Feasibility by AGROTECH Cholistan

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9 Preamble
LivestockandDairyDevelopmentDepartment,GovernmentofthePunjab,throughitsDepartment ofPlanningandEvaluationawardedacontracttoAGROTECH,Lahore,Pakistan,toconduct, The economic and financial feasibility of Corporate livestock production farm in Cholistan LivestockProductionZone. Thiscontractisawardedthroughletterno2073,dated270809. Againstthefollowingtermsofreferences:
1. ScopeofDairyandMeatProductionfarminCholistan.
2. FinancialandtechnicalfeasibilityofintegratedLivestockProductionFarms 3. ParametersofDiseaseFreeZoning. 4. Silagebasedfodderproductionunderpressureirrigationsystem. 5. Integrationwithlocalproducers.

6. RiskassessmentofcorporateLivestock production,inCholistanLivestockProduction
Zone. 7. Thefeasibilitystudyshouldbebankable.
8. Civilwork/structuralleastcostdesignofLivestockfarmaccordingtoCholistanclimate.
9. Preperationoftenderdocuments/BOQasperstructuraldesignofthefarm. Eachoftheabovementionedtermofrefrencewouldberpresentedinthereportasindividual chapter.
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Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9
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TheCholistanDesert,onceaprosperous,lively,andthrivingjungleisnowbyandlargea desolatedpieceofland.Itsproductivitypotentialisonthedeclinedespitethefactthatthenumber ofanimalsinthisdesertisontheincrease.Thissandydesertissituatedinthesouthernpartof Punjab(Pakistan)withhighlysalinesoilsandabrackishsubsoilaquifer.Itsupportsahuman populationof110,000pastoralnomadsdependingexclusivelyuponlivestockfortheirlivelihood. Lifesustainabilityinthisdesertrevolvesroundannualprecipitation.Thesummerinthedesertis extremelyharshandpunishing.Somexericplantspeciesdosurviveduringseveredroughtsbut undergotremendousgrazingpressureleadingtopartialeradicationasresult,thefloraandfauna havebeenthinningoutgraduallywiththeincreasingseverityofdesertization.
Toaddresstheissueofdecliningrevenuesandtightermargins,producershavebeenlookingat variousdiversificationoptionstohelpbolsterincomesandexpandmarketingoptions.Onesuch diversificationoptionforproducersistoformcommunityownedcow/calfoperations.Thiscanbe anattractiveoptiontosomeproducers,sinceitallowsdiversificationwithouthavingtomake significantchangesorcapitalinvestmentsintheirindividualoperations,butstillenablesthemto diversifyandmakeuseofthecalfenterpriseisachievedthroughthepurchaseofsharesinthe newlyformedentity(corporationorcoop).
Underthisproject,farmersrearingherdsofCholistanicows,abreedofSahiwalcowwhich producesabovenormalquantitiesofmilkandmeat,willbeprovidedfacilitieslikebetterpedigree
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improvement,balancedfeedanddiseaseprotectionthroughacomprehensivevaccinationand veterinaryplan.CholistanicowisfamousforresistingharshclimaticconditionsofCholistan. Cholistanicowonanaverageiscapableofproducing1,000litresofmilkperannumandifplans areimplemented,thisaveragecanbeenhancedupto1,7001,800litresperannum.Similarly,50 percentofbeefproducedinPunjabisfromCholistanandthisprojectwilltremendouslyboost beefandmilkproductionfurther.
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Chapter:1
ScopeofDairyandMeatProductionFarmin Cholistan
1.1
AnIntroductiontoCholistan.
TheCholistanDesert,onceaprosperous,lively,andthrivingjungleisnowbyandlargea desolatedpieceofland.Itsproductivitypotentialisonthedeclinedespitethefactthatthenumber ofanimalsinthisdesertisontheincrease.Thissandydesertissituatedinthesouthernpartof Punjab(Pakistan)withhighlysalinesoilsandabrackishsubsoilaquifer.Itsupportsahuman populationof110,000pastoralnomadsdependingexclusivelyuponlivestockfortheirlivelihood. Lifesustainabilityinthisdesertrevolvesroundannualprecipitation.Thesummerinthedesertis extremelyharshandpunishing.Somexericplantspeciesdosurviveduringseveredroughtsbut undergotremendousgrazingpressureleadingtopartialeradication.
1.1.1 Location
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TheCholistandesertislocatedinsouthernPunjabextendingthroughtheNaraandThardesertsof Sindh(Pakistan)betweenlatitudes27o42and29o45Nandlongitudes69o52and75o24E( (figure ),coveringabout2.6millionhectares[14].Soilsareclassifiedaseithersalineorsaline 1) sodic,withpHrangingfrom8.2to8.4andfrom8.8to9.6,respectively.Basedontopography, parentmaterial,soilandvegetation,theCholistanDesertcanbedividedintotwogeomorphic regions;thenorthernregioniscalledLesserCholistanborderingcanalirrigatedareascovering about7,770km2andthesouthernregioniscalledGreaterCholistanandcoversabout 18,130km2[13].TheoldHakrariverbed(driedabout600yearsago)isthedividinglinebetween thetworegions.LesserCholistancomprisesthedesertmarginandincludesalltheareanorthofthe Hakra,whileGreaterCholistanisessentiallytheareasouthoftheoldHakrariverbed.The northernpartofLesserCholistanincludesanirrigationzoneof280,000hectaresservedbyacanal network,whereonly130,000hectaresarecommendablebutonlyasmallpartisactuallyirrigated.
1.1.2 Climateandsoils
Cholistanisahothyperaridsandydesert.Themeanannualrainfallvariesfromlessthan100mm inthewestto200mmintheeast,chieflyfallingduringmonsoon(JulythroughSeptember). Rainfallisveryinconsistentinquantityanddurationandprolongeddroughtsarecommononce every10years.Temperaturesarehighinsummerandmildinwinterwithnofrost.Themean summertemperature(MayJuly)is3438oCwiththehighestreachingover51.6oC[5,6]( (figure ).Thesoilsaregenerallysaline,alkalineandgypsiferouscomposedofgranites,schist, 2) gneiss,andslates.Thedunesreachanaverageheightofabout100minGreaterCholistanand about30minLesserCholistan[24,79].
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LesserCholistanconsistsoflargesalinealluvialflats(locallycalleddahars)alternatingwithlow sandyridges/dunes.TheclayeyflatareasinLesserCholistanaregenerallyhomogenoustoadepth rangingfrom30to90cm.Thesesoilsareclassifiedaseithersalineorsalinesodic,withpH rangingfrom8.2to8.4andfrom8.8to9.6,respectively.GreaterCholistanisawindresorted sandydesertandcomprisedofoldriverterraces,largesanddunesandlessinterdunalflatareas. Therearenopermanent,naturalbodiesofsurfacewaterinCholistan.Factorslikelowrainfall, highrateofwaterinfiltration,andhighevaporationratepreventthenaturalaccumulationof surfacewater[1].Rainwateriscollectedinmanmadedugoutwaterpondscalledtobas.Tobasare madeinclayeyflatslocallycalleddaharswithalargecatchmentareatoavoidthelossofrunoff andwaterpercolation.Undergroundwaterisatadepthof3050m,generallybrackish,containing salts9,00024,000mg/L[3,7].
1.1.3 Socioeconomicaspectsofpastoralism.
Thetotalhumanpopulationofthisdesertisaround110,000nomadicpastoralists.Themajorityof thepeopleliveontheperipheryofthedesertandtheinteriorofthedesertisthinlypopulated.The economyoftheregionispredominantlypastoralandpeoplehavebeenpracticinganomadiclife styleforcenturies.Thenomadsownsmallertolargeherdsofcamels,cattle,sheepandgoats.The interiordesertareaisnotconnectedbyamoderncommunicationsystemandsandydeserttracks areusedfortravelbycamelsorjeeps.Localpeopleusecamelsasamodeoftransportation. Habitationsaresmallandextremelyscattered[3,10].
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Thepastoralsystemischaracterizedbyamassmovementofanimalsandpeoplethroughoutthe yearinsearchofwaterandforagewithinthedesert.Theonsetanddistributionofmonsoonrain mainlydictatethepatternofmovementofnomadicherders(figure .Aroundthemonthsof 3) MarchorApril,depletedfeedandwaterresourcesintheinteriorofthedesertforcenomadic householdsandtheirherdstomovetowardsnearbyirrigatedareas.Supplementaryincomeis earnedthroughunskilledlaborintownsorirrigatedfarms.Inirrigatedagriculturalfieldsthe pastoralistnomadshavefreegrazingoflivestockonwheatstubbles,drinkingwaterforhumans andlivestockandmarketsforlivestockandtheirbyproducts.Inreturn,farmersintheirrigated agriculturallandsobtainsufficientlaborforcropharvesting,farmingoperationsandanimal manuretoenhancesoilfertilitythroughcampingoflivestockonfallowfields. ThenomadsandtheirherdsreturntothedesertaroundJulyorAugustwiththeonsetofmonsoon showers.Distancestravelledduringthismovementvaryfrom10to100km.Whileinthedesert, thenaturalvegetationisthemainsourceoffodderandtobasserveasasourceofdrinkingwater forbothnomadsandtheirlivestock[10].Tobasbelongingtooneclanaregenerallylocatedclose toeachother(oftenwithina24kmradius).DuringOctoberandNovember,whenwaterresources dryup,eachclanmovesitsherdstosemipermanentsettlementswhereprimitiveunlinedwellsand kunds(usuallylined)areavailable[1,3].Uponexhaustionofthesewaterresources,thedesertis vacatedandnomadsmovetoperipheralareasofthedesertwherewaterandfodderareavailable. Theeconomyofthesenomadsentirelydependsonfragileandmeagernaturalresourcesassociated withinconsistentrainpattern.Jobopportunitiesareconfinedtolaborinagriculturalfieldsorother minoractivitiesduetolackofeducationorskilledtraining.Mostofthenomadslivebelowpoverty lineintheabsenceofbasichumanneedslikecleandrinkingwaterorsufficientfood,healthand
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educationfortheirchildren.Livestockbreeding,improvementofperformanceorrange managementisnotpracticedscientifically. Fewnomadsmanagetoshiftmilkproducinganimalsneartheroadsidetoearnsomeliving. Livestockisusedforexchangeofgiftsincommunalceremonieslikeweddings,tribalcelebrations, childbirthorfunerals,andanimalsareslaughteredforfeastfortheguests.Anomadsstatusinthe desertlifestyleischieflydeterminedbythesizeofherd.Alllivestockareindigenousbreedswell adaptedtoclimaticconditions.Herdreproductiveperformanceisgenerallypoorwithlowbirth ratesandhighmortalityduetopoornutrition,lackofhealthcareandclimaticstresses[1,3,11]. Veterinaryhealthcarecentresarenotavailabletomajorityoflivestock. Allthenomadshaveanunwrittencodeofethicsfortheirrangeterritoriesanduseofwaterpoints: tobas,kunds,orwells.Eachclanhasaccesstotraditionallydefinedterritoriestouseforgrazing irrespectiveoftheconditionoftherangevegetation.Theexhaustiveuseofrangevegetationhas resultedinthedeclineofpalatablespeciesespeciallygrasses,overallvegetationcover, malnutritionoflivestockanddegradingwildlifehabitats.
1.2
LivestockProductioninCholistan.
1.2.1 Breeds
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Camels,cattle,sheepandgoatsarethepredominanttypesoflivestock.Cattlearethemostprecious livestockspeciesofpastorallifestylefollowedbysheep,goatsandcamels.Theproductivity(birth rates)amongcattleisthelowest.LambingoccursmainlyduringthemonthsofJanuary/February. Goatsarekeptinsmallernumbersdueto:i)lackofbrowsewhenanimalsaretakentoirrigated areasduringdroughts;ii)toavoidpredationbyjackals;andiii)becauseofdifficultiesencountered incontrolledgrazinginirrigatedareas.Camelsarealsoownedmainlyfortransportationpurposes. NotablebreedsoflivestockinCholistanareasfollows: Cattle:CholistaniandHasari Goat:Jattal(Cholistangoat) Sheep:Buchi,khadali,sipli Camel:MarechaandBrella Generally,splitherdingprevailsincattleandsmallruminants.Smallcalvesinthecaseofcows andlambsandkidsincaseofsheepandgoatsarekeptatpensnearthetobas,whiletheadultsare allowedtoroamaroundforgrazingintheopenrangeareasofthedesert.Mostcattleandcamelare notherded.Inthecaseofthecattle,theanimalsaredrivenoutofthehousetograzefreelyandthey returnhomebythemselvesintheevening.Mortalityrateishighamongcattlealonerangesfrom5 to60percent[1].Themaincausesofmortalityarerelatedtodroughts,poornutritiondueto shortageoffeedandwateranddiseasescausedbynutritionstress.Nolivestockhealthfacilitiesare availableinthedesert,onlylimitedhealthservicesareavailableinperipheralsmalltownsand vaccinationoflivestockisnotpracticedregularly.
1.2.2 Livestockproductionandavailabilityoffeed
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TherangelandsinCholistandesertaremonsoonalandforageproductionintheserangelands dependsheavilyonmonsoonrains(amount,time,andfrequency).Thehealthoftheanimals,their production,birthandmortalityraterelatesdirectlytotheavailabilityofvegetation.Duringnormal rainfallyears(100200mm)greenherbaceousproductionremainscriticallylow,particularlyfor cattleandsheepandanimalsremainunnourished.Onceortwiceintenyearsforageproductionis sufficientforyearroundgrazingofthelivestock.Duringgoodyearstheproductionoflivestock andbyproductsissufficientenoughwhenownershavesomeearnings.Aftersuccessivedrought yearstheforageproductiondeclinesdrasticallyandvegetationgrowthispracticallynil.The grazingperiodstartsfromAugusttillFebruaryduringgoodrainyyears.
Atpresent,thetotallivestockpopulationinCholistanisaround134,798animalunits(AU).The animalunitisconsideredasanadultcowweighing350kg(400kgatinternationallevel)and consuming7kgdrymatterforageperdayinCholistaniconditions.Thetotalannualdrymatter foragedemandinCholistanis.34milliontonswhiletheavailabledrymatterforageis.12million tons.Thusthereisanannualshortageof0.22milliontonsdrymatterforage(Table1).Ithasbeen noticedthatatthemoment,some88,655AUareinexcessofthepresentcarryingcapacity[13]. TherangelandsofCholistanareunderseverethreatofdegradationbecauseofovergrazingand harshclimaticconditions.Duetocontinuousgrazing,thedesirablepalatablespeciesarevanishing atanalarmingrateandrelativelyunpalatablespeciesarespreadinganddominatingthelandscape. Theseverityoftheproblemcanbeseenfromthefactthatsuchhighlydesirablegrassspeciesas PennisetumdivisumandCenchrussetigerushavedisappearedfrommostpartoftheCholistan desertrangelands.
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Table1:AnnualdemandandsupplyofdrymatterforageinLesserandGreaterCholistan.
Livestockpopulation Annualforage (AU) demand(tons)
Forageavailabletons Total(tons) (2,606,000ha) 55,962
Deficit (tons)
Lesser(1,237,000ha) Greater(1,369,000ha) 134,798 344,409
61,934 117,896 226,513
1.2.3 Livestockproductionandhealthmanagement
Threeinterrelatedaspectsofanimalhealthi.e.feed,wateranddiseasehavebeenencounteredin Cholistandesert.Deficienciesintheavailabilityofforage(quantityandquality),drinkingwater (salineorpolluted)andfreemixingofdiseasedanimalswithhealthyonesduringgrazingexpose livestocktovarioustypesofdiseases.Veterinaryhealthcentresorhospitalsarenotavailable towardstheinteriorofthedesertandveryfewpoorlyequippedsmallunitsareavailablein peripheralcities.Livestockownersoftenbecomedistressedandhelplesswhentheirlivestock, particularlycattlefallseriouslyill.Sometraditionalhomemadeherbalpreparationsareusedto treatsickanimals.Themortalityrateisveryhighanddroughtconditionsincreasestressdueto malnutritionandlackofwatercausingvariousdiseases.Themostcommondiseasesoccurringin variouslivestockspeciesareasfollows:
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largeruminants:haemorrhagicsepticaemia,blackquarter,footandmouthdisease, anthrax,mange,surra,camelpox,endoandectoparasites,etc.;
smallruminants:enterotoxemia,pleuropneumonia,sheepandgoatpox,anthrax,liver fluke,endoandectoparasites,etc.
TheamountoflivestockpopulationthathavediedandsufferedfromvariousdiseasesinCholistan desertisgivenintable2.Traditionally,reasonablediseasediagnosticknowhowisavailableatthe tobalevel.However,diseasetreatmentcapabilitiesoftheherdersareverylimitedandmedicines areavailableatplacesthatarefarawayfromtheirtobas.Therefore,alargenumberoftheanimals infectedwithdiseasewereeithernotprovidedanytreatmentorweregivenindigenoustreatment.
Table2:Deathanddiseaseincidenceamonglivestockpopulation. Items Cattle Camel Sheep Goat 59.02 34.12 12.19 19.37 9.31 7.78
Farmsreporteddiseaseincidence 49.69 5.45 Populationsuffered Mortality 5.64 2.72 1.65 0.55
1.2.4 Livestockmarketing
ThepastoralnomadsinCholistandesertarelivingverymuchbelowthepovertylineduetothe lackofeducationorofskilledlaborandtotheirentiredependenceonmeagernaturalresources. Thequantityandqualityoflivestockisnotgoodenoughtosupportafamily.Marketingis
