PRACTICE FOR THE MIDTERM On the following pages are 11 exercises, each containing grammar, mechanics, and usage

errors that are discussed in the LAB section of Obers textbook. Print the pages, and correct the errors right on the printed page. Place your correction either above or below where the error occurs. (Editors generally make their corrections above.) Regardless of where you place your correction, make sure that it is noticeable and clear. As we get closer to the date of the midterm, a version of these pages with the corrections will be posted so you can check your answers and determine what areas you need to work on. Some time before you take the midterm, you will need to turn in your edited pages in order to get credit. See the syllabus for specific details regarding submitting your exercises for a grade.

I A major educational campaign is under way to promote dimming, even though most designers are not using fluorescent lamps with a dimming range as low as 8 percent. Two recent developments, however, have broadened the range of possibilities for the designerscompact fluorescent lamps and electronic ballasts. The National Dimming Institute, made up of leading electrical manufacturers, seeks to increase awareness of the benefits of lighting controls. The groups Education 101 program has released a CD-ROM. that will be widely distributed. Advanced Lighting Concepts started the group. In a recent Illuminating Engineering Society newsletter article entitled I Am Dim, Dr. Steve Purdy, one of the groups founders and the companys director of sales, noted, We intend for this new organization to mount a national educational outreach program. Meetings have been scheduled for different regions of the country, especially in the Northeast, to inform the design community about the many options available.
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II Lighting is often seen as one of those practical necessities, something thats put in place simply to illuminate what we do and protect us against unwelcome intruders. Psychologically, however, we need light to comfort us and to send out signals of vitality, welcome, and warmth. From the decorating point of view, theres no doubt lighting can make or break an interior. There are, in fact, no limits to how imaginative you can be. Lighting design can create special effects according to the architecture of your home, its interior styling, and even your personal moods. One increasingly influential trend in lighting circles is for fittings that are almost invisible. Another is the sleek contemporary lines of low-voltage halogen spotlights. The reason is that white walls, modular furniture, and stainless steel industrial kitchens are now so popular. Theres also a craze for do-it-yourself fittings that come in kit form ready for you to assemble at home. Theres more freedom in lighting than ever before, says David Kaplan, president of Urban Systems (the developer of Ultra Light, a new paper-thin light source), adding The look is light-hearted and sometimes even slightly mad.
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III Tivoli Industries new illuminated step lights are designed to illuminate and define step edges with a soft, glowing light. Their nonskid surface assures a secure footing while providing necessary illumination for stairways. The LampPaks cardboard container is designed for shipping spent fluorescent tubes from the end user back to an authorized hazardous waste-disposal company. The product was introduced for one reason: The Environmental Protection Agency now requires that everyones fluorescent tubes be disposed of in accordance with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The LampPak can hold up to 64 standard tubes, and a package for tubes smaller than onehalf foot is also available. The cartons are shipped flat, thereby saving on shipping costs and storage space. Bruck has introduced the Shou (which means long life), a lighting system with specially designed fixtures that feature curves and flowing shapes. According to a recent article in Industrial Interior Design, The unity of handcrafted cased glass . . . creates ambient illumination that complements contemporary interior designs. Finally, Verilux, a 40-year-old fluorescent manufacturer, has developed a sunlight simulator used by people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), commonly known as the winter blues. The light is a self-contained tube that produces flicker-free light with almost no UV radiation or electromagnetic field.
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IV With 14,000 professionals registered, Lightfair International has won its bet that Las Vegas would be a good location for its trade show for architectural lighting. Not only is Vegas one of the top trade show cities in the world, but also its streets simply shimmer with billions of bright lights. This show is the bigger of the two international lighting shows planned this year. In fact, if it werent for the competing smaller regional shows, this would be the largest lighting show ever held. The conference program at this and similar shows offers light designers and architects a chance to earn continuing education credits. None of the sessions is to be repeated, and neither tape recorders nor videotaping is allowed in any session. One highlight of the show is a presentation by Luc Lafortune, lighting director for the Cirque du Soleil. Lightfair also has organized a group trip to see the Cirque du Soleils permanent Las Vegas show. Lafortune is always a lively speaker, and at last years show, it was he who provided a look at the challenges of lighting the dangerous feats of circus performers. There is, for the first time, one session featuring eminent lighting designers, each of whom will address the issues of adapting theatrical fixtures for permanent installations. Walt Disney Imagineering is also providing a look at lighting for its themed environments. Lighting designers Charles Stone from London and Roger Heide from Amsterdam take a look into the crystal ball of lighting for a preview of the future. Stone and he will also answer the audiences questions. Finally, the great Paul Gregory himself talks about project management in a global market. Among all three, they are capable of putting on quite an entertaining presentation.
