PROJECT REPORT

ON

INTRODUCTION TO CLEANING AGENTS IN HOUSEKEEPING

RESEARCH WORK SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HOTEL MANAGEMENT, SOA UNIVERSITY AS A PARTICAL FULFILLMENT OF B.H.M.C.T. COURSE.

By
AYUSHI BERIWAL 4TH YEAR 2007-2011 Roll No. 0711232028 Project Under guidance of Mrs. Smita Sucharita Mahapatra

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms AYUSHI BERIWAL a student of 8th semester BHMCT, School of Hotel Management, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar has taken interest in preparing her project report on

INTRODUCTION TO CLEANING AGENTS IN HOUSEKEEPING

This is in piratical fulfillment of requirement of Bachelor Degree in Hotel Management.

Under The Guidance of: ______________________________________ Mrs, SMITA S.MAHAPATRA,Internal project guide

Submitted to:

______________________________________

Mr. Akshaya Samal, Project Coordinator

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A Journey of thousand miles begins with a single step This is to acknowledge that I am extremely fortunate to have Mrs. Smita s.mahapatra as our internal project guide. She is always there when we needed. I express my deep sense of gratitude to her for providing us ample opportunity for fruitful interaction of thoughts, constructive criticism and valuable suggestion. I also express my deepest gratitude to Prof. P. K. Swain, Dean of School of Hotel Management, S O A University, Bhubaneswar, for his valuable support. He gave us the necessary guidance and proper insight of the subject. He has been a constant source of inspiration during our project work and also helped using getting the practical knowledge of marketing. Last but not the least I also thank all peers of our college and also all those people who stood by us giving the required support during the time of need.

DATE:

AYUSHI BERIWAL

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF THE SUTDY SCOPE OF THE STUDY OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY RESEARCH DESIGN & MEHODOLOGY AND METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION CHAPTER 2 THEORITICAL FRAME WORK CHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION QUESTIONNAIRE GLOSSARY BIBLIOGRAPH

Page No. 1-2 3 4 5 6 - 17

18 - 31

32 - 47

48 49 50 51

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF THE STUDY SCOPE OF THE STUDY OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGY AND METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

INTRODUCTION
IMPORTANCE OF CLEANING Cleaning always has been and is always likely to be considered a chore. Many companies now realize, however, that good cleaning organization can be effective. For following reasons. a) It creates a pleasant and hygienic environment in which to work with the result that staff morale remains high and work output is increased.
b) It reduces labour costs through the use of mechanical cleaning process.

Before beginning to clean it is necessary for staff to understand what the process is trying to achieve. THE NATURE OF SOILING Soiling occurs on both hard and soft surfaces in all except absolutely sterile areas. It can occour in four forms: a) b) c) d) DUST Dust; Dirt; Staining; Tarnishing

This is found floating in the air and on all surfaces exposed to the air. If it is not removed regularly it will remain on both horizontal and vertical surfaces, particularly if these are textured, causing them to look dull and unattractive and to smell stale. Such condition will attract pest, e.g. moths, mites, beetles etc. No cleaning agent should be required to remove dust, although the use of spray polish will help to reduce the static on certain surfaces and therefore repel dust for short period.

DIRT This is either grease-based or water and can be removed by mechanical or chemical means both. Mechanical There is wide variety of equipment available to remove dirt, ranging from steel wool and abrasive pads to scarifying and sanding machines. All, however, require storage space, sometimes a disproportionate amount for the size of building, and in the most cases staff require a period of training in order to use them. Their effectiveness depends on how ingrained the dirt has become. Chemical Chemical when used in conjunction with suitable equipment can remove dirt quickly and efficiently. The variety of chemicals available is extensive and great care should be taken to ensure money is not wasted by under-dilution or incorrect usage. One incorrect application of cleaning agent could result in considerable damage being caused to the surface. STAINING A stain is a discoloration often caused by unwanted proteins, acids, alkalis, dyes and in some cases accidental or careless use of heat. A stain differs from possible to remove old stain in known, it should be possible to remove it by using one of the following.

a) A powder (to absorb it); b) A solvent (to dissolve); c) An acid or alkaline cleaner (to neutralize).

TARNISHING This is a discoloration caused by chemical reaction between a metal and substances found in water, food and the atmosphere. The type of tarnish depends on the type of the metal, e.g. rust on iron (brown), verdigris on copper (green), and darkening of silver, gold and aluminum. If not removed regularly, the metal will eventually with an abrasive detergent.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

My research project title INTRODUCTION TO CLEANING AGENTS IN HOUSEKEEPING being carried out as a partial fulfillment of 4 years degree course in,School of Hotel management, S OA UNIVERSITY. Bhubaneswar.

The purpose of making research project on this topic is to make every person aware of the various types of cleaning agents which can be used in house keeping department to carry out all the work more efficiently and promptly.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

I had been to renowned hotel in PEERLESS INN to find out the answers of the question that I had framed and all the questions were satisfactorily answered. Though PEERLESS INN is not having big hotel, but the equipment used for the purpose for cleaning is same like others. I have given the information about various tools and equipment which is used in house keeping department.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

Project

title

INTRODUCTION

TO

CLEANING

AGENTS

IN

HOUSEKEEPING contains the following objectives :-

1. To always know various types cleaning agents used in the department :-

to know about the different type of cleaning agents which is basically used in the housekeeping department. 2. The various place where the detergents and acids are used :- the different places where basically alkaline can be used.
3. to look forward to the use of the agents :- to know the method of using a

particular cleaning equipments. 4. to study the purpose of using the cleaning agents. To examine the basic purpose of using the cleaning agents. 5. to analyse the segmentation of the cleaning agents :- to know the basis of segmentation of agents for working purpose.

RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGY AND METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

CLEANING ROUTINES Any establishment has to present an inviting, clean and well-cared-for appearance at all times, and the cleaning should be carried out at a time when it will cause as little inconvenience as possible. Thus the public rooms and offices are cleaned by maids before breakfast when there is less activity. In some establishments, the public rooms are cleaned during the night by the night porter and only the final dusting is left for the maids. Contract cleaners may be employed in some instances, working either late at night or first thing in the morning. During the day, the hotels, the lounge is normally looked after by the lounge waiter or one of the uniformed staff regarding papers, ashtrays and cushions etc, and the housekeeper inspects the area at intervals. A maid works from a service room or pantry, where she keeps her equipment (generally marked with her name, number of the floor or section), cleaning agents and other necessities for her work. She may share the room with one or more other maids and when their work is finished the door should be locked. The room should be easily cleaned, with as few things on the floor as possible.