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generallypracticedthroughamiddleman(locallycalledBeopari)whocollectsanimalsfrom variousnomadscampingsitesneartobasontheoutskirtsofsmalltowns.Seasonal,monthly,and weeklylivestockmarketsoperateatvariouslevelsdependingontheavailabilityofanimalsfor sale.Livestockbyproductsincludinghomemadematspreparedfromrawwoolarealsobroughtto themarkets.Themoneyearnedthroughsaleoflivestockisnotenoughtomeettherequirements forfoodorforanimalfeedandfodder.
1.3
ConstraintsforAnimalProduction
ThemajorconstraintinlivestockproductioninCholistanDesertistheshortageofsweetwater. Thisiscompoundedbytheprolongeddroughtsofmanyyearswhentobawaterdriedout completely.InGreaterCholistan,feedforlivestockisstillavailable,butthetobawaterisdepleted andthethirstyherdsareforcedtomigratetowardssemipermanentsettlementswherewellwateris adequatebutofpoorandsalinequalitynotfitfordrinking.Thewellsareunlinedandmustbere dugeachseason.Ontheotherhandinthewesternpart(LesserCholistan)thequantitiesofboth waterandfeedareinadequate.Landlesspastoralistssufferduetothescarcityofrangelandsfor grazingintheirrigatedfringeswheretheyworkaspoorlypaidlabororastenantfarmerson farmlandsgenerallyusedforagriculturalcrops.Thecombinationoflongdistancestravelledby thelivestockinsearchofforage,harshtemperaturerisingabove50oC,inadequacyoffeed, undernourishmentandhighlysalinedrinkingwaterfromwells,allcontributetohighmortality rates.
1.4
JustificationoftheProject
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Toaddresstheissueofdecliningrevenuesandtightermargins,producershavebeenlookingat variousdiversificationoptionstohelpbolsterincomesandexpandmarketingoptions.Onesuch diversificationoptionforproducersistoformcommunityownedcow/calfoperations.Thiscanbe anattractiveoptiontosomeproducers,sinceitallowsdiversificationwithouthavingtomake significantchangesorcapitalinvestmentsintheirindividualoperations,butstillenablesthemto diversifyandmakeuseofthecalfenterpriseisachievedthroughthepurchaseofsharesinthe newlyformedentity(corporationorcoop).
Underthisproject,farmersrearingherdsofCholistanicows,abreedofSahiwalcowwhich producesabovenormalquantitiesofmilkandmeat,willbeprovidedfacilitieslikebetterpedigree improvement,balancedfeedanddiseaseprotectionthroughacomprehensivevaccinationand veterinaryplan.CholistanicowisfamousforresistingharshclimaticconditionsofCholistan. Cholistanicowonanaverageiscapableofproducing1,000litresofmilkperannumandifplans areimplemented,thisaveragecanbeenhancedupto1,7001,800litresperannum.Similarly,50 percentofbeefproducedinPunjabisfromCholistanandthisprojectwilltremendouslyboost beefandmilkproductionfurther.
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Chapter:2
IntegrationoftheFarmwithLocalProducers
Votingshareholderselectaboardofdirectorswhoformandimplementstrategiesandpolicies. Theboardofdirectorswillhireageneralmanager/farmmanagerwhoisresponsibleforthe runningofthedaytodayoperationsofthebusiness.Thegeneralmanagerhiresadditionalstaffto assistwiththeexecutionoftheseduties.Shareholdersreceiveprofitsearnedthroughtheoperation ofthebusinessthroughdividendpayments. Inadditiontodividendpaymentsasaninvestor,producersandinvestorsmayalsobeableto receiveadditionalreturnstotheirindividualfarmingoperationsasaresultoftheestablishmentof alargecommunityownedcow/calfenterprise,intheformofbettermarketingopportunities,better awarenessaboutoperationsandsourcingofinputs.
2.1 BenefitsofCommunityOwnedIntegratedLivestockProduction
Bycombiningresourcesinacommunityownedbusiness,thecow/calfoperationwillbe abletoachievegreatereconomiesofscalethanindividualproducerscouldachieveontheir own.
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Thecow/calfenterprisewillbeastandalonebusinessmakinguseofspecializedlabor withoutrequiringadditionallaborfromtheinvestors.
ProducerscanbenefitfromthecompetitiveadvantagesGovernmentprovidesinthe cow/calfindustry.
Providesfarmerswithalternativemarketingopportunitiestofurtherdiversifytheir operations.Someoftheseopportunitiesincludesaleofcattlefeedandforage.
Abilitytohavemanurespreadonlandeitherthroughgrazingorbymechanicalmeansto improvesoilfertilityandreducefertilizerexpenses.
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Chapter:3
Riskassessment,ofCorporateLivestockProduction FarminCholistan
Theprojectmightfacedifferentinternalaswellasexternalrisks,shouldbemitigatetosmoothly runtheprojectinprofitableenvironment.
ScarcityofWater
Lowrainfall,highratesofevapotranspiration,lowgroundwaterrechargeandabsenceofperennial streamsexplainthegeneralscarcityofwaterinCholistan.Thoughthefarmwouldbeestablished intheareawheresweetundergroundwaterisavailable(areaofMojgarh).Theuseofwaterto cultivatecashcrops,orothermorewaterconsumingveritiesofcrops.Methodsofirrigation,like surfaceirrigationwouldbeareasonhighrateofevapotranspiration. TomitigateGovernmenthastotakesomesevereactionstoconservethewholeecosystem.For thatpurposeauthoritiesshouldpassonsomelawfortheconservationoftheundergroundwater.
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Andcanonlybeutilizedfordrinkingpurpose,forbothhumanandlivestock.Andcanalsobe utilizedforhighlyvalueaddedhorticulture,likecultivationoffodderforsilagemaking.
Risk2:
PoliticalInterference
There is a strong possibility of politicians trying to interfere in the implementation of the programme.Boththelivestockandlandbasedinterventionsoftheprogrammewill,atthepilot stage,belimitedtoasmallnumberofthepoorlocalpeople.Itwillofnecessityinvolveselection fromamongstalargenumberofapplicants. Itcouldbeviewedasamethodforpatronageand attracttheattentionoflocalpoliticians,MembersofNationalandProvincialandevencabinet Ministers.TherewouldbepressureontheProgrammeCoordinatorandteamandonimplementing partnersatthedistrictleveltoselectthebeneficiariesoftheirchoice.
In mitigation, a number of initiatives are needed to protect the programme from political interference.First,thepoliticalleadershipandtheseniorofficialsinvolvedwiththeprogramme willneedtobesensitizedtothisproblem.Second,thelevelprogrammemanagementteamswould havetobespeciallycautionedtolookoutforthisandtoresistit.Third,allsystemsandprocedures oftheprogrammeshouldremaintransparent.
Risk3:
Capacityofpartners
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Sincetheparticipatorystakeholdersarenotusedtocorporatebusinessenvironment.Adedicated programme M&E unit will be located within the P&D to monitor and ensure effective implementation of the programme. In addition, frequent interaction with key stakeholders is extremelyimportanttokeepthemawareengaged.
Management of the Livestock component will be contracted out ensuring close links are maintainedwiththePunjabLivestockDepartment.TheLivestockDepartmentwillbeinvolvedin oversight and use of carefully selected personnel from the department for implementation of districtlevelinterventions.Privatesectorwillbeinvitedtobidforthesectoralinterventionsanda proactiveapproachwillbeadoptedtokeeptheprivatesectorengaged.
Risk4:
BusinessModeloftheFarm
Atthismomentthereisnosinglesolutiontothefuturebusinessmodelforthislivestockfarm.The twooptionsare,CooperativeentityregisteredundertheCooperativeSocietyACT1925,underthis actcommunitycooperativesocietycan runacommercialbusiness. Sincetherestofallthe businessmodelwouldrunontheCorporatestyle,whereownershipofthefarmwouldbedifferent fromtheTechnicalManagementteamofthefarm.Itwouldbeachallengetorunthefarminthis situationwithoutmajorconflictbetweenthecommunityownersandthefarmmanagement. Businessregistrationasacompany,undercompanyACT1986,wouldbeagoodproposition.A balanceofthepoweramongsttheownersandthemanagementisveryessential.
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Risk5:
HighPricesforFuel/Electricity
Sinceproposedfarmwouldnothaveregularelectricityconnectioninnearfutureandwouldrunon thedieselpowergenerator,escalatingpricesofthefuelwouldhaveseriousrisktotheprofitability ofthefarmandultimatelypoorproductivityofthefarm.
Infutureothersourcesofrenewableenergylikebiogasandsolarpanelscanbeutilizedtofullfill thepowerneedsofthefarm. Asamatterfact,powergenerationwithBiogasinitselfavery fruitfulprojectandshouldbedealtseparatelyandafullflegstudyshouldbecarriedouttoexplore thepotentialofthisverycheapandeasilyavailablesourceofenergy.
Risk6:
LackofMarketingEfforts/ForwardLinkage
Farmhadbeenplannedtotriggerthelocalandinternationalmarket,anylackofinterestonthis horizonwouldresultinpoormarketingoutcomesandultimatelypoorprofitability.Anotheraspect thisriskisthefactthatthisfarmwouldbeabenchmarkforthelocalcommunitytoexplorethe new marketing channels any such failure would set wrong example and would shatter the confidenceofthestakeholdersaswellaslocalcommunity.
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Specialeffortsshouldbeengaged,bytheLivestockdepartmentbytheparticipationofdifferent governmentalaswellasprivatechannelstokeepthefarmonrightmarketingavenues.
Risk7:
DiseaseFreeZoningatFarm
Forthelocalandinternationalmarketingthefarmshouldbediseasefreezone.Anyfailureinbio security would result in any disease outbreak and would damage the credibility of the farm. FurthercanbearisktothelocalpopulationoftheLivestock.
Aproperbiosecurityplanshouldbefollowed,andfarmshouldhavelinkagewiththelocalaswell as international accreditations bodies. General guidlines of the OIE should be folloed to establishedadiseasefreezoneatfarm.
Risk8:
GeneralRisksfortheProject
Duetothelargestartupcostsandadditionaloverhead(e.g.hiredlabor),profitabilityofthe operationwillbesusceptibletofinancialrisksassociatedwithfluctuationsincalfpricesand interestrates,especiallyduringthefirstyearsofoperation.
Profitsofthebusinessmustbesharedwithotherinvestors.Profitsduringstartupwill likelybesmall,resultinginlimitedreturnoninvestmentduringtheseyears,especiallyif smallprofitsaresplitamongalargenumberofinvestors.
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Investorsinthebusinessmaysharedifferentgoalsleadingtoconflictsamongboardof directorsandinvestors.
Increasedregulatoryrequirementsmustbefollowedwhensettingupalargeintensive livestockoperation.
Riskoflimitedacceptancewithinthecommunitycouldleadtoshortagesofinputsrequired (e.g.capital,feed,pasture),resultingineconomiesofscalenotbeingachieved.
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Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9 Chapter:4
TechnicalandFinancialFeasibilityofIntegrated LivestockProductionFarms
4.1
Sizeofthefarm
Amanageableyetviablesizeofthefarmisof250breedinganimals,forproductionofmilk,andto getcrossbredandpurebredheifersandcalves.Farmalsoincludes300calvesforfatteningand havingtwoproductioncyclesof180dayseach.Soatonetimefarmhas,250breedinganimals, 300fatteningcalvesandtwocropsofprogenycalvesof175each(assumedon70%herd fertilization),heifersandcalveswillbesoldattheageoftwoyears.
4.2
Land
Thefarmwouldhold500acresofland.Fortheconstructionoftheshedsandaccessorybuildings includingsilopitsetc,25acresoflandwouldbeallocated.Foddercropswouldbecultivatedon
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150acresoflandforcultivatinggreenfodderthroughforcedirrigationandthenmakingsilage. Andremaining325acresoflandwillbeutilizedforgrazingtheanimals.Allthefarmpremises, 500acreswouldbefenced,toprovidesecurityandtoavoidslipofanimals.
4.3
SiteSelection
Siteselectionforthisprojectwouldbeoneofthecriticalparameters,whichwilldeterminethefate oftheproject.Thisveryimportantdecisionwouldfurtherbecontingentwiththeavailabilityof theundergroundsweetwater.Inotherconsiderations,roadinfrastructureisalsoimportant.And thelastbutnottheleastwillingnessofthelocalcommunitytoparticipateinthiscommunity ownedfarm. Asamatteroffactthedecisionofsiteselectionfurtherneedsathoroughstudyofthegeographical aswellascommunityparameters.Theultimatedecisionwouldbemadeinthelightofsucha study.
4.4 SelectionoftheAnimals
Thebreedinganimalswouldbeselectedfromtheherdsofparticipatingmembersofthefarmfrom localcommunity.Theanimalswouldbeselectedpreferablybeintheir2ndand3rdlactationasthe animalsatthisstageprovetobemoreprofitablebecauseoftheirproductiveandreproductive performance.Forbreedinganimalsartificialinseminationwithqualitysemenwouldbedone.The averagemilkproductionperanimalwouldbeexpectedabout6litersperday,withalactation periodof250days.
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Calvesforfatteningprogramwouldbepurchasedfromthelocalcommunity.Fatteningprogram hastwoproductioncyclesperyear.Inonecycle300animalswouldbeprocuredofinitialweight of150kgandageof12months,wouldbekeptforaboutsixmonthandthefinalweightwouldbe 250kgwithultimategainof100kg.Thisfinishedweightwouldbeidealforbeefexportmarket andwouldbesoldtobeefexporter. ThesecondlotofthefattenedcalveswouldbepreparedtocatertheliveanimalmarketforEidul Ezha.Forthisproductioncycleoffattenedanimals,animalsof18monthsandofliveweight200 250kgwouldbeprocured.Calveswouldbekeptfor6months,onthecompletionofthis productionprogramanimalswouldreachtheageof24months(rightageforSacrifice)andthe finishedliveweightwouldbe300350kg.
4.5Buildings
Buildingsonadairyfarmconsistofshedsfordifferentclassesofanimals,milkroom,storage facilitiesforfeedingredientsandequipment,andanattendantroom.Theanimalshedswouldbe welllighted,ventilatedyetsufficientlyprovideprotectionfromsun,winddraughtsandrain.The shedsmustbeprovidedwithwatertroughs.Theflooroftheshedsshouldpreferablybepavedto keepitcleananddry.Alongwitheachshedanopenpaddockshouldbeprovidedwithkashafloor for exercisingandloafingatnightduringsummer.Spacerequirementsandestimatedcost of differentfarmbuildingsisgiveninthedesignportion. Table3:CIVILWORKCOSTOFDIFFERENTELEMENTSINCATTLEFARM
Sr.
DescriptionofDifferentItems
Amount(Rs.)
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# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 CattleShedArea(248X300) MainSteelGate18X7&WicketGate3X7 FenceAroundShedarea25Acres(Precastpillarswith3horizontalbarbed wiresand2diagonalwires) RoadEmbankment/Filling+10aboveN.S.L. 12wideBrickSolingTrackaroundShedArea OfficeBlock(450Sft) ParkingArea/PavedArea(755Sft) ManagersResidence(1,500Sft) Machinery&EquipmentStore(1,200Sft) GeneratorRoom12X18(216Sft) TubewellRoom12X12(144Sft)(Excludingthecostofboring&machinery) OverheadWaterTank(15,000Gallons) StaffHostel(1,610Sft) CalvingPens(1,500Sft) YoungCalfPens(1,600Sft) MilkingPens(500Sft) TrenchSilos;2Nos.20X80each(1,600+1,600Sft) ChaffCutterShed(500Sft) Feedmill&StoreArea(1,500Sft),Excludinganyequipmentcost MolassesTank(6,000Gallons) SickAnimalShed(500Sft) 13,251,410.00 117,600.00 630,000.00 570,000.00 714,750.00 450,000.00 45,300.00 1,500,000.00 600,000.00 129,600.00 86,400.00 2,500,000.00 1,610,000.00 450,000.00 480,000.00 150,000.00 1,600,000.00 175,000.00 900,000.00 300,000.00 150,000.00
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22 23 24
QuarantineShed(700Sft) Dip;2Nos. ManureDisposalPits;2Nos.(1,000Cft)
210,000.00 168,000.00 200,000.00 2,698,8060.00
TOTALCOSTOFCIVILWORKFORTHESHEDAREA(Rs.)
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4.6 FarmMachineryandEquipments:
Thefollowingmachineryandequipmentsaregenerallyneededonadairyfarmforproductionand supplyoffodder,feedingandmilkingofanimals,handlingandstorageofmilkandcleaningof buildings,equipmentandotheraccessorystructures. Apowergeneratorof25KVAwouldbe installedtoproduceenergytocarryoutimportantfunctionslikepumpingthewater,operating milkingmachines,andmixingcattleconcentratefeed.Itisrecommendedthatinfuturethebasic powerutilityfunctionsofthefarmwouldbecarriedoutthroughtheutilizationofsolarenergy. Table4:EquipmentRequired

