS 2
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GPS 1 1 1 1
GPS 2
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G
A B A B
G = GPS-based PRC
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Summary
The GPS provides a synchronisation source compliant to ITU-T Rec. G.811 Architectures must provide protection against failure of the GPS radio signal, e.g.:
Master-slave tree plus GPS-receivers in important nodes Cellular synchronisation distribution
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PRC
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Critical issues
The networks synchronisation performance is dependent on the quality of the synchronisation signals from the co-operating network. There must be an agreement with the cooperating operator on service level The cost to lease the synchronisation signals can be high.
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Summary on Standards
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Standardisation Bodies
International level : Regional level, Europe: USA: Industry level: e.g. Company level: e.g.
ITU : ETSI : ANSI : TIA:
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ITU
Recommendations
ETSI Legaly binding standards ANSI Legaly binding standards TIA Industry standards Internal standards
Bellcore
International Telecommunication Union European Telecommunications Standards Institute American National Standards Institute Telecommunication Industry Association http://www.oscilloquartz.com Oscilloquartz SA Slide 1.115
Electrical characteristics of digital interfaces Synchronisation layer function of SDH NEs SDH equipment functional blocks Architecture of SDH transport networks Definitions and terminology Specification for PRCs Specification for SSUs
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Specification for SECs Jitter and wander control in 2048 kbit/sbased PDH networks (incl. synch. interfaces) Jitter and wander control in 1544 kbit/sbased PDH networks (incl. synch. interfaces) Jitter and wander control in SDH networks Jitter and wander control in the OTN
G.824
G.825 G.8251
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Cross-Reference Table
Definitions Architecture ITU-T
G.810 G.803
Clocks SSM
G.704 G.832
PRC
G.811
SSU/BITS
G.812
SEC
G.813 G.781
ETSI
ETS 300 462-1 ETS 300 462-2 sync.: ETS 417-6-1 ETS 300 462-3 ETS 300 147 non sync.: ETS 302 084
ETS 300 462-6 ETS 300 462-4 ETS 300 462-5 ETS 417-6-1
ANSI Telcordia
T1.101
T1.101
T1.101 T1.105.03
T1.105.09
GR-253-CORE GR-253-CORE
GR-1244-CORE
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IP
MPLS Adaption layer
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Compressed Voice
IP
IP Ethernet
UMTS-FDD RAN
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IP Router
IP
ATM Switch
ATM
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C
RNC
MSC
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SDH/SONET Crossconnect
SDH
Wavelength Add-Drop-Multiplexer
OTN
Wavelength Crossconnect
OTN
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ATM
A A A
SDH/ SONET
S S
S S
S O
OTN
O O
O O O
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PBX
xDSL E1 or DS1
DSLAM
IP ATM
Core Network
PSTN IP
ATM
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C
BS RNC
N x E1/DS1
MPR
IP Network
ATM
BS
N x E1/DS1
S
SDH/ SONET
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Synchronization requirements
Frequency synchronization Frequency accuracy:
Normal operation: 1E-11 Failure conditions: 4.6E-6 (SDH Eqmt. Clock) 2E-5 (SONET Minimum Clock)
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Synchronization issues
Jitter and wander levels more critical than frequency accuracy (therefore need for low-bandwith slave clocks in master-slave networks). Establishment and maintenace of a network plan with trail redundancy Avoiding timing loops
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Synchronization requirements
Frequency synchronization Frequency accuracy:
Normal operation: 1E-11 Failure conditions: depends on clock level or stratum
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Synchronization issues
Frequency accuracy more critical than jitter and wander levels (therefore need for clocks with good holdover stability). The SDH/SONET network is not transparent for timing of E1 and DS1 signals (wander induced by SDH/SONET pointer adjustments).
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4. ATM Networks
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Synchronization requirements
Frequency synchronization Frequency accuracy for synchronous physical layer:
Normal operation: 1E-11 Failure conditions: 2E-5
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ATM NE
ATM network
ATM NE
Clock
Clock Clcok
PRS
Clock
Clock
Clock
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ATM NE
ATM NE ATM NE
ATM network
PRS
ATM NE ATM NE
ATM NE
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GPS-receivers
ATM network
ATM NE
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Mixed solution
GPS
ATM NE
ATM network
ATM NE
Clock
PRS
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Synchronization issues
SDH/SONET-based synchronization not always available (e.g. in case of ATM over ON) How can we achieve protection against reference failures in cases where SDH/SONET-based synchronization is not available?
