George Aggidis - Tidal Eneergy Review

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group
Wales North Network
The Irish Sea's Tidal Power Potential including the Dee Estuary
George A. Aggidis
Director Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group & Fluid Machinery Group
g.aggidis@lancaster.ac.uk
Wednesday 24 March 2010
OVERVIEW
Introduction Tidal Resource Present state of the art, technology Tidal range projects Environmental implications UK and NW Tidal range projects including Dee Conclusions
Introduction
The Irish Sea's potential for electricity generation from tidal power is substantial, comparable with that of the Bristol Channel. The presentation will touch on all major schemes being considered and developed, including the potential for the Dee Estuary.
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
CENTRIPETAL
Tides Governed by Earth-MoonSun
GRAVITATIONAL & CENTRIPETAL
Neap & Spring Tides

Neap Tide
Spring Tide
( Moon & Moon)

(Full Moon & New Moon)
Lunar Month = 29.53 Days
Earliest Tidal Research Dates back to ~ 350BC

ARISTOTLE Earliest reference on the world on ocean research
Aristotle Lyceum Ancient Greece
Evripos Straits
Pytheas Massalia Ancient Greece
Atlantic Ocean
PYTHEAS Produced accounts of tidal movements
Historical development (to the 1970s)
Prof Steven Salter Edinburgh University
Salter Edinburgh Duck Edinburgh University
La Rance Tidal Barrage France Location: Saint Malo, Brittany D=5,350mm n=93.75 rpm H=11m
Prof Michael French Lancaster University
The Lancaster Flexible Bag Lancaster University
P=10 MW
24 Units (Alstom) Contract year: 1967
World & UK tidal resource
Worldwide tidal energy potential about 500-1000TWh/year UK is estimated to hold 50TWh/year UK represents 48% of the European resource Few sites worldwide are as close to electricity users and the transmission grid as those in the UK Department of Energy (DoEn) studies in the 1980s, identified 16 estuaries where tidal barrages should be capable of procuring over 44TWh/year The bulk of this energy yield would accrue from 8 major estuaries, in rank order of scale, the Severn, Solway Firth, Morecambe Bay, Wash, Humber, Thames, Mersey and Dee
8
Global Distribution of Tidal Range
UK Resource
Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory
Key to map
NW Resource
Atlas of UK Marine Renewable Energy Resources: Atlas Pages A Strategic Environmental Assessment Report September 2004
Tidal Current Energy Resource
Tides depend on position of moon and sun in relation to the earth provide a highly predictable source of power
18TWh/year technically extractable tidal current resource in UK could meet 3-5% of energy demand1 Power extracted from kinetic energy of flowing water: P= AU3
Marine Current Turbines Ltd (MCT) Seagen 1.2 MW
Water 800 times denser than air, so require lesser flow rates
1 Carbon 2 DTI.
Trust. Future Marine Energy. January 2006.
Atlas of UK Marine Energy Resources. 2004
Peak Flow for a Mean Spring Tide (2)

Spring tidal currents around double neap Tidal currents vary with depth
Mean Spring Tidal Power Density (2)
Tidal Current Turbine Technologies
Four main types of Tidal Energy Convertors (TEC) Horizontal Axis

Rigidly mounted Floating and SemiSubmerged
Vertical Axis
Hydrofoil
Oscillating Translating
Venturi Systems Other
Open Hydro
Horizontal axis turbines

This device extracts energy from moving water in much the same way as wind turbines extract energy from moving air. Devices can be housed within ducts to create secondary flow effects by concentrating the flow and producing a pressure difference
Horizontal Axis Turbines Rigidly Mounted

Voith Siemens Hydro (Germany) http://www.hydro.org/ne ws/Weilepp.%20Wave%2 0Power.pdf Tidal Generation (UK) http://www.tidalgeneratio n.co.uk
Rotech Tidal Turbine (UK) http://www.lunarenergy.co.uk/ Free Flow Turbine (USA) http://www.verdantpower.com
KESC Bowsprit Generator / KESC Tidal Generator (USA) http://www.kineticenergysystems.com
Kuroshio Ocean Turbine (TW)