Est.Price Qty. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 1,200,0 00 600,0 00 60,00 0 140,0 00 260,0 00 35,00 0 170,0 00 260,0 00 400,0 00 500,0 00
1,200,0 Tractors90HP 00 600,0 Tractors60HP 00 60,0 ChiselPlough7times6to8inches 00 140,0 Rotavators60blades 00 RaisedbedcomboPlanterforFodderCorn4RowswithFertilizer 260,0 Banding 00 35,0 00 170,0 00 260,0 00 400,0 00 500,0 00
BooderDick SpryMachines45ftboom TippingTrailers2tipping(12ft)118ftloaders FrontEndLoaders/Flock CornChopper
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FuelTanker4000Lit MotorBicycle
350,0 00 80,0 00
1 1
350,0 00 80,00 0
Total
4,055,0 00
4.7
FeedRequirements
4.7.1 FeedRequirementsoftheBreeders
Thefarmwouldbedesignedsothatanimalswouldhavestallfeedingaswellasgrazing. Breedinganimalswouldbestallfedunlesstheyareinmilking,dryanimalswillbemovedto grazing.Sincegrazingwouldbemadeontheselfgrowingvegetation,whichfurtherdependenton rain,soforsuchanintensivefarmingmodel,grazingwouldbeutilizedasanextraadvantageand allotherfinancialcalculationbemadeon365daysstallfeedingassumption. Asathumbrule,totaldrymatterintakeofamaturebreedercow,isexpected3.5%ofitslivebody weightwhichisassumedtobe400450kg.Sothetotaldrymatterintakeperanimalwouldbe about1517kg.Silageisassumedtohaveabout50%drymatter,so25kgsilagewouldservethe roughagerequirementoftheanimal.Asaruleofthumb2Kgofconcentrateisrequiredfor
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productionof3Litersofmilk,so3kgofconcentrateforeachanimalperdayhavingaveragemilk productionof6lit/daywouldbesufficienttomeetthenutrientrequirementoftheanimal.
4.7.2 FeedRequirementoftheHeifers.
Thecalveswouldnotmotherfed,insteadliquidmilkreplacerwillbegivenfortheperiodof60 days.InsecondphaseheifersandcalveswouldbegivenStarterrationsforaperiodof120days, duringthattimecalveswillbeofage,5monthsandwillshiftedtothirdphaseoffeedingthe grownupfeed,whichcomprisedofsilageandconcentrates,thatperiodwouldbeofabout 540days.
4.7.3 FeedRequirementforFatteningAnimals.
Calvesonfatteningprogrameither,forexportmarketor,Enidlot,wouldbegivensilageand concentrateandwouldbecompletelystalledfed.Anaverageconsumption15kgofsilageis assumedon200kgaverageweightofthefatteningcalf.Anadditional1.51.8kgofconcentrate wouldbegiventoachievethedesiredtargetweight.
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Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9 4.8 FodderProductionanddevelopmentofSilage:

Togrowfodderandthentomadesilage,100acresoflandwouldbededicated.Thispieceofland wouldbeirrigatedthroughforcedirrigationordripirrigation.Acompletelayoutplanwouldbe followedalongwithfoddercultivationstrategy.Twocropsoffoddertypesofmaizewouldbe cultivated,andwouldproducedabout7800metrictonsofgreenfodder,byassuming26metricton productionperacre.Thismuchproductionofgreenfodderwouldproducedsilage3900metric ton,byassuming50%moisturelossduringthepreparationofsilagefromthegreenfodder.This producedenoughsilagetosupportthetotalpopulationofanimalsatfarm. Table5:FodderProduction,developmentofSilageanditsConsumption
FODDERPRODUCTIONANDCONSUMPTION
PRODUCE YieldperAcre Crops GreenFodderperAnnumperAcre Cultivation GreenFodderperAnnum Silage(At50%yieldofGreenFodder) M Tons Kgs 7,8 00 Acres 150 M Tons M Tons 26 2 52 7,800,00 0 3,900,00 0
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CONSUMPTIONSILAGE BreedingAnimals ConsumptionperDayperAnimal AnnualConsumptionperAnimal AnnualConsumption Heifers&Calves ConsumptionperDayperAnimal AnnualConsumptionperAnimal (25KgsX550days/2) AnnualConsumption(80HersX6,875 Kgs) Fattening ConsumptionperDayperAnimal FeedingDay AnnualConsumptionperAnimal AnnualConsumption(600X1,500Kgs) 3,904,37 TotalConsumption Kgs 5 100.00% Nos Kgs Days Kgs Kgs 600 15 180 2,7 00 1,620,00 0 41.49% Kgs 721,87 5 2,284,37 5 Kgs Kgs 175 15 4,1 25 Nos Kgs Kgs Kgs 250 25 6,2 50 1,562,50 0 58.51%
(4,37 SILAGESurplustorequirement Kgs 5)
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4.9 ManpowerRequirements:
TheoperationmanagementwouldberesponsibilityoftheFarmManager,wouldhaveprevious experienceofmanagingfarmlikethatandcapableofmakingdaytodaydecisions.Restofthe teamwouldbecomprisedof3supervisorsand44workersresponsibleforfeeding,milkingand otherdailychoresatthefarmincludingmaintainingrecords,marketsuppliesandhealthcareofthe herd.Workersfromthelocalcommunitywouldbepreferredandinthiswaygenerate employmentforthelocals.

