Contents

Bearings Bearings Classification

Design 3
Bearings
Hamidreza G.Darabkhani

Loads on Bearings Rolling elements bearings Ball bearings Roller bearings Needle bearings Linear bearings Thrust bearings Sliding bearing Magnetic bearings

Course Leader: A. Starr

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Application of bearings Bearing calculations Bearing mounting MACE

Bearings
Provides support for rotating machine elements

Bearings(1/2)

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Bearings(2/2)

Bearings Classification
Bearings for Rotary Motion

Magnetic Bearings

Sliding Bearings
(Fluid film bearings)

Rolling Elements

Ball

Roller

Needle

Cylindrical

Taper

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Barrel MACE MACE

Allocated Loads on Bearings

Ball Bearings Radial and Axial loads Roller Bearings Radial and Axial loads Needle Bearings Only radial loads

Rolling Elements Bearings

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Single row radial ball bearing

Good Radial Load Moderate Axial Load Very good speed See the difference in the curvature of the ball and the race. (Point Contact)

Ball Bearings with shields

The shields are use to exclude dirt and foreign particles

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Angular contact Bearings

Balls are inserted by thermally expanding the outer ring. Can take greater axial load

Double row ball Bearings

Good Radial Loads Poor Axial loads Moderate Speed

Good Radial Loads Good Axial loads Good Speed

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piece inner-ring ball bearings

Advantages: The maximum complement of balls makes for higher load carrying capacity. The very deep ball raceway shoulder makes for high thrustload capacity. Thrust loads can be handled in both directions.

Roller Bearings
Because of the line contact, they can take greater loads They also have more rolling resistance Types of roller bearings Cylindrical Tapered Barrel (Spherical)

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Cylindrical roller bearings

Are used in applications like conveyer belt rollers, where they must hold heavy radial loads. Line contact to handle much greater loads than a ball bearing. Is not designed to handle much axial loading.

Tapered roller bearings

Are used in car hubs, where they are usually mounted in pairs facing opposite directions so that they can handle thrust in both directions.

Very good Radial Loads Poor Axial loads Moderate to very good Speed

Very good Radial Loads Good Axial loads Moderate Speed

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Needle bearings(1/2)
Very good Radial loads No Axial loads Poor to moderate speed

Linear bearings
Are used primarily where something needs to be moved along a straight line with high accuracy. In other words, the object needs to only translate in one direction, and possibly move back to its starting position with high repeatability. The implications for robotic pick-and-place are obvious, as are uses for optical test fixturing and calibration.

Use large number of small diameter rollers Usually there is no space between rollers (needles). No cage required.

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Thrust bearings
Good Axial Loads No Radial Loads Poor Speeds

Ball thrust bearings

are mostly used for low-speed applications
No Radial Loads Good Axial loads Poor to Moderate Speed

Thrust Ball Bearings

Cylindrical roller

Spherical roller

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Roller thrust bearings

1. 2. 3. They can support large thrust loads They are often found in gear sets like car transmissions between gears, and between the housing and the rotating shafts. The helical gears used in most transmissions have angled teeth in this causes a thrust load that must be supported by a bearing

Animations 1- The rotation of inner and outer race in ball bearings. 2- Directions of radial and thrust loads on the bearings

Very good Axial Loads No Radial Loads Poor Speeds

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Sliding Bearings (Fluid film bearings)

Fluid film bearings have no rolling elements Lubricated by a film of liquid or gas which separate moving member from the stationary member The fluid (usually Oil) is circulated so that fresh, cool oil is constantly entering the space between the stationary and rotating pieces.

Sliding Bearings (Fluid film bearings)

Industrial machinery with high horsepower and high loads, such as:

steam turbines, centrifugal compressors, pumps and motors

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Magnetic Bearings
Magnetic bearing systems represent a completely different approach to the support of rotating equipment. (NON-CONTACTING TECHNOLOGY)

Magnetic bearings
Are a non-contacting technology Negligible friction loss and no wear Higher reliability Enables previously unachievable surface speeds to be attained Lubrication is eliminated

Magnetic Bearings are operating in:

compressors, electric motors, pumps, turbo expanders, steam turbines, gas MACE turbines, centrifuges, etc.