Clean Current Tidal Turbine (Canada) http://www.cleancurrent.com http://www.iam.ntu.edu.tw/
Horizontal Axis Turbines Floating & Semi- Submerged Devices
Underwater Electric Kite (USA)
http://www.uekus.com
Modril (Norway) http://www.statkraft.com
Hydro-Gen (France) http://www.hydro-gem.fr
OCGen (USA)
http://www.oceanrenewablepower.com
Horizontal Axis Turbines Rigidly Mounted

The Blue Concept (Norway) http://www.e-tidevannsenergi.com Swanturbines (UK) http://www.swanturbines.co,uk/
Hydrohelix Turbine (France)

http://www.hydrohelix.fr/
Open Centre Turbine (Ireland) http://www.openhydro.com
Tocardo (Nederlands) http://www.tocardo.com
Seaflow (UK) & Seagen (UK) http://www.marineturbines.com
Horizontal Axis Turbines Floating & Semi- Submerged Devices
Evopod (UK) http://www.oceanflowenergy.com
SRTT (UK) http://www.scotrenewables.com
TidEl (UK) http://www.smdhydrovision.com
Semi submersible Turbine (UK) http://www.tidalstream.co.uk
CORMAT(UK) Cameron@esru.strath.ac.uk
Vertical axis turbines

This device extracts energy from moving water in a similar fashion to the horizontal axis turbines, however the turbine is mounted on a vertical axis.
Vertical Axis Turbines

Proteus (UK) http://www.neptunerenewableenergy.com
Blue Energy (Canada) http://www.bluenergy.com
Gorlov Helical Turbine (USA) http://www.gcktechnology.com
Polo (UK) http://www.mech.ed.ac.uk
EnCurrent Turbine (Canada) http://www.newenergycorp.ca
Kobold Turbine (Italy) http://www.pontediarchimede.it
Vertical Axis Turbines

Water Turbine (Norway) http://www.anwsite.com
Lancaster University (UK) http://www.engineering.lancs.ac.uk/REGROUPS/LUREG/home.htm
Water Power Industries WPI (Norway)

http://www.wpi.no
Alternative Hydro Solutions (Canada) http://www.alternativehydrosolutions.com
Oscillating Hydrofoil
A hydrofoil attached to an oscillating arm and the motion is caused by the tidal current flowing either side of a wing, which results in lift. This motion can then drive fluid in a hydraulic system to be converted into electricity.
Hydrofoils
BioStream (Australia) http://www.biopowersystems.com
Pulse Generator (UK) http://www.pulsegeneration.co.uk
Stingray (UK) http://www.engb.com
Harmonica (Norway) http://www.tidalsails.com
Aquanator http://www.atlantisresourcescorporation.com
Venturi Effect
By housing the device in a duct, this has the effect of concentrating the flow past the turbine. The funnel-like collecting device sits submerged in the tidal current. The flow of water can drive a turbine directly or the induced pressure differential in the system can drive an air-turbine.
Venturi Devices
Gentec Venturi (New Zealand) http://www.greenheating.com
Spectral Marine Energy Converter (UK) http://www.verderg.com
Hydro Venturi (UK) http://www.hydroventuri.com
Other Designs
This covers those devices with a unique and very different design to the more well-established types of technology or if information on the devices characteristics could not be determined.
Generic Research
SuperGen Marine II Energy Research Consortium

WS1: Numerical and physical convergence WS2: Optimisation of collector form and
response
WS3: Combined wave and tidal effects WS4: Arrays, wakes and near field effects WS5: Power take-off and conditioning WS6: Moorings and positioning WS7: Advanced control of devices and
network integration
WS8: Reliability WS9: Economic analysis of variability and
penetration
MARINE II
University scale 1/100 testing
30
UK marine energy
infrastructure
At NaREC in NE England there is a 1/10th scale wave and tidal test facility
UK marine energy infrastructure EMEC Tidal Test Site