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5. Optical Networks
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The remaining slides are about todays lightpath switched ONs as standardized by ITU-T; they are called Optical Transport Networks (OTN) (ITU-T Rec. G.709, G.871/Y.1301, G.872)
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+
OTU1 OCh 1
+
OTUN OChN
OMS Overhead
+
OMU
OTS/COMMS Overhead
OTM
wavelength1
OSC
wavelength0
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OTN Abbreviations
OCh OPU ODU OTU OMS OMU OTS OTM Optical Channel Optical Channel Payload Unit Optical Channel Data Unit Optical Channel Transport Unit Optical Multiplex Section Optical Multiplex Unit Optical Transmission Section Optical Transport Module
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OTN Abbreviations
OSC COMMS OADM OXC LC REG Optical Supervisory Channel Management Communications Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer Optical Cross-Connect Link Connection Regenerator
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OTN Architecture
Client (e.g. SDH) Link Connection OCh Link Connection (LC) OMS LC OTS LC OMS LC OTS LC OCh Link Connection (LC) OMS LC OTS LC OMS LC OTS LC
OCh matrix
OADM
REG
OXC
REG
OADM
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Synchronisation Issues
The OTN is required to limit jitter and wander accumulation.
Hence there are Network Limit specifications (ITU-T Rec, G.8251).
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Synchronisation Issues
The OTN is required to allow the transport of synchronisation via SDH/SONET client connections.
SDH/SONET client connections must meet G.825 Network Limits after transport over the OTN. A synchronisation reference chain which meets G.825 Network Limits is proposed in ITU-T Rec. G.8251.
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Synchronization
PRC
SDH/ SONET
OTN
OTN
Optical trail
OTN
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.156
http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.157
http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
SSU
x
n (n < 10)
OTN Island
SSU
SEC
max. 20 SEC
SEC
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.158
http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.159
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Oscilloquartz SA
max. 20 SECs
SEC
SSU
n x SDH m x OTN n + m < 10 typ. 10 OTN NEs max. (60 SECs + m x 10 OTN NEs)
OTN Island
SSU
SEC
max. 20 SEC
SEC
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.160
http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.161
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Oscilloquartz SA
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.162
http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
BTS
BTS
BSC: Base Station Controller BTS: Base Transceiver Station MS: Mobile Station (handy)
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.163
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Oscilloquartz SA
BS Transport Network
BS
BS
RNC: Radio Network Controller BS: Base Station UE: User Equipment (handy)
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.164
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Oscilloquartz SA
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.165
http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.166
http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.167
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Oscilloquartz SA
Max. frequency error: 0.05 ppm Holdover capability to keep within 0.05 ppm max. freq. error over the repair time
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.168
http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.169
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Oscilloquartz SA
PDH-Based Synchronisation
PRC MS
Switch
E1
MSC
E1 E1
BSC
E1 E1
BTS
E1
PDH MUX
PDH MUX
PDH MUX
PDH MUX
PDH MUX
PDH MUX
Oscilloquartz SA
SDH-Based Synchronisation
MS PRC
SYNC
MSC
SYNC
BSC
SYNC
BTS RET
E1 E1
E1
E1
E1
E1
SDH NE
SDH NE
SDH NE
SDH NE
RET = retiming
Oscilloquartz SA
GPS-based Synchronisation
GPS satellites
MSC
BTS
BTS
MS
http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.173
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Oscilloquartz SA
Therefore unlike PDH, SONET and SDH are NOT suitable to transport 1.5Mbit/s or 2Mbit/s SD trails
Issue 05/01 Slide 1.174 http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
2E-6 1E-6 0 0
Issue 05/01
Time (s) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Oscilloquartz SA
Slide 1.175 http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Retiming I
E1 or DS1 data in Buffer memory Retimed data out read
Timing signal
Equipment clock
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.176
http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
Retiming II
Retiming is applied on E1 or DS1 traffic signals affected by excessive wander. The long-term frequency (data rate) of the traffic signal must locked to the network PRC. The retiming buffer transmits the incoming traffic at the data rate of the timing signal, thus removing the excessive wander. Retiming is used when E1/DS1 traffic signals transported over SDH/SONET are used as synchronisation links (e.g. GSM BST).
Issue 05/01 Slide 1.177 http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.178
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Oscilloquartz SA
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.179
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Oscilloquartz SA
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.180
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Oscilloquartz SA
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.181
http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
GPS
C
RNC BS
MSC
GPS
BS
Transport Network
Issue 05/01 Slide 1.182 http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
C
BSC BS
MSC
BS
Transport Network
Issue 05/01 Slide 1.183 http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
Synchronization issues
So far the GPS is the only practical source for phase synchronization - it may be accessed directly or indirectly (via other signals carrying GPS time or phase). Redundant GPS-receivers and GPSantennas do not protect against degradation of the GPS radio signal due to interference or jamming.
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.184
http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA
Thank you
Issue 05/01 Slide 1.185 http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz SA