Ascom Synchronization

The Synchronisation of Telecommunications Networks
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Contents
I. The Need for Synchronisation II. Characterizing Synchronisation Quality III. Synchronisation Distribution: General Principles IV. Synchronisation Distribution: SDH/SONET-based Solution
1. Elements 2. Architecture 3. Synchronisation Status Message (SSM)
V. Synchronisation Distribution: GPS-based and MixedSolution
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http://www.oscilloquartz.com
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Contents
VI. Synchronisation Distribution: From Co-operating Network VII. Summary on Standards VIII. How to Synchronize Mixed Technology Networks
1. Mixed Technology Network Example 2. SDH and SONET Networks 3. The Public Switched Telephony Network
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Contents
VIII. How to Synchronize Mixed Technology Networks (cont d)
4. ATM Networks 5. Optical Networks 6. GSM and UMTS-FDD Radio Access Networks 7. cdmaOne and cdma2000 Radio Access Networks
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Abbreviations

ADM ATM BITS bit/s
Add Drop Multiplexer Asynchronous Transfer Mode Building Integrated Timing Supply bits per second 1kbit/s = 1,000 bits/s 1Mbit/s = 1,000,000 bits/s 1Gbit/s = 1,000,000,000 bit/s Constant Bit Rate Cell Delay Variation Do Not Use Digital Cross-Connect frequency First-In First-Out Global Positioning System Graphical User Interface High Stability Clock
Hz
Hertz (cycles per second) 1mHz = 0.001Hz 1 Hz = 0.000001Hz International Telecommunications Union kilo = 1,000 Loss Of Signal Line Terminal Maximum Time Interval Error Network Element Operating System pointer
ITU k LOS LT MTIE NE OS p
CBR CDV DNU DXC f FIFO GPS GUI HSC
OC-N Optical Carrier level N
PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange PDH PEC PLL Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy Plesiochronous Equipment Clock Phase Locked Loop
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Abbreviations

PRC
Primary Reference Clock
SSM SSU
Synchronisation Status Message Synchronisation Supply Unit
ps/km/C pico seconds per kilometre per degree centigrade QL QOS s Quality Level Quality Of Service second 1ms = 0.001s
STM-N Synchronous Transport Module level N STS-N Synchronous Transport Signal level N TF TIE TS0 VBR VCO VC VT VTG UN W w d Transfer Function Time Interval Error Time Slot Zero Variable Bit Rate Voltage Controlled Oscillator Virtual Container Virtual Tributary Virtual Tributary Group Undefined Wander radians per second variation
SASE Stand Alone Synchronous Equipment SD SDH SC SEC Synchronisation Distribution Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SONET Clock Synchronous Equipment Clock
SETG Synchronous Equipment Timing Generator SETS Synchronous Equipment Timing Source sin SOH Sine function Section OverHead
SONET Synchronous Optical Network SRTS Synchronous Residual Time Stamp
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The Need for Synchronisation
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Frequency synchronisation
System A System B
fA = fB
Clock signal of system A TA = 1 / fA
t
Clock signal of system B TB = 1 / fB
t
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Phase synchronisation
System A System B
Clock signal of system A
t
Clock signal of system B
!
t
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Time synchronisation
System A System B
Time signal of system A
14/01/00 08:34:55
14/01/00 08:34:56
14/01/00 08:34:57
t
Time signal of system B
14/01/00 08:34:55 14/01/00 08:34:56 14/01/00 08:34:57
t
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Where do we need synchronisation? Three examples

Public Switched Telephone Networks SONET and SDH transport networks Cellular mobile telecom networks
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Public Switched Telephone Network: Synchronous Multiplexing

30 x 64 kbit/s
1
1 x 2.048 Mbit/s
2 1 2 30
Multiplexer
30
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Public Switched Telephone Network: Space-Time Switching

N x 2.048 Mbit/s
12 34 5 6
N x 2.048 Mbit/s
Switch
1 2 34 5 6
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What is a slip?
A slip occurs when a buffer over- or underflows due to differences in timing
Incoming data rate Incoming data rate
Slip
Outgoing data rate
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Some services affected by slips

Voice
Uncompressed - only 5% of slips lead to clicks Compressed - a slip will cause an audible click
Facsimile
A slip can wipe out several lines
Modem
A slip can cause several seconds of drop out
Compressed video
A slip can wipe out several lines More slips can freeze frames for several
seconds
Encrypted/compressed data protocol

Slips will reduce transmission throughput
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Slip rate due to frequency deviation

Slip rate = fractional freq. dev / frame duration For 2 Mbit/s signals, frame duration = 125 microseconds :
10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5
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= = = = = = =
1 slip in 4.8 months 1 slip in 14.5 days 1 slip in 1.45 days 6.9 slips per day 2.9 slips per hour 28.8 slips per hour 4.8 slips per minute
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A customer affected by slips:
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SDH/SONET Transport Networks:

Nominally Synchronous Multiplexing
63 x E1
1
1 x STM-1
2
OH
1 2
63
Multiplexer
63
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Wander induced by pointer activity

TIE of E1 signal
PRC
TIE of E1 signal
E1 ADM NE NE
NE
E1 ADM
SDH/SONET Network Synchronisation distribution trails affected by wander

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SDH/SONET Transport Networks:

Nominally Synchronous Multiplexing
PDH tributaries need not be synchronous with the SDH aggregates (pointer technique). However, relative wander between the incoming PDH tributary and the SDH aggregates induce wander on the outgoing PDH tributary (pointer adjustments!). If excessive, this tributary wander causes slips.
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Cellular Mobile Telecom Networks