5 Berths 10-50m Grid connected 3.5m/s flow Sheltered area
EMEC
The Birth of an Industry

We have come a long way from the mid 1970s
We have moved from artists impressions to devices at sea generating into the electricity network
Device Development
Open Hydro 250 kW open flow tidal current turbine in Orkney connected to the network
OpenHydro Marine Current Turbines SeaFlow has been operating for three years and is rated 300 kW Marine Current Turbines installed SeaGen a twin propeller device rated 1200 kW and connected to the network
MCT
MCT
UK marine energy infrastructure

D D D
/MW
R
MARINE
The UK commitment to the marine energy provides this type of support for sectoral development
Scottish Enterprise
Research/Development/Demonstration/Deployment
MW to market
Future Challenges for the Industry
The UKERC Road Map identified research priorities to establish the industry as: Test facilities Moorings and Foundations Resource modelling Device modelling PTO and control Installation and O&M Survivability Electrical Power infrastructure and technology Economics & Policy Standards & Life cycle analysis
UK Energy Research Centre
Tidal Stream
Tidal stream offers predictable renewable energy
Existing commercial developments demonstrate the possibilities

Rapidly growing sector
Offers considerable advantage over other renewables

There exists significant potential for new inshore devices
The UK requires a varied distributed energy network to remain competitive
The Northwest of England has the capability to provide at least 5% of UK power through renewable energy tidal schemes; around half the Northwests total energy needs
The NWTEG brings together the Northwests four pipeline tidal energy projects & key stakeholders to raise the profile of the sector and disseminate best practice
95 plus members Chaired and facilitated by NWDA
Tidal Range Technology
Across Estuaries/Rivers/Islands
Manmade pools
Barrage Tidal Energy
The energy available from a barrage is dependent on the volume of water. The potential energy contained in a volume of water is: where: h is the vertical tidal range, A is the horizontal area of the barrage basin, is the density of water = 1025 kg per cubic meter (seawater varies between 1021 and 1030 kg per cubic meter) and
g is the acceleration due to the Earth's gravity = 9.81 meters per second squared.
The factor half is due to the fact, that as the basin flows empty through the turbines, the hydraulic head over the dam reduces. The maximum head is only available at the moment of low water, assuming the high water level is still present in the basin.
Terminology
The relative scale of turbine installation adopted from the Severn Tidal Group studies formed the basis of the DoEns follow-up studies, namely ebb mode being favoured with turbine numbers roughly compatible with extracting about 50% of the available ebb-phase energy.
This results in tidal levels in the estuary basins dropping only to mean sea level or thereabouts, and in this respect is consistent with the theoretical approach put forward by Prandle.
Schemes with these characteristics are referred to as 1xDoEn turbine installations.
41
Ebb, Flood, Dual Generation
Delay the natural motion of the tidal flux as sea level changes: Holding back the release of water as tide level subsides under ebb generation so that head (water level) difference is sufficient for turbine operation Deferring the entry of rising tidal flow to the inner estuary basin for flood generation
or dual mode, a combination of both

Each mode has some restricting effect, so reducing the range of tidal variation within the basin, with ebb generation solutions uplifting mean water levels, flood generation reducing mean levels and dual mode operation resulting in little change
42
Double regulated bulb turbine Hill-Chart (Escher Wyss)
43
Tidal Range References
Existing tidal references world wide:

La Rance, France Bay of Fundy, Canada
La Rance, France,
Alstom
1967
Annapolis, Canada,
Andritz VATECH Hydro
1980
Sihwa, South Korea,

Andritz VATECH Hydro
2005
Bird's eye view of Sihwa, South Korea tidal power plant to be completed in 2010 DAEWOO
La Rance Tidal Plant France