Conical Magnetic Bearings Developed for Active Stall Control in Gas Turbine Engines

Magnetic Bearings for High Temperature Smart Aero Engine

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Bearing applications

Bearings in flight systems

Helicopter bearing Air Condition systems Pumps

ball bearing

Piston engine propeller Gearboxes Mixers MACE Wheels

Helicopter ball bearing MACE

AEROKOPTER Project
Tapered Roller bearing

Bearing calculations - Lifetime

Dynamic load C is given by the manufacturer for a specified lifetime (e.g. L= 106 cycles) and a probability of survival, usually L The life (in millions of cycles) is given by

C L= P
Pulley cage rear side plate In AEROKOPTER Main rotor gearbox assembly

See: www.aerokopter.co.za/Technical-Details-and-specifications MACE

(for steady load) where C is the rated Dynamic load capacity and P is the load. k is an empirical factor depending on the bearing: 3 for ball bearings, 3.33 for roller bearings MACE

Bearing calculations - % failure

Bearings are designed for a finite life, with a given probability of failure
Lx log( p ) = L10 log(0.9 )
0.745

Bearing Load/Life
Test (fatigue) data
Radial Load (lbs) Empirical relationship:

where p = 1

x 100

Lx is the number of cycles at which x% of the bearings fail; L10 is the number of cycles at which 10% fail
L10 Life (cycles)
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L2 P = 1 L1 P2

k=3.0 (ball) k=3.33 (roller)

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Manufacturers Data
Vendors publish the Basic Dynamic Load rating (C) of a bearing at an L10 life of 1 million cycles.

Stress Analysis
Contact Stress c=300,000 psi is not unusual Balls, rollers and races are made from extremely high strength steel e.g. AISI 52100 sy = 260,000 psi su =322,000 psi
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Bearing Selection
Determine the design life (in cycles) Determine the design load
Pd = V R
V=1 for inner race rotation V=1.2 for outer race rotation

Equivalent combined radial load

For combined radial and thrust loads

P = V X R + Y Ft
where:
P = equivalent radial load (lb) R = actual radial load (lb) Ft = actual thrust load (lb) X = radial factor (usually 0.56) V = 1.0 for inner race rotating = 1.2 for outer race rotating Y = Thrust factor( from chart)
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Calculate the required basic dynamic load 1

L k Creq 'd = Pd d6 10

Select a bearing with (C > Creqd) and a bore that closely matches the shaft diameter.

Thrust factors, Y
Deep -groove, ball bearings

Bearing Mounting

X = 0.56 for all values of Y

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Bearing Mounting
Shaft/bearing bore has a light interference fit. Housing/outer race has a slight clearance fit.
(Check manufacturers catalog)

Typical bearing mounting

Shoulders locate bearings

Match maximum permissible fillet radius. Shaft or housing shoulders not to exceed 20% of diameter.

Outer ring of one bearing clamped e.g. cover plate Ball Bearing bearing free to float

Nuts clamp inner ring to shaft

Other ways to locate bearings: retaining rings, washers, screws, cotter pins, taper pins
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Some useful references

Sample schematic of bearing mounting and gears
1. Mechanical Engineering Design 7th Edition, J E.Shigley C R.Mischke and R G.Budynas 2. Rolling Bearing Analysis, 4th edition, Tedric A. Haris 3. Rolling bearings, T S Nisbet 4. http:// www.3Dcontentcentral.com X X 297.5 5. http:// www.skf.com 6. http:// www.dynaroll.com/bearing-selection 7. http://www.tec.nsk.com Ball Bearing Ball Bearing 8. http://www.colorado.edu/engineering/MCEN/MCEN3025/Lectures/1 9_Bearings2_2005_3_29.ppt

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9. http://www.webs1.uidaho.edu/ele/Mindworks/Machine_Desi gn_files/1%20Posters/PPT%20Poster/bearing.ppt
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