Successful handover requires synchronisation between base transceiver stations (BTS)
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
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Cellular Mobile Telecom Networks

Radio carrier frequencies must be synchronized precisely in order to prevent cross-talk
Radio spectrum
Frequency
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Characterizing Synchronisation Quality
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Definition of jitter : ITU-T Rec. G.810

The short term variations of the significant instants of a digital signal from their reference positions in time Greater than 10Hz in modulation frequency
Ideal
Jittered Sampling (reading) points

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Definition of jitter : ITU-T Rec. G.810

The short term variations of the significant instants of a digital signal from their reference positions in time Greater than 10Hz in modulation frequency
Ideal
Jittered Sampling (reading) points

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Definition of wander : ITU-T Rec. G.810

The long term variations of the significant instants of a digital signal from their reference positions in time Less than 10Hz in modulation frequency
Ideal
Wandered Sampling points

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Sampling points
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Time Error or Phase-Time x(t)
x(t) = jitter + wander T(t)
Tref(t)
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Fractional Frequency Deviation y(t)

y(t) = where (t) = NOM = actual frequency of the signal specified nominal frequency (t) - NOM NOM
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Synchronisation Distribution: General Principles
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Synchronisation between telecommunication systems : 1

Master-slave intra-network synchronisation
transmission link data + clock
data
Master System
Slave System
data
clock
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The slave system continually adjusts its own clock to the incoming signal
The incoming signal contains both the clock and data information
Therefore both the master and slave systems have the same transmit and receive rates
There are no slips
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Inter-network synchronisation
data
Network A System
transmission link data
Network B System
data
atomic clock
atomic clock
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Each system is synchronised by separate atomic clocks The atomic clocks have nearly the same free running frequency
There is little difference between the transmit and receive rates at both ends
The slip rate is only one in every 72 days

Totally acceptable for inter-national and intra-national traffic of every kind of services
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Physical synchronisation network : 1

mastermaster-slave chains
SEC
SSU
SDH Equipment Clock
PRC
Synchronisation Supply Unit
Telecom equipment clocks
PRC = Primary Reference Clock
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Not every system in the network can have a direct connection to the master network clock. Therefore the telecommunication systems are synchronised in chains or trees
Each system clock is the master clock of the subordinate system clocks slaved to it The chains can be very long or very short
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clock quality traceable back to the SEC clock quality traceable back to the SSU
SEC
SSU
SEC SD trail
PRC
SSU SD trail
PRC SD trail
clock quality traceable back to the PRC
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Synchronisation Distribution (SD) Trails

The clock frequency along a SD trail is the SAME as the head-end, ie PRC, SSU or SEC SD trails can be very long or very short There can be hundreds of SD trails in a synchronisation network
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Causes of jitter
Phase-noise generated by clock recovery circuits in transmission network elements Phase-noise generated by low-quality equipment clocks
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Causes of wander
Temperature variations induce low-frequency phase-noise in network element clocks Temperature variations (e.g. between day and night) modify the propagation delays in transmission cables
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Jitter and wander control

Jitter and wander must be kept below predefined limits called Network Limits Two distinct techniques are used for the following jitter and wander components:
Jitter and wander in the spectral domain above 1 mHz Wander in the spectral domain below 1 mHz
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Jitter and wander filtering

Required to prevent excessive accumulation of jitter and wander in the spectral domain above 1 mHz Use very narrow bandwidth ( 1 mHz) slave clocks (SSUs) at intervals on the SD trails
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PLL transfer function (TF)

TF = A plot of : Amplitude of output jitter (frequency) Amplitude of input jitter (frequency)
Gain in dB 10 peak 0 -3 -10 -20 modulation frequency
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Filter Bandwidth
Roll-off
0.001f 0.01f
0.1f
fpeak
10f 100f fcut- off cut-
Wander buffering on input ports

Wander in the spectral domain below the bandwidth of the SSUs cannot be attenuated This low frequency wander accumulates across the synchronisation network Buffer stores on traffic input ports must be able to absorb at least 18 s of wander
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Input wander greater than 18s

The size of the buffer in telecommunications systems is usually just slightly larger than 18s. If the input wander is greater than the size of the buffer, then the buffer over- or underflows, thus causing slips. To prevent slips the level of wander in the network must be kept below 18 s.
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Synchronisation Distribution: SDH-Based Solution
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1. Elements
Clocks and Links
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Clocks
Primary Reference Clock (PRC) Node Clock or Synchronisation Supply Unit (SSU)
If it is an independent piece of equipment, then it is called a SASE (Stand-Alone Synchronisation Equipment)
SDH Equipment Clock (SEC)
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Primary Reference Clock (PRC)

Master clock used to synchronise the entire network with a frequency accuracy of
< 1 x 10-11
Based on atomic Cesium clocks
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PRC Implementation
Autonomous equipment with one or several atomic Cesium clocks Radio-controlled clock synchronized to remote atomic Cesium clocks (e.g. Global Positioning System - GPS) A combination of the above
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Node Clock or Synchronisation Supply Unit (SSU)

Input Interface Jitter/Wander Low-Pass Filter Input Interface Reference Selector Output Interface Output Interface Output Interface Input Interface Holdover Memory Output Interface
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Selects an input reference signal based on
priority table, or SSM signaling and priority table.
Attenuates the jitter and wander present at the input via narrow-band (mHz) low-pass filtering. If all reference signals are lost, maintains the last phase & frequency as good as it can (holdover mode).
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SSU Type Application Type I 2048 kbit/s based Type II 1544 kbit/s based Type III 1544 kbit/s based Frequency accuracy N/A 1.6E-8 4.6E-6 Holdover frequency departure Bandwith
5E-10 + t x 2E-10 / day 3 mHz 1E-10 + t x 1E-10 / day 1 mHz 1E-9 + t x 1E-9 / day 1 mHz
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SDH network element s synchronisation function