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V
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Unless you live in a glass house, you will need to throw switches because lighting up your life is advised for safety and vision. Depending on its function, lighting serves as general illumination, task lighting, or accent lighting. Regardless, in a well-designed plan, all three types must interact. General illumination creates the principal seeing environment. If you notice anyone groping around or tipping, if nobody seems to want to be in a room, or if a site seems dull, then your general lighting probably needs improvement. When it was installed, task lighting should have been glare-free and directed to shine directly on the task area; e.g., reading lamps should be aimed at the book not at the reader. The reason is that task lighting prevents fatigue and eye strain. In past years, a fixture hanging on a chain over the coffee table was common. Today, these hanging lamps make a room look gloomy and flat, so its important to be an informed consumer. You can buy fluorescent lighting in colors that are close to the effect of regular bulbs and that are easier on the eye than the old fluorescent lights. Try to avoid any kind of unshielded bare light bulbs. When planning recessed lights, be sure to give the builder a sample fixture so he or she may make the holes the correct size.

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VI Not too many years ago, computers were something of an office novelty. Most office workers then performed one major visual task: the reading of black characters printed on white paper laid flat or nearly flat on a desk. Office workers now spend their days looking into a monitor whose screen is illuminated and almost perpendicular to the desk. Some screens still display low-contrast green characters on a dark background. The higher the contrast, the easier, faster, and more accurately a worker can perform his or her visual tasks. While the electric illumination produced by a buildings system may be ideal for performing paper tasks, it could create conditions inappropriate for computer-based tasks. Managerss must recognize that office lighting has many qualities, but the differences arent apparent in a cursory survey of the work area. Glare creates visual discomfort, which is often subtle, due to your eyes amazing ability to accept relatively poor viewing conditions. Tiny ocular muscles react to lighting and cause the eyes to adapt, minimizing viewing problems. Long-term viewing problems, however, cause these muscles to become strained. These conditions can make the workplace far less hospitable and can have a damaging effect on productivity and morale. In addition, a productivity loss of 1 percent in a payroll of $1 million costs the company $10,000 annually.
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VII Even on the brightest of evenings, navigating your garden can be a challenge at best or at worst, the cause of a nasty spill. Today, a lot of people are discovering the benefits of low voltage lighting as an economical, effective, and energy efficient source of exterior lighting. Many lighting systems are sold in kits for do-it-yourself installation. Many folks who wouldnt otherwise fool with an electrical outlet are now installing a lighting system. Essentially, there are only three basic types of fixtures: spot lighting, path lighting, and general lighting. Spot lighting consists of a floodlight that is used to direct light to a specific location so as to illuminate a tree, decorative shrub, or architectural element of the homes exterior. Path lighting and accent lighting are the most popular styles used by homeowners today. One aspect of design that deserves creative ideals is the maximum distance that the wire will travel. The farther the wire travels, the more the voltage drops, which, in turn, creates a drop in illumination. To avoid this condition, experts advise using several wires of varying lengths. Some transformers are equipped with a photoelectric cell that automatically turns the lights on and off. Another popular accessory is a dimmer to control a lights intensity.