Completed 1966/67 8 m tidal range 330 m long 22 km2 basin 24 x 5.4 m turbines 240 MW total capacity
La Rance Tidal Barrage Brittany, France
La Rance Tidal Barrage France
Location: Saint Malo, Brittany
D=5,350mm
n=93.75 rpm H=11m P=10 MW 24 Units Contract year: 1967
Annapolis Tidal Plant Canada
Location: Bay of Fundy D=7,600mm n=50 rpm
H=7.1m
P=19.9 MW
1 Unit
Contract year: 1980
Sihwa Tidal Plant South Korea
Location: Sihwa Tidal Plant
D=7,500mm
n=64.3 rpm H=5.8m P=26 MW 10 Units Contract year: 2005
Bird's eye view of Sihwa tidal power plant to be completed in 2010 DAEWOO
SIHWA TIDAL Largest tidal power plant in the world

PROJECT BACKGROUND: An existing dam built in 1994 (agriculture, reclamation of land) Industrial and biological pollution return to natural exchange of water Korea is investing into renewable energies (KyotoMechanism): from 1.4 % to 5 % in 2011 & reducing oil imports Total project costs: around 250 million USD Specific Investment Costs: 250 million USD / 260 MW 1 million USD / MW
(A. Schwab/B. Hindelang Dec. 08)
SIHWA TIDAL Largest tidal power plant in the world
Purpose of Sihwa power plant Improve water quality inside the lake
Power generation
Plant Data Mean Tidal Range : 5.6m Spring Tidal Range : 7.8m Basin Area : 43km2 Generation Method : One-way during flood tide Installed Capacity : 250MW (Horizontal Axial Bulb Unit) Estimated Annual Output : 553 GWh
(A. Schwab/B. Hindelang Dec. 08)
Other Systems
Tidal Reef Barrage (UK) Tidal Lagoons (UK) http://www.tidalelectric.com http://www.evans-engineering.co.uk
Tidal Delay (Australia) http://www.woodshedtechnologies.com.au
Environmental Issues
Modification of resource
Impact on flora and fauna

Birds, mammals, fish, invertebrates Habitats
Alteration of physical environment

Robustness of device (climate change) Connection to land
Terrestrial impacts
Anglersnet.co.uk
Geographic variability
Match device to opportunity

Interaction between location and form of land Importance of dynamics Need to recognise risks & barriers
Barriers
Economics
Environmental change
Social disruption
Electricity grid connection
Siltation
Change in tidal regime
Whole system (terrestrial & marine)

Ecology
Environmental constraints
Habitats
EU Habitats Directive Designated landscapes (RAMSAR, SAC, SPA, etc)
Species
Birds Fish Others (marine mammals, terrestrial plants and animals)
Environmental Overview
A degree of environmental modification is, therefore, inevitable, but this does not necessarily imply serious degradation from a physical or ecological perspective, though
issues related to protection of habitats inevitably need to be confronted.
57
IET Tidal Power
58
UK Tidal Schemes - Severn
59
UK Tidal Schemes - Other
60
Severn Tidal options Map of proposed Project
Severn Tidal Map of proposed shortlist Project
Tidal Lagoon Proposed Location
Demonstration Scheme
Solway
11 hours
7.46m
Irish Sea
?
8.5m
Morecambe
Wyre Ribble
10 hours
5.5m
Mersey Dee
The Northwest of England has a significant tidal energy resource, with capability to provide at least 5%of UK power through tidal energy.
The Dee Estuary Aber Dyfrdwy
River Dee flowing into Liverpool Bay The estuary starts near Shotton after a five miles (8 km) 'canalised' section The river soon swells to be several miles wide forming the boundary between the Wirral Peninsula in north-west England and Flintshire in north-east 66 Wales
Potential Dee Barrage alignment & extended DeeWirral lagoon

(Burrows, 2009)
Installing 2-3 times the number of turbines theoretically doubles the total energy capture, at unit costs around 10p/KWh (Dee) The SDC report shows 10p/KWh for the unit cost of energy from offshore wind installations which receive strong backing at present
67
2-D ADCIRC modelling Flow simulations
Dee estuary with barrages in place