Synchronous Equipment Timing Source (SETS)
Selector A STM-N input Selector C external timing output (2 MHz or 1.5 Mbit/s, or 2 Mbit/s)
PDH input
SDH Equipmemt Clock

Selector B
Synchronous Equipment Timing Generator
external timing input (2 MHz or 1.5 Mbit/s or 2 Mbit/s) Issue 05/01 Slide 1.53
NE internal timing
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SDH SEC features

Input synchronisation signals are :
STM-N aggregates and tributaries 2 Mbit/s tributaries 2 MHz, 2 or 1.5 Mbit/s (non traffic) timing inputs
Input selection is determined by :

a priority table, that is user definable Synchronisation Status Message (SSM) on the STM-N and 2 Mbit/s interfaces
Output synchronisation signals are :

All STM-N aggregates and tributaries 2 MHz, 2 or 1.5 Mbit/s (non traffic) timing outputs
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Interworking between SDH NE and SASE

SDH NE
noisy traffic & timing input External timing output External timing input cleaned traffic & timing outputs
SASE
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SEC Performance
Type Application Option 1 2048 kbit/s based Option 2 1544 kbit/s based
Frequency Accuracy 4.6E-6 20E-6
Holdover frequency departure 5E-8 + t x 1E-8 / day 5E-8 + t x 5E-7 / day
Bandwith 1 .. 10 Hz 0.1 Hz
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SDH synchronisation link connections

Supported by an SDH multiplex section trail i.e. the timing information is carried by the STM-N data rate ( N x 155 Mbits/s) SDH regenerator timing generators are not counted as elements of the synchronisation distribution layer, they belong to the synchronisation link connection
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2. Architecture
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2.1. Inter-Node Distribution Architecture
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Master-slave principle
A designated master clock is used as a reference frequency generator. The frequency generated by the master clock is disseminated to all other clocks which are slaved to the master clock.
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Master-slave principle
PRC
SEC SEC
= master
SEC
= slave
SEC
= slave
SSU
SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC
SSU = slave
SEC
= slave = slave
SSU = slave
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SEC
SSU
SSU
Principle of trail redundancy

Each slave clock should get at least two reference signals form the master clock via geographically separate trails. Sometimes it is not possible to fulfill this principle for all nodes of the network (depending on connectivity).
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Hierachy of clock quality levels

There is a hierarchy of clock quality levels: The higher the clock quality level, the higher the frequency accuracy of the clock Frequency accuracy: either overall free-run accuracy or holdover accuracy over a limited time period
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Clock quality levels

2048 kbit/s based: PRC: SSU I: SEC 1: 1E-11 2E-10/d 4.6E-6 1544 kbit/s based: PRC: SSU II: SEC 2: 1E-11 1.6E-8/1 yr 20E-6
SSU III/IV: 4.6E-6
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Hierarchical distribution rule

A clock of a given quality level must always (also under failure conditions) take timing (directly or indirectly) from a source clock with the same or higher quality level.
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Synchronisation network with SSM

PRC
SEC SEC SEC
Link failure!
SEC
SSU
SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC
Holdover mode! SSU

SEC SEC
SSU
SSU
SSU
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Synchronisation network with SSM

Link failure within a chain of SECs! SSM signaling prevents the downstream SSU form following a SEC in holdover mode. Instead, the first SSU enters holdover mode and becomes the source clock for the cut off sub-network.
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The control of jitter and wander

SDH requires that jitter and wander be kept below tight network limits. This is achieved by inserting narrowbandwith SSUs in the synchronisation chain (SEC bandiwth is relatively wide). Narrow-bandwith SSUs attenuate jitter and wander components that lie outside the SSU bandwith.
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SDH Synchronisation reference chain

PRC
SEC
max. 20 SEC
SEC
SSU max. 10 x
SEC
max. 20 SEC
SEC
max. 60 SEC
SSU
SEC
max. 20 SEC
SEC
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SDH synchronisation reference chain

For SDH (not SONET!) see ITU-T G.803 or ETSI EN 300 462-2 The ITU-T/ETSI synchronisation reference chain meets the network limits on jitter and wander:
Not more than 60 SECs in a chain Not more than 20 SECs between two SSUs Not more than 10 SSUs in the chain
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Summary - 1
PRC
Ext. timing signal

SDH/SONET NE
SDH/SONET Network Ext. timing signal
Synchronisation carried by STM-N signals

SDH/SONET NE
SSU/SASE PSTN Switch
Ext. timing signal

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2.2. Intra-Node Distribution Architecture
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Intra-node star topology

Primary PRC SD trail Secondary PRC SD trail
SEC
SDH equipment clock Other equipment clock
Node boundary
SSU
SEC
SEC
PRC SD trail to other nodes

PRC SD trail to other nodes Oscilloquartz SA
Interworking between SDH NE, SASE, and other equipment

SDH NE
noisy traffic & timing input External timing output External timing input cleaned traffic & timing outputs
e.g. Switch
SASE
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3. Synchronisation Status Message (SSM)
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Functions of the SSM signaling layer

Signal the source clock quality level from clock to clock down the synchronisation chains, in order to
enable clocks to select the best available reference timing signal enable clocks to go into holdover mode if reference timing signals are of low quality prevent timig loops in SDH chains and rings
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Synchronisation Status Messages