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VIII Of all the elements that affect the ambiance of a room, none is more important than lighting. Beyond its mood-enhancing qualities, good lighting is essential for safety, reading, and spotlighting points of interest and for such basics as cleaning. Many people associate chandeliers with elegant hotels or old movie palaces. But many diningg rooms need a fixture over the table; it may be brass and glass, or metal. In contrast to chandeliers, pendants are hanging lights that represent one of todays hottest lighting styles. Because theyre small, they can be placed over objects without overpowering them. In small spaces such as entries or above kitchen islands or counters, glass shades add punch. Their shapes are interesting. If classical designs are your favorite, there are many timeless designs. Classic designs can be used like contemporary fixtures. They add elegance as they perform task lighting. In another part of the room, maybe a carved fixture with six candle lights covered with silk shades with a scalloped trim. Shades, incidentally, also play a key role in the story. With their highs and lows, pendant lights and shades are giving us a lot to look up to.
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IX After a hundred years, you couldve assumed that there would be nothing new to say about the flashlight. With a bulb, batteries, and tube,its function hasnt changed much. However, you should not imply that the flashlight itself hasnt changed. Todays flashlights are smaller and lighter than the one invented in 1898. Regardless of the fact that the flashlight hasnt changed much in function, its form is now different than earlier versions. Surely part of the flashlights evolution lies in commercialism, but it also stems from childhood memories. You cant repeat these memories, but you can create new one to complement them. Some of the new flashlights are already on the market; others are imminent. Remember the watch whose tiny built-in flashlight lets you tell the time in the dark? The next generation is a nightlight and clock, in case youre really interested in the time when you visit the john. In principle, a bendable flashlight is a traditional flashlight, but it also fastens to the forehead or hangs over your neck so that you dontlose your place when reading. A musical version lets anyone keep two of lifes necessities at hand. Finally, there are flashlights designed to combat Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), in which insufficient light affects a persons personality. It turns your entire pillow into a reading lamp. In a study in a small Alaskan town, Barrow, which is plunged into darkness from mid November to mid January, the occurrence of SAD decreased when flashlights were used.
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X From the northeastern states to the South, lighting is a major component of educational costs that often are taken for granted, except when it comes to energy bills. Lighting upgrades can result in an average return on investment of 40 percent. According to the Department of Energy, lighting in institutional facilities can consume up to one-third of a buildings total energy cost. A common upgrade is the replacement of old lamps and magnetic ballasts with new lamps and electronic ballasts. According to D. J. Hill, CPA and vice president of business affairs at Nordonia High School in Macedonia, Ohio, When we made the upgrade, we immediately realized a savings of $30,000 a year in energy costs, which we then put directly into the classroom. The school systems energy-savings programs are detailed in Table 3 on page 45 of the May 10 issue of the Business of Education Magazine. El Paso Community College installed more than 11,700 electronic ballasts on three campuses as replacements for existing magnetic ballasts. The projected payback of the $234,000 cost is calculated to be less than 2 years. The cost-savings aspect of occupancy sensors was demonstrated by Des Moines Area Community College, which turned onits new sensors at 7 am and turned them off at 11 pm. The upgrade cost the college $23,800 in materials and labor and resulted in an energy savings of $11,500.
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XI Urban Systems has just introduced WiteLite, an ultraviolet filtered, full-spectrum light source that combats Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), a type of depression caused by the decrease of daylight during the fall and winter months. Marc Kaplan of Urban Systems announced the new product yesterday and disclosed that the disorder affects him and 10 million other Americans. The winter months can leave people starving for daylight. With just ten hours of sunlight possible each day for residents in the northern half of the country, the darkness can become overwhelming for some people. It can drive them to clinical depression. The symptoms of the disorder arent all that different from clinical depression, except that they are seasonal. Although depression is the most serious symptom, other symptoms include lethargy, a desire to sleep longer, diminished libido, seasonal weight gain, social withdrawal, mood changes, and anxiety. A possible symptom students might suffer is a severe change in their grades during winter months. If a student were to flunk his or her classes in winter when he or she normally gets high grades at other times of the year, SAD may be playing a part. Students, in fact, are the type of sufferers who are least likely to seek treatment. The main treatment for the disorder is straightforward. Either light therapy or more hours of direct sunlight are needed to alleviate the symptoms. Experts warn that there are numerous dangers involved in self-diagnosis. None of the serious symptoms is likely to be treated successfully without professional help. Mr. Kaplan indicated that questions about WiteLite can be addressed to Urban Systems or to him directly at 313-555-0123.
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