Table6:Laborexpendituresheet. Salarypermonth(Rs) Manager(Rs6000012) Supervisors3(3Rs1500012) Workers44(44600012) Costperannum 60000 15000 6000 Costperannum(Rs) 720000 540000 3168000 4428000
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4.10
CapitalExpenditure
Table7:CapitalExpensesDetail.
COST Rs Fencesforlandof500Acres[Note(a)] ChainLinkCostperRaft[Note(b)] PressurizedIrrigationSystem Costperacre Machinery(Tractors,harvesters,TMRMixer,trolley, digger,crush,weighingscaleetcCostestimatefrom "Farmall") MilkingMachine(milkingline) Generators(25KVA)andElectrification Vehicles(DoubleCabinHiluxandCarryorsimilar) Drinkingwater,boring,piping,overheadtank OfficeEquipments Civilwork,animalsheds,ancillarybuildingsetc Raft Rs/Rft Acres Rs/Acre 18,700 110 150 65,000 2,057,000 9,750,000 20 10
Depreciation Life(Yrs) Rs 102,850 975,000
4,550,000 1,000,000 2,500,000 1,200,000 300,000
10 10 10 10 10 10 20
455,000 100,000 250,000 120,000 30,000 1,349,403 3,382,253
26988060
48,345,060
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Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9 4.11 FinancialCosting 4.11.1 OperatingCost

