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Universidade de So Paulo Faculdade de Sade Pblica Meditao Transcendental e Sade: uma reviso eletrnica da produo cientfica multidisciplinar em bancos

de dados, de 1970 a 2006

Eliceu Mximo Filho

Dissertao apresentada ao Programa de Ps-Graduao em Sade Publica para obteno do ttulo de Mestre em Sade Pblica. rea de Concentrao: Materno Infantil Sade

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Maria da Penha Costa Vasconcellos

So Paulo 2006

Dedico este trabalho a meus pais Jacyra e Eliceu Mximo e a todos os que vieram antes deles. Com amor

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Realizar este trabalho foi resgatar 24 anos de atuao e trabalho como professor de Meditao Transcendental, ensinando a muitas pessoas durante este tempo, e compartilhando com elas os efeitos e benefcios desta prtica em suas vidas. Os agradecimentos so muitos e so dirigidos a todos os Mestres e Professores que compartilharam comigo seus conhecimentos. Mestres das mais distintas tradies. Reconheo que compartilhar conhecimento um ato de amor, indicar um novo caminho a algum. Assim de certa forma, um agradecimento ao que eles representam ao prprio Conhecimento, Verdade, Percepo da Realidade e Vida.

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Yama disse: Vamos agora acender a chama do conhecimento, que quando acesa, a ponte para imortalidade. Vamos conhecer o supremo e imperecvel Brahman, a margem mais distante da vida, o fim de todo sofrimento. Imagine o Ser como o senhor de uma carruagem. O corpo a carruagem, o intelecto o cocheiro, a mente as rdeas, os sentidos so os corcis, e seus objetos so a estrada. O Ser, diz o sbio, quando combinado com os sentidos e a mente torna-se o apreciador. Quando a um homem falta sabedoria, sua mente est sempre agitada e seus sentidos so cavalos selvagens arrastando o cocheiro mais e mais. Mas quando ele est cheio de sabedoria, sua mente est centrada e seus sentidos tornam-se cavalos domesticados obedientes vontade do cocheiro. Mais sutil que os rgos de percepo esto os sentidos. Mais sutil que eles est a mente. Mais sutil que ela est o intelecto. Mais sutil que ele est o ego. Mais sutil que ele est a causa subjacente de tudo. E mais sutil ainda est o Ser supremo. No h nada mais sutil que isso. Este o Absoluto. o fim de todo sofrimento a sua prpria Conscincia.

Katha Upanishad

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Mximo Filho, E. Meditao Transcendental e Sade: uma reviso da produo cientfica multidisciplinar em bases de dados, de 1970 a 2006: [dissertao de mestrado]. So Paulo: Faculdade de Sade Pblica da USP; 2006.

Resumo
Contexto Desde 1970 muitos estudos cientficos tm sido publicados sobre Meditao Transcendental (MT) em reas distintas, unidisciplinares de conhecimento. O presente estudo vem trazer uma viso multidisciplinar destas publicaes. Introduo Define MT, justifica o presente trabalho desenvolvido no campo da Sade Pblica, destaca as origens da MT a partir do sistema de Filosofia Vedanta da ndia, sua propagao ao Ocidente, o interesse da comunidade cientfica pelo tema, sua utilizao na atualidade e sua relevncia para o campo da Sade. Objetivo - Realizar uma reviso da produo cientfica sobre o tema MT, buscando descrever, caracterizar e analisar a natureza multidisciplinar desta produo ao longo do tempo, com nfase no campo da Sade. Mtodos - Reviso eletrnica exploratria de registros de produo cientfica acerca do tema MT em bases de dados cientficas, caracterizando-se esta produo atravs de campos de conhecimento especficos e sua distribuio no tempo. Utilizou-se: 1. o Google para levantamento eletrnico geral; 2. bases de dados disponveis USP (Universidade de So Paulo) para caracterizao da multidisciplinaridade da produo cientfica; 3. interface Scopus para caracterizao das diversas reas de conhecimento; 4. interface EMBASE.com (EMBASE e MEDLINE) para Sade; 5. e aprofundamento no tema Sade Pblica por publicaes da base de dados EMBASE. Resultados Encontrouse na distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT: 1. 2510 no Google acadmico; 2. 409 no Psycinfo, 150 no Dissertations and Theses, 87 no FRANCIS, 63 no ERIC, 62 no Sociological Abstracts, 53 no National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts, 36 no SPORT Discus, 29 no Biological Abstracts, 25 no Physical Education Index, 21 no Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, 18 no Social Services Abstracts e 16 no ABI/Inform; 3. 346 na interface Scopus, classificados 245 em Cincias da Sade, 104 em Cincias Sociais, 87 em Cincias da

Vida e 7 em Cincias Fsicas; 4. 409 na EMBASE e MEDLINE, classificados 229 como Psiquiatria e Neurologia, 84 como Fisiologia e Endocrinologia; 5. e 68 como Sade Pblica. Concluso A produo cientfica sobre MT a caracteriza como prtica de interesse para distintos campos de conhecimento, em especial, para o campo da Sade e Psicologia. Sua aplicabilidade foi identificada por profissionais de distintas reas, em especial da Sade. Descritores: Meditao Transcendental; Sade; Reviso Acadmica [tipo de publicao]; Bases de Dados Bibliogrficas; Multidisciplinaridade.

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Mximo Filho, E. Meditao Transcendental e Sade: uma reviso da produo cientfica multidisciplinar em bases de dados, de 1970 a 2006/Transcendental Meditation and Health: an eletronic review of the multidisciplinar scientific production in databases, from 1970 to 2006 [dissertation]. So Paulo (BR): Faculdade de Sade Pblica da Universidade de So Paulo; 2006.

Abstract
Context Since 1970, many scientific studies have been published about Transcendental Meditation (TM) in distinct, unidisciplinar areas of knowledge. The present study brings a multidiscplinar vision of these publications. Introduction Defines TM, justifies the present study, developed on the field of Public Health, stand out the origins of TM from the Indian system of Philosophy Vedanta, its dissemination to the West, the interest from the scientific community by this subject, its utilization at the present time and its relevance for the field of Health. Objective To carry through a revision of the scientific production about the subject TM, describing, characterizing and analyzing the multidisciplinar nature of this production along the time, with emphasis on the field of Health. Methods Exploratory electronic revision of registers of scientific production about the subject TM on scientific databases, characterizing its production by their specific fields of knowledge and its distribution along the time. We utilized: 1. Google for general electronic survey; 2. databases available to the USP (University of So Paulo) for characterization of the multidisciplinarity of the subject; 3. interface Scopus for characterization of the diverse areas of knowledge; 4. interface EMBASE.com (EMBASE and MEDLINE) for Health; 5. and deepening on the subject Public Health by publications from EMBASE database. Results We found in the distribution of registers of scientific production: 1. 2510 in academic Google; 2. 409 in Psycinfo, 150 in Dissertations and Theses, 87 in FRANCIS, 63 in ERIC, 62 in Sociological Abstracts, 53 in National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts, 36 in SPORT Discus, 29 in Biological Abstracts, 25 in Physical Education Index, 21 in Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, 18 in Social Services Abstracts e 16

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in ABI/Inform; 3. 346 on interface Scopus, classified 245 in Health Sciences, 104 in Social Sciences, 87 in Life Sciences and 7 in Physical Sciences; 4. 409 in EMBASE e MEDLINE, classified 229 as Psychiatry and Neurology, 84 as Physiology and Endocrinology; 5. and 68 as Public Health. Conclusion The scientific production on TM subject characterizes it as a practice of interest for distinct fields of knowledge, in special, for the field of Health and Psychology. Its applicability was identified by professionals of distinct areas, in special, Health area. Descriptors: Transcendental Meditation; Health; Review, Academic [publication type]; Databases; Multidisciplinarity.

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NDICE

1 INTRODUO
1.1 - DEFINIO DE MEDITAO TRANSCENDENTAL 1.2 - DESENVOLVIMENTO DO PRESENTE TRABALHO NO CAMPO DA SADE PBLICA 1.3 - ORIGENS DA MEDITAO TRANSCENDENTAL 1.4 - O INTERESSE DA COMUNIDADE CIENTFICA 1.5 - A MEDITAO TRANSCENDENTAL NA ATUALIDADE 1.6 - A MEDITAO TRANSCENDENTAL NO CAMPO DA SADE E SOCIEDADE

1 1 3 5 12 19 21 26 27 28 28 30 31 31 33 33 33 35 37 37 39 40 41 44

2 - OBJETIVO GERAL 3 - PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLGICOS


3.1 GOOGLE 3.2 PORTAL SIBINET USP 3.3 INTERFACE SCOPUS 3.4 INTERFACE EMBASE 3.5 SADE PBLICA E COLETIVA

4 RESULTADOS e DISCUSSSO
4.1 - DO GOOGLE 4.1.1 Google search 4.1.2 Google acadmico 4.2 - DO PORTAL SIBINET USP 4.2.1 Interface Proquest 4.2.1.1 ABI/Inform 4.2.1.2 Dissertation and Theses 4.2.2 Interface CSA Cambridge Social Abstracts 4.2.2.1 - ASSIA Aplied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts

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4.2.2.2 - ERIC - Educational Resources Information Center 4.2.2.3 - NCJRS - National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts 4.2.2.4 - Physical Education Index 4.2.2.5 - Social Services Abstracts 4.2.2.6 - Sociological Abstracts 4.2.3 Interface SilverPlatter 4.2.3.1 - Biological Abstracts 4.2.3.2 Francis 4.2.3.3 Psycinfo 4.2.3.4 - Sport Discus 4.3 - DA INTERFACE SCOPUS 4.3.1 - reas de abrangncia de Assunto 4.3.2 - Cincias da Vida 4.3.2.1 - Sub-reas das Cincias da Vida 4.3.3 - Cincias da Sade 4.3.3.1 - Sub-reas das Cincias da Sade 4.3.4 - Cincias Fsicas 4.3.4.1 Sub-reas das Cincias Fsicas 4.3.5 - Cincias Sociais 4.3.5.1 - Sub-reas das Cincias Sociais 4.3.6 Tipos de documentos 4.4 - DA INTERFACE EMBASE.COM 4.4.1 Lnguas de publicao 46 47 48 49 50 53 54 55 56 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 71 45

4.4.2 Tipos de documentos 4.4.3 Pases de origem das revistas cientficas 4.4.4 Evidence Based Medicine 4.4.5 reas de Foco 4.4.5.1 Anatomia e Desenvolvimento 4.4.5.2 Bioqumica 4.4.5.3 Cncer 4.4.5.4 Dermatologia e Venereologia 4.4.5.5 Fisiologia e Endocrinologia 4.4.5.6 Gentica 4.4.5.7 Gerontologia e Geriatria 4.4.5.8 Medicina Interna 4.4.5.9 Neurologia e Psiquiatria 4.4.5.10 Imunologia e Hematologia 4.4.5.11 Farmacologia e Farmcia 4.4.5.12 Sade Pblica 4.4.5.13 Otorrinolaringologia 4.4.5.14 Patologia e Cincia Forense 4.4.5.15 Radiologia e Medicina Nuclear 4.4.5.16 Reabilitao 4.4.5.17 Toxicologia e Dependncia de Drogas 4.4.5.18 Cirurgia 4.5 - DA SADE PBLICA E COLETIVA 4.5.1 Tipos de estudos 4.5.2 Origem das publicaes

72 74 76 79 81 81 81 81 82 83 83 83 84 84 85 86 87 87 87 87 88 89 90 90 93

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4.6 DISCUSSO GERAL

94 98 98 101 106 107 116

5 CONSIDERAES GERAIS
5.1 DAS LIMITAES METODOLGICAS 5.2 DA NATUREZA COMERCIAL NA DIVULGAO DO CONHECIMENTO CIENTFICO

6 CONCLUSO 7 REFERNCIAS ANEXOS


1. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados no Google acadmico. 2. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados ABI/Inform. 3. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT acadmica encontrados na base de dados Dissertations and Theses. 4. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados ASSIA - Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts. 5. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados ERIC - Educational Resources Information Center. 6. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados NCJRS - National Criminal Justice Reference Service. 7. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados Physical Education Index.

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116

118

134

136

141

145

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8. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados Social Services Abstracts. 9. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados Sociological Abstracts. 10. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados Biological Abstracts. 11. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados Francis. 12. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados Psycinfo. 13. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados Sport Discus. 14. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados Scopus. 15. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados Scopus, segundo Cincias da Vida. 16. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados Scopus, segundo Cincias da Sade. 17. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados Scopus, segundo Cincias Fsicas. 18. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados Scopus, segundo Cincias Sociais. 270 269 246 237 205 202 166 157 154 149 147

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19. Registro de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados EMBASE. 20. Registro de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados EMBASE, na rea de Foco Fisiologia e Endocrinologia. 21. Registro de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados EMBASE, na rea de Foco Neurologia e Psiquiatria 22. Registro de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados EMBASE, na rea de Foco Farmacologia e Farmcia 23. Registro de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados EMBASE, na rea de Foco Sade Coletiva. 24. Registro de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados na base de dados EMBASE, na rea de Foco Toxicologia de pendncia de Drogas. 25. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados com nomes ndexados erroneamente no campo ttulo a 27 de maio de 2006 na interface EMBASE. 26. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados com nomes indexados erroneamente no campo ttulo a 27 de junho de 2006. na interface EMBASE. 27. Registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados com nomes indexados erroneamente no campo ttulo/resumo a 27 de junho de 2006. no MEDLINE. 28. Total de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados atravs do campo ttulo/resumo a 27 de junho de 2006. no MEDLINE. 354 354 353 352 349 343 340 321 313 280

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LISTA DE QUADROS

Quadro 1: Portal SibiNet USP, interfaces, bancos de dados pesquisados e companhias fornecedoras do servio, em maio de 2006. Quadro 2: Bases de dados da interface ProQuest com registros de produo cientfica sobre MT, segundo abrangncia e perodo de cobertura, em maio de 2006. Quadro 3: Bases de dados da interface CSA Illumina com registros de produo cientfica sobre MT, segundo abrangncia e perodo de cobertura, em maio de 2006. Quadro 4: Bases de dados da interface SilverPlatter com registros de produo cientfica sobre MT, segundo abrangncia e perodo de cobertura, em maio de 2006. 52 43 38 30

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LISTA DE TABELAS

Tabela 1: Estatsticas populacionais e uso da Internet mundial. Tabela 2: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT entre 1960 e 2006, segundo bases de dados da interface ProQuest, maio 2006. Tabela 3: Distribuio de publicaes sobre MT entre 1960 e 2006, segundo bases de dados da interface CSA Illumina, maio de 2006. Tabela 4: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT entre 1960 e maio de 2006 bases de dados da interface SilverPlatter, maio/2006. Tabela 5: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT entre 1960 e maio de 2006 da base de dados Scopus, segundo reas de Abrangncia de Assunto, maio/2006. Tabela 6: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT entre 1960 e maio de 2006, segundo sub-reas de Foco da EMBASE, maio/2006.

34

37

41

50

59

79

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LISTA DE FIGURAS

Figura 1: Distribuio dos 2510 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT. Google acadmico, 1950-2006, em maio 2006. 35

Figura 2: Distribuio de 16 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados ABI/Inform Global, de 1970 a maio de 2006. 39

Figura 3: Distribuio de 150 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT em mestrado e doutorado da base de dados Dissertations and Theses, de 1970 a maio de 2006. 40

Figura 4: Distribuio de 26 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Physical Education Index, de 1970 a maio de 2006. 44

Figura 5: Distribuio de 16 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados ASSIA Applied Social Sciences Indez and Abstracts, de 1987 a maio de 2006. 45

Figura 6: Distribuio de 63 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados ERIC, de 1965 a maio de 2006. 46

Figura 7: Distribuio de 53 registros de produo cientfica

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sobre MT na base de dados National Criminal Justice Reference Service, de 1970 a maio de 2004. 47

Figura 8: Distribuio de 18 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Social Services Abstracts, de 1979 a maio de 2006. 48

Figura 9: Distribuio de 62 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Sociological Abstracts, de 1965 a maio de 2006. 49

Figura 10: Distribuio de 29 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Biological Abstracts, de 1998 a maio de 2006. 53

Figura 11: Distribuio de 87 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Francis, de 1984 a maio de 2006. 54

Figura 12: Distribuio de 409 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Psicinfo, de 1965 a maio de 2006. 55

Figura 13: Distribuio de 36 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Sport Discus, de 1965 a maio de 2006. 56

Figura 14: Distribuio de 346 registros de produo cientfica

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sobre MT da base de dados Scopus, de 1965 a 2006.