Depending on the establishment, early morning tea may be served from this room, a store of linen kept (sufficient to re-sheet the section or sections), hot water bottles filled and cloths washed and dried. There is little work that can be done on the floors before breakfast, other than calls and the serving of early morning tea where this is still done in hotels. DAILY ROUTINES A daily routine is normally carried out by a maid during one visit to a room; but in some instances she may do one job throughout a number of rooms before returning to the first room to do the next job throughout, and so on until the work is completed. This cleaning routine (block cleaning) is more suited to establishments where it is known that the rooms are likely to be empty for at least all the morning and this method does not present security risks. It is usual to give a special or more thorough clean to occupied rooms when guests have stayed for some days, as well as to vacated rooms before reletting. This entails giving attention to carpet edges, upholstery, furniture, paintwork etc. Like the daily clean, this special clean may be carried out by the maid on one visit to the room, as would be required in a vacated room or it may be more convenient in some cases to add one or two jobs to the daily routine, so completing the special clean within a few days. For example : Mon Tues Wed daily work and polishing furniture, daily work and carpet edges and upholstery, daily work and paintwork.

In hotels the number of occupied, vacated and vacant rooms in any one section varies daily, while in hostels, homes and long-stay hospitals the numbers remain relatively constant. Thus in hotels particularly, work loads vary from day to day.

When considering the timing of room cleaning, some cleaning is necessary every day, more thorough cleaning should take place approximately weekly, and a very special clean is necessary periodically.

SPRING CLEANING Periodic cleaning is often referred to as spring cleaning or annual cleaning and is carried out at predetermined frequencies, depending on the policy of the establishment. It may be monthly or annually, or any frequency in between. Obviously the less frequent that the periodic clean is, the more extensive it needs to be. All rooms in time require a complete overhaul and many establishments have a spring or annual cleaning programme which may coincide with the planned schedule for redecoration or the wash down of walls and ceilings. The annual clean in a seasonal establishment is carried out when it is closed and in others at convenient times depending on occupancy. These times will vary according to the type of establishment, e.g. resort hotels are probably busier at weekends, city hotels during the week, and the exact dates will have to be agreed with reception, maintenance and contract cleaning, security and the laundry (where it is on the premises) will also have to be informed. In some cases, generally depending on the work to be carried out, a whole floor or wing of rooms may be taken off for several days, so that the cleaning may be undertaken. In hotels and halls of residence the quiet period is obviously during the vacations but problems arise when rooms are let for conferences and holiday makers, so careful planning is necessary.

In residential homes there may be no quiet periods when a resident is away or could be moved to another room, so the cleaning may have to be planned over several days disturbing the resident as little as possible. In hospitals, frequent and thorough cleaning of such items as beds, bedding, lockers etc, is essential to prevent the spread of infection so many of the tasks are ongoing rather than periodic and are often dealt with particularly when a patient vacates the ward. This is called terminal cleaning and spring cleaning in its accepted sense is generally only done when the ward is completely stripped and closed for redecoration or wash down. More extensive cleaning of floors and walls is possible in single rooms and the extent to which this cleaning will be carried out depends on whether it is an isolation or high risk area. ORDERS OF WORK A very simple order of work for any area could be : 1. Open window where possible. 2. Remove litter and dirty crockery, etc. 3. Attend to main jobs, e.g. bed, fireplace, etc. 4. Sweep if required. 5. Dust and if necessary dry mop.
6. Vacuum clean carpet and upholstery.

7. Spot clean the carpet and paintwork as necessary 8. Survey the room. The following are suggested orders of work for the cleaning of several articles and different types of rooms, but it must be stressed that there will be probable adjustment necessary in differing circumstances. Before starting the work it is expected that maids will have been instructed regarding the necessary tools for the job.

Not only a few articles are mentioned here and others are covered in their respective chapters.

To clean a telephone 1. Dust daily and wipe ear piece free of grease. 2. Occasionally clean the dial and disinfect ear and mouthpiece. To deal with a TV set 1. Remove plug from wall to disconnect electricity. 2. Move set as little as possible 3. Dust all over. 4. Use damp cloth to clean screen 5. Report frayed flexes and other defects 6. Leave set unplugged The care of an electric blanket 1. Remove plug from wall to disconnect electricity 2. Keep blanket as flat as possible, not crumpled up or bent unduly 3. Avoid getting wet 4. When necessary, send protective covering to the laundry 5. Report frayed flexes and other defects (Note : Electric blankets should be returned to the manufacturers for cleaning and servicing). To clean mirrors and glass surfaces 1. Dust daily 2. Wipe with damp clothe when necessary
3. Polish with lint-free cloth

4. Treat frame according to kind

(Note : Hair spray marks can be removed with a cloth moistened with methylated spirit or spray-on furniture polish). To clean cork or rubber bathmats 1) Wipe daily with a damp cloth. 2) When necessary, wash and rub using fine scouring powder. 3) rinse and stand upright to dry. To clean a wash basin (lavatory basin) or bidet 1. Remove hair, fluff, etc, from waste, chain and overflow. 2. Wash and dry tooth glass. 3. Clean basin, pedestal and surrounds with swab and scouring liquid, paying particular attention to soap wells and round the base of the taps. 4. Rub up taps, chain and plughole and dry basin. To clean a bath Baths are cleaned in a similar manner to wash basins, including the surround, but there is more likelihood of scum and staining, making cleaning more difficult. If there is shower, the fittings and curtain rail should be cleaned; the curtains should be wiped and left hanging inside the bath. To clean a WC 1. Flush pan, brush well and flush again. 2. If pan is still stained, use toilet cleanser and give time for it to work. 3. Brush and flush again. 4. Wipe pedestal, seat, lid and surrounds with a suitable cloth, and dry. 5. Check for toilet paper and leave a spare. Note : Chambers are not now provided in bedrooms unless specifically requested. When they have been used the covered chamber is carried and emptied in a WC, i.e. toilet.