The clock source quality level is indicated by the Synchronisation Status Message (SSM):
QL-PRC QL-SSU-T QL-SSU-L QL-SEC QL-DNU
= Primary Reference Clock = SSU Transit Node Clock = SSU Local Node Clock = SDH Equipment Clock = Do not use
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Transmission Channels for the SSM

The timing quality level carried by STM-N signals is indicated by S1 byte in the STM-N Multiplex Section Over Head (MSOH) The timing quality level carried over 2048 kbit/s synchronisation signals is indicated in one of the bits Sa4 to Sa8 in Time Slot Zero (TS0). OC-N signals (SONET): Multiplex Section Overhead 1544 kbit/s T1 signals: see ITU-T Rec. G.704
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SSM-based reference selection

Always select the timing input with the highest QL, and if a number of equal QL timing inputs are available, then select the highest priority timing input In the locked mode, the output SSMs are set to the selected input SSM, e.g. QL-PRC in => QLPRC out The SSM in the return signal of the selected input is automatically set to DNU
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If all the timing inputs are bad

The SEC enters hold-over mode: it remembers the phase and frequency values of the previously good input, but drifts towards y = 4.6 x 10-6 (4.6ppm) STM-N outputs get SSM = QL-SEC 2 MHz ext. timing outputs are squelched (cut off) 2 Mbit/s ext. timing outputs get SSM = QL-SEC or AIS = true
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Ring synchronisation with SSM: normal condition

Primary PRC SSM = QL - PRC QL1 SSM =QL - PRC =QL2 SSM = QL - DNU QL1 2 Secondary PRC SSM = QL - PRC QL-
QLQL-PRC
QLQL-PRC
QLQL-DNU
QLQL-PRC
SSM = QL - DNU QL1 SSM = QL - PRC QL-
2 1
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Ring synchronisation with SSM primary PRC section failure

Primary PRC Secondary PRC SSM = QL - PRC QL1 SSM = QL - DNU QL1 2
SSM = QL - PRC QL2 input 1 = LOS detected SEC selects input 3 input 2 = QL -PRC detected QLSEC selects input 2 QLQL-DNU QLQL-PRC QLQL-PRC
QLQL-PRC
SSM = QL - DNU QL1 SSM = QL - PRC QL-
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Synchronisation Distribution: GPS-Based and Mixed Solutions
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The Global Positioning System (GPS)
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It s a global navigation satellite system owned by the US DoD. 24 satellites broadcast time and their positions (orbits). Based on signals from four or more satellites, GPS receivers calculate their position and time. Synchronization signals can be derived from that time information.
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Orbit and time information that is broadcast on civilian satellite signals can be degraded during times of war ( Selected Availability - S/A). Frequency accuracy of GPS receivers is typically better than 110-12 over 24 hours. Time error is typically better than 150 ns (when degraded by S/A).
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S/A degradation on timing can be (at least partially) removed by appropriate filtering techniques. Good GPS receivers (good S/A filtering!) comply with the PRC specification of ITU-T Rec. G.811. GPS reception is subject to interference and can be jammed intentionally.
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Synchronisation distribution architectures based on the GPS

1) Master-slave distribution tree plus GPSreceivers in important nodes 2) Cellular synchronisation distribution
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Network example used for the comparison
= SDH node = Multiplex section
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Master-slave tree plus GPS-receivers in important nodes

S M S
S G
S G
S G
M = Master PRC S = SSU/SASE G =GPS-based PRC
S G
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Conventionnel master-slave distribution tree with a central PRC and SSU/SASEs GPS-receivers as back-up reference sources in nodes equiped with SSU/SASEs
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Redundancy is provided by the GPS Therefore master-slave tree need not necessariliy provide redundant synchronisation distribution, thus simplifying network design Easier to modify (network evolution) than with redundant master-slave tree
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Lower risk of creating timing loops than with redundant master-slave tree Equipment cost somewhat higher than with redundant master-slave tree (additional GPS-receivers): that s the price to pay for all the advantages
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Cellular synchronisation distribution

G G
G = GPS-based PRC
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Cellular synchronisation distribution : Cell pattern A
GPS 1 1 1 1
GPS 2
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Cellular synchronisation distribution : Failure of a GPS-receiver
GPS 1 1 1 1
GPS 2
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Cellular synchronisation distribution : Link failure
GPS 1 1 1 1
GPS 2
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Cellular synchronisation distribution : Cell pattern B
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Cellular synchronisation distribution : Interconnection rules

Each of the two synchronization inputs of a B-cell must be connected to a different synchronization output of an A-cell An A-cell s synchronization output may be connected to one or many synchronization inputs of B-cells
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Cellular synchronisation distribution

G
A B B B
G
A B A B
G = GPS-based PRC
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Cellular synchronisation distribution : Protection against failures

All nodes get two reference signals coming from two GPS receivers located in different sites via geographically separate routes Protection against failures of links, clocks and GPS-receivers (including local corruption of the GPS radio signal)
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Cellular synchronisation distribution : Timing loop prevention

Cells cannot be looped since A-cells only deliver synchronization, and B-cells only receive synchronization Cells are protected against timing loop formation by the SSM protocol
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Cellular synchronisation distribution : Simple and scaleable network design

Simple internal cell structure Simple interconnection rules Network can be expanded easily by
Adding new cells Increasing cell length Spitting a cell into several smaller cells
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Summary
The GPS provides a synchronisation source compliant to ITU-T Rec. G.811 Architectures must provide protection against failure of the GPS radio signal, e.g.:
Master-slave tree plus GPS-receivers in important nodes Cellular synchronisation distribution
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Synchronisation Distribution: From Co-operating Network
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Taking synchronisation from a co-operating network