57

Figura 15: Distribuio de 87 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Scopus, segundo rea de Abrangncia de Assunto Cincias da Vida, entre 1960 e maio de 2006. 60

Figura 16 - Distribuio de 87 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na base de dados Scopus, segundo sub-reas de Abrangncia de Assunto Cincias da Vida, entre 1960 e maio de 2006. . Figura 17: Distribuio de 245 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Scopus,segundo rea de Abrangncia de Assunto Cincias da Sade, entre 1960 e maio de 2006. 62 61

Figura 18: Distribuio de 245 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na base de dados Scopus, segundo sub-reas de Abrangncia de Assunto Cincias da Sade, entre 1960 e maio de 2006. 63

Figura 19: Distribuio de 7 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Scopus, segundo rea de Abrangncia de Assunto Cincias Fsicas, entre 1960 e maio de 2006. 64

Figura 20: Distribuio de 7 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na base de dados Scopus, segundo sub-reas de Abrangncia de Assunto Cincias Fsicas, entre 1960 e maio de 2006. 65

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Figura 21: Distribuio de 104 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Scopus, segundo rea de Abrangncia de Assunto Cincias Sociais, entre 1960 e maio de 2006. 66

Figura 22: Distribuio de 104 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na base de dados Scopus, segundo sub-reas de Abrangncia de Assunto Cincias Sociais, entre 1960 e maio de 2006. 67

Figura 23: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Scopus, segundo tipos de documentos entre 1960 e maio de 2006. 68

Figura 24: Distribuio de 409 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da interface EMBASE.com (EMBASE e MEDLINE), entre 1960 e maio de 2006. 69

Figura 25: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nas bases de dados EMBASE e MEDLINE segundo lnguas de publicaes, entre 1966 e maio 2006. 71

Figura 26: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nas bases de dados EMBASE e MEDLINE segundo tipos de documentos. Figura 27: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica 72

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sobre MT nas bases de dados EMBASE e MEDLINE segundo pases de origem das revistas cientficas. Figura 28: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nas bases de dados EMBASE e MEDLINE segundo o critrio EBM, Evidence Based Medicine. 76 75

Figura 29: Distribuio de 84 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na rea de Foco Fisiologia e Endocrinologia da base de dados EMBASE entre 1974 e maio de 2006. 82

Figura 30: Distribuio de 229 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na rea de Foco Neurologia e Psiquiatria na base de dados EMBASE, entre 1974 e maio de 2006. 84

Figura 31: Distribuio de 23 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na rea de Foco Farmacologia e Farmcia na base de dados EMBASE de 1974 a maio 2006. 85

Figura 32: Distribuio de 66 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na rea de Foco Sade Pblica na base de dados EMBASE de 1974 a maio de 2006. 86

Figura 33: Distribuio de 27 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na rea de Foco Toxicologia e Dependncia de Drogas

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na base de dados EMBASE, de 1974 a maio de 2006.

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Figura 34: Distribuio de 68 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na base de dados EMBASE, segundo tipos de estudos na rea de Foco Sade Pblica, de 1974 a maio 2006.. 91

Figura 35: Distribuio de 68 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na base de dados EMBASE, segundo pases de publicao das revistas cientficas na rea de Foco Sade Pblica, de 1974 a maio 2006. 93

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LISTA DE SIGLAS

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) APA - American Psychological Association ASSIA - Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts BA - Biological Abstracts CAPES - Coordenao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de Nvel Superior CSA - Cambridge Scientific Abstracts EMBASE - Excerpta Medica Database EMTREE - EMBASE Thesaurus Tree ERIC - Educational Resource Information Centre ERL - Eletronic Reference Library INIST - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique IPSA - International Political Sciences Abstracts JAMA - Journal of American Medical Association MEDLINE - Medlars Online MESH - Medical Subject Headings MT - Meditao Transcendental NCJRS - National Criminal Justice Reference Service NLM - National Library of Medicine OMS - Organizao Mundial de Sade ONG - Organizao No Governamental SIRC - Sport Information Resource Centre TM - Transcendental Meditation UNIFESP - Universidade Federal de So Paulo USP - Universidade de So Paulo VPN - Virtual Private Network WEBSPIRS - SilverPlatter's Information Retrieval System for the World Wide Web

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LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS

Descritor - de Dixido de Carbono - CO2 Eletroencefalograma - EEG Maharishi Mahesh Yogi - MMY Oxignio - O2 Resistncia Galvnica da Pele - RGP Resumo - ab Ttulo - ti Wolters Kluwer - WK

1 - INTRODUO

1.1 - DEFINIO DE MEDITAO TRANSCENDENTAL Este trabalho desenvolveu-se tendo como tema a produo cientfica a respeito da Meditao Transcendental (MT). Esta prtica de meditao foi trazida ao mundo ocidental por Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (MMY), que a define da seguinte forma:
A Meditao Transcendental uma tcnica natural que permite mente consciente de modo crescente experimentar estados mais sutis de pensamento, at que a fonte do pensamento, a ilimitada reserva de energia e inteligncia criativa, seja alcanada. Essa prtica simples expande a capacidade da mente consciente e um homem capaz de usar todo o seu potencial em todos os campos do pensamento e ao 45(p.13).

Esta prtica, cujo nome originalmente em snscrito Parah Dhyana 90 - Parah [que leva alm da margem, suprema] Dhyana [meditao] e em ingls Transcendental Meditation (TM), tem a seguinte definio em acordo com o dicionrio mdico Dorlands dictionary 32:
Uma tcnica para atingir um estado de relaxamento fsico e calma psicolgica pela prtica regular de um procedimento de relaxamento (usualmente dois perodos de 20 minutos ao dia) que envolve a repetio de um mantra que impede que pensamentos aleatrios [distracting thoughts] entrem na mente.

Esta definio do Dorlands Dictionary a utilizada para a indexao do termo transcendental meditation como descritor mdico da base de dados Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), que contm mais de 15 milhes de registros bibliogrficos do campo de sade e medicina, e a verso eletrnica das 52 sees da Excerpta Medica 74. Os descritores so termos indexadores utilizados pelas bases de dados, como o EMBASE Thesaurus Tree (EMTREE) e o Medical Subject Headings (MESH) do

MEDlars onLINE (MEDLINE), por exemplo, descrevendo determinado termo e associando-o a outros correlatos para uma mais fcil pesquisa dentro das bases de dados do objeto de busca 35. Este descritor situa o termo TM em uma [rvore de posies], que se insere em ordens cada vez mais abrangentes de [escolas e teorias psiquitricas], inserido em [conceitos, tcnicas e procedimentos psiquitricos e psicolgicos], que por sua vez se insere em [fenmeno psicolgico e psiquitrico], dentre as [facetas de navegao da EMTREE], da seguinte forma 36: Tree positions for "transcendental meditation": Psychological and psychiatric phenomena Psychological and psychiatric procedures, technique and concepts Psychiatric theories and schools Transcendental Meditation A EMTREE uma rvore hierrquica que lista mais de 500.000 descritores, que vo de termos mais abrangentes para termos mais especficos, com o intuito de facilitar e ampliar os resultados 36.

1.2 - DESENVOLVIMENTO DO PRESENTE TRABALHO NO CAMPO DA SADE PBLICA Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na Faculdade de Sade Pblica da Universidade de So Paulo (USP). A Sade Pblica um campo de conhecimento caracterizado pela sua multidisciplinaridade. A multidisciplinaridade e a interdisciplinaridade tm sido discutidas por pesquisadores do campo da Sade, como ALVARENGA 3(1994), que nos relata como o campo da Sade Pblica ou Coletiva no se circunscreve ao campo das cincias naturais, mas igualmente ao campo das cincias humanas e das cincias formais, o que resulta no carter interdisciplinar deste campo de conhecimento, e coloca desafios metodolgicos para o pesquisador fundamentar as teorias, os mtodos e as tcnicas de pesquisa empregadas, quando busca avanar alm das fronteiras do conhecimento unidisciplinar. A UNIVERSIDADE DE SO PAULO
92

(2006) nos informa que as

principais bases de dados bibliogrficos de interesse da Sade Pblica para acesso atravs de sua biblioteca engloba desde bases eletrnicas do campo da Medicina, como o MEDLINE, alm de bases de dados do campo da Sociologia, como o Sociological Abstracts, da Educao como o Educational Resource Information Centre (ERIC), da Psicologia, como a PsycInfo, produzida pela American Psychological Association (APA), entre outras, o que caracteriza a pesquisa multidisciplinar do campo de Sade Pblica e Coletiva. Este foi o campo de conhecimento escolhido para o desenvolvimento desta dissertao que buscou apresentar e caracterizar a natureza multidisciplinar da produo cientfica realizada a respeito da Meditao Transcendental (MT). A linha de pesquisa na qual foi desenvolvido este trabalho Sociedade Contempornea e Sade Pblica. Conforme a FACULDADE DE SADE PBLICA41(2006) esta linha de pesquisa busca enfatizar problemas de natureza interdisciplinar colocadas pela contemporaneidade presentes no campo da Sade Pblica em geral, contemplando vrios enfoques como o impacto na informao e

comunicao em Sade Pblica, bem como a sade mental e a gesto e avaliao de servios. Este trabalho desenvolveu-se trazendo uma reviso da produo cientfica a respeito da MT, e foi desenvolvido metodologicamente atravs da pesquisa em bases de dados eletrnicos multidisciplinares, que so meios utilizados na contemporaneidade para a informao e comunicao em Sade Pblica. Versa sobre uma prtica (MT) que tem sido utilizada em diversos campos de conhecimento como uma possvel alternativa e complemento para os atuais servios de sade, em um conceito de sade mais amplo, que envolve no s o corpo, como a mente e a vida do indivduo contextualizada na sociedade atual.

1.3 - ORIGENS DA MEDITAO TRANSCENDENTAL Como mencionado anteriormente Maharishi Mahesh Yogi foi quem trouxe e difundiu a prtica da Meditao Transcendental ao Ocidente. MAHARISHI 61(1969) fsico, formado na Universidade de Allahabad, ndia, e em seu livro Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad Gita ele nos informa a origem deste conhecimento, e como este foi introduzido e propagado pelo mundo. A Meditao Transcendental tem sua origem na Tradio de Mestres da Filosofia Vedanta, de Shankara, na ndia. Esta prtica tradicionalmente um dos meios atravs do qual a Realidade se torna uma experincia vvida para aqueles que a praticam. De acordo com a viso desta escola filosfica, h uma realidade nica, uma unidade imutvel que a base por trs da multiplicidade da criao. Esta realidade ltima a essncia de tudo que existe, sendo a essncia de nossa prpria existncia, a nossa prpria conscincia, o nosso Ser. Dentro desta viso filosfica, esta meditao um mecanismo para que nossa conscincia possa transcender os nveis relativos de percepo, e experimentar o estado auto-referente de si mesma, a conscincia pura, o Ser. 61 MAHARISHI 61(1967) nos comenta que no sculo passado, o ltimo mestre desta tradio quem revelou este conhecimento, foi Guru Dev, Swami Brahmananda Saraswati, que ocupou o trono de Shankaracharya do Norte, em Jyotirmath, ndia. O trono de Shankara a sede viva desta escola filosfica, e ocupado por aquele indivduo que no s alcanou o mais alto grau de escolaridade na mesma, mas ele prprio considerado uma manifestao viva daquilo que ensina. Guru Dev foi o mestre de MMY e foi quem o inspirou a ser o porta-voz e divulgador deste conhecimento para o mundo ocidental, no como uma doutrina filosfica ou religiosa, mas como uma ferramenta prtica e universal para trazer mais felicidade, realizao e paz ao homem atual. interessante lembrarmos que as questes ltimas da Existncia tm sido abordadas por diferentes percepes da Realidade, que vo da Religio, do latim re

ligare [religar], Cincia, do latim scienta,ae [conhecimento, saber] e Filosofia, do grego philo [amizade a], e sophia [conhecimento]. A primeira, como seu nome diz, busca a experincia de unio do indivduo Divindade, considerada a realidade ltima do universo. A segunda busca atravs de suas distintas disciplinas ter uma percepo correta da realidade, e como esta cognio das leis da Natureza pode ter aplicaes prticas. A ltima busca a anlise, interpretao e reflexo dos diversos aspectos do ser e do viver. Busca em suma o prprio conhecimento do conhecimento. CAMPBELL
14

(1973), em seu livro Seven States of Consciousness, nos

descreve a possibilidade de evoluo da conscincia humana, conforme a viso de MMY, ao discorrer sobre esta possibilidade em acordo com a Tradio de mestres da filosofia Vedanta. Ele nos comenta como foi importante para ele, ao ouvir uma palestra de MMY, escutar a seguinte questo: A no ser que eu saiba quem Eu Sou, como posso eu saber qualquer outra coisa?. A partir da ele discorre historicamente, de como esta pergunta inicial sempre esteve presente no cerne da existncia humana como um todo e sempre a pergunta mais importante, a que nos remete ao Ser e Viver. Esta questo trazida por MMY essencialmente a mesma pergunta de Plotino: Quem somos ns?. At recentemente no Ocidente, as pessoas assumiam que o homem era tanto corpo quanto alma, e que a alma governava o corpo, mas que esta podia tambm estar separada dele, como no caso da morte. Esta noo do dualismo mente/corpo encontrada tambm em toda obra de Plato, ao contrrio de Aristteles, que em seu tratado Sobre a alma, assegura que todas as almas so formas ou padres dos corpos vivos, e com isso conclua-se que no existia a imortalidade pessoal. Historicamente, a viso dualstica de Plato foi mantida no Ocidente at o sculo treze quando So Thomaz de Aquino rejeitou-a, cristianizando a viso de Aristteles (quele tempo o dualismo de Plato parecia fortalecer as idias difundidas pelo Albigensianismo, que entre outras coisas pregava a transmigrao da alma). No Renascimento houve uma volta ao pensamento platnico, graas a Descartes que trouxe uma reformulao ao mesmo. interessante notar que o pai do pensamento

cartesiano, que teve uma influncia imensa na prpria base do pensamento cientfico, em sua viso mecanicista do universo, localizou o ponto de interao da alma com o corpo na glndula pineal14, que tradicionalmente a localizao do chakra coronrio (centro psiconervoso mais elevado, situado no alto da cabea, de acordo com escritos vednticos milenares) 90. No sculo passado, o pensamento aristotlico voltou a dominar, pois de acordo com a viso de alguns filsofos e de muitos cientistas este parecia estar mais em acordo com as descobertas cientficas da biologia. Desta forma, pesquisadores contemporneos da fisiologia cerebral usualmente vem estados cerebrais e mentais como diferentes aspectos da mesma coisa. Mas dentro desta viso filosfica, que permeia o conhecimento cientfico atual, um questionamento interessante aparece com o surgimento de computadores cada vez mais potentes: Ser o homem, apenas um tipo de computador biolgico inferior de pernas?. Este tipo de pergunta fundamental para a nossa concepo do mundo, uma vez que a mesma afeta diferentes aspectos da vida humana como poltica, medicina, sociologia, jurisprudncia, e a religio, pois fundamental nos darmos conta de que a maneira com a qual ns concebermos a existncia humana crucial para o mundo que construiremos 14. Assim, no decorrer dos sculos, o homem passou da viso de ser feito imagem de Deus, para a de ser um produto incidental biolgico de um universo impessoal, nos quais sua existncia e vida so um mero nada tendo em vista a totalidade do mesmo. Este provavelmente o motivo para a busca contempornea pelo oculto, como uma alternativa ao peso da ortodoxia cientfica. Por outro lado seria tolo aceitar o obscurantismo como o contraponto ao materialismo cientfico, mas importante que tenhamos certeza antes, de que no estamos substituindo uma crena por outra. O questionamento do que vem a ser a mente, e em especial a autoconscincia est na base do questionamento considerado o de pai diversos da cientistas como moderna, SHERRINGTON87(1951), neurofisiologia

PENFELD73(1966) e WADDINGTON95(1962). Lembramos que por sermos conscientes que sabemos da existncia do mundo. Os Upanishads
90

, textos vdicos

que versam sobre os distintos aspectos da Filosofia Vedanta, da qual se originou a MT, prope uma pergunta instigante: Como pode o conhecedor ser conhecido?. Esta essencialmente a pergunta que est na base do propsito original da prtica da MT, e nela localizamos a dependncia de todas as outras perguntas. Esta no apenas uma pergunta para filsofos ou cientistas preocupados com filosofia, em realidade a pergunta mais importante para cada um de ns. Responder a: Quem sou eu?, no s tem o efeito de reorganizar nosso ser, como se expressa em diferentes aspectos de nosso viver. Aqui encontramos o real significado da injuno socrtica: Conhece-te a ti mesmo. SCHRDINGER 83(1969), um dos mais brilhantes fsicos contemporneos, e que descobriu a mecnica quntica, comeou sua carreira como filsofo, interessando-se pela fsica apenas mais tarde. Em seu livro Mind and Matter ele discutiu estas questes da existncia, sendo que para ele a soluo inovadora e radical, pois ele nega a validade da separao entre o sujeito observador e objeto de observao. Segundo ele errnea a idia de que existiriam inmeros egos separados com sua prpria verso e percepo do mundo objetivo. Para ele h apenas uma separao aparente entre o objeto e o sujeito, que uma induo da mente com propsito de simplificao: A mente criou o mundo objetivo do filsofo de si prpria, e excluiu-se, saindo de sua prpria criao83(p.131). A personalidade no estaria localizada na cabea, como tendemos inconscientemente a acreditar, e a razo pela qual nosso ego senciente, perceptivo e pensante no pode ser localizado, apenas uma: este ego ele mesmo o quadro do mundo. Por ser idntico ao todo, ele no pode ser contido como parte do mesmo. Esta a viso dos Upanishads e da Filosofia Vedanta, e tem sido a mensagem da maioria dos msticos atravs das eras. Desta forma, os diferentes nmeros de mentes so apenas um. Esta mente indestrutvel, pois no est presa ao tempo e espao, sendo sempre e agora, pois no h algo antes e aps ela. Desta forma, Schrdinger nos traz uma sntese da percepo da Realidade, nos fazendo refletir que a cincia, a religio e a filosofia no esto necessariamente em oposio umas s outras.