Rupees Note1 Note2 Note3 Note4 Note5 Note6 Rs/ Month Rs/ Month 34,80 0 10,00 0 937,500 2,925,00 0 6,042,38 4 5,782,87 5 4,290,92 0 4,428,00 0 417,600 120,000 120,000 3,382,25 3 Rs/ Month 30,00 0 360,000 150,000 Note8 Note8 5,759,52 6 599,951 35,316,00 8
Table8:OperatingCostsofthefarm.
OPERATINGCOSTS CostofbreedinganimalsAmortizedoveritslifeperiod FatteningAnimalCostat12monthsage FeedcostBreedingAnimals FeedcostHeifers&Calves FeedCostFatteninganimal ManpowerCost FuelChargesTractorbasedonanestimateof20Ltrs/Day@Rs 58/Ltr VehicleRunningExpenses InseminationCost(@Rs500pershotfor240times) DepreciationAsperCapitalExpenditureschedule RepairsandMaintenance AuditorsFee BorrowingCost Insurance
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4.11.2 RevenueGenerated
Table9:Revenuegeneratedatfarm:
REVENUE
RevenuefromSaleofFattenedanimals(600XRs85X250Kgs) 8 HeifersSale(76XRs100,000) CalvessaleMale(76XRs80,000)) MilkSale(6LtrsX250DaysXRs27X300Cows) Silage(75,000Kgs@Rs1.50perKg) FarmYardManure(Rs3,000for300animalsandRs1,000for400animals) SaleofspentCowsassumedatbuyingcostamortizedoverlifeperiod Nos Nos Rs/Annum Rs/Annum Rs/Annum Rs/Annum 3 8 3
Rupees
12,750,000 8,312,500 6,650,000 10,125,000 (6,563) 3,000,000 468,750 41,299,688
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4.11.3
ProfitEarned
Table10:Profitearnedatfarm.
OperatingExpenses(RS) RevenueGenerated(Rs) PROFITEARNED(RS)
35,316,008 41,299,688 5,983,680
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Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9 Chapter: 5
SILAGEBASEDFODDERPRODUCTIONON MODERNTECHNOLOGY
5.1 PressurizedIrrigationSystems
Duetoscarcityofwateronly25%ofrainfedareaiscultivated. Adoptionofobsoletesystem irrigationresultinpoorapplicationanddistributionefficiencies.Inmostoftheareas,thelandis highlyundulatedandprecisionlandlevelingis,therefore,notafeasibleoption.Assuch,gravity irrigationisnotpossibleintheseareas.Therefore,itisofutmostimportancethatthisscarce resourceisutilizedmostefficiently.Smallscalesprinkleranddripirrigationtechniqueshavebeen successfullyintroducedinPakistan,andareparticularlywellsuitedarealikeCholistan. Applicationefficienciescanberaisedto75to85%,permittingalmostfulluseofscarcewater supplies.Anadditionaladvantageascomparedwithsurfaceirrigationisthatefficientirrigation canbecarriedoutevenwheretopographyisundulatedandsoilislighttexturedasisthecasein
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muchofthebaraniareas.Raingunsprinkleranddripirrigationsystemshavebeenlocally developedwhicharecomparativelyinexpensive.
5.2 SilageFermentationandPreservation
Qualitysilageisachievedwhenlacticacidisthepredominantacidproduced,asitisthemost efficientfermentationacidandwilldropthepHofthesilagethefastest.Thefasterthe fermentationiscompleted,themorenutrientswillberetainedinthesilage.
5.2.1 TheFermentationProcess
Harvestingforagesassilageisacompromisebetweenreducinglaborrequirementsandfieldlosses versuslossesinthefermentationprocessthatwilleventuallypreservethecrop.Idealfermentation isdependentupondecisionsandmanagementpracticesimplementedbeforeandduringthe ensilingprocess.Theprimarymanagementfactorsthatareunderthecontroloftheproducerare: 1.Stageofmaturityoftheforageatharvest. 2.Thetypeoffermentationthatoccursinthesiloorbunker. 3.Typeofstoragestructureusedandmethodsofharvestingandfeeding.
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Duringtheensilingprocess,somebacteriaareabletobreakdowncelluloseandhemicellulosesto varioussimplesugars.Otherbacteriabreakdownsimplesugarstosmallerendproducts(acetic, lacticandbutyricacids).Themostdesirableendproductsareaceticandlacticacid.Asthebacteria degradestarchesandsugarstoacidicandlacticacids,drymatterislost. Attentiontodetailssuchasspeedofharvesting,moisturecontent,lengthofchop,silage distributionandcompactioncangreatlyinfluencethefermentationprocessandstoragelosses. Efficientfermentationensuresamorepalatableanddigestiblefeed,whichencouragesoptimaldry matterintakethattranslatesintoimprovedanimalperformance.Makingconsistent,highquality silagerequiressoundmanagementdecisionsandattentiontodetails. Itisimportantthatbacteriaresponsibleforproductionofaceticandlacticacidgrowandmultiply immediatelyafterstoringtheforageformaximumqualityhaylage.Properpackingofthehayand voidingofair(oxygen)providestheenvironmentneededbybacteriatobreakdownfiber componentsandsugars.Oxygenmustberemovedfromthehaylagetomaximizereproductionof aceticandlacticacidproducingbacteria.Microbes(bacteria)responsibleforfermentationneed anaerobic(intheabsenceofair)conditions.Asbacteriaconsumesugars,endproductsproduced (aceticandlacticacid)causethepHtodrop. Qualitysilageisachievedwhenlacticacidisthepredominantacidproduced,asitisthemost efficientfermentationacidandwilldropthepHofthesilagethefastest.Thefasterthe fermentationiscompleted,themorenutrientswillberetainedinthesilage. Acriticaltimeduringtheensilingprocessoccursaftertheinitialthreetofivedaysandrequires some15to20daysforcompletion.Thesuccessoftheensilingprocessisdeterminedduringthese
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twoweeks.Thereisagradualincreaseinlacticacidaslacticacidproducingbacteriabreakdown simplesugars.ThepHdropstobetween3.8to4.2.Atsuchacidicconditions,furtherbacterial actionistopped.Thecriticaldifferencebetweensilageandhaylageistheeffectofmoisture contentoftheforageduringthistwoweekfermentationprocess.Iftheforageistoodry, fermentationisrestrictedandthepHcannotdropsufficiently.IfpHofthehaylagedoesnotdrop sufficiently,spoilagewilloccur.
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Thefollowingsixphasesdescribewhatoccursduringensiling,storageandfeedoutof fermentedforages: PhaseI Astheforageisharvested,aerobicorganismspredominateontheforagesurface.Duringtheinitial ensilingprocess,thefreshlycutplantmaterial,andmoreimportantlytheaerobicbacteria,continue torespirewithinthesilostructure.Theoxygenutilizedintherespirationprocessesiscontained withinandbetweentheforageparticlesatthetimeofensiling.Thisphaseisundesirablesincethe aerobicbacteriaconsumesolublecarbohydratesthatmightotherwisebeavailableforthe beneficiallacticacidbacteriaortheanimalconsumingtheforage.Althoughthisphasereducesthe oxygentocreatethedesiredanaerobicconditions,therespirationprocessproduceswaterandheat inthesilagemass.ExcessiveheatbuildupresultingfromanextendedPhaseIperiodcangreatly reducethedigestibilityofnutrientssuchasproteins. Anotherimportantchemicalchangethatoccursduringthisearlyphaseisthebreakdownofplant proteins.Proteinsarefirstreducedtoaminoacidsandthentoammoniaandamines.Upto50 percentofthetotalplantproteinmaybebrokendownduringthisprocess.Theextentofprotein breakdown(proteolysis)isdependentontherateofpHdeclineinthesilage.Theacidenvironment ofthesilageeventuallyreducestheactivityoftheenzymesthatbreakdownproteins. PhaseIendsoncetheoxygenhasbeeneliminatedfromthesilagemass.Underidealcropand storageconditions,thisphasewilllastonlyafewhours.Withimpropermanagement,thisphase
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couldcontinueforseveralweeks.Theprimaryobjectiveatensilingtimeistomanagethecrop soairinfiltrationisminimized;therebyshorteningthetimerequiredtoachieveananaerobic environment.Keymanagementpracticesarepropermaturity,moisture,choplengthand rapidfillingwithadequatepackingandpropersealingofthestoragestructure. PhaseII Aftertheoxygenintheensiledforagehasbeenutilizedbytheaerobicbacteria,PhaseIIbegins. Thisisananaerobicfermentationwherethegrowthanddevelopmentofaceticacidproducing bacteriaoccurs.Thesebacteriafermentsolublecarbohydratesandproduceaceticacidasanend product.Aceticacidproductionisdesirableasitcanbeutilizedbyruminantsinadditionto initiatingthepHdropnecessarytosetupthefollowingfermentationphases.AsthepHofthe ensiledmassfallsbelow5.0,theaceticbacteriadeclineinnumbersasthispHlevelinhibitstheir growth.ThissignalstheendofPhaseII.Inforagefermentation,PhaseIIlastsnolongerthan24to 72hours. PhaseIII TheincreasingacidinhibitsaceticbacteriaandbringsPhaseIItoanend.ThelowerpHenhances thegrowthanddevelopmentofanotheranaerobicgroupofbacteria,thoseproducinglacticacid. PhaseIV ThisisacontinuationofPhaseIIIasthelacticacidbacteriabegintoincrease,fermentsoluble carbohydratesandproducelacticacid.Lacticacidisthemostdesirableofthefermentationacids
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andforefficientpreservation,shouldcomprisegreaterthan60percentofthetotalsilageorganic acidsproduced.Whensilageisconsumed,lacticacidwillalsobeutilizedbycattleasanenergy source.PhaseIVisthelongestphaseintheensilingprocessasitcontinuesuntilthepHofthe forageissufficientlylowenoughtoinhibitthegrowthofallbacteria.WhenthispHisreached,the forageisinapreservedstate.Nofurtherdestructiveprocesseswilloccuraslongasoxygeniskept fromthesilage. PhaseV ThefinalpHoftheensiledforagedependslargelyonthetypeofforagebeingensiledandthe conditionatthetimeofensiling.HaylageshouldreachafinalpHofaround4.5andcornsilage near4.0.ThepHoftheforagealoneisnotagoodindicatorofthequalityofthesilageorthetype offermentationthatoccurred.Foragesensiledatmoisturelevelsgreaterthan70percentmay undergoadifferentversionofPhaseIV.Insteadoflacticacidproducingbacteriadeveloping,large populationsofclostridiabacteriamaygrowinthesilage.Theseanaerobicbacteriaproducebutyric acidratherthanlacticacid,whichresultsinsoursilage.Withthistypeoffermentation,thepHmay be5.0orabove. PhaseVI Thisphasereferstothesilageasitisbeingfedoutfromthestoragestructure.Thisphaseis importantbecauseresearchshowsthatnearly50percentofthesilagedrymatterlossesoccurfrom secondaryaerobicdecomposition.PhaseVIoccursonanysurfaceofthesilagethatisexposedto oxygenwhileinstorageandinthefeedbunk.Highpopulationsofyeastandmoldorthe mishandlingofstressedcropscanleadtosignificantlossesduetoaerobicdeteriorationofthe
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silage.Propermanagementisvitaltoreducetheselossesandimprovethebunklife(aerobic stabilityofthesilage.
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Table11.Sixphasesofsilagefermentationandstorage. PhaseI AgeofSilage02days Activity Cell PhaseII 23days Production PhaseIII 34days Lactic PhaseIV 421days Lactic acid formation onreexposure PhaseV 21days Material storage PhaseVI Aerobic decomposition
respiration; ofaceticacidacid production of andlactic formation
CO2,heatandacidethanol water Temperature 6990F Change* pHChange Produced 6.56.0 9084F 6.05.0 Aceticacid andlactic 84F 5.04.0 Lactic acid 84F 4.0 Lactic acid bacteria 84F 4.0 tooxygen 84F 4.07.0 Moldand yeastactivity
acidbacteria bacteria
*Temperaturedependentonambient.Ensilingtemperaturegenerallyis15higherthanambient. AdaptedfromMcCullough.
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5.2.2 GeneralSilageManagementFactors
1.MaturityandmoistureRecommendationsvarywithdifferentsilagecrops(Table2).Proper maturityassuresadequatefermentablesugarsforsilagebacteriaandmaximumnutritionalvalue forlivestock.Maturityalsohasatremendousimpactonmoisturewithunwiltedforagecropssuch ascornsilage.Adequatemoistureforbacterialfermentationisessentialandaidsinpackingtohelp excludeoxygenfromthesilage. Table12.Harvestandmoisturerecommendations. SiloType Bunker Length ofCut inches 3/81/2 1/43/8 1/43/8 1/43/8 1/43/8
Crop Cornsilage Alfalfa Cerealsilage Grasses Clover
Maturity milkline1/22/3 downthekernel midbud1/10 bloom,wiltto... milkorsoft dough,wiltto... whenfirststems headout 1/4to1/2" bloom,wiltto...
Stave
Sealed 5060 5060 5060 5060 5060
%moisture 6772 6570 6772 6772 6772 6368 6065 6368 6368 6368
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grainmediumto Foragesorghum harddoughoras leavesbeginto losecolor 7075 6570 5060 3/81/2
2.LengthofcutThemostdesirablelengthofcutisbetweentoinchdependinguponthe crop,storagestructureandamountofsilageintheration.Thiswillgiveidealcompactionofthe silageandyetallowforeaseofunloadingfromanuprightsilo.Settingthechoppertocutanyfiner couldhaveanegativeimpactuponmilkfatproductionandtheincidenceofdisplacedabomasums indairycattleduetoinadequatescratchfactor. Choppingforagestoolongmakescompactiondifficultandairwillremaintrappedinthesilage resultinginheatingandspoilage(PhaseI).Arecutterscreenisnotgenerallyrecommendedunless thesilageistoodry,asitincreasesthepowerrequirementandwillslowharvesting. 3.Filling,packing,sealingThecropshouldbeharvestedandthesilofilledasrapidlyas possible.Fillingdelayswillresultinexcessiverespirationandincreasedsilagelosses.Packing shouldbeginimmediatelywhenstoringsilageinbunkersilos.Awheeledtractorispreferredasa packingvehicle,asitwillsupplygreaterweightpersurfaceunitthanatrackedvehicle.Thesilo shouldbesealedwithanairtightcoveronceitisfilledtopreventpenetrationofairandrainfall intothesilage.Agoodgradeofplasticweighteddownwithdiscardedtireswillgenerallyprovide anadequateseal.
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4.AdditivesMostsilageadditivesmarketedintheUnitedStatestodayaredesignedtoaid fermentationbyprovidingfermentationbacteria,enzymesorfermentablesubstrate.Althoughnota replacementforgoodmanagement,theyaretoolstohelpensurethattheensilingprocessstays withinacceptableboundaries. Managethefeedingface FacemanagementrequiresskillandisarealproblemintheUnitedStates.Manybunker,trench anddriveoverpilesilosaretoolargetomanagecorrectly.Thesilagefaceshouldbemaintainedas asmoothsurface,perpendiculartothefloorandsidewallsinbunkerandtrenchsilos.This techniquewillminimizethesquarefootageofsurfaceexposedtoair.Anaveragedailyremoval rateof6to12inchesfromthefaceshouldpreventheatingandspoilingofexposedsilage.Well packedsilagereducesthedistancethatoxygencanpenetrateinanexposedsilageface. Disposeofthespoilage Eventhebestmanagedsilagewillalwayshavesomespoilage.Thetemptationistofeedspoiled silage,butitisalwaysamistakeandcandestroytheforagematinacow'srumen.Intestsat KansasStateUniversity,fistulatedcowsfedspoiledsilagedidn'truminate,reducingchewingand salivaproduction.Instead,alwaysthrowoutthespoilage.Youcan'taffordtouseit.
5.2.3 Additionstosilage
Variousadditionstosilagehavebeensuggestedasmethodstoimproveoralterthefermentation process.Thesematerialsmaybereferredtoasadditives,conditionersandpreservatives.
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AdditiveAmaterialthataddsnutrientstosilage. ConditionerAmaterialthatabsorbsexcessmoisturefromchoppedforageorwhichincreases themoisturecontentofexcessivelydryforage. PreservativeAmaterialthatstimulatesthefermentationprocessoramaterialthatinhibits fermentation. Thebenefitsobtainedfromsilageadditives,conditionersandpreservativesdependupontheir influenceonthesilagefermentationprocess.Thesebenefitsareusuallymeasuredbythereduction infermentationlossesand/orimprovementinsilagequalityandfeedingvalue. Silageadditives,conditionersandpreservativesfunctioninthefollowingways: Adddrymattertoreducemoisturecontent Addwatertoincreasemoisturecontent Altertherate,amountandkindofacidproduction Acidifythesilage Inhibitbacterialandmoldgrowth Culturesilage(inoculants)tostimulateacidproduction Increasenutrientcontentofthesilage
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Adddrymattertoreducemoisturecontent Theobjectivesofaddingdrymatteraretoreduceseepagelossesandprovideamoresuitable mediumforthefermentationprocess.Thegoalofproducersshouldbetoharvestcornand sorghumforsilageatthepropergrowthstageoratphysiologicalmaturitywhenplantmoisture contentisidealforsilage.Grassesandlegumesshouldbewiltedordriedintheswathtoan averageofabout65percentmoistureorlessdependingonthetypeofstorageused. Ifforagecropsmustbeharvestedtoowetforsilage,thefollowingguidelinefordrymatter additionmaybeused. Cerealgrains,coarselygroundandchopped,airdryalfalfaorgrassforagewilldecreasethe moisturecontentofwetforageapproximately5percentageunitsforeach150to200poundsof materialaddedpertonofwetforageweight. Addwatertoincreasemoisturecontent Ifforagecropstobestoredassilagebecometoodry,packingtoexcludeairisdifficult.Under suchconditions,watermustbeaddedtoraisethemoisturecontenttothedesiredlevelorsevere drymatterlosseswillresult. Theamountofwaterrequiredtoincreaseforagemoisturecontent1percentageunitis approximately5to6gallonspertonofensiledmaterial. Alteringtherate,amountandkindofacidproduction
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Acidproductionisessentialinthekeepingqualitiesofsilage.Therate,amountandkindofacid producedisinfluencedbythemoisturecontentofthechoppedforageandthereadilyavailable carbohydratecontentoftheforage. Cornsilageharvestedatthepropergrowthstageoratphysiologicalmaturityhasahighlevelof readilyavailablecarbohydratesforlacticacidproduction.Iflegumesandgrasscropsarenot wiltedinthefieldtoanaverageof65percentmoistureorlessdependingonthetypeofstorage, thentheadditionofacarbohydraterichfeedstuffwillenhancefermentation. Molassesisanexcellentcarbohydrateorsugarsourceforlegumesandgrassescontaining75to80 percentmoisture.Forlegumes,about80poundsofmolassespertonisrequired,andforgrasses40 poundsisgenerallyused. Cerealgrainsareanothersourceofcarbohydrates.Thesematerials,whenaddedat150to200 poundspertonofwetforage,willalsoreducethemoisturecontentofthechoppedforage approximately5percentageunit. Acidifyingthesilage Acidifyingsilage,usingastrongacid,hasbeenpracticedinEuropeonhighmoisturegrasssilage. Thepurposewastoproduceanimmediateacidconditionratherthanwaitingforthesilageto produceitsownacid.ThispracticeisnotrecommendedintheUnitedStatesbecauseofitshigh cost,thecorrosivenatureoftheacidsandlowforagepalatability. Inhibitbacteriaandmoldgrowth
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Whileacidformationandtheexclusionofoxygenstopbacterialgrowth,severalchemicalsusedas silagepreservativesalsoinhibitundesirablebacterialandmoldgrowth.Acids,suchasformicand propionic,enhancethepreservationofforage.Themajorbenefitofaddingweakacidstosilage appearstobeinreducingspoilageinopenstoragestructures.Formicacidisaddedtohaycrop silagesat0.45percentofthewetweightor2.25percentofthedrymatterweight.Propionicacidis addedattherateof0.5to1.0percentofthewetforageweight. "Culturing"silage(inoculants) Anumberofcommercialproducts,referredtoasfermentationaidsand/orinoculants,areavailable foraddingtosilageatthetimeofensiling.Sincesilageisaproductresultingfromtheactionof bacterialenzymesonthematerialstored,attemptshavebeenmadetoalterorregulatesilage fermentationthroughtheadditionofmaterialscontainingbacteria,yeastsandmolds.Theprimary purposeforaddingbacterialinoculantsistoincreasethenumberoflacticacidproducingbacteria, thusencouragingmorelacticacidproductionand awellpreservedforagemass. Researchusingvariousbacterialinoculantsindicateshighlyvariableresults.Productsshowing consistent,positiveresultsindicateabouta5percentincreaseindrymatterpreservation. Therefore,costoftheinoculantspertoncomparedtothedollarvalueofthedrymattersavedwill determinetheprofitabilityofusingasilageinoculants. Theadditionofbacterialinoculantstocornsilageharvestedatthepropergrowthstageand moisturecontenthasnotshownconsistentlypositiveresults.Resultshavebeenmorepositive wheninoculantshavebeenaddedtoalfalfa,alowcarbohydrateforage,andsorghumsilages.
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Increasingthenutrientcontentofsilage Variousmaterialsaddedtosilagewillincreasenutritivevaluetotheextentthattheythemselves containnutrients.Increasingthenutrientcontentofsilagewillgreatlyaffectthefinalcostofthe productproduced. Materialssuchascerealgrains,molasses,dryforages,limestone,ureaandanhydrousammoniaare examplesofnutrientadditionstosilage.Commercialproductsarealsoavailablethatcontainone ormoreoftheabovematerials. Limestone(calciumcarbonate)issometimesaddedtocornsilagetoincreasethecalciumcontent andextendthefermentationprocess.Theratefrequentlyaddedis10to20poundspertonofcorn silage. Ureaandanhydrousammonia,nonproteinnitrogen(NPN)sources,aresometimesaddedtocorn silagetoincreasetheproteincontent.ThevariousNPNsourceslistedinTable3,whenappliedat thesuggestedratepertonofstoredforage,usuallywillincreaseforageproteincontentabout4 percentageunitsonadrymatterbasis.
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Table13.Nonproteinnitrogensourcesforaddingtocornsilageandsuggestedapplication rates.1 NPNSources Urea Monoammoniumphosphate Premixedammoniawater Anhydrousammonia Ammonia,coldflow
1
Form dry dry liquid gas gasliquid
%Nitrogen 45 11 2030 81 81
ApplicationRate (lbs/wetton) 10 202 1725 67 67
Commercialproductsshouldbeappliedataratetoprovide5poundsofactualnitrogen/ton
offorage.
2
Add5lbs.dryureatoprovide5lbs.ofnitrogen.
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Chapter: 6
ParametersofDiseasefreeZoning
6.1 DiseaseControlprinciplesandstrategies
Theguidelinesinthissectionprovideastructuredframeworkfortheapplicationandrecognition ofcompartmentsorzoneswithincountries,withtheobjectivetofacilitatetradeinanimalsand productsofanimaloriginandasatoolfordiseasemanagement.Establishingandmaintaininga diseasefreestatusforanentirecountrymaybedifficult,especiallyinthecaseofdiseasesthatcan easilycrossinternationalboundaries.Formanydiseases,OIEMemberCountrieshavetraditionally appliedtheconceptofzoningtoestablishandmaintainananimalsubpopulationwithadifferent animalhealthstatuswithinnationalboundaries.
Theproclamationofgeographicareasinwhichspecificdiseasecontrolstrategiesaretobecarried outisknownaszoning.Zoningalmostalwaystakesplaceintheformofconcentriccircles aroundknownorsuspectedfociofinfection,withthemostintensivediseasecontrolactivitiesin theinnerzones.Theactualsizeandshapeofthezonesmaybedeterminedbyadministrative
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boundariesorgeographicbarriersorbedrivenbyepidemiologicalorresourceimperatives.The natureofthediseasecontrolzonesandtheactivitiescarriedoutineachzonearedependentonthe particulardiseasecontrol/eradicationstrategyselected.Thesearedescribedinthenextsections. Finally,diseasefreezonesorregionsofthecountrymaybedeclared.Inthese,theemphasisof surveillanceshiftsfromdetectinginfectiontoprovingfreedomfrominfection.Moreemphasis shouldthusbegiventosuchtechniquesasserosurveillance.Intheearlystagesofadisease eradicationcampaign,whiletheextentofthediseaseisstillbeingassessed,itcouldbeexpected thatthediseasecontrolzonesarecomparativelylargeandthediseasefreezonescomparatively small.Asthediseasecontrolcampaignprogresses,itistobehopedthatthesituationwould reversewiththeultimateaimofthewholecountrybeingdeclareddiseasefree.Zoningisnow recognizedasanimportantprincipleinthedefinitionoftheanimalhealthstatusofcountriesby OIE. Acompartmentdefinesasoneormoreestablishmentsunderacommonbiosecurity managementsystemcontainingananimalsubpopulationwithadistincthealthstatuswithrespect toaspecificdiseaseorspecificdiseasesforwhichrequiredsurveillance,controlandbiosecurity measureshavebeenappliedforthepurposeofinternationaltrade.
Theessentialdifferencebetweenzoningandcompartmentalizationisthattherecognitionofzones isbasedongeographicalboundarieswhereastherecognitionofcompartmentsisbasedon managementpracticesandbiosecurity.However,spatialconsiderationsandgoodmanagement practicesplayaroleintheapplicationofbothconcepts.Sinceourprojectmodeldealtwiththe
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establishmentofafarmhavegeographicalboundaryandfullmanagementalcontrolwewill developourstrategyinthelightofOIEguidelinesforcompartmentalization.
6.2 GENERALGUIDELINESFORTHEAPPLICATION OFCOMPARTMENTALISATION