There is no PRC in the network All clocks in the network are slaved to synchronization signals from a cooperating network. Under normal operating conditions all slave clocks operate at the same frequency as the PRC in the co-operating network. There are normally no slip for on-net and off-net traffic to the co-operating network.
Oscilloquartz SA

The clock signals from the co-operating network may be received at only a few synchronisation gateway nodes. The clock signals from the co-operating network may also be received at every node, or at every sub-network.
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PRC COCO- OPERATING NETWORK
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PRC COCO- OPERATING NETWORK
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PRC
COCO- OPERATING NETWORK
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Slide 1.110
Oscilloquartz SA
Critical issues
The networks synchronisation performance is dependent on the quality of the synchronisation signals from the co-operating network. There must be an agreement with the cooperating operator on service level The cost to lease the synchronisation signals can be high.
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.111
Oscilloquartz SA
Agreement on synchronization interfaces

Physical interface specification (e.g. 2 Mbit/s, G.703) SSM configuration Guaranteed synchronization quality (e.g. G.823 Network Limit) Upstream synchronisation chain length (number of clocks) Guaranteed availability of agreed quality (e.g. 0.9999)
Oscilloquartz SA
Agreement on synchronization interfaces

Mean Time to Repair in case of failure Worst case quality degradation in case of failure (e.g. max. frequency error, max. frequency drift, max. jitter & wander) Alarming method in case of failure (e.g. SSM) Quality monitoring criteria
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.113
Oscilloquartz SA
Summary on Standards
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.114
Oscilloquartz SA
Standardisation Bodies
International level : Regional level, Europe: USA: Industry level: e.g. Company level: e.g.
ITU : ETSI : ANSI : TIA:
Issue 05/01
ITU
Recommendations
ETSI Legaly binding standards ANSI Legaly binding standards TIA Industry standards Internal standards
Bellcore
International Telecommunication Union European Telecommunications Standards Institute American National Standards Institute Telecommunication Industry Association http://www.oscilloquartz.com Oscilloquartz SA Slide 1.115
ITU-T Rec. concerning synch.

G.703 G.781 G.783 G.803 G.810 G.811 G.812
Electrical characteristics of digital interfaces Synchronisation layer function of SDH NEs SDH equipment functional blocks Architecture of SDH transport networks Definitions and terminology Specification for PRCs Specification for SSUs
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Slide 1.116
Oscilloquartz SA
ITU-T Rec. concerning synch.

G.813 G.823
Specification for SECs Jitter and wander control in 2048 kbit/sbased PDH networks (incl. synch. interfaces) Jitter and wander control in 1544 kbit/sbased PDH networks (incl. synch. interfaces) Jitter and wander control in SDH networks Jitter and wander control in the OTN
G.824
G.825 G.8251
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.117
Oscilloquartz SA
Cross-Reference Table
Definitions Architecture ITU-T
G.810 G.803
Network Network Limits

PDH: G.823 G.824 SDH: G.825
Clocks SSM
G.704 G.832
PRC
G.811
SSU/BITS
G.812
SEC
G.813 G.781
ETSI
ETS 300 462-1 ETS 300 462-2 sync.: ETS 417-6-1 ETS 300 462-3 ETS 300 147 non sync.: ETS 302 084
ETS 300 462-6 ETS 300 462-4 ETS 300 462-5 ETS 417-6-1
ANSI Telcordia
T1.101
T1.101
T1.101 T1.105.03
T1.105.09
GR-436-CORE(1) GR-499-CORE GR-253-CORE GR-2830-CORE GR-378-CORE GR-253-CORE
GR-253-CORE GR-253-CORE
GR-1244-CORE
Note (1): Synchronisation Planning
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.118
Oscilloquartz SA
How to Synchronize Mixed Technology Networks
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.119
Oscilloquartz SA
1. Mixed Technology Network Example
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.120
Oscilloquartz SA
Core Network Layers

64 kbit/s E1 or DS1
ATM ATM
IP
MPLS Adaption layer
SDH or SONET OTN
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.121
Oscilloquartz SA
Access Network Layers
Compressed Voice
IP
64 kbit/s Voice ISDN xDSL
IP Ethernet
UMTS-FDD RAN
Wireless access network
Wired access network
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.122
Oscilloquartz SA
Symbols and Terminolgy

PSTN switch
PSTN
IP Router
IP
IP Label Switching Router

IP LSR
ATM Switch
ATM
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.123
Oscilloquartz SA

UMTS Base Station
BS
C
RNC
UMTS Radio Network Controller Mobile Switching Center
MSC
Mobile Packet Router

MPR
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.124
Oscilloquartz SA

SDH/SONET Add-Drop-Multiplexer
SDH
SDH/SONET Crossconnect
SDH
Wavelength Add-Drop-Multiplexer
OTN
Wavelength Crossconnect
OTN
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.125
Oscilloquartz SA
Core Network Layers

IP/PSTN
IP P M IP P IP
ATM
A A A
SDH/ SONET
S S
S S
S O
OTN
O O
O O O
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.126
Oscilloquartz SA
Wired Access Network

64 kbit/s Voice Ethernet LAN
Modem
PBX
xDSL E1 or DS1
DSLAM
IP ATM
Core Network
PSTN IP
ATM
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.127
Oscilloquartz SA
Wireless Access Network