Este mesmo tema e percepo da Realidade foram trazidos ao questionamento por outro fsico moderno da atualidade, CAPRA descobertas da fsica e as mais antigas tradies msticas. Abstraindo-nos um pouco da viso filosfica do mundo, MASON
63 15

(1975), que em

seu livro O Tao da Fsica, nos demonstra os paralelos entre as mais recentes

(1997),

em seu livro O Maharishi, nos informa de como a mensagem de Maharishi foi divulgada e difundida pelo mundo. Lendo este relato da biografia do homem que trouxe a MT para o mundo ocidental, interessante notar como a prpria MT est inserida dentro de uma linguagem contempornea, atual e ps-moderna, dada a desconstruo entre o propsito original da prtica e o contexto no qual ensinada atualmente. A princpio, MMY buscou a difuso da mesma atravs de um movimento de regenerao espiritual, que tinha por objetivo fornecer para todo homem um meio atravs do qual pudesse encontrar um grau maior de realizao dentro de si mesmo. Porm ele se deu conta de que a idia de regenerao espiritual, dentro do contexto da sociedade ocidental, acabava por ser um obstculo para a universalidade da propagao deste conhecimento. Diferentemente da cultura indiana, os ocidentais no tinham um livre pensamento quando o assunto era o esprito. Assim, MMY mudou a abordagem para a difuso do mesmo, e para tanto no s promoveu o estabelecimento de academias internacionais de meditao, mas tambm a criao de cursos para formao de professores de MT pelo mundo, para haver assim uma mais fcil difuso e propagao da mesma 63. Aos poucos, o mundo como um todo foi se interessando pela prpria mensagem da MT, e um grande nmero de celebridades foram tornando-se meditadores e auxiliando assim, na divulgao da mesma. Historicamente, durante o decorrer dos anos, a mdia foi divulgando nomes como de chefes de Estado como o ex-primeiro-ministro canadense Pierre Trudeau, o imperador Haile Selassie da Etipia, msicos como Beatles, Beach Boys, Stevie Wonder e Cher, atores como

10

Clint Eastwood, Burt Reynolds, Efrem Zimbalist, Robert Powell, Jane Fonda, Shirley McLaine e Faye Dunnaway, alm de grande nmero de esportistas, como os Glob Trotters, apresentadores e cientistas que se tornaram meditadores, e que consigo atraram o interesse de um nmero cada vez maior de interessados na prtica 63. tambm interessante notar o desdobramento histrico da mensagem de MMY, e como alguns de seus ex-discpulos tomaram seus prprios caminhos, desenvolvendo seus prprios trabalhos, entre eles o Dr. Deepak Chopra e o lder espiritual Shri Shri Ravi Shankar. CHOPRA 20(1991), autor de renome, foi um difusor da prtica da MT. Tendo aprendido a MT por volta de 1981 com um americano em Boston, e prescrevendo a mesma a seus clientes, em seu livro O Retorno do Rishi, ele nos descreve biograficamente, como ele, um mdico indiano formado dentro dos padres da medicina ocidental, teve seu encontro com MMY, e como em sua trajetria foram importantes e inspiradores o encontro e convivncia com o mesmo, que o colocou em contato com os maiores expoentes da medicina Ayurvedica do momento, e com um universo onde as descobertas estabeleciam contato com conceitos de sade e cura muito alm dos ocidentais. A partir da, ele buscou recuperar os valores de sua cultura secular de origem, fazendo uma reviso total de valores e apresentando critrios de cura, que abordam muitas vezes a integrao da mente e corpo para se alcanar esses objetivos. At hoje, seu trabalho reflete este conhecimento, mensagem original da MT, com o qual teve contato, buscando desvelar, atravs de dois mundos, a ndia e os Estados Unidos, uma viso mais integral, ampla e holstica da sade e da cura. Sri Sri Ravi Shankar foi professor de MT, e o fundador do ART OF LIVING FOUNDATION 7(2006) maior Organizao No Governamental (ONG) voluntria existente atualmente no mundo. Ele esteve tambm durante vrios anos em contato direto com o conhecimento de MMY, desenvolvendo depois seu prprio trabalho. Hoje seu trabalho e sua fundao tm atuao em diferentes partes do mundo e em diferentes aspectos sociais, com programas de reduo de estresse e

11

pobreza, resgate de valores humanos, cuidados criana, educao em todos os nveis: fsico, mental e espiritual e o programa 5H (homes, health, hygiene, human values, harmony in diversity) que desenvolve seu trabalho em 5 reas principais: moradias, sade, higiene, valores humanos e harmonia na diversidade, e tem como objetivo elevar os indivduos e as comunidades auto-confiana social e econmica atravs do servio e espiritualidade.

12

1.4 - O INTERESSE DA COMUNIDADE CIENTFICA BLOOMFIELD 12(1975) em seu livro MT: A Descoberta da Energia Interior e o Domnio da Tenso nos informa a respeito do histrico da pesquisa cientfica a respeito do tema meditao, e mais especificamente a respeito da MT. Desta forma, a possibilidade das pessoas alcanarem estados de conscincia mais elevados atravs de tcnicas de meditao, tem sido objeto de afirmao de msticos e filsofos de diferentes culturas e religies atravs dos sculos. Assim textos indianos, que remontam a milhares de anos, afirmam que h a possibilidade de se experimentar um quarto estado de conscincia, diferente da viglia, sonho e sono, e que a experincia repetida deste estado capacita o indivduo a ter uma energia expandida bem como alcanar um estado de maior inteligncia e realizao. JAMES
52

(1963), o pai da psicologia norte-americana, antecipou o interesse

da comunidade cientfica a respeito deste tema, ao afirmar que ele no tinha dvida que cada indivduo utilizasse apenas uma pequena parcela de sua potencialidade fsica, intelectual e moral, e que as prticas de ioga seriam procedimentos metdicos para despertar nveis funcionais mais profundos, resultando num aumento do vigor e da energia vitais do praticante (p.275-276). Historicamente, a busca de um quarto estado de conscincia,

fisiologicamente definvel, comeou j na dcada de 30, com a cardiologista francesa Trse Brosse, que levou seu eletrocardigrafo para a ndia, e aparentemente verificou que os iogues conseguiam controlar certas funes do sistema autnomo. Mais adiante os neuropsiquiatras KASAMATSU E HIRAI 55(1966), correlacionaram diferentes tipos de padres de ondas cerebrais com diferentes estgios de meditao em monges Zen-budistas. Notaram que medida que estes meditavam, havia uma mudana de estgios, desde o aparecimento de ondas alfa (I), seguido pelo aumento na amplitude alfa (II), diminuio da freqncia alfa (III) e o aparecimento de seqncias rtmicas teta (IV). Aparentemente havia uma associao entre o fato dos monges estarem meditando h mais tempo e o surgimento dos estados III e IV, considerados mais profundos, segundo avaliao de um mestre zen coordenador.

13

O mundo ocidental comeou a demonstrar interesse na pesquisa cientfica dos efeitos da Meditao Transcendental no final da dcada de 60 quando WALLACE96(1970) realizou o primeiro trabalho cientfico sobre as mudanas metablicas resultantes da prtica de meditao, trabalho este que foi uma tese de doutorado na Universidade da Califrnia em Los Angeles e publicado na revista Science. Continuou sua investigao da aplicao potencial da MT para a sade, na Escola de medicina de Harvard, junto a BENSON professor-adjunto da mesma e a outros. interessante notarmos como foram realizados estes primeiros estudos exploratrios a respeito dos efeitos fisiolgicos da prtica desta meditao. Segundo WALLACE 96 a MT foi escolhida como objeto de estudo porque os praticantes eram todos norte-americanos, facilmente encontrveis, e praticavam uma mesma tcnica ensinada de maneira uniforme. Foi assim, mais facilmente encontrada uma amostra de meditadores que queriam ser pesquisados, sendo que os mesmos eram isentos de prticas religiosas especiais, bem como de dietticas ou ritualsticas, que pudessem ser possveis fatores de confuso para a observao dos efeitos. Foram escolhidos 36 indivduos de ambos os sexos para participar, com idades variando entre 17 e 41 anos, alguns vivendo em Boston e outros na rea de Los Angeles. Todos no possuam qualquer tipo de deficincias fsicas ou mentais e haviam praticado a MT por um perodo de uma semana at nove anos, numa mdia de tempo de dois anos e meio. Como a MT no requer nenhuma arrumao especial em relao ao ambiente, os meditadores podiam praticar a tcnica sem se sentirem perturbados, inibidos ou desconfortveis, mesmo estando meditando em laboratrios, sob o controle de diversos mtodos de observao fisiolgica 96. Entre os dispositivos de teste havia uma mscara, que permitia medir o consumo de oxignio, uma sonda inserida na artria braquial, para a verificao contnua de modificaes qumicas no sangue, e eletrodos no couro cabeludo, para medir-se o eletroencefalograma (EEG). O procedimento experimental neste primeiro
97,98,99

(1971-72), cardiologista e

14

estudo foi bem simples: os pacientes dirigiam-se a um laboratrio, onde os pesquisadores aplicavam-lhes os instrumentos, e aps um perodo de 30 minutos, nos quais os mesmos adaptavam-se aos instrumentos, os pesquisadores comeavam a observar os dados. Iniciavam com um perodo de 20 minutos, nos quais os indivduos permaneciam de olhos fechados, apenas relaxando. Depois comeavam a praticar a MT, por um perodo de 30 minutos, e permaneciam apenas relaxados, por mais 15 minutos. Neste quase experimento, as mudanas metablicas eram comparadas entre as medidas tomadas antes, durante e aps a meditao 96. As descobertas de WALLLACE e BENSON
97,98,99

(1971, 1972) ampliaram

consideravelmente as informaes vagas, e s vezes contraditrias, fornecidas a respeito de estudos anteriores realizados sobre o tema meditao. Eles notaram que uma das modificaes mais significativas observadas durante a prtica da MT, foi reduo no consumo de oxignio (O2), que est relacionado diretamente com o ndice de atividade fsica do indivduo. Notamos facilmente esta relao entre consumo de O2 e atividade fsica quando corremos e ficamos ofegantes, devido ao aumento de atividade e conseqentemente consumo de O2. Normalmente, num ciclo dirio de 24 horas, durante o sono profundo h uma baixa gradual no consumo de O2 at se atingir seu ponto mais baixo numa mdia de 10 por cento, e ocasionalmente de 20 por cento. Em todos os meditadores observados no estudo, j logo durante os primeiros minutos da MT, foi observada uma reduo de 16 a 18 por cento neste consumo, que se mantinha durante o total do perodo da prtica, sendo que este consumo retornava ao normal aps o trmino da mesma. Este estado de repouso observado durante a MT apresentou-se mais profundo do que com o observado durante o sono e hipnose. Para testar se este efeito ocorria de uma forma saudvel e no forada, os investigadores mediram a quantidade de dixido de carbono (CO2) no sangue arterial durante a meditao, uma vez que uma diminuio forada na reduo do consumo de O2 acarretaria num aumento na concentrao de CO2 no sangue arterial. o que ocorre quando conscientemente paramos de respirar h um aumento da concentrao de CO2, o que pode ocasionar tontura e eventualmente inconscincia. Eles notaram que

15

durante a prtica, a quantidade relativa entre O2 e CO2, chamada de quociente respiratrio, permanecia constante, demonstrando que no havia uma reduo forada da respirao 96. Os pesquisadores notaram, atravs dos catteres venosos, que o percentual do fluxo sanguneo reduz em mdia 25 por cento durante a prtica da MT. Esta outra medida acurada para se medir o metabolismo, atravs do processo de metabolizao do sangue nos tecidos, e que indicou no experimento, um estado de profundo repouso metablico 96. Outro dado descoberto foi um aumento na Reao Galvnica da Pele (RGP), uma medida diretamente relacionada ao aumento de relaxamento e reduo da ansiedade e estresse. medida atravs de eletrodos colocados na superfcie da pele para se medir ento a resistncia da mesma a uma corrente eltrica branda. Este tipo de modificao a que tem sido empregada como base para o chamado detector de mentiras pelas agncias encarregadas do cumprimento da lei nos Estados Unidos, pois supostamente, h uma relao direta entre a ansiedade experimentada ao se mentir e uma menor RGP. muito interessante de se notar que o sono profundo promove um aumento lento e gradual de relaxamento, assim medido pela RGP, de cerca de 250 por cento em relao ao estado de repouso anterior ao sono, sendo que durante o perodo da MT, este aumento observado foi de 500 por cento, indicando um estado de repouso profundo mais intenso e uma reduo grande da ansiedade 96. Outro dado importante descoberto por WALLACE e BENSON
96,97

(1971-

1972) foi reduo da concentrao de lactato no sangue arterial, um produto qumico presente no sangue e relacionado ao estresse. Durante o perodo da meditao h uma reduo quatro vezes mais rpida desta concentrao em indivduos meditando em comparao aos perodos nos quais os mesmos no esto meditando ou esto descansando deitados de costas, sendo que durante a prtica da MT a reduo observada trs vezes mais rpida do que a diminuio durante o sono.

16

BLOOMFIELD

12

descreve como os pesquisadores deste primeiro estudo

referem-se em suma, aos efeitos da MT como uma reao psicofisiolgica integrada, que restabelece a energia e o equilbrio do corpo:
H boas razes para acreditar que os estmulos incessantes do meioambiente mutvel, ao sistema nervoso simptico, so amplamente responsveis pela alta incidncia de hipertenso e de doenas similares, preponderantes em nossa sociedade. Nessas circunstncias, o estado hipometablico, representando o sossego, em vez de hiperativao, do sistema nervoso simptico, pode constituir uma seta indicadora na direo de uma sade melhor 99 (p. 90).

Estudos subseqentes buscaram identificar os mecanismos subjacentes a este estado diferenciado observado durante a MT, uma vez que os primeiros estudos sugeriram que de alguma forma esta prtica estava associada a um reflexo restaurador para o crebro. Assim, os estudos feitos por WALLACE e BENSON97, utilizando EEG em meditadores durante a prtica da MT, apresentaram um consistente aumento de amplitude nas ondas lentas alfa, de 8 a 9 ciclos por segundo, nas regies frontais e centrais do crebro, ondas estas que distinguem o estado experimentado durante a MT do estado de sono e sonho. Foi observado tambm que meditadores de apenas alguns meses desta tcnica apresentavam padres de EEG similares aos observados por KASAMATSU e HIRAI budistas que meditavam h 20 ou 30 anos. Pesquisando alteraes deste tipo, o neurologista BANQUET
8,9 54

(1963) em monges zen-

realizou

pesquisas aprofundadas a respeito da relao entre a prtica da MT e mudanas nos padres do EEG. Ele utilizou um mtodo de anlise espectral por computador para comparar padres de EEG do perodo de meditao de 12 meditadores (praticantes da MT por 2 anos) com os de outros 12 indivduos enquanto relaxavam com os olhos fechados. Atravs de seu estudo ele descobriu que no primeiro estgio da prtica (I) os indivduos apresentavam atividade alfa, que era seguido pelo surgimento dos padres teta (II), sendo estes ltimos diferentes dos padres teta e delta, caractersticos da sonolncia. No mesmo estudo, quatro meditadores avanados identificaram, atravs de botes utilizados para registrar qualquer experincia

17

subjetiva importante, um terceiro estgio (III), que foi descrito como conscincia pura, e caracterizado pelo surgimento de ondas beta, sincrnicas, de freqncia e amplitude quase constantes, abrangendo todo o couro cabeludo. Este estado foi considerado pelos pesquisadores como um quarto estado de conscincia, e tambm chamado de conscincia transcendental, origem do nome da MT. O padro de ondas alfa ressurgia ao final da MT, sendo que havia a persistncia deste padro e algumas vezes do padro de ondas teta, mesmo com os olhos abertos ao final da prtica. Mesmo apresentando padres de EEG de ondas lentas, normalmente encontrados apenas no sono e sonho, todos os praticantes da MT estavam despertos durante a prtica, podendo responder a perguntas quando questionados, bem como fazer movimentos voluntrios quando solicitados, sem perturbar o padro observado do EEG. O pesquisador sugeriu que as mudanas do EEG pela meditao so independentes da interao entre o paciente e o mundo exterior, mas produzidas pela atividade mental especfica da prtica 9(p. 150). Uma das maiores descobertas de BANQUET
9

foi sincronizao das ondas

eletroencefalogrficas durante a MT. Ele observou que h uma acentuada uniformidade de freqncia e amplitude na atividade eltrica de todas as reas do crebro, e chamou este fenmeno de hipersincronia. Este aumento de sincronia intra e inter-hemisfrica no padro de freqncias alfa e beta observado no funcionamento cerebral durante a prtica da MT e diferente do observado no estado de viglia, no qual as ondas cerebrais apresentam-se de maneira catica, e diferente tambm da pouca coerncia experimentada no padro de ondas teta e delta durante a sonolncia e o sono. De acordo com o pesquisador, este aumento de ordem no EEG pode ser uma chave para a compreenso da reao fisiolgica integrada que ocorre durante esta prtica. Estes primeiros trabalhos exploratrios a respeito das mudanas fisiolgicas observadas durante a prtica da MT, originaram uma srie de novas pesquisas. Estas pesquisas no s aprofundaram a investigao de alteraes na fisiologia durante a prtica, mas tambm buscaram descobrir como a prtica regular da mesma influencia

18

diferentes aspectos da vida. Elas tm sido desenvolvidas em vrios pases do mundo Houve um interesse gradual e global no tema. Hoje este tema tem sido motivo de interesse de vrias universidades e institutos de pesquisa, inclusive no Brasil, com pesquisadores como CURIATI
29

(2002) realizando estudos semelhantes na Faculdade de Medicina da USP, e HARUMI 49 (2002) na Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de So Paulo (UNIFESP).