All or some of the above may be housed in a bathroom and there may be other fittings and furniture such as a sanibin, stool, towel rail, etc which should be cleaned according to their kind. In addition there are other surfaces, e.g. shelves and walls, and these show soiling from condensation and dust, especially talcum powder, and so need to be cleaned with a damp cloth. The floor should be of some easily cleaned material which may be washed daily. Daily cleaning of a bathroom (with tiled walls and floor) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Open window if possible Remove soiled linen and empty sanibin Clean WC Clean bath, shower and wash basin Wipe remaining fittings and surfaces, including walls, mirrors etc.. Put out clean towels and bathmat. Check for soap, toilet paper, lavatory cloth and paper bags for sanitary towels. 7. Wash the floor. Order of work for the daily cleaning of an occupied room (Room has a wash basin and a carpet square). 1. Open window, if necessary remove early morning tea or breakfast tray. 2. Strip bed 3. Empty ashtrays, waste-paper basket and generally tidy room 4. Attend to wash basin; fold towels and check for soap 5. Make bed 6. Adjust window 7. Dust all furniture and fittings 8. Mop surround
9. Carpet sweep or vacuum clean carpet square

10. Survey room and close door. The cleaning of a private sitting-room in an hotel This is one of the jobs a maid does before breakfast, bearing in mind that she must be very quiet and possibly not use the vacuum cleaner. The work that she will do in this room is removing rubbish, straightening chairs, bunching up

cushions, etc. and dusting; if necessary, the carpet can be dealt with later in the day. The contents of the sideboard and / or cocktail cabinet in a guests room are not usually the concern of the room maid, but of the floor waiter. Many hotels now have mini-bars in bedrooms or private sittings rooms and the checking of the contents for billing purposes and the replenishing is done by special staff. Order of work for the special cleaning of a vacated room (Room is close carpeted and has a private bathroom). 1. Open the window; if necessary remove early morning tea or breakfast tray.
2. Look for lost property and wipe out drawers, inside of wardrobe and

check for coat hangers. 3. Strip the bed, remove soiled linen including towels. 4. Empty ashtrays, waste-paper basket etc. 5. make bed with clean linen 6. Adjust window
7. Sweep carpet edges and upholstery if no suitable vacuum cleaner. 8. Remove marks from paintwork and attend to mirrors, furniture and

fittings, including all ledges, pictures, lights, telephone, TV and radio, wiping, dusting and polishing as necessary. 9. Refill folder, replacing cards and literature if at all marked, making sure that Bible and telephone directories are conveniently placed. 10. Attend to the bathroom: Wash basin, bath, WC Wipe or dust all surfaces, Put out clean towels, soap and toilet paper Clean floor according to kind 11. Vacuum clean upholstery and carpet edges if suitable vacuum cleaner
12. Vacuum clean carpet

13. Survey rooms and close door.

It is best to give the bed plenty of time to air and so the bathroom could be serviced before making the bed. However, in hotels, it is usual to make the bed early in the procedure in order that the room looks tidy as soon as possible. Ideally, the assistant housekeeper should have checked the vacated room for lost property, maintenance and missing articles before the entry of the maid. In hospitals, when a patient vacates a ward the particular bed area is thoroughly cleaned, e.g. bed, bedding, locker, chair, etc. The cleaning of staircases Stairs may be close carpeted, or the carpet may only cover about twothirds of the stair, in which case there are two surfaces to clean. By using suitable attachments to a vacuum cleaner the two surfaces and skirting board may be cleaned together. Uncarpeted stairs should be swept daily and washed and / or scrubbed according to the material, when necessary. If a staircase has to be washed while people are using it then, provided that it is wide enough, half should be done at a time, enabling the people to walk up and down on the dry part of the staircase. It should be remembered that where the side of any staircase is open, dust and dirt may fall through, therefore when sweeping the dust and dirt should be swept towards the wall in each stair. All banisters and handrails should be dusted before vacuum cleaning or after sweeping, and washed or polished occasionally according to material. Stair rods of brass or polished wood may still be used but now a days the stair carpet may be held firmly in position by the use of the tackless gripper which eliminates the use of rods and makes cleaning much easier. In a hotel cleaning of the lifts is rarely the concern of the housekeeping staff but is usually done by the uniformed staff. The cleaning of utility room or kitchen / dining areas in hostels (amenity areas).

In hostels and halls of residence the cleaning of kitchen / dining areas for the use of residents follows the normal cleaning process, but the area does present problems for the cleaner. In a given kitchen / dining area there will be refrigerator and food storage cupboards and these are the responsibility of the users, as is the washing up. The cleaner, therefore, cleans the area including the sinks, draining boards and cookers. However, problems arise when the sink is full of dirty crockery and the cooker has been carelessly used, which means that more than the allotted time is needed for cleaning. The cleaning of computer rooms 1. It is essential for dust levels, humidity and temperature to remain within specified levels. 2. No dry dusting or sweeping use suction cleaner, damp impregnated mops and mittens. 3. Avoid use of aerosol polishes with silicones. 4. Wet cleaning with the minimum amount of water by damp mopping or scrubbing. Rinse thoroughly. 5. Detergent should be neutral synthetic and leave no resinous deposit on the floor. 6. Avoid use of soap, polish and seals. 7. It is essential that no film builds up on floor surface.
8. Scrubber/polishers should be suppressed fitted with a suction unit.

9. Do not use floor polish unless specially agreed and then use only a metallized emulsion polish. 10. Clean items of computer equipment only with the users agreement. 11. Dust control equipment should be cleaned outside the area. Cleaning of leisure areas The swimming pool and fitness rooms may be cleaned by the staff involved in running the centre, as they often have time while attending it. Lounge areas are the responsibility of the housekeeper.

Order of work for the annual, spring or periodic cleaning of a bedroom 1. Ventilate room 2. Strip bed and deal accordingly with linen and bedding. 3. Strip the room of loose furnishings and small articles, including lamp shades, pictures, etc. 4. Vacuum clean and cover bed and upholstered furniture. 5. Vacuum clean carpet, then cover or take up. 6. Wipe or wash furniture inside and out.
7. Stack and cover furniture or remove from room. The room can now be

redecorated or washed down. 8. Sweep walls and floor. 9. Wash paintwork and have windows cleaned. 10. thoroughly clean wash basin 11. Have carpet relaid or uncovered and vacuum clean it, shampoo if necessary. 12. Have curtains rehung. 13. Remove dustsheets, reline drawers, polish furniture and if necessary reposition it. 14. Return cleaned small articles and put in place. 15. Make bed with clean linen and bedding. 16. If there is a surround, mop and polish it. 17. Finally dust, mop if necessary and vacuum clean carpet. 18. Survey room and close door.

During the preliminary preparation, repairs of all kinds (whether to furniture, floors, plumbing or electrical fittings) will be noted and either dealt with in situ or the articles removed to be repaired elsewhere. In a hotel, house porters or valet-porters will help the maids with some of the jobs done during spring cleaning; in other establishments there are generally porters or handymen available to help with high and heavy jobs. Annual cleaning of lunges is carried out in a similar way.

CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL FRAME WORK CLEANING AGENTS Manufacturers produce a vast number of cleaning agents, all with their individual trade names, which can be very confusing to cleaning staff. Time should therefore checking of their work and their stores requisitions. Cleaning agents likely to be found in most establishments fall into the following categories. a) detergents; b) acid cleaners; c) alkaline cleaners; d) solvent cleaners; e) disinfectants; f) deodorants; g) laundry aids; h) polishes; i) floor seals. WATER

Water was not mentioned in the list of cleaning agents given above as it is not purchased and stored in the same way, nor is it specific in its use. When softened, water is used extensively for making up cleaning solution and is an extremely effective sterilizing agent when used at a high temperature. However, unless used sparingly, water can do considerable harm to surfaces such as wood, cork and textiles, softening them and causing colours to bleed and run. Hard water occurs naturally in many parts of the country. It contains either calcium bicarbonate (temporary hardness) or calcium and magnesium sulphates (permanent hardness). Temporary hardness can be removed by heating the water to over 600C, permanently hard water cannot be soften by heat. Hardness can be removed by dissolving alkalis in water. It is the simplest cleanings agent and some forms of dirt will be dissolved by it, but normally unless it is used in conjunction with some other agent, for example a detergent, water is not an effective cleanser. In fact it does not even wet a surface satisfactorily as its surface tension prevents it from spreading. Hardness in water is another consideration to be borne in mind. Hardness in water This is due to dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium (usually bicarbonates and sulphates). Bicarbonates give rise to temporary hardness because they are removed by heating water above 72C, when scale or fur results. Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Permanent hardness is caused by the sulphates of calcium and magnesium, which cannot be removed by boiling but by water softening processes when temporary hardness is also removed. Hard water may be softened by: The addition of soda; certain water softeners based on sodium sesqui-carbonate, e.g. Boots Laundry Water Softener;

sequestering agents, e.g. sodium hexametaphosphate (e.g. Calgon) which form a complex salt with the calcium and magnesium ions, thus removing them from the water but forming no precipitate (scale). These are usually expensive as relatively large quantities have to be used to overcome the hardness; a water-softening unit, e.g. Permutit. The hard water passes through a container filled with resin beads containing sodium ions. The resin has a greater affinity for calcium ions (in the hard water) than for sodium ions so an ion exchange takes place; calcium ions are removed from the water and are replaced by sodium ions, which do not cause hardness in water. Hardness in water will: have an adverse effect on the efficiency of some cleaning agents, e.g. soap and soap-based washing powders are wasted and form a scum (lime scale) in the water; cause premature ageing of fabrics the fibres degrade more quickly because of the friction produced by the deposits from the hard water, white fabrics tend to lose their whiteness and there can be overmarking of coloureds; cause scale and fur to be deposited in boilers, pipes and domestic appliances. CHEMICAL MAKE-UP OF CLEANING AGENTS Before using any chemical cleaning agents operatives must know its strength. This knowledge should be acquired during training and not through trial and error. A supervisor needs to be aware of the chemical group to which each cleaning agent belongs so that she can counteract its effectiveness if a mistake occurs, and can adapt quickly to any new cleaning tasks which may arise. Incorrect use could result in: a) discoloration of surface; b) slippery and therefore dangerous flooring;

c) loosening of special finishing treatments, e.g. flame proofing; anti-static or non-slip surfaces etc. d) time-consuming and unnecessary corrective treatments. e) A cleaning agent may be classed as : Acidic; Neutral; Alkaline; or caustic. Any solution can be tested by using litmus-paper or universal indicator paper. Litmus-paper will turn blue if the solution is alkaline or caustic, or red if it is acidic. It will remain unchanged in neutral solutions. Universal indicator paper is graded to show the degree of strength and so provides a much more accurate measure. The colour of this type of paper relates to the pH number of solution. The pH scale is only used in connection with solution which are near neutrality such as those used for cleaning. 0 1 2 3 Acid 4 5 6 7 Neutral 8 9 10 11 Alkaline 12 13 14 Caustic

The pH Scale

DETERGENTS Detergents are cleaning agents which, when used in conjunction with water, can loosen and remove dirt, and then hold it in suspenstion so that the dirt is not redeposited on the clean surface. HOW A DETERGENT WORKS If a detergent is to be effective it must be able to do the following : a) reduce the surface tension of water sufficiently to enable it to wet thoroughly; b) dissolve in water;

c) loosen and lift out from a surface; d) suspend dirt in solution sufficiently to prevent it being re-deposited; e) rinse away easily How a detergent works : a) water droplet; b) water droplet with added detergent-reduced surface tension; c) loosening and lifting out dirt; d) suspending dirt in solution. THERE ARE BASICALLY TWO TYPE OF DETERGENT a) SOAPY DETERGENT b) SYNTHETIC DETERGENT Comparison between Soapy and Synthetic Detergents SOAPY DETERGENT Ph 8.5 Creates a scum in hard water Emulsifies grease well Acts well on non-greasy dirt Suspends dirt well Will not dissolve in cold water SYNTHETIC DETERGENT PH 6.7 Unaffected by hard water As soap Not very good at removing non-greasy dirt Fairly good at suspending dirt Dissolves in water of any temperature

Good lather occurs naturally in Slight lather occurs unless stabilizers are soft water added to give more Does not remove stains easily As soap

Does not counteract yellowing in As soap old fabrics

ADDITIVES Both type of detergents can be improved by the addition of some or all of the followings.
a) Washing soda (sodium carbonate). This softens water and emulsifies

fats, but may cause cotton to shrink and can damage wool and silk.
b) Bleach (sodium perborate). When dissolved in water above 400C, oxygen

given off which reacts with many stains and turn them into colourless substances.
c) Scms (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose). This is added to synthetic

detergents to help the suspension of dirt in the solution and thus prevent it from being re-deposited on the fabric.
d) Fluorescent whiteners. These help to counteract the yellowing of fabrics

which occurs with age.

e) Sodium silicate. This has two purposes. It prevents the corrosion of

aluminium found in washing machines and solution tanks and it assists with the suspension of dirt.
f) Bulk fillers. These are chemicals which are added to keep powders dry

and free flowing while increasing their bulk and giving the appearance of better value for money.
g) Lather improvers. These assist synthetic detergents to retain lather so

that it can be used to indicate the strength of the detergent solution. They are not need in soapy detergents.
h) Enzymes. These occur in biological washing powders. They assist in the

removal of protein stains.

i) Perfumes. These are added to cover up the unpleasant smell of synthetic

detergents, created during their manufacture.

j) Dyes. These are usually blue or green. They colour powder particles and

have the effect of making a product look more attractive.

k) Ground pumice. This is added to detergents to create a rough texture

which will help remove stubborn dirt. THE COMPOSITION OF DETERGENTS (NEUTRAL)

SOAPY DETERGENTS

SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS

Animal or vegetables fat Alkali Salt Water Heat

organic chemicals derived from petroleum

soap bars soap flakes

Additives

Washing soda Bleach Whiteners Sodium silicate Bulk filler Perfumes Dyes

soap powders SCMC Enzymes Lather improvers Ground pumice Synthetic powder And liquids