PSTN
MSC
C
BS RNC
N x E1/DS1
MPR
IP Network
ATM
BS
N x E1/DS1
S
SDH/ SONET
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.128
Oscilloquartz SA
2. SDH and SONET Networks
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.129
Oscilloquartz SA
Synchronization requirements
Frequency synchronization Frequency accuracy:
Normal operation: 1E-11 Failure conditions: 4.6E-6 (SDH Eqmt. Clock) 2E-5 (SONET Minimum Clock)
Jitter and Wander:

ITU-T G.825 (Network Limits) ANSI T1.101, 7.2 and 7.3 (MTIE, TDEV, phase transients)
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.130
Oscilloquartz SA
Synchronization distribution architecture

Tree of slave clocks locked to a master clock (master-slave distribution) Independent synchronization islands synchronized by GPS-receivers or other local PRCs A combination of master-slave distribution and local PRCs in important nodes
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.131
Oscilloquartz SA
Synchronization issues
Jitter and wander levels more critical than frequency accuracy (therefore need for low-bandwith slave clocks in master-slave networks). Establishment and maintenace of a network plan with trail redundancy Avoiding timing loops
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.132
Oscilloquartz SA
3. The Public Switched Telephone Network
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.133
Oscilloquartz SA
Frequency synchronization Frequency accuracy:
Normal operation: 1E-11 Failure conditions: depends on clock level or stratum
Jitter and Wander:

ITU-T Rec. G.823 & G.824 (Network Limits) ANSI T1.101, 7.2 (MTIE, TDEV, phase transients)
Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronization distribution based on PDH transport network (E1 or DS1 signals as synchronization carriers). Synchronization distribution based on SDH/SONET transport network (STM-n or OC-n signals as synchronization carriers). Synchronization distribution based on the GPS Mixed solutions
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.135
Oscilloquartz SA
Frequency accuracy more critical than jitter and wander levels (therefore need for clocks with good holdover stability). The SDH/SONET network is not transparent for timing of E1 and DS1 signals (wander induced by SDH/SONET pointer adjustments).
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.136
Oscilloquartz SA
4. ATM Networks
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.137
Oscilloquartz SA
Frequency synchronization Frequency accuracy for synchronous physical layer:
Normal operation: 1E-11 Failure conditions: 2E-5
Frequency accuracy for asynchronous physical layer:

Failure conditions: 2E-5
Jitter & wander: ITU-T G.825 Network Limits

Oscilloquartz SA

Take synchronization from SONET-based synchronization distribution network Master-slave distribution tree using ATM traffic signals as synchronization carriers Take synchronization from GPS-receivers Combinations of the above techniques
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.139
Oscilloquartz SA
Synchronization from the SONET network
ATM NE
ATM NE ATM NE ATM NE ATM NE
ATM network
ATM NE
Clock
Clock Clcok
SONET-based synch. distribution
PRS
Clock
Clock
Clock
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.140
Oscilloquartz SA
Master-slave synchronization distribution
ATM NE
ATM NE ATM NE
ATM network
PRS
ATM NE ATM NE
ATM NE
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.141
Oscilloquartz SA
GPS-receivers
GPS GPS ATM NE
GPS GPS GPS ATM NE ATM NE ATM NE
ATM network
ATM NE
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.142
Oscilloquartz SA
Mixed solution
GPS
ATM NE
ATM NE ATM NE ATM NE ATM NE
ATM network
ATM NE
SONET-based synch. distribution
Clock
PRS
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.143
Oscilloquartz SA
SDH/SONET-based synchronization not always available (e.g. in case of ATM over ON) How can we achieve protection against reference failures in cases where SDH/SONET-based synchronization is not available?
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.144
Oscilloquartz SA
5. Optical Networks
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.145
Oscilloquartz SA
Todays Optical Networks (ON)

Transmission: optical fibre Multiplexing: (Dense) Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM, DWDM) Switching: circuit switching, where lightpaths are the circuits Control plane:
ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network) by ITU-T (G.8080/Y.1304) GMPLS (Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching) by IETF (draft-ietf-mpls-generalized-signaling-07)
Oscilloquartz SA
Optical Transport Networks
The remaining slides are about todays lightpath switched ONs as standardized by ITU-T; they are called Optical Transport Networks (OTN) (ITU-T Rec. G.709, G.871/Y.1301, G.872)
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.147
Oscilloquartz SA
General OTN Features

New transport networking layer DWDM, each wavelength transports an Optical Channel (Och) Lightpath switching Data-rate per wavelength:
2.5 Gbit/s or 10 Gbit/s or 40 Gbit/s
Service transparency for clients Asynchronous and bit-synchronous payload mappings

Oscilloquartz SA
OTN Network Layers

Client Information1 ...... Client InformationN
OCh layer network
OPU/ODU/OTU Overhead OCh Overhead
+
OTU1 OCh 1
+
OTUN OChN
OMS layer network
OMS Overhead
+
OMU
OTS layer network
OTS/COMMS Overhead
OTM
wavelengthN optical fibre
wavelength1
OSC
wavelength0
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.149
Oscilloquartz SA
OTN Abbreviations
OCh OPU ODU OTU OMS OMU OTS OTM Optical Channel Optical Channel Payload Unit Optical Channel Data Unit Optical Channel Transport Unit Optical Multiplex Section Optical Multiplex Unit Optical Transmission Section Optical Transport Module
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.150
Oscilloquartz SA
OTN Abbreviations
OSC COMMS OADM OXC LC REG Optical Supervisory Channel Management Communications Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer Optical Cross-Connect Link Connection Regenerator
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.151
Oscilloquartz SA
OTN Architecture
Client (e.g. SDH) Link Connection OCh Link Connection (LC) OMS LC OTS LC OMS LC OTS LC OCh Link Connection (LC) OMS LC OTS LC OMS LC OTS LC
OCh matrix
OADM
REG
OXC
REG
OADM
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.152
Oscilloquartz SA
Synchronisation Issues
The OTN is required to limit jitter and wander accumulation.
Hence there are Network Limit specifications (ITU-T Rec, G.8251).
The OTN itself is not required to transport synchronisation.