19

1.5 - A MEDITAO TRANSCENDENTAL NA ATUALIDADE Uma srie de (pr) conceitos surge nossa mente quando falamos a respeito do tema meditao. Assim, autores de livros a respeito da MT como HOLLINGS
50

(2001) em seu livro Meditao Transcendental, uma introduo prtica e objetivos da MT, e ROTH 81 (1998), em seu livro: Maharishi Mahesh Yogis Transcendental Meditation, buscam desconstruir estes (pr) conceitos antes de conceituarem a prtica em si. Eles descrevem a MT como uma prtica mental muito simples, natural, semesforo, de fcil aprendizagem e universal. Ela uma tcnica mental, pois no envolve exerccios fsicos, posturas especiais ou outras prticas fsicas. Simples, pois no um procedimento complicado, que necessita de conhecimentos anteriores. Natural, pois no envolve qualquer tipo de sugesto ou manipulao, como na hipnose. Sem-esforo, pois no requer qualquer aptido para o controle ou concentrao da mente. Ela de fcil aprendizagem, pois a partir dos 10 anos, qualquer pessoa pode aprender esta meditao. Universal, pois qualquer indivduo pode pratic-la, pois ela no envolve qualquer mudana de cdigo de conduta, educao de carter moral, crena, devoo ou sistema de valores especficos. Ela no tem assim qualquer estrutura teolgica, isto , no necessrio que se acredite em alguma doutrina especfica e tampouco que a MT funcione. 50,81 Mesmo certa dose de ceticismo bem vinda, pois a tcnica funciona por si mesma, e qualquer pessoa praticante de qualquer f pode ocupar-se da MT sem prejuzo mesma. Ela tampouco um estilo de vida, ainda que possua um efeito no modo de vida do meditador. No h a prescrio de dietas ou vestimentas especiais, nem de regras comportamentais ou morais para se adotar um modo de vida diferente dos no-meditadores. Estes aspectos da vida so deixados para que o indivduo decida por si, uma vez que a inteno da prtica o aperfeioamento natural da pessoa, sem a necessidade de ditarem-se regras a ela. A MT no uma poo mgica para se usar apenas quando as coisas vo mal, e sim uma prtica a ser feita

20

regularmente, e cujos benefcios surgiro gradualmente atravs desta mesma regularidade. Atravs da MT, experimentamos nveis mais aquietados da conscincia, isto , a mente dirige-se a um estado de percepo silencioso, mas plenamente alerta. medida que isto ocorre, vivenciamos um grau muito grande de reduo da atividade metablica
97

, acompanhado por uma srie de efeitos, como mudanas


8

eletroencefalogrficas

, maior sincronia das ondas cerebrais


98

31

, reduo de
60

substncias associadas ao estresse como o lactato

e o cortisol plasmtico

, entre

outras. Com a regularidade da prtica, isto resulta numa srie de benefcios em nosso dia a dia, como uma mente mais alerta, criativa e inteligente ao longo do dia, bem como num menor grau de estresse e tenso, melhorando a sade e fornecendo a base para uma atividade mais dinmica, produtiva e realizadora, refletindo-se assim, em indivduos que promovem uma sociedade mais saudvel. ROTH 81 e HOLLINGS
50

nos relatam que a MT praticada durante 15 a 20

minutos, duas vezes ao dia. Uma vez, normalmente, de manh antes do caf da manh, para comear-se o dia com mais vivacidade e energia, e novamente tarde, ou incio da noite, para ter-se um resto de dia mais agradvel e uma noite mais bem dormida. Pode-se pratic-la em qualquer local, desde que sentados confortavelmente, no havendo necessidade de silncio no meio-ambiente, podendo ser praticada no metr, escritrio, ou num carro estacionado ao longo da estrada, sendo que usualmente se pratica no conforto das casas. Diferentes prticas resultam assim, em diferentes efeitos no dia a dia. Estudos cientficos realizados comparando diferentes tcnicas de meditao e relaxamento com a MT, demonstraram claramente que a MT se apresenta mais eficaz na reduo da ansiedade 30, na melhoria da sade psicolgica 44, no aumento da auto-realizao2, na reduo do uso de cigarros 77, lcool 34 e drogas 4.

21

1.6 - A RELEVNCIA DA MEDITAO TRANSCENDENTAL PARA O CAMPO DA SADE BLOOMFIELD


12

(1975) nos relata que os benefcios encontrados com a

prtica da MT foram atraindo cada vez mais o interesse do mundo e como foi observado que a tenso da sociedade e o mal-estar nos indivduos estavam se generalizando cada vez mais nos dias atuais. Assim, foram de fundamental importncia os avanos na tecnologia para estudar a relao dos estados mentais com os processos corporais, para assim poder se explicar o aumento dos problemas do homem em termos de processos fisiolgicos especficos, que estavam associados ao estresse. BLOOMFIELD
12

nos comenta que ainda que haja adaptaes do corpo s

circunstncias do dia a dia, estas sobrecarregam em muito os recursos bsicos do mesmo, e deixam o organismo com uma necessidade de repouso profundo para restabelecer o equilbrio fisiolgico. Outros pesquisadores sugerem que a falta de integrao entre diferentes reas anatmicas do crebro pode tambm ser uma possvel causa da fragmentao do homem moderno, mas observamos que h uma relao direta do estresse com os problemas que afligem a humanidade durante sculos, como a tenso, a m sade e a insatisfao crnica. Com esta atual compreenso do estresse possvel pensarmos em uma soluo psicofisiolgica para auxiliar a resolver estes problemas de sculos. As dificuldades que se apresentam para a sobrevivncia nas grandes cidades, a violncia, a competio e os problemas econmicos, fazem do estresse uma caracterstica comum a quase todos os cidados, independente de classe social, sexo ou idade. Saber lidar com as circunstncias negativas, com as adversidades a diferena para ser mais saudvel e ter uma melhor qualidade de vida. Em realidade a prtica permite que a eliminao de estresse no indivduo reflita-se como um bem comum sociedade na qual vivemos.

22

Resgatando a origem e fundamentos da Sade ocidental, CAPRA

16

(1994),

em seu livro O Ponto de Mutao, nos informa que a medicina hipocrtica surgiu da tradio de cura da Grcia antiga, que por sua vez teve suas razes em tempos prhelnicos. Naquele tempo, todo o processo de cura era considerado um fenmeno espiritual, que estava associado a vrias deidades. A principal das antigas deidades de cura era a deusa Hygieia, considerada com uma das formas da deusa Athena, tendo associao ao simbolismo da serpente, e o visco como sua panacia 47. Aps consecutivas invases brbaras, a religio patriarcal e a ordem social foram impostas Grcia, e grande parte dos mitos foi distorcida, o que converteu a deusa Hygieia em uma das filhas do deus Asclpio, que passou a ser o deus dominante da cura, sendo cultuado em toda a Grcia
89

. Asclpio tem seu nome

tambm etimologicamente associado ao visco, e em seu ritual as serpentes continuaram desempenhando um papel de destaque, estando simbolicamente enroscadas no basto do deus, que o smbolo at hoje utilizado pela medicina ocidental. Hygieia continuou associada ao culto asclepiano, e era retratada com seu pai e sua irm Panakeia. As duas simbolizam dois aspectos distintos das artes curativas, a preveno e a terapia
33

. Hygieia [Sade] personificava a sabedoria pela qual as

pessoas seriam saudveis se vivessem sabiamente, e Panakeia [Panacia] personificava o tratamento atravs de remdios, derivados de plantas ou da terra. A busca de uma panacia para a cura dos males atualmente o aspecto dominante da cincia biomdica, que s vezes ainda oscila entre os dois aspectos de assistncia sade simbolizada por estas duas deusas. A medicina grega possua por um lado uma escola que usava o ritual de cura asclepiano, baseado nos sonhos e conhecida como incubao do templo, e que os terapeutas junguianos tentaram reinterpretar em termos modernos
66

, e por outro os

mdicos gregos, chamados quela poca de asclepades (em honra a Asclpio), que formavam corporaes mdicas, praticando uma medicina baseada no conhecimento emprico.

23

Naqueles tempos no havia competies entre estas duas escolas, sendo que da tradio dos asclepades surgiu Hipcrates, personagem de fundamental influncia sobre a cincia mdica ocidental. No cerne da medicina hipocrtica h uma amplitude no s de viso, mas tambm de filosofia profunda com a convico de que as doenas so fenmenos naturais que podem ser cientificamente estudadas, e no so causadas por demnios ou foras sobrenaturais, podendo ser tratadas de forma abrangente, que incluem a preveno, o diagnstico e a terapia 33. Um dos livros importantes do compndio hipocrtico o Corpus hippocraticum que apresenta como o bem-estar individual est diretamente relacionado a condies ambientais como a qualidade da gua, do ar, dos alimentos, dos hbitos gerais e da topografia da terra. Este relacionamento ecolgico entre o ser humano e meio-ambiente enfatizado de tal forma que a doena considerada um desequilbrio dos mesmos ou resultado de mudana destas condies origem cartesiana, e s agora novamente devidamente apreciada. De acordo com estes escritos que esto no fundamento da Medicina e Sade atuais, a Sade requer um equilbrio entre influncias ambientais, modos de vida e diferentes humores, sendo que os ltimos podem ser reenunciados em termos de equilbrio qumico hormonal e interdependncia da mente e corpo. Para a Cura tem que haver o reconhecimento das foras curativas inerentes aos organismos vivos, o chamado poder curativo da natureza, e para tanto o trabalho do mdico consistia em ajudar estas foras naturais a se manifestarem para o processo de Cura 16. Deste significado original de dar assistncia ao processo de Cura natural, que surgiu a palavra terapeuta, do grego therpuin [dar assistncia]. Portanto, atravs da tradio hipocrtica surgida h 2500 anos atrs, resgatamos este conceito de Sade: o equilbrio da relao fundamental entre meio-ambiente, corpo e mente; bem como o conceito de Cura: o reavivar do poder curativo inerente natureza. 16 Ambos estes conceitos da tradio hipocrtica foram diferentemente desenvolvidos em
16

. Esta

percepo de Sade tem sido seriamente negligenciada pela medicina ocidental de

24

distintas culturas como a chinesa e a indiana, sendo que a medicina chinesa tem uma representao mais bem alicerada aqui no Brasil, com possibilidade de cursos de formao em acupuntura, tcnica de tratamento que teve sua origem nesta tradio de medicina, pela prpria UNIFESP atualmente em So Paulo. A medicina ayurvedica existe h 5000 anos e tem sua origem na ndia. Ela ainda no est to bem alicerada em nosso pas quanto a chinesa, sendo que autores de sucesso e renome como CHOPRA, em distintos livros sobre o tema, como Conexo Sade 17, Cura Quntica
18

e Sade Perfeita

19

entre outros, seja um

grande divulgador do assunto. De acordo com CHOPRA, este sistema de medicina milenar tem como princpio o fato de que a mente exerce profunda influncia sobre o corpo e de que a liberao das doenas est relacionada a um maior contato com a percepo interior. Tem como pressuposto o fato de que o corpo humano controlado por uma rede de inteligncia que determina se estamos saudveis e bem integrados com a natureza. Para alcanar estes objetivos busca-se um plano para restabelecer a harmonia essencial entre corpo e natureza, bem como fortalecer a unio mente e corpo para se adquirir assim a Sade e a Cura. Utilizam-se para tanto distintos tipos de abordagens e atividades, como dietas especficas, rotinas dirias, integrao neuromuscular, exerccios fsicos e respiratrios, bem como mecanismos para reduo do estresse, como a MT. Baseado nessa perspectiva global e atual de Sade, a Organizao Mundial de Sade (OMS), ao discutir o tema Outra sade/Paradigma ampliado da sade estabeleceu como tema relevante a ser abordado e pesquisado a seguinte idia:
Na atualidade, os sistemas mdicos ditos alternativos ou complementares, tais como a homeopatia, a medicina tradicional chinesa, a medicina ayurvdica, e outros vm aparecendo com tendncia nas ltimas dcadas, ao lado da medicina oficial, como uma fonte legtima de produo de servios de sade. Favorecidos por um lado, pela imigrao de populaes orientais para o ocidente ensejando uma intensa abertura cultural corolrio do fenmeno da globalizao, e por outro lado, por certas mudanas culturais e de estilos de vida ocorridos recentemente, seus praticantes tem hoje uma presena marcante no mercado profissional de servios de sade, notadamente na prtica privada. Todavia, no setor pblico do SUS, muitas Secretarias de Sade promovem sua incorporao e difuso, havendo notvel aceitao por parte de seus usurios. De um modo geral, os servios prestados pelos
69

25

agentes desses sistemas alternativos objetivam no somente a cura e a preveno de enfermidades como tambm a promoo da sade, envolvendo um conjunto muito peculiar de preceitos ticos, normas de vida e prticas de corpo orientadas pela noo de vitalidade, vale dizer, um paradigma holstico. Considerando estas tendncias, "Outra Sade" tem como propsito realizar investigaes participativas que tomem em considerao questes como estas: como estes sistemas ditos alternativos confrontam-se ou conformam-se com os paradigmas da sade que so propugnados pela medicina oficial; 2) como estas prticas alternativas esto sendo absorvidas pelos centros de sade e hospitais do SUS; 3) como afetam o campo da promoo da sade. Refletindo em forma crtica sobre estes pontos, o grupo buscar difundir um conjunto de preceitos e prticas que possam representar um novo caminho s concepes vigentes sobre sade, ou seja, um caminho para um conceito ampliado da sade 69.

Torna-se hoje assim, pela prpria contemporaneidade, cada vez mais relevante a pesquisa cientfica em procedimentos seculares. Pelo fato de no terem abandonado conhecimentos antigos e leigos, tem-se descoberto muitas novas drogas, e de muito interesse para a Sade Pblica pesquisar e viabilizar mtodos cientificamente eficazes e que contemplem uma diversidade de enfoques. Hoje, cada vez mais o prprio conceito de sade tem-se ampliado. Este novo conceito busca a sade do indivduo em muitos outros nveis. Em realidade todos buscamos um maior grau de paz e felicidade interior, pois a busca da felicidade tem sido um impulso motor de nossas decises como indivduos no mundo em que vivemos. Dentro deste amplo contexto, em primeira leitura flutuante a respeito do tema, notamos que diversos estudos tm apresentado benefcios da prtica da Meditao Transcendental em distintas reas de vida como: melhor concentrao e aprendizado56, melhor qualidade de sono
60 67

, diminuio da ansiedade
58 10

30

e do

estresse , fortalecimento do sistema imunolgico doenas como insnia motora


5 59

, diminuio de incidncia de

e presso arterial alta


80

, melhor capacidade percepto-

e desempenho atltico
56

, entre outras. Esses benefcios encontrados tm


48

sido aplicados para o desenvolvimento de programas distintos como: sade do idoso1, sade escolar , sade do trabalhador , preveno ao abuso de drogas
21

entre outros, e refletem em mecanismos de interveno e de promoo de Sade Pblica para a criao de uma sociedade mais saudvel.

26

2 OBJETIVO

Realizar uma reviso da produo cientfica sobre o tema Meditao Transcendental, buscando descrever, caracterizar e analisar o carter multidisciplinar desta produo ao longo do tempo, com nfase no campo da Sade.