The whole grid
(Burrows, 2009)
68
Upper Irish Sea
Dee Estuary 40x21MW 8m turbines 40x8mx12m sluices
Operating Modes
Ebb 1.35 TWh

Dual 1.30 TWh Flood 0.78 TWh (Burrows, 2009)
External tidal elevation & reduced basin
level variations (m) against time (days)
Dee Power outputs and basin/tide levels
(Burrows, 2009)
70
Dee Annual Energy vs turbine numbers
71 (Burrows, 2009)
Estimated unit cost (p/kWh) for Dee schemes with different number of turbines
(Burrows, 2009)
72
Dee with increasing installed capacity

(Burrows, 2009)
73
0-D Modelling Summary
(Burrows, 2009) 74
Mersey
Hatton, 2009
Hatton, 2009
Mersey Tidal Power Feasibility study 2010
The feasibility study is being led jointly by a consulting team comprising Scott Wilson, Drivers Jonas and EDF, on behalf of Peel Energy and the Northwest Regional Development Agency (NWDA). The study aims to identify a tidal power scheme that meets three prime objectives: The tidal power scheme has to be capable of generating a meaningful amount of electricity at a price that the country can afford; The direct impacts on the environment, shipping, local businesses and communities must be kept to acceptable levels (in determining their acceptability, measures may need to be provided to mitigate or compensate for the impacts); and The tidal power scheme should be to the maximum possible benefit of the region in a socio-economic and environmental sense.
77
Mersey Tidal Power Four Technologies
The four technologies selected are: A tidal barrage incorporating conventional tidal turbines similar to those routinely used in low head hydroelectric power applications; A tidal power gate which could perform as a very low-head barrage containing a grid of specially designed, smaller tidal turbines This is the kind of technology used to produce power from, for example, reservoir spillways and sluices; A tidal fence a means of capturing energy from the natural or constrained velocity of the tidal flow with either horizontal- or vertical-axis turbines designed for generating electricity in open streams; and An alternative tidal fence based on a new proprietary device that concentrates the energy contained in a large body of slow-moving water into a smaller body of fast-flowing water using the Venturi effect. The developers warn that the list may be revised and developed 78 the as study proceeds and further information becomes available.
Mersey Tidal Power Next steps
The Mersey Tidal Power project has completed in March 2010 the first stage (shortlist down to four technologies) of a major feasibility study designed to select a preferred tidal power scheme for Mersey Estuary, North West England. Next step in the progress of the feasibility study is to formulate an acceptable scheme on which to base a planning application by the end of 2011.
79
Mersey Next steps
In the next stage of the feasibility study, indicative sites within the estuary where the different tidal power technologies could be best deployed will be identified and possible scheme layouts established. There will be an economic analysis that looks at the likely energy yields of the different tidal power schemes set against their anticipated construction and operating costs.
80
Wyre
Sand and Mud flats Salt marshes

RIVER WYRE
Southern barrage position

Edward Greenwood, Wyre Tidal Energy
AN IMPRESSION OF BARRAGES ON THE RIVER WYRE (SOUTHERN AND JUBILEE)

River dredged to form access harbour to the lagoon Material dredged out for power generating barrages is used to reclaim land and make a deep water FLEETWOOD shipping terminal
Edward Greenwood, Wyre Tidal Energy A barrage on the River Wyre has a potential output of 90MW. Due to its unique location the opportunity exists for a Compressed Air Energy Storage Plant (CAES) by injecting compressed air into some of the redundant salt caverns in the area. The system can eliminate the problems associated with an intermittent power source and add to the economic viability of the project.
Morecambe Bay Bridge Proposal
Morecambe Bay
Bridge Across The Bay

Bridge
hosting/supporting renewable energy technologies
Tidal, wind and solar being investigated Free stream vertical axis tidal turbines favoured
Target to extract 200MW