No requirement for different optical channels to by synchronous.
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.153
Oscilloquartz SA
Synchronisation Issues
The OTN is required to allow the transport of synchronisation via SDH/SONET client connections.
SDH/SONET client connections must meet G.825 Network Limits after transport over the OTN. A synchronisation reference chain which meets G.825 Network Limits is proposed in ITU-T Rec. G.8251.
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.154
Oscilloquartz SA

Supported by an SDH multiplex section trail The SDH multiplex section trail may be supported by an optical channel of the OTN (Optical Transport Network)
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.155
Oscilloquartz SA
Synchronization
PRC
Synch. link connection

SSU
SDH/ SONET
SDH multiplex section trail

SDH SDH
OTN
OTN
Optical trail
OTN
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.156
Oscilloquartz SA
The control of jitter and wander

SDH requires that jitter and wander be kept below tight network limits. This is achieved by inserting narrowbandwith SSUs in the synchronisation chain. Narrow-bandwith SSUs attenuate jitter and wander components that lie outside the SSU bandwith.
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.157
Oscilloquartz SA
Synchronisation reference chain for SDH over OTN

PRC OTN Island typ. 10 OTN NEs
SSU
x
n (n < 10)
max. n x 10 OTN NEs
OTN Island
typ. 10 OTN NEs
SSU
SEC
max. 20 SEC
SEC
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.158
Oscilloquartz SA

ITU-T Rec. G.8251 for SDH over Optical Transport Network (OTN):
Not more than 10 OTN islands in the chain Insertion of an SSU after each OTN island Not more than 10 OTN NEs per OTN island (may be redivided freely over the OTN islands) Not more than 20 SECs in the pure SDH tail
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.159
Oscilloquartz SA

PRC
SEC
max. 20 SECs
SEC
SSU
n x SDH m x OTN n + m < 10 typ. 10 OTN NEs max. (60 SECs + m x 10 OTN NEs)
OTN Island
SSU
SEC
max. 20 SEC
SEC
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.160
Oscilloquartz SA

There may be a mix of pure SDH islands and SDH-over-OTN islands.
Not more than 10 islands alltogether Insertion of an SSU after each island Not more than 20 SECs in a pure SDH island Not more than 60 SECs in the entire chain
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.161
Oscilloquartz SA
6. GSM and UMTS-FDD Radio Access Networks
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.162
Oscilloquartz SA
GSM Network Architecture

MSC BTS MS
BSC Transport Network
BTS
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
BTS
BSC: Base Station Controller BTS: Base Transceiver Station MS: Mobile Station (handy)
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.163
Oscilloquartz SA
UMTS Network Architecture

MSC BS UE
BS Transport Network
BS
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
BS
RNC: Radio Network Controller BS: Base Station UE: User Equipment (handy)
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.164
Oscilloquartz SA
Relevant GSM Standards

ETS 300 577: Digital cellular telecommunications systems (Phase 2+); Radio transmission and reception ETS 300 912: Digital cellular telecommunications systems (Phase 2+); Radio subsystem synchronization (GSM 05.10)
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.165
Oscilloquartz SA
Relevant UMTS-FDD Standards

3G TS 25.401: , UTRAN Overall Description. 3G TS 25.402: , Synchronisation in UTRAN Stage 2. 3G TS 25.305: ..., Stage 2 Functional Specification of Location Services in UTRAN.
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.166
Oscilloquartz SA
GSM Synchronisation Requirements

(at the radio interface)
Max. frequency error: 0.05 ppm for observation intervals down to 0.577 ms Max. phase error over a 0.577 ms long burst : 20 degrees peak-to-peak 5 degrees RMS Burst timing error: 1 microsecond over 0.5 s observation interval Holdover capability to keep within 0.05 ppm max. freq. error over the repair time
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.167
Oscilloquartz SA
UMTS Synchronisation Requirements

(at the radio interface)
Max. frequency error: 0.05 ppm Holdover capability to keep within 0.05 ppm max. freq. error over the repair time
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.168
Oscilloquartz SA
Synchronisation Network Architectures

PDH-based solution SDH-based solution GPS-based solution
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.169
Oscilloquartz SA
PDH-Based Synchronisation
PRC MS
Switch
E1
MSC
E1 E1
BSC
E1 E1
BTS
E1
PDH MUX
PDH MUX
PDH MUX
PDH MUX
PDH MUX
PDH MUX
PDH transport network

Oscilloquartz SA
SDH-Based Synchronisation
MS PRC
SYNC
MSC
SYNC
BSC
SYNC
BTS RET
E1 E1
E1
E1
E1
E1
SDH NE
SDH NE
SDH NE
SDH NE
SDH transport network

RET = retiming
Oscilloquartz SA
GPS-based Synchronisation
GPS satellites
MSC
BTS
BSC Transport Network BTS

BTS
MS
Oscilloquartz SA
The problem with PDH over SDH

IMPORTANT:
PDH path layers supported by SDH path layers are not suitable for transporting synchronisation.
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.173
Oscilloquartz SA
Wander from pointer adjustments