27

3 - PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLGICOS

Envolveu a pesquisa exploratria do tema MT atravs de registros de produo cientfica em bases de dados eletrnicas. Estes registros incluem publicaes em revistas cientficas, artigos revisados por especialistas, teses, trabalhos de conferncia, dissertaes, livros, resumos e artigos de editoras acadmicas, alm de organizaes profissionais, bibliotecas de pr-publicaes, universidades e outras entidades acadmicas. Nas diversas interfaces eletrnicas pesquisadas, buscamos sempre pela frase exata TM, e para isso inserimos a mesma entre aspas. Esta estratgia de busca nos permitiu que a busca se restringisse sempre frase exata, isto transcendental meditation, e no palavra transcendental, que eventualmente poderia estar separada de meditation em um mesmo resultado de busca. Buscamos sempre descrever, caracterizar e analisar as caractersticas multidisciplinares das publicaes cientficas a respeito da MT, e sua distribuio ao longo do tempo, e como em especial, este tema tem sido pesquisado no campo da Sade. Para isso organizamos e apresentamos os resultados atravs de tabelas de produo e grficos das bases pesquisadas, bem como quadros para a caracterizao das mesmas. Devido ao grande nmero de registros de produo cientfica encontrados em toda nossa pesquisa, anexamos a listagem dos mesmos em um cdrom parte (anexos) em sua verso escrita. Grande parte de nosso trabalho foi desenvolvido pela Internet. A Internet uma rede global de computadores que se comunicam utilizando uma linguagem comum, e se parece com o sistema telefnico internacional, onde ningum

28

proprietrio ou controlador do sistema, mas est conectado de tal maneira, que o faz funcionar como uma grande rede 87. A Internet tem uma escala mundial de milhes de computadores que permitem o acesso a informaes e todo tipo de transferncia de dados entre si 87. Utilizando esta rede mundial de computadores como meio de pesquisa, seguimos estes procedimentos: 3.1 GOOGLE Pesquisa atravs da frase exata transcendental meditation para identificao de como o tema se apresenta presente na atualidade. Para isso fizemos uma busca pela Internet atravs do Google search e Google acadmico, caracterizando o tema MT em termos de divulgao e sua distribuio no tempo a 27/04/06. 3.2 PORTAL SIBINET USP Pesquisa extensiva atravs de registros de produo cientfica em bancos de dados eletrnicos sobre a MT para vermos como o tema se insere em distintos campos de conhecimento e sua distribuio no tempo. Para isso utilizamos o acesso s bases de dados cientficos disponibilizado comunidade USP pelo portal SibiNET, caracterizando estes bancos de dados quanto a sua origem multidisciplinar e interfaces, e apresentando a distribuio no tempo dos registros de publicao cientfica sobre o tema. O portal SibiNet um mecanismo de interface eletrnica, via Internet, e que permite o funcionamento sistmico das bibliotecas da USP. Com o intuito de oferecer suporte ao desenvolvimento do ensino e da pesquisa promove o acesso informao, por meio de programas cooperativos e de racionalizao, com o estabelecimento de polticas, compartilhamento de recursos e normalizao de procedimentos, no mbito das bibliotecas da USP, em consonncia com normas e

29

padres internacionais de transcrio e de intercmbio de informaes bibliogrficas e de comunicao de dados. Permite assim, que o usurio tenha a possibilidade de realizar pesquisas em todas as bases de dados, independente da editora de origem 74. Acessamos bases de dados disponveis, atravs do acesso regulamentado, a partir de equipamentos existentes nos campi da USP, e posteriormente atravs de computador pessoal localizado fora dos campi, pelo acesso Virtual Private Network (VPN), que fornece conectividade rede USP sem estar conectada nela diretamente, isto , de qualquer mquina conectada na Internet e que tenha cliente VPN 94. Utilizamos os recursos disponibilizados pelo portal USP SibiNet para caracterizarmos as bases de dados utilizadas na pesquisa, e para mapearmos a publicao cientfica no perodo de cobertura das bases de dados at 27 de maio de 2006, buscando ver como distintos campos de conhecimento cientfico tem se interessado pela pesquisa a respeito da MT, e como tm sido a distribuio dos registros de publicao cientfica no tempo. Em todas as interfaces pesquisadas procuramos sempre pela frase exata TM restritas aos campos ttulo do documento (ti) ou (+) resumo (ab) (+) ou descritor (de). O perodo de pesquisa sempre foi desde o incio de cobertura de registros disponveis nas bases de dados at a data da pesquisa efetuada na mesma. Em todas as bases de dados nas quais encontramos menos de 15 registros de produo cientfica relacionados MT, optamos por caracterizar as mesmas nos quadros descritivos bem como apresentar os resultados obtidos nas tabelas de registros cientficos, mas no apresentamos grficos de distribuio dos registros ao longo do tempo, devido ao nmero pequeno de registros encontrados nas mesmas. Abaixo listamos as interfaces de pesquisa utilizadas nas quais foram realizadas buscas de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT, as bases de dados nelas contidas, bem como as companhias fornecedoras deste servio de informao (quadro 1):

30

Quadro 1: Portal SibiNet USP, interfaces, bancos de dados pesquisados sobre MT e companhias fornecedoras do servio, em maio de 2006. Interfaces Proquest Bases de Dados pesquisadas
Dissertations and Theses, ABI/Inform Global, Prisma ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts, ASSIA: Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, BioOne Abstracts and Indexes, CSA Technology Research Database, ERIC: Education Resources Information Center, Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts, LISA: Library and Information Science Abstracts, MicroPatent Materials Patents, NCJRS: National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts, Oceanic Abstracts, Physical Education Index, Social Services Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, Water Resources Abstracts AGRICOLA: Agricultural Online Access, AGRIS: Agricultural Sciences, Analytical Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, Cab Abstracts, Drug Information Fulltext, EconLit, Food & Human Nutrition, Francis, FSTA: Food Science and Technology Abstracts, GEOBASE: Geo Abstracts Database, GeoRef, Inspec Database, IPSA: International Political Sciences Abstracts, IPA: International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, MathSci Disc, MEDLINE, Philosopher s Index, PsycINFO, Publishers, Distributors & Wholesalers, Sport Discus, TROPAG & RURAL: Agriculture and Environment for Developing Regions and Abstracts on Rural Development in the Tropics, Ulrichs International Periodicals, Zoological Records.

Companhias
ProQuest Company

CSA Illumina

CSA Corporation

Wolters Kluwer Health (WK Health)

SilverPlatter

Disponvel em: http://www.bibcir.fsp.usp.br CSA Cambridge Scientific Abstracts MT Meditao Transcendental

3.3 INTERFACE SCOPUS Caracterizao, anlise e distribuio de registros de produo cientfica a respeito da MT, utilizando a interface eletrnica Scopus
85

que com seu banco de

dados contempla e possibilita a organizao de estudos de diferentes origens de conhecimento em si mesma, quanto a reas e sub-reas de abrangncia de assunto, tipos de publicao e distribuio no tempo destes registros.

31

Fizemos nossa pesquisa a 10/05/06, buscando pela frase exata TM nos campos ttulo, resumo e palavra-chave. A palavra-chave um campo combinado das palavras-chaves fornecidas pelo autor e dos termos indexados principalmente. 3.4 INTERFACE EMBASE.COM Aprofundamento da pesquisa atravs da interface EMBASE.com
74

, que

contempla a possibilidade de trabalharmos com duas bases de dados distintas (EMBASE e MEDLINE), que so mais ligadas ao campo da sade e medicina, pela caracterizao, categorizao e anlise dos registros de produo cientfica atravs de tipos de publicao, lnguas e pases de origem das mesmas, bem como reas de foco e sua distribuio ao longo do tempo. Nossa pesquisa foi feita em 23 de maio de 2006, utilizando como termo de busca a frase exata TM restrita aos seguintes campos: resumo (ab) ou (+) ttulo do trabalho (ti) ou (+) descritor (de). A indexao e classificao dos registros de produo cientfica na base de dados EMBASE foi realizada por um indexador treinado da mesma. Estivemos medida que qualificando e definindo as distintas reas de Foco
40

, apresentando

tambm grficos para notarmos como os resultados encontrados estavam se dispondo ao longo do tempo. Apresentamos estes grficos quando foram encontrados no mnimo 15 resultados por rea pertinente. 3.5 SADE PBLICA E COLETIVA Utilizamos a classificao disponvel atravs da base de dados EMBASE
40

para caracterizao mais aprofundada de registros de produo cientfica limitados rea de foco Sade Pblica e Coletiva para descrevermos como esta produo a respeito da MT tem sido realizada, objeto de pesquisa da faculdade de Sade Pblica, onde foi desenvolvida esta dissertao.

32

Esta pesquisa foi realizada em 15 de junho de 2006 utilizando os seguintes campos de busca: resumo (ab) ou (+) ttulo do trabalho (ab) (ou) (+) descritor, tendo como limite a rea d foco Sade Pblica e Coletiva [public health]/lim 40.

33

4 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSO

Os resultados parciais encontrados nas bases de dados e a discusso a eles pertinente foram indexados da seguinte forma no decorrer do texto desta dissertao: - resultados - discusso 4.1. GOOGLE 4.1.1. Google Search Quando a 27/04/06 pesquisamos a respeito da frase TM, atravs desse

mecanismo de busca, encontramos aproximadamente 886.000 resultados indexados. O Google Inc. a corporao que possui o maior site de busca da internet, o

Google Search, um servio que teve sua origem a partir de um projeto de doutorado dos Larry Page e Sergey Brin da Universidade de Stanford em 1996, e que buscou criar um site de busca mais avanado, rpido e com maior qualidade de links do que os sites de busca que existiam quela poca 46. O Google Search foi resultado deste trabalho, e assim obteve-se um sistema de busca pela Internet, com grande relevncia aos resultados de buscas em um ambiente simples. O faturamento desta corporao em 2005 foi de 6,139 bilhes de dlares 46,104. A pesquisa feita sobre a frase exata TM no Google Search nos permitiu ter uma viso bem ampla e geral de como o tema MT est divulgado na atualidade. Tem-se como ressalva que este meio de comunicao e informao est inserido em uma realidade virtual, cujo acesso restrito a uma pequena porcentagem

34

(15,7%) da populao mundial (tabela 1), ainda que o crescimento de seu uso tenha se apresentado muito grande nos ltimos anos (183,4%). As populaes dos pases desenvolvidos so as que tm o maior nmero de acessos internet, e conseqentemente maior possibilidade de ter contato, conhecimento e informao sobre este tema (MT) atravs deste veculo de informao. Em pesquisa atualizada em 31/03/2006 pela Internet World Stats
106

, a

Internet tem penetrao da seguinte forma em relao ao mundo (tabela 1): Tabela 1: Estatsticas populacionais e uso da Internet mundial.
Uso da Internet, ltimos Dados Populao (Penetrao) N 23.649.000 364.270.713 291.600.898 18.203.500 227.303.680 79.962.809 17.872.707 1.022.863.307 % 2,6 9,9 36,1 9,6 68,6 14,4 52,6 15,7 423,9 218,7 177,5 454,2 110,3 342,5 134,6 183,4

Regies do Mundo

Populao do Mundo (estimada 2006) N % 14,2 56,4 12,4 2,9 5,1 8,5 0,5 100,0

Crescimento de uso 2000-2005 em %

frica sia Europa Oriente Mdio Amrica do Norte Amrica Latina/Caribe Oceania / Austrlia Total do Mundo

915.210.928 3.667.774.066 807.289.020 190.084.161 331.473.276 553.908.632 33.956.977 6.499.697.060

Extrado de Internet World Stats, em 29/05/2006. Disponvel em: www.internetworldstats.com. Notas: As estatsticas do uso da Internet e da populao mundial foram atualizadas em 31/03/2006. Os nmeros demogrficos esto baseados no site da world-gazetteer. A informao do uso da Internet vem de dados publicados por Nielsen//NetRatings, International Telecommunications Union, e outras fontes confiveis.

35

4.1.2. Google Acadmico Encontramos 2510 registros de produo cientfica (anexo 1) atravs deste

mecanismo de busca, sendo que 2 destes registros so datados do perodo de 1950 a 1959, e 9 do perodo de 1960 a 1969. Estes resultados se dispuseram da seguinte forma (figura 1):

Figura 1: Distribuio dos 2510 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT. Google acadmico, 1950-2006, em maio 2006.
600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Registros encontrados no Google acadmico

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

1950-1959

1960-1969

Anos

MT Meditao Transcendental

O Google Acadmico um mecanismo de pesquisa que fornece uma maneira

simples de pesquisar a literatura acadmica de forma abrangente em vrias disciplinas e fontes em um s lugar, ajudando com isso a identificar as pesquisas mais relevantes do mundo acadmico.

2005-06

36

Por ser um mecanismo de busca gratuito e eficaz seu uso tem crescido muito, pois leva em conta atravs de sua classificao no s o texto integral de cada artigo, como o autor, a publicao em que o artigo saiu e a freqncia com que foi citado em outras publicaes acadmicas 46. Mesmo no correspondendo ao perodo de nosso estudo, os resultados encontrados no Google acadmico foram os nicos que contemplaram registros de produo cientfica anteriores a 1970 sobre MT. Entre eles observam-se publicaes a respeito do tema a partir de 1951, perodo no qual a MT comeou a ser divulgada por MMY atravs do mundo (1.3). Caso cresa a utilizao deste mecanismo de busca e ele se torne mais aceito pela comunidade cientfica, o Google acadmico pode se tornar um contraponto s outras interfaces de pesquisa cientfica existentes, consideradas hoje mais aceitas pela vida acadmica. Os resultados encontrados atravs deste mecanismo de busca apresentam o fato de que o nmero de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT (figura 1) tem crescido nos ltimos anos, o que demonstra o interesse da comunidade cientfica em pesquisas a respeito deste tema.

37

4.2. PORTAL SIBINET USP 4.2.1 Interface ProQuest Encontramos um total de 167 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nas

bases de dados da interface Proquest. Estes resultados distriburam-se da seguinte forma (tabela 2):

Tabela 2: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT entre 1960 e 2006, segundo bases de dados da Interface ProQuest, maio 2006. Bases de dados 196069 197074 197579 198084 Perodo Total 198589 199094 199599 200004 3 18 21 200506 3 3 17 150 167

ABI/Inform Dissertations and Theses Total

* -

1 15 16

1 29 30

2 19 21

3 23 26

1 19 20

5 24 29

* perodo no coberto pela base de dados. MT Meditao Transcendental A ProQuest Company, fornecedora dests interface considerada uma das

editoras lderes de informao e educao. Um de seus objetivos o de prover solues inovadoras aos problemas de informao dos usurios. Esta companhia foi considerada uma das 200 melhores pequenas empresas pela Forbes magazine. Trabalha no campo de informao, mais especificamente, para a educao, administrao e negcios 75.

38

A interface Proquest possibilita acesso ao contedo de inmeras revistas na rea de administrao e cincias afins. Outras publicaes de sua cobertura abrangem estudos tnicos, de gnero, de ancestralidade entre outros 76. As caractersticas das bases de dados da interface Proquest, na qual foram encontrados registros de produo cientfica sobre MT, so as seguintes (quadro 2): Quadro 2: Bases de dados da Interface ProQuest com registros de produo cientfica sobre MT, segundo abrangncia e perodo de cobertura, em maio de 2006.

Bases de Dados

Abrangncia

Perodo de Cobertura

ABI/Inform

Negcios, Finanas, Economia, Perfis de empresas, Tcnicas de gesto, Teoria e Prtica Empresarial, Publicidade, Marketing, Economia, Recursos Humanos, Finanas, Taxao, Computadores. Considerada a maior fonte de pesquisa

1971 em diante

Dissertations and acadmica do mundo, e possui mais de 2 Theses

milhes de entradas, sendo considerada um recurso central de confiana para informaes sobre dissertaes de doutorado e de mestrado.

1861 em diante

Disponvel em: http://www.bibcir.fsp.usp.br. MT Meditao Transcendental As bases de dados nas quais foram encontrados registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da interface Proquest cobrem duas reas distintas: como a MT tem sido empregada e estudada no campo empresarial, atravs da base de dados ABI/Inform, e como tem sido pesquisada pela vida acadmica, em diferentes universidades e institutos de pesquisa atravs do mundo. Como tem sido o interesse a respeito deste tema para as dissertaes de mestrado e doutorado.

39

4.2.1.1 Base de dados ABI/Inform Encontramos 17 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nesta base de

dados. Os registros de produo cientfica (anexo 2) distriburam-se da seguinte forma no tempo (figura 2):

Figura 2: Distribuio de 17 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados ABI/Inform Global, de 1970 a maio de 2006.
5 Publicaes registradas na base 4 3 2 1 0

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: Proquest, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental

Os tpicos cobertos por esta base de dados incluem alm de negcios,

finanas e economia citadas anteriormente, tambm revistas, perfis de empresas e jornais econmicos, sendo considerada um dos meios mais abrangentes e acadmicos para se explorar e compreender tpicos relacionados pesquisa empresarial. Em sua pesquisa contam-se aproximadamente 1800 revistas empresariais mundiais com uma cobertura internacional profunda. Este servio fornecido pela Proquest company 76.

2005-06

40

4.2.1.2. Dissertations and Theses


Encontramos 150 registros de produo cientfica nesta base de dados. Estes

resultados (anexo 3) distriburam-se da seguinte forma (figura 3):

Figura 3: Distribuio de 150 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT em mestrado e doutorado pela base de dados Dissertations and Theses, de 1970 a maio de 2006.
30 Publicaes registradas na base 25 20 15 10 5 0

1965-69

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: Proquest, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental

O conhecimento acadmico a base da formao cientfica. Este banco de

dados nos permite visualizar como dissertaes de mestrado e doutorado tm sido realizadas sobre MT atravs do mundo. Nesta base de dados h a cobertura de mais de 2.000.000 de registros cientficos. Este um servio oferecido pela Proquest company 76.

2005-06

41

4.2.2 Interface CSA Illumina

Encontramos um total de 241 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nas bases de dados indexadas nesta interface. Estes resultados distriburam-se da seguinte forma (tabela 3):
Tabela 3: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT entre 1960 e 2006, segundo bases de dados da interface CSA Illumina, maio de 2006. Perodo Total

Bases de Dados

Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts Physical Education Index CSA Technology Research Database ASSIA: Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts ERIC: Educational Resources Information Center NCJRS: National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts Social Services Abstracts

196069 197074 197579 198084 198589 199094 199599 200004 200506


* 2 2 * 4 9 4 1 1 1 20 1 1 * * * * 5 4 2 9 1 21 9 29 14 2 1 3 5 63 * 6 21 15 2 4 2 3 53 * * 1 4 2 3 8 18 Sociological Abstracts 3 8 10 15 8 11 7 1 63

Total

24

67

45

29

19

22

33

241

* perodo no coberto pela base de dados. CSA Cambridge Scientific Abstracts MT Meditao Transcendental

42

A interface CSA Illumina fornecida pela CSA corporation, uma companhia

global de informao. Atua como editora e distribuidora grfica e eletrnica, e tem por objetivo servir como um guia para ajudar os pesquisadores a serem mais efetivos em seus trabalhos. Para isso prov ferramentas eficazes para manejar e organizar as informaes 22. Possui 100 bases de dados bibliogrficas e revistas cientficas, primariamente em quatro campos de conhecimento: cincias naturais; cincias sociais; artes e humanidades; e tecnologia. A CSA corporation tem sua sede nos Estados Unidos, escritrios ao redor do mundo e tem sido utilizada em mais de 80 pases, por mais de 4000 instituies diferentes 22. Esta interface permite, atravs do portal SibiNet USP, o acesso a mais de 50 bases de dados elaboradas pela CSA (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts) e seus parceiros. Nela consta um grande nmero de reas de pesquisa, incluindo cincia dos materiais, cincia do meio ambiente, cincias biolgicas, biotecnologia, engenharia, cincia da computao, sociologia, histria da arte e lingstica 74. Ela projetada para prover uma opo de busca mais amigvel ao pesquisador. Oferece uma soluo multibusca que pode ser utilizada pelo pesquisador, alm de de-duplicao de resultados, opes de mltiplas lnguas, descritores hyper-linked, entre outros fatores 22. Observa-se atravs da listagem das bases de dados da interface CSA que h uma multidisciplinaridade de reas de conhecimento nas quais foram encontrados registros de produo cientfica sobre MT (quadro 3). A predominncia de resultados na rea da educao (4.2.2.2), sociologia (4.2.2.6) e reabilitao (4.2.2.3). O nmero de pesquisas cientficas realizadas na rea de cincias sociais (4.2.2.5) e cincias sociais aplicadas (4.2.2.1) tambm grande tendo-se em vista que a existncia destas bases de dados recente (tabela 3).