SOAPY DETERGENTS These may be used as a solid block, for washing skin and clothes, as flakes for washing delicate fabrics, or as a powder, for general purpose washing of soft fabrics. Soap is made by boiling fat with a strong alkali. The characteristics of soap of a soap depend on the type of fat used, e.g. coconut oil provides a soap depends on the type of fat used, e.g. coconut oil provides a soap which is quick to lather, excellent at cleaning but hard on the skin; olive oil provides a soap which has plentiful and persistent lathering, is mild on the skin but is less efficient at cleaning. Many people are confused by the effects of lather on the cleaning power of detergent. Lather found in soapy detergents has tow advantages. When used to wash skin, it forms a concentrated solution of soap which does not run off the skin so that cleaning is efficient. When used for washing fabrics, the amount of lather indicates the amount of soap present in the solution, and as the lather reduces so the efficiency of the solution is reduced. The amount of lather found in a synthetic detergent solution is no indication of its washing power unless the detergent has been specially formulated for a specific used such as a nonautomatic washing powder. SYNTHETIC DETERGENT These are used extensively in housekeeping. They can be formulated to suit practically and cleaning task from washing-up to degreasing a factory floor. They may be in the form of a powder liquid, gel or crystals, and can be broadly grouped into the following categories according to their chemical composition.

SUMMARY OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS TYPES NEUTRAL Anionic USES Washing powders Washing-op liquids Floor care detergents Added to anionic detergent to improves lather general purpose industrial cleaner Blended with non-ionics to give antistatic properties General purpose detergents for hard surfaces where hygiene is essential Speciality detergents for use on hard surfaces Cleaning of badly soiled hard surfaces Removal of water-based floor polish Removal of solvent/spirit based polish Cleaning of oily and greasy floors Removal of oil and grease from Equipment and machinery

Non-ionic

Cationic

Amphoterics ALKALINE SOLVENT-BASED

POINTS TO BE CONSIDER WHEN USING DETERGENTS a) Use the correct type of detergent for the task to be performed. b) Dilute accurately in water of suitable temperature. c) Dissolve detergent thoroughly before use. d) Apply detergent methodically to avoid patchiness. e) Use clean equipment and wash away all traces of detergent after use. f) Rinse thoroughly when necessary. g) Store containers on stable shelving in a dry, well-ventilated store. h) Label containers clearly and renew when necessary.

i) Use dispensers and measures where possible. j) Wipe up spillages immediately to avoid wastages and accidents. Types of surfactants Anionic Carry negative charge on hydrophobic part of the molecule Have limited suspending powers Constitute about 20% of most synthetic detergents Include soap and alkyl benzene sulphonate (the most frequently used synthetic surfactant)

Cationic Non-ionic Carry positive charge Do not ionize in on hydrophobic part of the molecule Counteract anionic surfactants Have limited use in detergents Used in fabric conditioners giving soft handle which is antistatic and less ready to pick up soiling Most important probably are quats (quaternary ammonium compounds) which have germicidal properties. solution Have excellent wetting powers Have good emulsifying powers Do not lather as well as anionic surfactants Are suitable for detergents specially formulated to deal with greasy soiling, e.g. Drive, and for low-foaming detergents Having high solubility and constitute about 6 to 12% of liquid synthetic detergents but only about 2% of most powdered synthetic detergents Most important are polyoxyethylene ethers and esters

ABRASIVES Abrasives depend on their rubbing or scratching action to clean dirt from hard surfaces. The extent to which they will rub or scratch a surface depends on the nature of the abrasive material and on the size and shape of the particles. Glass, sand and emery papers are all forms of abrasives, as are steel wool, nylon web pads, powdered pumice, feldspar, calcite, fine ash, precipitated whiting (filtered chalk) and jewellers rouge (a pink oxide of iron), the last two being the finest. The use of abrasives will depend on the surface to be cleaned and the type of dirt to be removed; when possible, fine abrasives should be used in preference to coarser ones. On the scale of hardness, which shows talc as 1 and diamond as 10, feldspar has a hardness of 6 and calcite of 3. Rather than being used alone, abrasives are more frequently used in the form of finely ground mineral, generally limestone or calcite, as the main ingredient of scouring powders, creams or liquids. Scouring powder e.g. Vim Contains approx, 80% finely ground limestone to scratch the dirt away chlorine bleach to disinfect surfaces and for stain removal alkaline builders Scouring cream or liquid e.g. Jif Is milder in action Contains finely ground calcite suspended in a solution of anionic and non-ionic surfactants

to aid grease removal and dissolving of Polyphosphates and soda to bleach anionic surfactant to create maintain alkalinity, ammonia, a lather, remove grease and suspend dirt preservative and a perfume lemon perfume Will scratch surfaces if used too generously Should not be used on paintwork or plastic surfaces Apply with a damp cloth and rinse off Apply on a damp cloth and rinse off Container needs to be well shaken

Can be used on paintwork, acrylic baths etc, when best applied with a sponge and surface wiped gently

Toilet cleansers Toilet cleansers are crystalline, powdered or liquid and they rely on their acid content to clean and keep the WC pan hygienic. Acids remove metal stains e.g. limescale. The crystalline cleansers are normally based on sodium acid sulpahte, a mild acid which is mixed with an anti-caking agent, often pine oil. The cleansing effect can be improved by the addition of a small amount of acidresistant anionic surfactant. Powdered toilet cleansers consist of a soluble acidic powder, chlorinated bleach, finely ground abrasive to help when a brush is used and an effervescing substance which helps to spread the active ingredient throughout the water. Liquid toilet cleansers may be a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid and should be used with great care because the concentration may cause damage to the surface of the pan, to surrounding areas and to the person using it if the liquid is spilt. All these toilet cleansers are designed for the cleaning and disinfecting of lavatories and urinals only and should never in any circumstances be mixed with other cleansers, because harmful gases are likely to be produced. Liquid chlorine bleaches, which are alkaline-stabilized solutions of sodium hypochlorite, may also be used to clean and disinfect lavatories and should never be mixed with other lavatory cleansers. The solution may contain detergents which assist the cleansing action and increase the viscosity, so enabling it to adhere to the sloping surfaces of the WC pan (e.g. Domestos).