The payload is asynchronously mapped using bit stuffing, but since its position is referenced to the STM-N frame, each pointer adjustment causes a phase step to the PDH tributary desynchroniser
TRAFFIC SIGNAL 1.5Mbit/s 2Mbit/s 34,45Mbit/s 140Mbit/s SONET/SDH PAYLOAD VC-11, VT1.5 VC-12, VT2 VC-3, STS-1 VC-4 TRIBUTARY OUTPUT WANDER 4.63s 3.47s 0.16s 0.16s
Therefore unlike PDH, SONET and SDH are NOT suitable to transport 1.5Mbit/s or 2Mbit/s SD trails
Oscilloquartz SA
Typical 2Mbit/s output TIE plot for a VC-12 pointer adjustment

TIE (s) 4E-6 3E-6 3.6E-6 3.1E-6 d = 1E-7 dt = Frequency offset
2E-6 1E-6 0 0
Issue 05/01
Time (s) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Oscilloquartz SA
Slide 1.175 http://www.oscilloquartz.com
Retiming I
E1 or DS1 data in Buffer memory Retimed data out read
write Clock recovery
Timing signal
Equipment clock
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.176
Oscilloquartz SA
Retiming II
Retiming is applied on E1 or DS1 traffic signals affected by excessive wander. The long-term frequency (data rate) of the traffic signal must locked to the network PRC. The retiming buffer transmits the incoming traffic at the data rate of the timing signal, thus removing the excessive wander. Retiming is used when E1/DS1 traffic signals transported over SDH/SONET are used as synchronisation links (e.g. GSM BST).
Oscilloquartz SA
7. cdmaOne, cdma2000 and UMTS-TDD Radio Access Networks
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.178
Oscilloquartz SA
cdmaOne/2000 Synchronization Requirements

Phase synchronization Frequency accuracy of base station transmit carrier: 5E-8 Phase-time accuracy of base station time base:
Normal operation: 3 s Reference failure: 10 s over 8 h failure period
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.179
Oscilloquartz SA
UMTS-TDD Synchronization Requirements

Phase synchronization Frequency accuracy of base station transmit carrier: 5E-8 Phase-time accuracy of base station time base in normal operation: 1.25 s
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.180
Oscilloquartz SA

A GPS-receiver in each base station A GPS-receiver per cluster of cells or microcells
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.181
Oscilloquartz SA
A GPS-receiver in each base station
GPS
C
RNC BS
MSC
GPS
BS
Transport Network
Oscilloquartz SA
A GPS-receiver per cluster of cells or microcells

Time transfer signal & protocol
GPS
C
BSC BS
MSC
BS
Transport Network
Oscilloquartz SA
So far the GPS is the only practical source for phase synchronization - it may be accessed directly or indirectly (via other signals carrying GPS time or phase). Redundant GPS-receivers and GPSantennas do not protect against degradation of the GPS radio signal due to interference or jamming.
Issue 05/01
Slide 1.184
Oscilloquartz SA
Thank you
Oscilloquartz SA

Ascom Synchronization

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The Synchronisation of Telecommunications Networks

Issue 05/01 Slide 1.1 http://www.oscilloquartz.com

V. Synchronisation Distribution: GPS-based and MixedSolution

ADM ATM BITS bit/s

ITU k LOS LT MTIE NE OS p

CBR CDV DNU DXC f FIFO GPS GUI HSC

OC-N Optical Carrier level N

Primary Reference Clock

Synchronisation Status Message Synchronisation Supply Unit

SONET Synchronous Optical Network SRTS Synchronous Residual Time Stamp

The Need for Synchronisation

Clock signal of system A

Time signal of system A

Where do we need synchronisation? Three examples

Public Switched Telephone Network: Synchronous Multiplexing

Public Switched Telephone Network: Space-Time Switching

Incoming data rate Incoming data rate

Outgoing data rate

Some services affected by slips

Encrypted/compressed data protocol

Slip rate due to frequency deviation

A customer affected by slips:

SDH/SONET Transport Networks:

Wander induced by pointer activity

SDH/SONET Network Synchronisation distribution trails affected by wander

SDH/SONET Transport Networks:

Cellular Mobile Telecom Networks

Cellular Mobile Telecom Networks

Characterizing Synchronisation Quality

Definition of jitter : ITU-T Rec. G.810

Jittered Sampling (reading) points

Definition of jitter : ITU-T Rec. G.810

Jittered Sampling (reading) points

Definition of wander : ITU-T Rec. G.810

Wandered Sampling points

Time Error or Phase-Time x(t)

x(t) = jitter + wander T(t)

Fractional Frequency Deviation y(t)

Synchronisation Distribution: General Principles

Synchronisation between telecommunication systems : 1

Synchronisation between telecommunication systems : 2

Synchronisation between telecommunication systems : 3

transmission link data

Synchronisation between telecommunication systems : 4

The slip rate is only one in every 72 days

Physical synchronisation network : 1

SDH Equipment Clock

Synchronisation Supply Unit

Telecom equipment clocks

PRC = Primary Reference Clock

Physical synchronisation network : 2

Physical synchronisation network : 3

clock quality traceable back to the PRC

Synchronisation Distribution (SD) Trails

Jitter and wander control

Jitter and wander filtering

PLL transfer function (TF)

10f 100f fcut- off cut-

Wander buffering on input ports

Input wander greater than 18s

Synchronisation Distribution: SDH-Based Solution

SDH Equipment Clock (SEC)

Primary Reference Clock (PRC)

Node Clock or Synchronisation Supply Unit (SSU)