43

Abaixo caracterizamos as bases de dados nas quais foram encontrados registros de produo cientfica atravs da interface CSA Illumina (quadro 3):

Quadro 3: Bases de dados da Interface CSA Illumina com registros de produo cientfica sobre MT, segundo abrangncia e perodo de cobertura, em maio de 2006. Bases de Dados da Interface CSA Illumina
ASSIA: Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts CSA Technology Research Database ERIC: Educational Resources Information Center Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts NCJRS: National Criminal Justice Reference Service Servios

Abrangncia
Sociais, Psicologia,

Perodo de Cobertura 1987 em diante

Sociologia e Informao de Sade. Materiais, Engenharia, Aeroespacial, Alta Tecnologia. Educao, Avaliao. Lingstica Terica e Aplicada, Teste, Mensurao e

1962 em diante

1966 em diante

Psicolingstica e Terapia Verbal. Justia Criminal e Juvenil, Controle de Drogas e Emprego da Lei. Bem-Estar Fsico, Sade e Medicina Esportiva. Servio Social, Servios Humanos, Bem-Estar Social e Poltica Social. Estrutura Social, Desigualdade,

1973 em diante

1975 em diante

Physical Education Index

1970 em diante

Social Services Abstracts

1979 em diante

Sociological Abstracts

Mudana Social e Problemas Sociais.

1952 em diante

Disponvel em: http://www.bibcir.fsp.usp.br. CSA Cambridge Scientific Abstracts MT Meditao Transcendental

44

4.2.2.1 ASSIA Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts


Encontramos 21 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nesta base de

dados. Estes resultados (anexo 4) distriburam-se da seguinte forma (figura 4):

Figura 4: Distribuio de 21 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados ASSIA Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, de 1987 a maio de 2006. 10 Publicaes registradas na base 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-06

Anos Fonte: CSA Illumina, maio 2006. CSA Cambridge Scientific Abstracts MT Meditao Transcendental A base de dados ASSIA cobre primariamente registros de produo cientfica

no campo das cincias sociais aplicadas s reas da sade, psicologia, sociologia, economia, poltica, relaes de raas e educao. Possua at dezembro de 2005, por volta de 375.000 registros indexados. Estes registros estavam distribudos em mais de 500 revistas cientficas de 16 pases diferentes, incluindo os Estados Unidos e Reino Unido. Este servio fornecido pela CSA corporation 24.

45

4.2.2.2 ERIC - Educational Resources Information Center


Encontramos 63 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nesta base de

dados. Estes resultados (anexo 5) distriburam-se da seguinte forma (figura 5):

Figura 5: Distribuio de 63 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados ERIC - Educational Resources Information Center, de 1965 a maio de 2006. 30 Publicaes registradas na base 25 20 15 10 5 0

1965-69

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: CSA Illumina, maio 2006. CSA Cambridge Scientific Abstracts MT Meditao Transcendental

O banco de dados da ERIC fornecido pelo Departamento de Educao

Norte-Americano com o intuito maior de prover acesso amplo literatura relacionada com a rea educacional. Possua at outubro de 2005 por volta de 1.172.800 registros de produo cientfica 25.

2005-06

46

4.2.2.3 NCJRS - National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts


Encontramos 53 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nesta base de

dados. Estes resultados (anexo 6) distriburam-se da seguinte forma (figura 6): Figura 6: Distribuio de 53 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na base de dados NCJRS - National Criminal Justice Reference Service, de 1970 a maio de 2004. 30 Publicaes registradas na base 25 20 15 10 5 0

1965-69

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: CSA Illumina, maio 2006. CSA Cambridge Scientific Abstracts MT Meditao Transcendental

O banco de dados NCJRS fornecido pelo Departamento de Justia Norte-

Americano. um sistema de informao para pessoas ao redor do mundo envolvidas com a pesquisa, poltica e prticas relacionadas justia criminal e juvenil, bem como ao controle de drogas. Este banco de dados possua at dezembro de 2005 por volta de 189.000 registros de produo cientfica que cobrem estas reas 26.

2005-06

47

4.2.2.4 - Physical Education Index


Encontramos 26 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nesta base de

dados. Estes resultados (anexo 7) distriburam-se da seguinte forma (figura 7): Figura 7: Distribuio de 26 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Physical Education Index, de 1970 a maio de 2006.

5 Publicaes registradas na base 4 3 2 1 0

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: CSA Illumina, maio 2006. CSA Cambridge Scientific Abstracts MT Meditao Transcendental
O Physical Education Index cobre a literatura primariamente no campo da

educao fsica, alm de medicina esportiva, dana, lei desportiva, cinesiologia, aprendizagem motora, terapia fsica, sociologia e psicologia esportiva, alm de outras reas. Este banco de dados possua at dezembro de 2005 por volta de 268.000 registros de produo cientfica que cobrem estas reas distintas. Este servio fornecido pela CSA corporation 23.

2005-06

48

4.2.2.5 - Social Services Abstracts Encontramos 18 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nesta base de

dados. Estes resultados (anexo 8) distriburam-se da seguinte forma (figura 8):

Figura 8: Distribuio de 18 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Social Services Abstracts, de 1979 a maio de 2006. 10 Publicaes registradas na base 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-06

Anos Fonte: CSA Illumina, maio 2006. CSA Cambridge Scientific Abstracts MT Meditao Transcendental

A base de dados Social Services Abstracts prov uma cobertura da literatura

primariamente focada no servio social, servios humanos e reas correlatas, que incluem bem-estar social, poltica social e desenvolvimento comunitrio. Possua at dezembro de 2005 por volta de 107.000 registros de produo cientfica que cobrem estas reas distintas. Este servio fornecido pela CSA corporation 27.

49

4.2.2.6 - Sociological Abstracts Encontramos 63 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nesta base de

dados. Estes resultados (anexo 9) distriburam-se da seguinte forma (figura 9):

Figura 9: Distribuio de 63 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Sociological Abstracts, de 1965 a maio de 2006.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Publicaes registradas na base

1965-69

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos

Fonte: CSA Illumina, maio 2006. CSA Cambridge Scientific Abstracts MT Meditao Transcendental A base de dados Sociological Abstracts cobre literatura primariamente na

rea da sociologia e disciplinas correlatas cincia social e comportamental. Ela possua at novembro de 2005 por volta de 680.000 registros de produo cientfica destas reas. Este servio fornecido pela CSA corporation 28.

2005-06

50

4.2.3 Interface SilverPlatter Encontramos um total de 583 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nas

bases de dados indexadas desta interface. Estes resultados distriburam-se da seguinte forma (tabela 4):

Tabela 4: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT entre 1960 e maio de 2006, segundo a bases de dados SilverPlatter, maio/2006. Perodo Total 196069 197074 197579 198084 198589 199094 199599 200004
Biological Abstracts CAB Abstracts EconLit Francis GEOBASE: Geo Abstracts Database Inspec Database IPSA: International Political Sciences Abstracts Philosophers Index Psycinfo Sport Discus Tropag e Rural

Bases de Dados

200506
6 1 1 2 10 29 2 2 87 1 6 2 8 409 36 1 583

* * * * * * -

* * * * * 34 4 * 38

* * * * * 1 118 15 * 134

* * 16 * 2 * 7 60 8 * 94

* * 28 * 1 1 41 3 * 74

* 13 1 54 3 * 70

5 1 10 1 1 49 1 68

18 1 2 19 1 51 3 95

Total

* perodo no coberto pela base de dados. MT Meditao Transcendental

51

A interface SilverPlatter um produto do Wolters Kluwer Health (WK

Health), uma provedora de informao para profissionais e estudantes de medicina, enfermagem, sade e farmcia. Esta uma diviso da Wolters Kluwer corporation, uma multinacional de servios de informao na rea de sade, servios corporativos, servios financeiros, impostos, contabilidade, direito, regulamentao e educao, com rendas anuais de mais de 3,4 bilhes de euros em 2005 e mais de 18.400 empregados ao redor do mundo. A sede desta corporao situa-se em Amsterdam, Holanda 70. A Eletronic Reference Library (ERL), [biblioteca de referncia eletrnica] utilizada pela USP para o acesso a mais de 30 bases de dados distintas. A ERL mantm a coleo de referncias eletrnicas com a tecnologia da SilverPlatter. Ela foi projetada para dar suporte a servidores mltiplos em meio-ambientes amplos, e tem sido uma soluo para grandes instituies e consrcios, ao prover o acesso local e remoto s informaes dentro de distintas redes eletrnicas 74. A WebSPIRS (SilverPlatter's Information Retrieval System for the World Wide Web) uma interface popular de pesquisa, que prov acesso atravs da Web ao seu ERL servidor local, bem como ao servio de assinatura de Internet da SilverPlatter, permitindo a usurios distantes a pesquisa nas bases de dados da SilverPlatter. Para tanto possui caractersticas e ferramentas para disponibilizar os resultados de pesquisa com acurcia em um meio-ambiente eletrnico facilmente utilizvel 100. Observa-se atravs da listagem das bases de dados da interface SilverPlatter que h uma multidisciplinaridade de reas de conhecimento nas quais foram encontrados registros de produo cientfica sobre MT (quadro 4). A predominncia de resultados na rea da psicologia (4.2.3.3), cincias humanas (4.2.3.2), esportes (4.2.3.4) e cincias biolgicas (4.2.3.1). O nmero de pesquisas cientficas realizadas na rea de cincias biolgicas tambm grande tendo-se em vista que a existncia desta base de dados recente (tabela 4).

52

Abaixo caracterizamos as bases de dados nas quais foram encontrados registros de produo cientfica sobre MT atravs da interface SilverPlatter (quadro 4):
Quadro 4: Bases de dados da Interface SilverPlatter com registros de produo cientfica sobre MT, segundo abrangncia e perodo de cobertura, em maio de 2006. Bases de Dados da Perodo de Interface Abrangncia Cobertura SilverPlatter
BA: Biological Abstracts CAB Abstracts Biologia, Microbiologia, Botnica, Ecologia, Patologia, Bioqumica, Gentica, Meio-Ambiente, Veterinria. Agricultura, Agronomia, Solos, Pesticidas, Horticultura, Florestas, Veterinria, Fertilizantes, Gentica, MeioAmbiente. EconLit Francis GEOBASE: Geo Abstracts Database Economia, Finanas Pblicas, Indstria. Cincias Sociais, Humanidades, Psicologia, Histria Da Arte, Religio, Filosofia, Literatura. Meio-Ambiente, Ecologia, Mineralogia, Geografia Fsica, Geografia Humana, Geologia. Fsica, Engenharia Eltrica, Eletrnica, Cincias da Inspec Database Computao, Tecnologia da Informao, Cincia de Materiais, Oceanografia, Engenharia Nuclear, Geofsica, Engenharia Biomdica, Biofsica.do Conhecimento. IPSA: International Political Sciences Abstracts Psycinfo Philosophers Index Sport Discus Pensamento Polticos. Psicologia, Educao, Psiquiatria, Cincias Sociais. Filosofia, Educao, Cincias Polticas, Religio. Fisioterapia, Biomecnica, Esportes, Educao Fsica. Agricultura Tropag e Rural Agricultura, nos Trpicos: Desenvolvimento Animal, Da Poltico, Relaes Internacionais, Leis Internacionais, Cincia Poltica, Opinio Pblica, Processos 1989 em diante 1967 em diante 1940 em diante 1830 em diante 1990 em diante 1969 em diante 1998 em diante 1990 em diante 1969 em diante 1984 em diante 1994 em diante

Desenvolvimento

Florestas,

Economia Rural, Irrigao, Meio-Ambiente.

Disponvel em: http://www.bibcir.fsp.usp.br. MT Meditao Transcendental

53

4.2.3.1 - Biological Abstracts (BA) Encontramos 29 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nesta base de

dados. Estes resultados (anexo 10) distriburam-se da seguinte forma (figura 10):

Figura 10: Distribuio de 29 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Biological Abstracts, de 1998 at maio de 2006.

Publicaes registradas na base

20

15

10

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: SilverPlatter, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental A base de dados Biological Abstracts contm registros de produo cientfica

em biologia, microbiologia, botnica, ecologia, patologia, bioqumica, gentica, meio ambiente e veterinria. considerada uma referncia lder para informao de cincias da vida. Ela foi produzida pela BIOSIS Biological Abstracts, Inc., e hoje um produto da The Thomson Corporation, BA 74.

2005-06

54

4.2.3.2 - Francis Encontramos 87 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nesta base de

dados. Estes resultados (anexo 11) distriburam-se da seguinte forma (figura11):

Figura 11: Distribuio de 87 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Francis, de 1984 at maio de 2006. 30 Publicaes registradas na base 25 20 15 10 5 0

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: SilverPlatter, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental A base de dados Francis oferece resumos de artigos e livros primariamente

nas reas das cincias sociais e humanidades. Os principais temas de abrangncia so: psicologia, histria da arte, religio, filosofia e literatura. A Francis produzida pela INIST (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique da Frana), e algumas reas de sua abrangncia so cobertas a partir de 1984, e outras a partir de 1991. Cobre mais de 1.500.000 de registros de produo cientfica 101.

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4.2.3.3 - Psycinfo Encontramos 409 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nesta base de

dados. Estes resultados (anexo 12) distriburam-se da seguinte forma (figura 12):

Figura 12: Distribuio de 409 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Psycinfo, de 1965 a maio de 2006. 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Publicaes registradas na base

1965-69

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: SilverPlatter, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental A Psycinfo uma base de dados que cobre registros de produo cientfica

primariamente em psicologia, educao, psiquiatria e cincias sociais. Contm aproximadamente 1.500.000 de registros e resumos de artigos publicados em revistas internacionais. Ela um produto da American Psychological Association (APA) 102.

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4.2.3.4 - Sport Discus Encontramos 36 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nesta base de

dados. Estes resultados (anexo 13) distriburam-se da seguinte forma (figura 13):

Figura 13: Distribuio de 36 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Sport Discus, de 1965 a maio de 2006. 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Publicaes registradas na base

1965-69

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: Silver Platter, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental A Sport Discus uma base de dados que contm resumos primariamente em

esportes, educao fsica, fisioterapia e biomecnica. Ela uma base de dados fornecida pela SIRC (Sport Information Resource Centre) 74.

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4.3. INTERFACE SCOPUS Encontramos 346 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nesta base de

dados (anexo 14). Nenhum resultado anterior a 1970 foi encontrado. Houve um total de 159 pesquisadores envolvidos nestes estudos, e um total de 160 revistas cientficas nas quais estes registros foram publicados. Os resultados encontrados distriburam-se da seguinte forma ao longo do tempo (figura 14):

Figura 14: Distribuio de 346 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Scopus, de 1965 a 2006.
120 Publicaes registradas na base 100 80 60 40 20 0

1965-69

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: Scopus, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental

A base de dados Scopus tem a mais ampla cobertura disponvel da literatura

cientfica, tcnica, mdica e das cincias sociais, sendo que mais de 60% dos ttulos so de outros pases que no os EUA. Agrega multidisciplinarmente em sua interface revistas cientficas de diferentes reas de abrangncia apresentando 5500 ttulos em

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cincias fsicas, 5300 em cincias da sade, 3400 em cincias da vida e 2850 em cincias sociais. A Scopus um produto do grupo Elsevier. A Elsevier faz parte do Reed Elsevier Group, uma companhia internacional com mais de 36.000 empregados espalhados por 200 localidades no mundo, e considerada uma das editoras lderes mundiais em multimdia para informao em produtos de servios cientficos, mdicos, legais, educacionais e de negcios ao redor do mundo. Movimentou no ano de 2005, por volta de 5 a 7 bilhes de libras esterlinas 84,78. Ela oferece 15.000 ttulos de revistas de mais de 4.000 editoras distintas, 27,7 milhes de resumos, 245 milhes de referncias e resultados de 250 milhes de pginas da web cientficas, entre outros recursos 79. Os registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados nesta base de dados apresentam 159 diferentes pesquisadores envolvidos na pesquisa sobre o tema. Alguns de seus nomes estiveram presentes em vrios registros encontrados, o que apresenta a existncia e desenvolvimento de linhas de pesquisa especficas utilizando-se dessa prtica para mensurao de seus efeitos em diferentes campos de conhecimento. A multidisciplinaridade observada tambm pela diversidade de reas de conhecimento nas quais foram encontrados registros de produo cientfica sobre MT. Houve publicaes em 160 diferentes revistas cientficas que atuam em distintas reas de conhecimento, e nas quais foram encontrados resultados sobre este tema. As reas de divulgao de conhecimento cientfico nas quais estas revistas esto inedexadas foram a base de classificao para os resultados encontrados e distribudos segundo reas e sub-reas de abrangncia de assunto, fornecido pela base de dados Scopus, e utilizado em nossa pesquisa.