Window cleansers Window cleansers consist of a water-miscible solvent, often isopropyl alcohol, to which a small quantity of surfactant and possibly an alkali, are added to improve the polishing effect of the cleanser. Some also contain a fine abrasive. The cleanser is applied with a cleaning rag and rubbed off with a clean, soft cloth. Water, or water to which some methylated spirit or vinegar has been added, does the job quite well and much more cheaply but entails more rubbing. Soda and ammonia These are alkalis, and are used as grease emulsifiers and stain removal agents. The addition of alkaline salts to surfactants in the formulation of detergents has already been mentioned. Strong alkaline cleaning agents based on caustic soda in flake or liquid form are available for the clearing of blocked drains, cleaning ovens and other large industrial equipment. Extreme care has to be taken in their use as they are very strong materials with high pH values (1% solution may have a pH of 13.1)

CHAPTER III
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS ACID CLEANERS These will vary in strength acetic acid found in vinegar to the highly corrosive dilute hydrochloric acid with a pH of 1. They should always be used un solution followed by thoroughly rinsing. All, expect perhaps citric and acetic acid, should be used under supervision, with extreme caution and with the protection of rubber gloves strong acids are poisonous and corrosive, some acid cleaners have special formulas, e.g. crystalline toilet cleaners which contain an acid resistant synthetic detergent. Summary of acid cleansers Types of acid used in cleaning Citric acid} Acetic acid} (liquids, pH 3) Uses Metals cleaning (tarnish removal) Neutralising alkaline cleaners removing light soiling and stickiness from unvarnished wood preventing colours from running during washing/ shampooing. Removing limescale particularly from sanitaryware Removing cement and plaster from newly applied tile areas Removing water stains and scale from toilets. Removing stubborn water stains

Dilute hydrochloric acid (HCL, liquid, pH 1)

Sodium acid sulphate(pH 5) Oxalic acid (pH 2) Concentrated hydrochloric acid ] (HCL, Spirits of salt, pH1)

ALKALINE CLEANSERS Alkaline-based cleaning agents are used a great deal in laundering and are particularly good at removing grease. Very strong alkalis are known as caustic materials and are extremely corrosive as well being poisonous. They must be used under strict supervision with the protection of rubber gloves. Bleach and ammonia may be added to abrasive detergents. Bleach may also be added to powdered toilet cleansers, but sodium hypochlorite bleach should never be used in conjunction with an acid toilet cleaner gas will be produced which is poisonous. Types of acid used in cleaning Uses Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda pH8 Removing acid-based stains, e.g. tea powder, fine abrasive) and coffee, and stubborn grease from smooth surfaces, such as enamel, Porcelain and plastic and textile Fabrics excellent for cleaning Refrigerators, etc. Sodium carbonate (washing soda, Added to soapy and synthetic pH10, powder or crystals) detergent powders to soften water and remove light grease marks cleaning Sodium hydroxide (caustic pH14, liquid, flakes, aerosols) Ammonia (pH 11, liquid) soda, Removing congealed grease such as that found in ovens, grills and blocked drains. Removing stubborn grease stains; frequently added to carpet shampoos very strong fumes

Sodium perborate (bleach, pH8-9) Whitening and removing strains; from liquid, powder hard and soft surfaces inactive in solution below 400C action increases as the temperature.

SOLVENT CLEANERS

These cleaning agents are used extensively for dry cleaning and for stain removal. They all strong fumes and should be used in a well ventilated room. Solvents are useful for cleaning grease or polish from surfaces which might be damaged by water-based solutions, e.g. silk fabrics and porous floorings. Solvents will evaporate and so are ideal for cleaning windows, mirrors and pictures. As solvents are flammable, poisonous and possible addictive, only small amounts should be kept in stock. Solvent cleaners may damage skin, and a barrier cream should therefore be applied to the hands before using them. DISINFECTANTS Disinfectants should only be used in areas where harmful germs are likely to exist. Many germs are removed by normal cleaning so that if this occurs regularly, the use of a disinfectant should be necessary. Types of disinfectant a) Halogens (Domestos, Diversol CX). May be added to anionic detergents. Good generals purpose disinfectants. b) Phenolics (Dettol, Izal, Stericol, Hycolin). Must be used in high concentration for effectiveness. c) Pine fluids. Not very efficient as easily inactivated but have a pleasing smell. Each group has its own characteristics and the supervisor should assume that a suitable one has been purchased for use in her establishment. Correct use of disinfectants Disinfectants are very sensitive to external conditions. They will be ineffective if any of the following are present. a) organic matter (blood, vomit, urine, faeces); b) certain foods (e.g. milk); c) hard water; d) cork, wood, cotton, paper, rubber, certain plastic.

TO ENSURE CORRECT USE, THE FOLLOWING RULES SHOULD BE OBSERVED : a) Rinse away detergent solutions thoroughly before disinfecting. b) Wash, rinse and dry all equipment after use with detergents and disinfectants. (Germs cannot breed in dry condition). c) Remove all unwanted organic matter before using a disinfectant. d) Use softended water. e) Do not inactivating materials where disinfectant may need to take place. If necessary seal an inactivating surface. f) The effectiveness of a disinfectant may depends on the types of germs present. This is of particular importance in hospitals, but here laboratories are able to advise on the best disinfectants to use. g) Dilute disinfectants accurately for effectiveness. h) Allow time for a disinfectant to work. The time needed will depend on the number and type of germs present and the strength of solution. DEODORANTS These are agents for disguising bad smells. They are expensive and may need to be strong that they are unpleasantly sweet. God ventilation and thorough cleaning should make the use of deodorants unnecessary unless it is policy to use one. LAUNDRY AID Not every residential establishment undertakes the regular washing of bed and table linen. However, cleaning materials stores may contains materials stores may contain stiffening agents and fabric conditioners.

STIFFENING AGENTS These aim to improves the appearance of fabric and provide a smooth which will remain clean longer than an unstarched fabric. Starch is only effective when used on cotton or linen fabrics and is applied to clean items. Following are the main type of stiffening agent. a) Boiling water starch. The starch used is that from rice or maize. When the starch grains are mixed with boiling water, they burst and then gelatinize. b) Cold water starch. The rice and maize grains swell by soaking in cold water. After soaking in the solution for about ten minutes, depending on the stiffness required, the fabric is dried until only slightly damp and the ironed. c) Instant starch. In this case the starch grains are pre-cooed giving a finish like boiling water starch. d) Spray starch. This method of applying starch is very expensive as in order to obtain a reasonable result, a large amount must be used. It is however, ideal for short-term and emergency use on waitress aprons and personal item of clothing. e) Cotton crispers. This method of stiffening does not use starch grains. The fabric is coated with fine layer of plastic emulsion. It gives a long-lasting but slightly less efficient result. POLISHES Polishes are not cleaning agents but usually stored in the same area and used after cleaning has taken place. Polishes are applied to a surface to form a hard, protective layer and thus guard against finger marks, stains and scratches. They also create a pleasant sheen on a hard surface. Polishes are used on metal surfaces, furniture and floors.