CompartmentalizationisnotanewconceptforVeterinaryServices;infact,ithasbeenappliedfor alongtimeinmanydiseasecontrolprogramsthatarebasedontheconceptofdiseasefree herds/flocks.Thefundamentalrequirementforcompartmentalizationistheimplementationof managementandbiosecuritymeasurestocreateafunctionalseparationofestablishmentsand allowaclearepidemiologicaldifferentiationtobemadebetweensubpopulationsofdiffering healthstatus.
6.2.1Principlesfordefiningacompartment
Acompartmentmaybeestablishedwithrespectofaspecificdiseaseordiseases.Acompartment mustbeclearlydefined,indicatingthelocationofallitscomponentsincludingestablishments,as wellasrelatedfunctionalunits(suchasfeedmills,slaughterhouses,renderingplantsetc.),their interrelationshipsandtheircontributiontoanepidemiologicalseparationbetweentheanimalsina compartmentandsubpopulationswithadifferenthealthstatus.Thedefinitionofcompartmentmay
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revolvearounddiseasespecificepidemiologicalfactors,animalproductionsystems,biosecurity practicesandsimilarfunctionaldemarcations.
6.2.2 Separationofacompartmentfrompotentialsourcesofinfection
ThemanagementofacompartmentmustprovidetotheVeterinaryAdministrationdocumented evidenceonthefollowing:
a)Physicalorspatialfactorsthataffectthestatusofbiosecurityinacompartment
Whileacompartmentisprimarilybasedonbiosecuritymeasures,areviewofgeographicalfactors isneededtoensurethatthefunctionalboundaryprovidesadequateseparationofacompartment fromadjacentanimalpopulationswithadifferenthealthstatus.Thefollowingfactorsshouldbe takenintoconsiderationinconjunctionwithbiosecuritymeasuresand,insomeinstances,may alterthedegreeofconfidenceachievedbygeneralbiosecurityandsurveillancemeasures:
i)diseasestatusinadjacentareasandinareasepidemiologicallylinkedtothecompartment;
ii)location,diseasestatusandbiosecurityofthenearestepidemiologicalunitsorother epidemiologicallyrelevantpremises.Considerationshouldbegiventothedistanceandphysical separationfrom: flocksorherdswithadifferenthealthstatusincloseproximitytothecompartment, slaughterhouses,renderingplantsorfeedmills, markets,fairs,agriculturalshows,sportingevents,zoos,circusesandotherpointsofanimal
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concentration.
b)Infrastructuralfactors
Structuralaspectsoftheestablishmentswithinacompartmentcontributetotheeffectivenessofits biosecurity.Considerationshouldbegivento: i)fencingorothereffectivemeansofphysicalseparation; ii)facilitiesforpeopleentryincludingaccesscontrol,changingareaandshowers; iii)vehicleaccessincludingwashinganddisinfectionprocedures; iv)unloadingandloadingfacilities; v)isolationfacilitiesforintroducedanimals. vi)infrastructuretostorefeedandveterinaryproducts; vii)disposalofcarcasses,manureandwaste; viii)watersupply.
c)Biosecurityplan
Theintegrityofthecompartmentreliesoneffectivebiosecurity.Themanagementofthe compartmentshoulddevelop,implementandmonitoracomprehensivebiosecurityplan. Thebiosecurityplanshoulddescribeindetail:
i)potentialpathwaysforintroductionandspreadintothecompartmentoftheagentsforwhichthe compartmentwasdefined,includinganimalmovements,rodents,fauna,aerosol,arthropods,
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vehicles,people,biologicalproducts,equipment,fomites,feed,waterways,drainageorother means.Considerationshouldalsobegiventothesurvivabilityoftheagentintheenvironment; ii)thecriticalcontrolpointsforeachpathway; iii)measurestomitigateexposureforeachcriticalcontrolpoint; iv)standardoperatingproceduresincluding: implementation,maintenance,monitoringofthemeasures, applicationofcorrectiveactions, verificationoftheprocess, recordkeeping; v)contingencyplanintheeventofachangeinthelevelofexposure; vi)reportingprocedurestotheVeterinaryAdministration; vii)theprogramsforeducatingandtrainingworkerstoensurethatallpersonsinvolvedare knowledgeableandinformedonbiosecurityprinciplesandpractices. Inanycase,sufficientevidenceshouldbesubmittedtoassesstheefficacyofthebiosecurityplan inaccordancewiththelevelofriskforeachidentifiedpathway.Thebiosecurityriskofall operationsofthecompartmentshouldberegularlyreassessed.Basedontheoutcome,concrete anddocumentedmitigationstepsshouldbetakentoreducethelikelihoodofintroductionofthe diseaseagentintothecompartment.
d)Traceabilitysystem
Aprerequisiteforassessingtheintegrityofacompartmentistheexistenceofavalidtraceability system.Allanimalswithinacompartmentshouldbeindividuallyidentifiedandregisteredinsuch
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awaythattheirhistorycanbeaudited.Incaseswhereindividualidentificationmaynotbe feasible,suchasbroilersanddayoldchicks,theVeterinaryAdministrationshouldprovide sufficientassuranceoftraceability.Allanimalmovementsintoandoutofthecompartmentshould becertifiedbytheVeterinaryAdministrationandrecordedatthecompartmentlevel.
6.2.3 Documentationoffactorscriticaltothedefinitionofacompartment
Documentationmustprovideclearevidencethatthebiosecurity,surveillance,traceabilityand managementpracticesdefinedforacompartmentareeffectivelyapplied.Inadditiontoanimal movementinformation,thenecessarydocumentationshouldincludeherdorflockproduction records,feedsources,laboratorytests,birthanddeathrecords,thevisitorlogbook,morbidity history,medicationandvaccinationrecords,biosecurityplans,trainingdocumentationandany othercriterianecessaryfortheevaluationofdiseaseexclusion.
Thehistoricalstatusofacompartmentforthedisease(s)forwhichitwasdefinedshouldbe documentedanddemonstratecompliancewiththerequirementsforfreedomintherelevant TerrestrialCodechapter.Inaddition,acompartmentseekingrecognitionshouldsubmittothe VeterinaryAdministrationabaselineanimalhealthreportindicatingthepresenceorabsenceof OIElisteddiseases.Thisreportshouldberegularlyupdatedtoreflectthecurrentanimalhealth situationofthecompartment.
Vaccinationrecordsincludingthetypeofvaccineandfrequencyofadministrationmustbe availabletoenableinterpretationofsurveillancedata.Thetimeperiodforwhichallrecordsshould
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bekeptmayvaryaccordingtothespeciesanddisease(s)forwhichthecompartmentwasdefined. Allinformationmustberecordedinatransparentmannerandbeeasilyaccessiblesoastobe auditablebytheVeterinaryAdministration.
Surveillancefortheagentordisease
a)Internalsurveillance Surveillanceshouldinvolvethecollectionandanalysisofdisease/infectiondatasuchthatthe VeterinaryAdministrationcancertifythattheanimalsinalltheestablishmentscomplywiththe definedstatusofthatcompartment.Asurveillancesystemthatisabletoensureearlydetectionin theeventthattheagententersanestablishmentisessential.Dependingonthedisease(s)forwhich thecompartmentwasdefined,differentsurveillancestrategiesmaybeappliedtoachievethe desiredconfidenceindiseasefreedom.
b)Externalsurveillance Thebiosecuritymeasuresappliedinacompartmentmustbeappropriatetothelevelofexposureof thecompartment.Externalsurveillancewillhelpidentifyasignificantchangeinthelevelof exposurefortheidentifiedpathwaysfordiseaseintroductionintothecompartment. Anappropriatecombinationofactiveandpassivesurveillanceisnecessarytoachievethegoals describedabove.Targetedsurveillanceshouldinparticularincludeepidemiologicalunitsinclose proximitytothecompartmentorthosethathaveapotentialepidemiologicallinkwithit.
Diagnosticcapabilitiesandprocedures
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OfficiallydesignatedlaboratoryfacilitiescomplyingwiththeOIEstandardsforqualityassurance. AlllaboratorytestsandproceduresshouldcomplywiththerecommendationsoftheTerrestrial Manualforthespecificdisease.Eachlaboratorythatconductstestingshouldhavesystematic proceduresinplaceforrapidreportingofdiseaseresultstotheVeterinaryAdministration.
Supervisionandcontrolofacompartment Theauthority,organization,andinfrastructureoftheVeterinaryServices,includinglaboratories, mustbeclearlydocumentedinaccordancewiththechapterontheevaluationofVeterinary ServicesoftheTerrestrialCode,toprovideconfidenceintheintegrityofthecompartment.The VeterinaryAdministrationhasthefinalauthorityingranting,suspendingandrevokingthestatus ofacompartment.
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Figure1:MapofCholistan
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Figure2:RainfallpatterninCholistan
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Figure3:MigrationpatternoftheNomads
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Figure4:PressurizedIrrigationthroughDripirrigationTechnique
Page 69
Figure5:RuminantsofanoldFortonRiverHakra.
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Figure6:AtypicalCholistaniToba
Page 71
Figure7:MigrationofCattleinsearchofvegitation
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Figure8:Landwithnovegetation,signofscarcityofwater.
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References
1FoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO).PakistanCholistanAreaDevelopmentProject. ReportNo.59/53ADBPAK58(Finalversion).Rome:FAO,1993. 2AkbarG,ArshadM.DevelopingsustainablestrategiesforCholistandesert:opportunitiesand perspectives.ScienceVision2000;5:7785. 3AkbarG,KhanTN,ArshadM.Cholistandesert,Pakistan.Rangelands1996;18:1248. 4ChaudhryAA,HussainA,HameedM,AhmadR.BiodivesityinCholistandesert,Punjab, Pakistan.In:ShazadAM,CharlesAW,UsmanAS,eds.BiodiversityofPakistan.Islamabad (Pakistan):PakistanMuseumofNaturalHistory,1997. 5MughalMR.AncientCholistanarchaeologyandarchitecture.Lahore(Pakistan):Ferozsons (Pvt.)Ltd.,1997. 6ArshadM,AkbarG,RashidS.WealthofmedicinalplantsofCholistandesert,Pakistan: conservationalstrategies.HamdaradMedicus2003;XLV:2534. 7BaigMS,AkramM,HassanMA.PossibilitiesforrangedevelopmentinCholistandesertas reflectedbyitsphysiographyandsoils.PakJFor1980;30:6171. 8RaoAR,ArshadM.PerennialgrassesofCholistandesertandtheirdistribution.Proceedingsofa seminaronPeoplesparticipationinthemanagementofresourcesinaridlands.Bahawalpur (Pakistan):CholistanInstituteofDesertStudies,IslamiaUniversity,1991. 9ArshadM.RaoAR.FloraofCholistandesert(Systematiclistoftrees,shrubsandherbs).JEcon TaxBot1994;18:61525. 10ArshadM,RaoAR,AkbarG.MastersofdisasterinCholistandesert,Pakistan:patternof nomadicmigration.UNEPDesertificationControlBulletin1999;35:339. 11MumtazKK.Habitatanddesert:ThecaseofCholistan.In:TaylorBB,ed.Thechangingrural habitat;Volume1:CaseStudies.Singapore:TheConceptMedia/AghaKhanAwardfor Architecture,1982.
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12RaoAR,ArshadM,ShafiqM.PerennialgrassgermplasmofCholistandesertandtheir phytosociology.Bahawalpur(Pakistan):CholistanInstituteofDesertStudies,IslamiaUniversity, 1989. 13AkbarG,ArshadM.FeasibilityoftherestorationofvegetationintheCholistandesertasa naturalhabitatofHoubarabustardandotherwildlifespecies.FinalProjectReport.Lahore (Pakistan):WorldWildFund(WWF)Pakistan,1999. 14IqbalM,FarooqU,BasirA,KhanNA,MalikSZ.In:Abaselinesurveyforthedevelopmentof livestocksectorinCholistan.GmdII,GTZP.N.91.2123.7.Lahore:PakGermanTechnical Cooperation(DeutscheGesellschaftfurTechnischeZusammenarbeit,GTZ).LivestockandDairy DevelopmentDepartment,2000.
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Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9 Preamble