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4.3.1 - reas de abrangncia de Assunto

Os 346 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT encontrados atravs da

interface Scopus, no perodo de 1960 a 2006, foram classificados por reas de abrangncia de assunto (tabela 5), classificao esta disponvel pela interface. Um mesmo registro pode estar indexado em mais de uma classificao: Tabela 5: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT entre 1960 e maio de 2006 da base de dados Scopus, segundo reas de Abrangncia de Assunto, maio/2006. reas de Abrangncia de Assunto Perodo Total

196069 197074 197579 198084 198589 199094 199599 200004


5 15 1 7 28 21 83 2 35 141 17 33 24 74 9 16 1 8 34 4 24 6 34 9 25 1 13 48 16 36 1 10 63

Cincias da Vida Cincias da Sade Cincias Fsicas Cincias Sociais Total

200506
6 13 1 1 21 87 245 7 104 443

Fonte: Scopus, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental

Observa-se a presena de um maior nmero de registros de produo

cientfica presente na rea de abrangncia cincias da sade (4.3.3, 4.3.3.1), que constitui a rea de interesse desta dissertao, seguido de cincias sociais (4.3.5, 4.3.5.1), cincias da vida (4.3.2, 4.3.2.1)e por ltimo, cincias fsicas (4.3.4, 4.3.4.1). Um mesmo registro de produo cientfica pode estar indexado em mais de uma classificao por rea de abrangncia, sobretudo quando se trata de revistas cientificas de interesse de mais de uma rea de conhecimento.

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4.3.2 - Cincias da Vida Encontramos 87 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT classificados

como Cincias da Vida (anexo 15), e que apresentaram a seguinte distribuio no perodo estudado (figura 15):

Figura 15: Distribuio de 87 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Scopus, segundo rea de Abrangncia de Assunto Cincias da Vida, entre 1960 e maio de 2006. 30 Publicaes registradas na base 25 20 15 10 5 0

1965-69

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: Scopus, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental

A rea de Cincias da Vida engloba 3400 ttulos de revistas cientficas das

seguintes sub-reas: Cincias Biolgicas ou Agrcolas; Bioqumica, Gentica e Biologia Molecular; Imunologia e Microbiologia; Neurocincia; Farmacologia, Toxicologia e Farmcia, bem como Cincias Multidisciplinares. Cincias da Vida foi a rea de conhecimento que apresentou o terceiro maior nmeros de registros de produo cientfica sobre o assunto.

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4.3.2.1 - Sub-reas das Cincias da Vida


Os 87 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT classificados como Cincias

da Vida, foram agrupados segundo sub-reas de assunto, sendo apresentados na figura 16:

Figura 16: Distribuio de 87 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na base de dados Scopus, segundo sub-reas de abrangncia de Assunto das Cincias da Vida, entre 1960 e maio 2006.

Farmacologia, Toxicologia e Famcia 7 8% Neurocincia 43 46%

Multidisciplinar 3 3%

Cincias Biolgicas ou Agrcolas 5 5%

Imunologia e Microbiologia 0 0%

Bioqumica, Gentica e Biologia Molecular 35 38%

Fonte: Scopus, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental

Dos 87 registros de produo cientfica classificados como cincias da vida, a

maior parte dos estudos foi enquadrada em neurocincia (46%), seguida de bioqumica, gentica e biologia molecular (38%), demonstrando o interesse dos pesquisadores por alteraes e efeitos mensurveis da prtica da MT dentro desses campos de conhecimento.

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4.3.3 - Cincias da Sade Encontramos 245 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT classificados

como Cincias da Sade. Estes resultados (anexo 16) distribudos da seguinte forma no perodo estudado (figura 17):

Figura 17: Distribuio de 245 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Scopus, segundo rea de Abrangncia de Assunto Cincias da Sade, entre 1960 e maio de 2006. 90 Publicaes registradas na base 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-06

Anos Fonte: Scopus, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental

A rea de Cincias da Sade engloba 5300 ttulos de revistas cientficas das

seguintes sub-reas: Medicina; Enfermagem; Odontologia, Profisses da Sade; Veterinria e Cincias Multidisciplinares. Foi a rea de conhecimento que apresentou o maior nmero de registros de produo cientfica, o que se apresenta coerente com a idia de que a MT apresenta-se como uma prtica alternativa ou complementar de interesse para o campo da Sade.

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4.3.3.1 - Sub-reas das Cincias da Sade


Os 245 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT classificados como

Cincias da Sade, foram agrupados em sub-reas de assunto. Estes resultados distriburam-se da seguinte forma (figura 18): Figura 18: Distribuio de 245 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na base de dados Scopus, segundo sub-reas de abrangncia de Assunto das Cincias da Sade, entre 1960 e maio de 2006..
Odontologia 5 2% Profisses da Sade 3 1% Multidisciplinar 3 1%

Enfermagem 6 2%

Veterinria 0 0%

Medicina 234 94%

Fonte: Scopus, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental A maior parte dos 245 registros de produo cientfica classificados na sub-

rea de assunto cincias da sade concentrou- se no campo de Medicina (94%). Este resultado est coerente com outros observados ao pesquisarem-se bases de dados do campo da Medicina e Sade, como EMBASE e MEDLINE que juntas apresentaram grande nmero de resultados (4.4), indicando o interesse de pesquisadores em efeitos mensurveis desta prtica neste campo de conhecimento.

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4.3.4 - Cincias Fsicas Encontramos 7 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT classificados como

Cincias Fsicas. Estes resultados (anexo 17) distriburam-se da seguinte forma (figura 19): Figura 19: Distribuio de 7 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Scopus, segundo rea de Abrangncia de Assunto Cincias Fsicas, entre 1960 e maio de 2006. 3 Publicaes registradas na base

1965-69

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: Scopus, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental

A rea de abrangncia de assunto Cincias Fsicas engloba 5500 ttulos de

revistas cientficas das seguintes sub-reas de assunto: Engenharia Qumica; Qumica; Cincia da Computao; Cincias Planetrias e da Terra; Economia, Econometria e Finanas; Energia; Engenharia; Cincias do Meio-Ambiente; Cincias de Materiais; Matemtica; Fsica e Astronomia e Cincias Multidisciplinares. Observa-se um nmero pequeno de resultados nesta rea de conhecimento, coerente com a natureza da prtica da MT (mente e corpo) e seu campo de estudo.

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4.3.4.1 Sub-reas das Cincias Fsicas


Os 7 registros de produo cientfica sobre classificados como Cincias da

Sade, foram agrupados em sub-reas de assunto. Estes resultados distriburam-se da seguinte forma (figura 20):

Figura 20: Distribuio de 7 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na base de dados Scopus, segundo sub-reas de Abrangncia de Assunto das Cincias Fsicas, entre 1960 e maio de 2006.
Qumica 0 0% Engenharia Qumica 0 0% Energia Cincia da 0 Computao 0% 3 34%

Multidisciplinares 3 33%

Fsica e Astronomia 0 0%

Economia, Econometria e Finanas 0 0%

Matemtica 1 11% Cincias do Meioambiente 0 Cincias de Materais 0% 0 0% Cincias Planetrias e da Terra 0 0%

Engenharia 2 22%

Fonte: Scopus, a 10/05/2006. MT Meditao Transcendental

O pequeno nmero de resultados encontrados, 7, deve-se em parte presena

de registros de produo cientfica encontrados em revistas consideradas multidisciplinares pela indexao desta base de dados, como a Science, sendo que alguns dos restantes estavam indexados em mais de uma classificao.

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4.3.5 - Cincias Sociais Encontramos 104 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT classificados

como Cincias Sociais. Estes resultados (anexo 18) distriburam-se da seguinte forma no perodo estudado (figura 21):

Figura 21: Distribuio de 104 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Scopus, segundo a rea de Abrangncia de Assunto Cincias Sociais, entre 1960 e maio de 2006. 40 Publicaes registradas na base 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-06

Anos Fonte: Scopus, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental

A rea de abrangncia Cincias Sociais engloba 2850 ttulos de revistas

cientficas das seguintes sub-reas de assunto: Artes e Humanidades; Negcios, Administrao e Contadoria; Cincias de Deciso; Psicologia; Cincias Sociais e Cincias Multidisciplinares. Esta rea de conhecimento foi a que apresentou o segundo maior nmero de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT, pois engloba campos de conhecimento onde este tema tem sido pesquisado.

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4.3.5.1 - Sub-reas das Cincias Sociais


Os 104 registros de produo cientfica sobre classificados como Cincias

Sociais, foram agrupados em sub-reas de assunto. Estes resultados distriburam-se da seguinte forma (figura 22):

Figura 22: Distribuio de 104 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na base de dados Scopus, segundo sub-reas de Abrangncia de Assunto das Cincias Sociais, entre 1960 e maio de 2006.

Negcios, Cincias Administrao e Cincias Sociais Multidisciplinares Contadoria 3 7 2 3% 6% 2%

Artes e Humanidades 0 0% Cincias de Deciso 1 1%

Psicologia 95 88%

Fonte: Scopus, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental A sub-rea que apresentou maior nmero de registros de produo cientfica

dentro das cincias sociais foi Psicologia, resultado este coerente com o observado quando pesquisamos a base de dados Psycinfo (4.2.3.3), base de dados de psicologia e que apresentou o maior nmero isolado de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT junto Medicina e Sade (4.4). Este resultado pode ser compreendido pelo interesse de pesquisadores de como uma prtica de natureza mental interage e afeta nossa psique, e como estes efeitos podem ser mensurados.

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4.3.6 Tipos de documentos Os registros de publicao cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Scopus

distriburam-se da seguinte forma em relao ao tipo de documento (figura 23):

Figura 23: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados Scopus, segundo tipos de documentos entre 1960 e maio de 2006.

Carta 18 6% Reviso 35 11%

Nota Short survey 3 33 1% 10%

Editorial 2 1% Errata 1 0%

Artigo 231 71%

Fonte: Scopus, maio 2006. MT Meditao Transcendental

Os artigos so publicaes de pesquisa original e foi o tipo de documento que

apresentou o maior nmero de resultados (231) sobre MT, seguido de reviso de pesquisa original (35), que usualmente possui uma bibliografia extensa, que possvel pela existncia de um nmero significativo de artigos sobre MT, como esta dissertao. As (33) notas so discusses ou comentrios, o que demonstra o interesse da comunidade cientfica em discutir e comentar a respeito deste tema.

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4.4 INTERFACE EMBASE.COM Encontramos 409 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT (anexo 19) nesta

interface. Nenhum resultado anterior a 1970 foi encontrado. Pesquisando apenas na base de dados da EMBASE encontramos 296 resultados. Quando fizemos mesma busca no MEDLINE encontramos 242 resultados, que quando sobrepostos um ao outro resultou em total de 409 resultados, sendo que registros automaticamente identificados como duplicados foram descartados pelo prprio mecanismo de busca da interface (figura 24): Figura 24: Distribuio de 409 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da interface EMBASE.com (EMBASE e MEDLINE), entre 1960 e maio de 2006. 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Publicaes registradas na base

1965-69

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: EMBASE.com, maio 2006. EMBASE Excerpta Medica Database MT Meditao Transcendental

EMBASE.com uma interface eletrnica do grupo Elsevier (4.3) que oferece

acesso s bases de dados EMBASE e MEDLINE. Abrange as reas de cincias biomdicas bsicas, biotecnologia, engenharia biomdica e instrumentao,

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70

administrao e poltica da sade, farmacologia, sade pblica, ocupacional e ambiental, psiquiatria e psicologia, cincia forense, medicina veterinria, odontologia, entre outras. Contm mais de 18 milhes de registros bibliogrficos com resumos da EMBASE (desde 1974) e MEDLINE (desde 1966) 74. A EMBASE uma base de dados biomdica e farmacolgica que d ao usurio acesso s informaes mais recente sobre assuntos relacionados medicina e a medicamentos. a verso eletrnica das 52 sees da Excerpta Mdica. A coleo de revistas da EMBASE internacional e compreende mais de 5.000 revistas biomdicas de 70 pases. Contm mais de 11 milhes de registros de produo cientfica de 1974 at o presente (maio 2006), sendo que mais de 500.000 novos registros so adicionados anualmente. tambm um produto do grupo Elsevier 79. O MEDLINE uma base de dados da literatura internacional da rea mdica e biomdica, sendo produzida pela National Library of Medicine (NLM), USA. Ela contm referncias bibliogrficas e resumos de mais de 4000 ttulos de revistas biomdicas publicadas nos Estados Unidos e em outros 70 pases. ontm aproximadamente 11 milhes de registros de produo cientfica da literatura de 1966 at o momento (maio 2006), e que cobrem as reas de medicina, biomedicina, enfermagem, odontologia, veterinria e cincias afins, sendo a atualizao das bases de dados feita mensalmente 64. Observa-se um grande nmero de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT (409) no campo da Sade e Medicina. Foi o campo de conhecimento que junto Psicologia (4.2.3.3) apresentou o maior nmero de resultados, o que caracteriza a MT como uma prtica alternativa ou complementar de interesse para este campo de conhecimento da Sade e Medicina. Observa-se que ainda que a EMBASE tenha uma indexao que permite o acesso a registros de produo cientfica de outros pases, principalmente europia
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e o MEDLINE, principalmente norte-americana,

h uma grande sobreposio de registros, o que demonstra uma tendncia de globalizao destas bases de dados ao indexar nas mesmas, registros de produo cientfica de ambos continentes.

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4.4.1 Lnguas de publicao Os 409 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT distriburam-se da seguinte

forma em relao lngua de publicao (figura 25):

Figura 25: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nas bases de dados EMBASE e MEDLINE segundo lnguas de publicaes, entre 1966 e maio 2006.
Russo Portugus 3 1% 1 0% Alemo Suco 32 4 8% 1% Dinamarqus Espanhol 2 4 0% 1% Francs 12 3% Holands 1 0% Hebrico 1 0%

Noruegus 8 2%

Ingls 341 84%

Fonte: EMBASE.com, maio 2006. EMBASE Excerpta Medica Database MT Meditao Transcendental

Este limite aplicou-se somente aos resultados onde o texto completo do artigo

estava na lngua selecionada, uma vez que todos os resumos da EMBASE esto em ingls. 37 Observamos que h uma distribuio acentuada de publicaes escritas em ingls. Podemos afirmar que a lngua inglesa foi a preferida para a publicao cientfica sobre MT, e que h uma distribuio internacional em relao s lnguas utilizadas para a publicao de pesquisas sobre este tema.