Aims to have minimal environmental impact and maximum socio/economic benefit
Solway
Solway Firth Energy Feasibility Study 2010 Halcrow RSK Mott MacDonald
86
Catterson, 2009
Multi Functional Infrastructure including Power Generation
Barrage schemes are unique amongst power installations, being inherently multi-functional infrastructure, offering flood protection, possible road and rail crossings and significant amenity/leisure opportunities, amongst other features. Thus, a fully holistic treatment of overall cost-benefit is imperative for robust decision-making. It is suggested that, to date, this position has been inadequately addressed in the formulation of energy strategy, especially in respect of barrages potential strategic roles in flood defense and transportation planning. It follows, therefore, that apart from the direct appraisal of energy capture, other complementary investigations must be sufficiently advanced to enable proper input in decision-making in respect of these secondary functions, as well as the various potentially adverse issues, such as sediment regime change, impact on navigation and 87 environmental modification.
Multi Functional Infrastructure

Habitat & Land Species Flood Use Risk Fisheries
Cultural Heritage
Power Transport Generation

Tourism Job Creation
Water
Conclusion
The UK has substantial potential of tidal renewable energy generation, to about 20% of present UK demand Eight major estuaries capable of meeting at least 10% of present electricity demand, employing fully proven technology
Achievable, under favourable UK Treasury discount rates
The UK has tidal stream practicable potential to about 5% of present electricity demand
NW potential from barrages at least 5% of present electricity demand Tidal barrages in the estuaries of the NW capable of meeting about 50% of the regions electricity needs The Challenge is for engineers and scientists to deliver UKs marine renewable energy targets
The Opportunity is for the UK to deliver renewable energy with minimal 89 environmental impact
The Irish Sea's Tidal Power Potential including the Dee Estuary
Wales North Network
Thank you
George A. Aggidis
Director Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group & Fluid Machinery Group
g.aggidis@lancaster.ac.uk

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Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Wales North Network

Wednesday 24 March 2010

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Tides Governed by Earth-MoonSun

GRAVITATIONAL & CENTRIPETAL

Neap & Spring Tides

( Moon & Moon)

Lunar Month = 29.53 Days

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Earliest Tidal Research Dates back to ~ 350BC

Aristotle Lyceum Ancient Greece

Pytheas Massalia Ancient Greece

PYTHEAS Produced accounts of tidal movements

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Historical development (to the 1970s)

Prof Steven Salter Edinburgh University

Salter Edinburgh Duck Edinburgh University

The Lancaster Flexible Bag Lancaster University

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

World & UK tidal resource

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Global Distribution of Tidal Range

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Tidal Current Energy Resource

Trust. Future Marine Energy. January 2006.

Atlas of UK Marine Energy Resources. 2004

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Peak Flow for a Mean Spring Tide (2)

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Mean Spring Tidal Power Density (2)

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Tidal Current Turbine Technologies

Four main types of Tidal Energy Convertors (TEC) Horizontal Axis

Venturi Systems Other

Horizontal axis turbines

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Horizontal Axis Turbines Rigidly Mounted

KESC Bowsprit Generator / KESC Tidal Generator (USA) http://www.kineticenergysystems.com

Kuroshio Ocean Turbine (TW)

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Horizontal Axis Turbines Floating & Semi- Submerged Devices

Underwater Electric Kite (USA)

Modril (Norway) http://www.statkraft.com

Hydro-Gen (France) http://www.hydro-gem.fr

Horizontal Axis Turbines Rigidly Mounted

The Blue Concept (Norway) http://www.e-tidevannsenergi.com Swanturbines (UK) http://www.swanturbines.co,uk/

Hydrohelix Turbine (France)

Open Centre Turbine (Ireland) http://www.openhydro.com

Tocardo (Nederlands) http://www.tocardo.com

Seaflow (UK) & Seagen (UK) http://www.marineturbines.com

Lancaster University Renewable Energy Group

Horizontal Axis Turbines Floating & Semi- Submerged Devices

Evopod (UK) http://www.oceanflowenergy.com

SRTT (UK) http://www.scotrenewables.com

TidEl (UK) http://www.smdhydrovision.com

Semi submersible Turbine (UK) http://www.tidalstream.co.uk