METAL POLISH The aim of a metal polish is to remove superficial tarnish and scratching. Metal polishes therefore contain a very mild abrasive, fatty acid, solvent and water. Long-life metal polishes also contain an ingredient which coats the surface of the metal and slows down the formation of tarnish considerably. Metal items which require regular polishing if they look attractive include : a) Cutlery; b) Serving dishes, salvers, etc.; c) Tableware such as jugs and vases; d) Door handles and plates; e) Ornaments, shields etc.; f) Foot rails in bars; g) Banisters; h) Bathroom fittings; i) Chair and table legs. Points to remember when using metal polishes a) Protect yourself with an overall and the surroundings with paper; etc. (metal polishing can be very messy). b) Work in a ventilated area. c) Polish clean metals only. d) Apply polish with a rag or applicators provided. e) Use a soft silver brush or cocktail stick for ornate inaccessible areas. f) Remove polish with a soft dry cloth. g) Rub up to a shine with a soft a duster. h) After polishing, wash any item to be used with food in warm synthetic detergent solution.

i) Constant use of a clear liquid tarnish remover (e.g. silver dip) will eventually damage silver plating (EPNS). j) Dispose of used rags after use to prevent a build-up fumes and reduce the risk of fire.

FURNITURE POLISH Furniture polish should only be used occasionally. Rubbing up while dusting should keep furniture looking clean and attractive. Unvarnished or unpainted wooden furniture, however, may require feeding with a polish is a applied to clean surfaces only and may be in the form of a paste, a cream (thick or thin), a liquid, an oil or spray. They all contain: a) Wax, to enrich porous surfaces; b) Solvent, to remove grease; c) Water, to remove water soluble stains; d) Silicone, to lubricate the polish and ease its application, to increase gloss and to improve resistance to water, heat, dust and smears. Pastes (high percentage wax) These are suitable for use on antique wooden surfaces. Care should be taken to remove all traces o polish from carved surfaces. Creams (high percentage solvent) Cream polishes should be used bon satin or gloss finishes only, as they increase the shine on a surface with continual use. Liquids (high percentage solvent) Liquid polishes may also contain a dye, which is useful for covering up scratches in a varnished surface. Points to remember when using furniture polish a) Apply to clean surfaces only

b) Use a little and rub up well with a duster. (Too much polish will create a sticky surface which is likely to a dust). c) Apply with a rag (except spray polish). d) Replace the top of the polish container firmly after use to prevent the evaporation of the solvent and consequent drying-up. e) All furniture polishes are used undiluted. f) Polishes containing a high percentage of solvent are flammable.

Types of Furniture polishes Paste furniture polishes Contain 25-30 % wax May include silicones Are applied sparingly with a rag and rubbed up well with a soft cloth May give a sticky finish if too much applied at one time and if not sufficiently well rubbed up Leave a layer of wax as spirit evaporates Build-up of layers gives high gloss in time Are suitable for antiques and other pieces of wooden furniture where the shine is dependent on the layers of wax Also suitable for wood paneling and if not too high silicone content, for wood and cork floorings Liquid furniture polishes Contain 8-12 % wax High percentage of solvent gives some cleaning action Are good for removal of food stains, drink rings and finger marks Should be applied with soft cloth and the resultant haze wiped after a Cream wax polishes Are emulsions of a blend of light coloured waxes in water and oily solvents Contain approx 20% waxes Have some cleaning action because the emulsifying agent is usually a detergent May or may not contain silicones Are best applied with a damp cloth and rubbed up immediately Build-up of wax layers slower than with paste polishes Are suitable for most types of wooden furniture Are liable to show in ornate parts of furniture and so these require extra care

Spray-on furniture polishes Contain approx 8% wax so are similar to liquid wax polishes but alteration in the solvents necessitates the surface being wiped immediately not left to dry Are expensive and may be wasteful if not used carefully

few minutes May be sprayed directly onto the Are most suitable for furniture surface or on to a clothe when which already has a shine e.g. dusting, particularly for small areas French polished furniture Cleaning and polishing may be combined in one operation If used on hard surfaces, e.g. glass the build-up of wax may make the surface smeary

FLOOR POLISHES Like furniture polishes, these should be applied only when buffing up no longer creates the desired effect. There are two type of floor polish: a) Spirit or solvent-based.
b) Water-based (sometimes referred to as an emulsion polish).

Spirit or solvent-based polish This may be in the form of a liquid or paste and consists of blend of waxes dispersed in solvent. After it has been applied, the solvent evaporates, leaving a layer of wax which is rubbed or buffed up to shine. Spirit (or solvent) based floor polish Waxes e.g. Solvent e.g. Natural carnauba white spirit - ozoberite Freon 11 or 12 synthetic - polyethylene Water-based polish This type of polish takes the form of creamy liquid and consists by a blend of waxes or polymer resins (glues), suspended in water by means of an emulsifying agent. (An emulsifying agent such as a synthetic detergent or ammonia helps to blend the wax and water).

Additives e.g. perfumes dyes silicones

Waxes e.g. carnauba montan polyethylene

Water-based (emulsion) floor polishes Water and Polymers e.g. Plasticizers emulsifying polystyrene agent acrylate styrene acrylate copolymer vinyl

Either alkalisoluble resins or metalcomplexed polymer

Points to consider when using floor polish a) Apply to a clean floor. b) Apply to a dry floor. c) Rinse floor thoroughly after stripping off old polish using a neutralizing agent, e.g. vinegar in the final rinsing water. d) Apply several thin coats of polish rather than one thick coat and work methodically to ensure all areas are covered. e) Allow each coat of polish to dry before applying the next. f) Ventilate the area in which polishing is to take place. g) Use warning signs to block off the area to be polished. h) Buff up thoroughly to prevent slippiness.
i) Do not use water-based polish on an unsealed porous floor or one where

the seal is damaged. Linoleum will not be damaged by either type of polish.

j) Do not use solvent-based polish on plastic or semi-porous floors. k) Remove any build-up of polish remover and abrasive pad or disc.
l) Damp mop floors after spray cleaning to remove any residue.

m) Clean all equipment immediately and thoroughly after use and store correctly and safely. FLOOR SEALS A floor seal can be either solvent or water based. It is applied to a floor surface to form a semi-permanent protective barrier which will prevent the entry of dirt, liquids, grease, stains and bacteria. Depending on the traffic they receive and whether they are covered with a floor wax, they may last for up to five years before replacement is necessary, but those used in busy corridors and entrances will require renewal about every year. The added protection of a floor wax can increase the life-span of a seal considerably. There are six main groups of floor seals : a) Oleo-resinous; b) One-pot plastic; c) Two-pot plastic; d) Pigmented; e) Water-based; f) Silicate dressing; Oleo-resinous This is a frequently used type of seal. It is fairly cheap and is easy to apply and renew. It consists of oils, resins, solvents and driers and penetrates the floor as well as depositing a glossy layer on the surface. One-pot plastic