2. FinancialandtechnicalfeasibilityofintegratedLivestockProductionFarms 3. ParametersofDiseaseFreeZoning. 4. Silagebasedfodderproductionunderpressureirrigationsystem. 5. Integrationwithlocalproducers.

9. Preperationoftenderdocuments/BOQasperstructuraldesignofthefarm. Eachoftheabovementionedtermofrefrencewouldberpresentedinthereportasindividual chapter.

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestockpopulation Annualforage (AU) demand(tons)

Forageavailabletons Total(tons) (2,606,000ha) 55,962

Lesser(1,237,000ha) Greater(1,369,000ha) 134,798 344,409

61,934 117,896 226,513

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Farmsreporteddiseaseincidence 49.69 5.45 Populationsuffered Mortality 5.64 2.72 1.65 0.55

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Bycombiningresourcesinacommunityownedbusiness,thecow/calfoperationwillbe abletoachievegreatereconomiesofscalethanindividualproducerscouldachieveontheir own.

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Sinceproposedfarmwouldnothaveregularelectricityconnectioninnearfutureandwouldrunon thedieselpowergenerator,escalatingpricesofthefuelwouldhaveseriousrisktotheprofitability ofthefarmandultimatelypoorproductivityofthefarm.

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Duetothelargestartupcostsandadditionaloverhead(e.g.hiredlabor),profitabilityofthe operationwillbesusceptibletofinancialrisksassociatedwithfluctuationsincalfpricesand interestrates,especiallyduringthefirstyearsofoperation.

Profitsofthebusinessmustbesharedwithotherinvestors.Profitsduringstartupwill likelybesmall,resultinginlimitedreturnoninvestmentduringtheseyears,especiallyif smallprofitsaresplitamongalargenumberofinvestors.

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9 Chapter:4

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

QuarantineShed(700Sft) Dip;2Nos. ManureDisposalPits;2Nos.(1,000Cft)

210,000.00 168,000.00 200,000.00 2,698,8060.00

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

BooderDick SpryMachines45ftboom TippingTrailers2tipping(12ft)118ftloaders FrontEndLoaders/Flock CornChopper

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9 4.8 FodderProductionanddevelopmentofSilage:

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

(4,37 SILAGESurplustorequirement Kgs 5)

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Depreciation Life(Yrs) Rs 102,850 975,000

4,550,000 1,000,000 2,500,000 1,200,000 300,000

455,000 100,000 250,000 120,000 30,000 1,349,403 3,382,253

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9 4.11 FinancialCosting 4.11.1 OperatingCost

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

OperatingExpenses(RS) RevenueGenerated(Rs) PROFITEARNED(RS)

35,316,008 41,299,688 5,983,680

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9 Chapter: 5

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9

Livestock Production Farm, Cholistan 200 9