These seals are described as one-pot or one-can to distinguish them from the two-pot variety. They are composed entirely of synthetic materials and so contains no natural drying oil. Two-pot plastic This type of seal consists of a based and a hardener. The two are kept separate until required, because when mixed a chemical reaction beings which continues until the mixture is hard. The advantage of such a system is that a high quality seal can be used which has a long shelf life. It is essential, however, that the correct proportions are used, otherwise the seal will be soft, slow to dry and patchy. Two-pot plastic seals smell strongly of solvent and should be used in a well-ventilated room. There are two main types : a) Urea-formaldehyde; b) Polyurethane Pigmented These seals contain a colour which gives added strength to the seal. There are two types; a) One-pot synthetic rubber; b) Two-pot polyurethane. Water-based This type of seal is less durable than the solvent-based ones and should therefore be protected with a water-based floor wax. On the other hand, they are easily touched-up or removed and renewed. They consist of acrylic polymer resins and a plasticizer. The particles of resin are larger than those found in the water-based floor wax and so are able to fill the open pores of the floor surface and proved a plastic skin. The seal is resistant to neutral and alkaline detergents and is therefore unaffected by these when used to remove waterbased floor wax. Silicate dressing

This does not strictly seal a floor but reinforces the surface and prevents the creation of dust. It is much cheaper than a seal, and consists of a base of sodium silicate dissolved in water. The sodium silicate reacts with the lime content of the concrete to form insoluble calcium silicate. The water acts as a carrier and when it has evaporated, silicate glass is formed.

Choice of cleaning agents (consumable items) With the variety of cleaning agents on the market the housekeeper should remember that a great deal of time, effort and money can be wasted by wrong choice as well as possible deterioration of articles and surfaces. Cleaning agents are chemicals and the housekeeper should have some knowledge of cleaning science if they are to be chosen and used correctly. The following points may be taken into consideration when choosing cleaning agents : Type of soiling Composition Ease of use Saving of time and labour Possible damage to surface Toxic or irritating to the skin Smell Versatility Packaging Storage and deterioration Cost. Storage and replenishment of cleaning agents

Stores may be obtained by staff : Going to a main store run by a storekeeper; the cleaning materials are issued to the individual maid or cleaner at times when the rule of new for old or full for empty may be applied; Making out requisition lists which are handed in for the housekeeper to countersign and the items are collected later from the stores by a porter or maids; Going at set times of the day for their replenishments or renewals to a housekeeping store kept under lock and key, which is the responsibility of an assistant housekeeper; Who may have their stock of supplies topped up by a houseporter several times a week; Who may collect their box of cleaning materials from the housekeeping maids finish their work the supplies are returned to the same place to be replenished for the next day. Responsibilities of supervisor A cleaning supervisor is usually responsible for the following : a) Issuing cleaning agents according to the system adopted by the establishment. b) Ensuring they are stored safely and tidily in the peripheral storage areas. c) Informing staff of how and where they should be used. d) Reporting to the housekeeper any problems encountered with the use or performance of any cleaning agent. e) Assisting in stock control. Issuing of cleaning agents This may be a time-consuming task depending on the method used. Cleaning agents should be issued at pre-arranged intervals so that access to the main store cannot occur without the knowledge of the supervisor, housekeeper or storekeeper. Stores may be issued by one of the following methods.

a) Requisition b) Full-for-empty/new-for-old c) Topping-up

POINTS TO BE CONSIDER WHEN STORING CLEANING AGENTS On delivery, cleaning agents are received into a central store, which should always be kept locked when not manned. From this store, cleaning agents will be issued to all departments, e.g. restaurant, kitchen, porters and of course, the housekeeping department itself. Once they have been issued they will be taken to peripheral storage areas throughout the establishment. These should be kept locked when not in use. a) Label all containers clearly and with waterproof pens or labels. b) Indicate the dilution rate if necessary. c) Ensure all tops are secure and containers kept clean. d) Stop containers neatly to avoid damage and spillage.
e) Keep aerosol containers away from hot pipes and radiators.

f) Ensure shelves are strong enough to bear the weight of the cleaning agents. g) Keep the store locked when not in use. h) Keep bin cards up to date. i) Rotate stock. j) Use funnels for dispensing and pre-diluting. k) Keep the store well ventilated.

l) Do not store heavy items on high shelves. m) Use dispensers where possible. n) Clean the store regularly. o) Check stock regularly. Consider the use of a computer. DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION I colleted my data through questionnaires from two popular hotels in Kolkata namely Hotel Peerless Inn and Golden Regency being a four star hotel it was provides the facilities that of a five star hotel. Hotel Peerless Inn is also a four star hotel but it is small in comparison to the cleaning agents, used in the hotel were of economical kind and best to use compared to the Golden Regency. The Golden Regency Hotel is heart of the city. The hotel is 0.5 km from railway station and 3 km from airport.

CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS QUESTIONNAIRE GLOSSARY BIBLIOGRAPHY

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

This hotels in Peerless Inn whether they are star category or not but the cleaning agents used in the hotels were quite good and the hotel in which I went for my research project were using good kind of detergents and other types of cleaning agents, the regent hotel in which I went for the research were using the tasks product which were quite good in use and also economical therefore I recommend to use those product which are not harmful and economical.

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. What are the cleaning agents used in the hotel? 2. What are the types of cleaning agents used in the hotels? 3. How does a detergent works in cleaning? 4. Differentiate between the types of detergents used in the hotel? 5. What are the points to be consider while using the detergents? 6. What are the actions of acids and Alkaline on the material? 7. What are the uses of acids used in the cleaning? 8. What are the floor seals and the groups of floor seals? 9. How will you store cleaning agents? 10. What are the polishes used in the hotel?

GLOSSARY Architraves : Mouldings round doors and windows.

 Anodising : This is an dectro-chemical process which enhances the appearance of aluminium and increases its resistance to soiling & corrosion. It is used for door and window fittings. Blade dispenser : Apparatus where used blades are deposited. Cantilevered : Articles resting on a bracket projecting from a wall. Cleaning agents or materials : include abrasives, detergents, solvents, polishes, etc. Discards : Condemned articles in the linen room which may be renovated for other uses or used as rag. Disinfectant : Any agent that decontaminates. Floor seals : Semi-permanent finishes of cellulosic or plastic composition, applied to render a floor impermeable and to protect its surface. Furnishings : Include soft furnishings, carpets and furniture. Refurbish : To give a new look to a room by redecorating, the renewing of soft furnishings and possible the carpet, and the touching up of furniture. Soft furnishings : include curtains, cushions, loose covers, bedspreads and quilts, but not carpets. Shoe mits : Flannel cloth for cleaning shoes. Soap suds : Provided in guest bathrooms for guests to wash their own garments. Textiles : Woven fabrics, e.g. cotton sheeting. Upholstery : Textiles used for furniture dcor. Vacuum cleaner : Apparatus that cleans floors, carpets and furniture. Water waste preventer (wwp) : WC cistern.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. The Hindustan Times 2. The tools and the trade 3. Hotel, Hostel and Hospital Housekeeping