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O artigo em portugus foi publicado na Revista Brasileira de Medicina em 1970, e uma transcrio do trabalho exploratrio do doutor Robert Keith Wallace a respeito das mudanas fisiolgicas durante a prtica da MT, descrito na introduo desta dissertao (1.4).
96

Observamos que a lngua na qual foi escrito o artigo no

diz respeito ao local onde o estudo foi feito, nem tampouco origem do pesquisador, ou sequer origem da revista na qual foi publicado. 4.4.2 Tipos de documentos Apresentamos abaixo como os registros de produo cientfica sobre MT

esto distribudos quanto aos tipos de publicaes. Nem todos os 409 resultados obtidos esto indexados. Encontramos os seguintes resultados (figura 26):

Figura 26: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nas bases de dados EMBASE e MEDLINE segundo tipos de documentos.
Short survey 7 Nota 2% 9 2% Trabalho de Conferncia 4 1% Editorial 4 1% Errata 1 0%

Reviso 58 16%

Carta 20 6%

Artigo 258 72%

Fonte: EMBASE.com, maio 2006. EMBASE Excerpta Medica Database MT Meditao Transcendental

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Nem todos os resultados esto indexados devido ao perodo de cobertura das


38

bases de dados EMBASE e MEDLINE. fornecido pelas bases de dados:

Abaixo descrevemos como se definem

estes tipos de documentos, e qual o perodo de cobertura para este tipo de anlise

Artigo uma publicao de pesquisa original ou opinio. Esta classificao foi introduzida na EMBASE em 1990, e est disponvel no MEDLINE em todos os anos. 38 Carta uma publicao de uma ou vrias cartas, sendo que mltiplas cartas publicadas na revista original sob o mesmo ttulo so computadas como um nico registro. Esta classificao foi introduzida na EMBASE em 1988, e introduzida no MEDLINE em 1966. 38 Trabalho de conferncia uma publicao de dados apresentada em uma conferncia ou simpsio (incluindo os resumos da conferncia). Esta classificao foi introduzida na EMBASE em 1990, e est disponvel no MEDLINE em todos os anos. 38 Editorial uma publicao de artigos sumrios em uma revista ou provendo notcias editoriais. Esta classificao foi introduzida na EMBASE em 1978, e est disponvel no MEDLINE em todos os anos. 38 Errata uma publicao de erros, correes ou retrataes de um trabalho publicado anteriormente. Esta classificao foi introduzida na EMBASE em 1990, e est disponvel no MEDLINE a partir de 1977. 38 Nota uma publicao de notas, discusses ou comentrios. Esta classificao foi introduzida na EMBASE em 1990, e est disponvel no MEDLINE a partir de 1977. 38

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Reviso - uma publicao de reviso de pesquisa original, usualmente com uma bibliografia extensa. Esta classificao est disponvel na EMBASE e no MEDLINE em todos os anos. 38 Short survey uma publicao de uma mini ou pequena reviso de uma pesquisa original, usualmente com uma bibliografia extensa menor. Esta classificao foi introduzida na EMBASE em 1978, e introduzida no MEDLINE em 2001. 38 Identificamos entre os diversos tipos de documentos um maior nmero de

artigos (258), o que denota o interesse dos pesquisadores pelo entendimento dos mecanismos e efeitos da prtica da MT, uma vez que se tratam de pesquisa original. Observamos que este um tema que mobiliza um interesse crescente da rea cientfica, uma vez que h um nmero considervel de revises (58) de pesquisa original. O nmero grande de revises est relacionado existncia do nmero elevado de trabalhos originais (artigos) j existentes. Os editoriais revelam o pensamento do corpo editorial das revistas, que est por trs da seleo dos artigos nelas publicados, bem como das cartas selecionadas por este corpo editorial para debater-se determinado assunto. 4.4.3 Pases de origem das revistas cientficas Apresentamos abaixo como os registros de produo cientfica sobre MT

esto distribudos quanto aos pases de origem das revistas cientficas. Nem todos os 409 resultados obtidos esto indexados. Encontramos os seguintes resultados (figura 27):

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Figura 27: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nas bases de dados EMBASE e MEDLINE segundo pases de origem das revistas cientficas.
ndia 10 Holanda 3% 11 3% Frana 9 2% Federao Russa 3 1% Itlia 1 0% Nova Zelndia Reino Unido Japo 6 61 4 2% Noruega 17% 1% 8 2% Sucia 4 1% Sua 3 1% Alemanha Austrlia 6 31 2% 8% ustria 3 1% Canad 3 1% Brasil 1 0%

Estados Unidos 197 54%

Espanha 1 0% Dinamarca 4 1%

Fonte: EMBASE.com, maio de 2006. EMBASE Excerpta Medica Database MT Meditao Transcendental

Alguns dos 409 resultados no possuam este tipo de informao pela

indexao das bases de dados. Observamos uma distribuio quanto origem da publicao em relao ao continente no qual foi publicada, fortemente orientada a publicaes realizadas na Amrica do Norte (200), em particular Estados Unidos; seguida por publicaes da Europa (137), especialmente Reino Unido e Alemanha; da sia (14), ndia e Japo; da Oceania (12), Nova Zelndia e Austrlia; e por fim da Amrica do Sul (1), Brasil. Observamos uma clara associao entre uma maior distribuio das publicaes sobre MT e a origem das revistas cientficas de pases considerados mais desenvolvidos economicamente. Brasil e ndia so os nicos pases que se encontram fora deste grupo. Todo continente africano no apresenta qualquer trabalho indexado em qualquer revista deste banco de dados.

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4.4.4 Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) [medicina baseada em evidncia] Apresentamos abaixo como os registros de produo cientfica sobre MT

esto distribudos quanto classificao EBM (figura 28):

Figura 28: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT nas bases de dados EMBASE e MEDLINE, segundo o critrio EBM, Evidence Based Medicine.

Enasaio Clnico Randomizado 21 39%

Reviso Sistemtica 2 4%

Reviso Cochrane 1 Ensaio Clnico 2% Controlado 23 42%

Meta-Anlise 7 13%

Fonte: EMBASE.com, maio 2006. EMBASE Excerpta Medica Database MT Meditao Transcendental

Este limite nos permitiu a busca a registros de produo cientfica de revises

Cochrane, ensaios clnicos controlados, meta-anlises, ensaios clnicos controlados e randomizados e revises sistemticas que foram realizadas a respeito da MT. Os perodos de cobertura e de qualificao dos critrios de classificao seguem as seguintes definies 39:

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Revises Cochrane - so revises sistemticas sobre intervenes mdicas escritas por profissionais de sade, e exploram a evidncia em favor ou contra a efetividade e adeqabilidade de tratamentos, como medicamentos, cirurgia, educao, etc. em circunstncias especficas. 39 Esta classificao foi introduzida na EMBASE em 1994, e introduzida no MEDLINE em 1995. 39 Ensaio clnico controlado publicao de um estudo prospectivo em humanos que possui o critrio de um estudo controlado, bem como de um ensaio clnico. 39 O estudo controlado um estudo original com um grupo controle, e o ensaio clnico um estudo prospectivo desempenhado em humanos com o intuito de avaliar comparativamente a eficcia de uma ou mais intervenes mdicas. 39 Esta classificao foi introduzida na EMBASE em 1994, e introduzida no MEDLINE em 1995. 39 Meta-anlise publicao de um estudo avaliando interveno mdica, incluindo, mas no limitado a ensaio de drogas, por uma anlise crtica de dados de ensaios clnicos previamente registrados. 39 Esta classificao foi introduzida na EMBASE em 1994, e introduzida no MEDLINE em 1989. 39 Ensaio Clnico Randomizado publicao de um ensaio clnico, usando um grupo controle para comparao com uma interveno experimental com uma alocao aleatria de indivduos aos grupos experimentais e de controle. 39

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Esta classificao foi introduzida na EMBASE em 1994, e introduzida no MEDLINE em 1966. 39 Reviso sistemtica - publicao de um estudo que sistematicamente resume todas as evidncias pertinentes a uma questo de sade especfica. Inclui a meta-anlise tambm. 39 Esta classificao foi introduzida na EMBASE em 2004, e no est disponvel no MEDLINE. 39 interessante notar que mesmo ensaios clnicos controlados e randomizados considerados como um dos principais avanos cientficos entre os mtodos de pesquisa cientfica do sculo XX foram realizados em relao MT 65. Os ensaios clnicos e randomizados so trabalhos que tm um tempo de durao razovel, muitas vezes meses, e envolvem um grande nmero de pesquisadores, instituies, tempo e financiamento para serem realizados. O grande nmero de registros cientficos a respeito da MT tem permitido o aprofundamento na pesquisa a respeito da mesma, que se evidencia pela existncia de estudos como meta-anlises, anlises sistemticas e revises Cochrane sobre este tema.

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4.4.5 reas de Foco Os 296 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT da base de dados EMBASE

foram classificados por reas de foco 40 da seguinte forma (tabela 6):

Tabela 6: Distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT entre 1970 e maio de 2006, segundo sub-reas de Foco da EMBASE, maio/2006. reas de Foco Perodo

Anatomia e Desenvolvimento Bioqumica Cncer Dermatologia e Venereologia Fisiologia e Endocrinologia Gentica Gerontologia e Geriatria Medicina Interna Imunologia e Hematologia Neurologia e Psiquiatria Otorrinolaringologia Patologia e Cincia Forense Farmacologia e Farmcia Sade Pblica Radiologia e Medicina Nuclear Reabilitao Cirurgia Toxicologia e Dependncia

197074 197579 198084 198589 199094 199599 200004 200506


11 1 1 13 3 25 64 2 3 1 1 2 101 2 1 26 1 1 40 1 1 3 1 1 2 80 14 1 1 9 1 4 1 31 1 2 28 1 3 3 38 1 1 8 1 9 1 5 7 17 50 3 3 1 6 3 1 50 1 1 9 19 7 1 105 1 6 1 4 1 10 1 21 10 29 1 2 87 Total Fonte: EMBASE.com, maio 2006. EMBASE Excerpta Medica Database

Total

1 10 11 2 85 1 3 13 4 232 4 4 27 68 3 9 1 27 505

MT Meditao Transcendental

80

Este tipo de classificao da EMBASE permite-nos observar como os

registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na rea da Sade e Medicina estavam distribudos em relao a campos de conhecimento especficas das mesmas. importante salientar que mesmo no campo da Medicina, uma mesma publicao pode interessar a distintos campos de conhecimento. Desta forma se explica porque a soma total por rea de foco dos artigos indexados seja de 505, enquanto o nmero total de trabalhos de 296. Nota-se pela classificao deste banco de dados, que o maior nmero de artigos refere-se rea de foco Neurologia e Psiquiatria (4.4.5.9), o que se justifica pelo fato da prtica da MT ser de natureza mental, e indica o interesse de pesquisadores desta rea de conhecimento pelo entendimento dos mecanismos dos efeitos da mesma em alteraes no sistema nervoso. Outro fator associado ao nmero elevado de resultados classificados nesta rea de foco o fato que a MT possui um descritor final para index-la nesta base de dados, situado dentro da rea de Neurologia e Psiquiatria (1.1). A compreenso dos mecanismos inerentes prtica e sua atuao na fisiologia humana fortalecida pelo fato de que a segunda rea com maior nmero de artigos publicados e indexados, Fisiologia e Endocrinologia (4.4.5.5), busca a compreenso de como esta prtica de natureza mental interage na fisiologia humana, alterando seu metabolismo. A terceira rea com maior nmero de artigos, Sade Pblica (4.4.5.12), rea de apresentao desta dissertao de Mestrado, tem entre suas publicaes trabalhos diversos que demonstram a aplicao deste conhecimento como um mecanismo palpvel e utilizvel de interesse do campo da sade coletiva e da sade pblica.

81

A classificao por reas de foco limitou os resultados a reas especficas da biomedicina e farmacologia para os registros desta base de dados, de 1974 at a data da pesquisa. Seguem abaixo a definio e caracterizao dos resultados encontrados por estas reas distintas de conhecimento 40: 4.4.5.1 Anatomia e Desenvolvimento Foi encontrado 1 resultado (tabela 8). Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados biologia de desenvolvimento e desenvolvimento fetal e neonatal; histologia; teratologia; e

embriologia;

antropologia. 40 4.4.5.2 Bioqumica Foram encontrados 10 resultados (tabela 8). Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados tanto qumica clnica quanto

bioqumica em geral, e inclui mtodos analticos e testes de funo qumica; enzimologia; biologia celular; nutrio; e bioqumica metablica. 40 4.4.5.3 Cncer Foram encontrados 11 resultados (tabela 8). Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados a aspectos clnicos e experimentais de

doenas neoplsicas, e inclui pesquisas em imunologia de cncer; agentes quimioterpicos de cncer; oncognese; e carcinognese qumica e viral. 40 4.4.5.4 Dermatologia e Venereologia

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Foram encontrados 2 resultados (tabela 8). Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados a todos os aspectos de doenas venreas

e de pele, e inclui doenas infecciosas de pele; alergia e toxicologia da pele; fisiologia, imunologia e bioqumica da pele; sendo que queimaduras e infeces a ela relacionadas so cobertas em cirurgia. 40 4.4.5.5 Fisiologia e Endocrinologia Foram encontrados 85 resultados (anexo 20) (figura 29):

Figura 29: Distribuio de 85 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na rea de Foco Fisiologia e Endocrinologia da base de dados EMBASE entre 1974 e maio de 2006. 30 Publicaes registradas na base 25 20 15 10 5 0

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: EMBASE.com, maio de 2006. EMBASE Excerpta Medica Database MT Meditao Transcendental

Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados a todos os aspectos da fisiologia

2005-06

83

mamfera, incluindo esporte e fisiologia espacial em animais; e endocrinologia clnica e experimental. 40 4.4.5.6 Gentica Foi encontrado 1 resultado (tabela 8). Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados a aspectos clnicos, experimentais e

moleculares gentica humana e inclui defeitos congnitos e ms-formaes; terapia gentica; dados de seqncia molecular para genes e protenas; e gentica de animais inferiores (quando potencialmente relevante para a medicina humana), sendo que a gentica de plantas e de micrbios est excluda. 40 4.4.5.7 Gerontologia e Geriatria Foram encontrados 3 resultados (tabela 8). Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados a todos os aspectos clnicos do

envelhecimento e trabalhos experimentais no processo de envelhecimento, sendo que problemas emocionais e mentais em idosos, bem como aspectos organizacionais dos cuidados com a sade para idosos tambm so cobertos. 40 4.4.5.8 Medicina Interna Foram encontrados 13 resultados (tabela 8). Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados a diagnstico, tratamento, epidemiologia

e preveno de doenas que afetam os sistemas de rgos internos em adultos, como doenas cardiovasculares; doenas do peito; cirurgia torcica; gastroenterologia; nefrologia; e urologia, incluindo artigos em tuberculose e diabetes. 40

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4.4.5.9 Neurologia e Psiquiatria Foram encontrados 232 resultados (anexo 21) (figura 30):

Figura 29: Distribuio de 232 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na rea de Foco Neurologia e Psiquiatria na base de dados EMBASE, entre 1974 e maio de 2006. 70 Publicaes registradas na base 60 50 40 30 20 10
1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-06

Anos Fonte: EMBASE.com, maio de 2006. EMBASE Excerpta Medica Database MT Meditao Transcendental

Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados neurologia clnica e neurocirurgia;

desordens neuromusculares; aspectos experimentais e clnicos da epilepsia e convulses; psicologia mdica e psiquiatria; deficincia mental; e aspectos psicolgicos do vcio, alcoolismo, comportamento sexual e suicdio. 40 4.4.5.10 Imunologia e Hematologia

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Foram encontrados 4 resultados (tabela 8). Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados imunologia experimental e clnica;

biologia celular sangunea; desordens de tecidos linfticos e sanguneos; e inclui imunologia do cncer; imunoterapia; e imunofarmacologia. 40 4.4.5.11 Farmacologia e Farmcia Foram encontrados 27 resultados (anexo22) (figura 31):

Figura 31: Distribuio de 27 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na rea de Foco Farmacologia e Farmcia na base de dados EMBASE de 1974 a maio 2006. 10 Publicaes registradas na base 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-06

Anos Fonte: EMBASE.com, maio de 2006. EMBASE Excerpta Medica Database MT Meditao Transcendental

86

Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados farmacologia clnica e experimental;

efeitos colaterais e complicaes relacionadas droga; formulao e manipulao de drogas e qumicos; agentes anestsicos, e anestesiologia. 40 4.4.5.12 Sade Pblica Foram encontrados 68 resultados (anexo 23) (figura 32):

Figura 32: Distribuio de 68 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na rea de Foco Sade Pblica na base de dados EMBASE de 1974 a maio de 2006. 30 Publicaes registradas na base 25 20 15 10 5 0

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: EMBASE.com, maio de 2006. EMBASE Excerpta Medica Database MT Meditao Transcendental

Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados sade pblica; epidemiologia e

medicina social; sade ocupacional e medicina industrial; sade do meio-ambiente; poluio do ar, solo e gua; e aspectos econmicos, sociais e polticos dos cuidados sade. 40

2005-06

87

4.4.5.13 Otorrinolaringologia Foram encontrados 4 resultados (tabela 8). Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados a todos os aspectos da cirurgia de

doenas de ouvido, nariz e garganta; bem como desordens fonticas e de fala; desordens crnio-faciais; desordens auditivas; estomatologia; e audiologia, sendo que odontologia, ortodontia e periodontologia no esto inclusos. 40 4.4.5.14 Patologia e Cincia Forense Foram encontrados 4 resultados. Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados patologia geral e orgnica;

patofisiologia; anatomia patolgica; e patologia forense. Iinclui toxicologia forense; investigao de cena de crime; problemas psicosociais com implicaes legais; alm de tica mdica e lei; sendo que estudos animais no relevantes patologia humana esto excludos. 40 4.4.5.15 Radiologia e Medicina Nuclear Foram encontrados 3 resultados (tabela 8). Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados ao radiodiagnstico, radioterapia e

radiobiologia; diagnstico ultrasnico e termografia; aplicao teraputica de rdioistopos em biomedicina; e radiohigiene. 40 4.4.5.16 Reabilitao Foram encontrados 9 resultados (tabela 8).

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Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados reabilitao de desordens somticas e

mentais usando fisioterapia e outras tcnicas teraputicas; sendo que a fisiologia esportiva est includa quando relacionada reabilitao. 40 4.4.5.17 Toxicologia e Dependncia de Drogas Foram encontrados 27 resultados (anexo 24) (figura 33):

Figura 33: Distribuio de 27 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na rea de Foco Toxicologia e Dependncia de Drogas na base de dados EMBASE, de 1974 a maio de 2006. 20 Publicaes registradas na base

15

10

1970-74

1975-79

1980-84

1985-89

1990-94

1995-99

2000-04

Anos Fonte: EMBASE.com, maio de 2006. EMBASE Excerpta Medica Database MT Meditao Transcendental

Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados aos mecanismos txicos e efeitos de

substncias medicinais e no-medicinais, e inclui cobertura de abuso de drogas,

2005-06

89

lcool, e solventes orgnicos; farmacologia experimental de dependncia; e toxicologia preditiva. Esta rea coberta pela EMBASE a partir de 1983. 40 4.4.5.18 Cirurgia Foi encontrado 1 resultado (tabela 8). Esta rea cobre tpicos relacionados cirurgia geral, abdominal, torcica e

vascular perifrica; cirurgia plstica e cosmtica; ortopedia, incluindo biomecnica e doenas dos ossos; cuidados pr e ps-operatrios; e aspectos cirrgicos de medicina de tratamento intensivo. 40

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4.5. SADE COLETIVA E SADE PBLICA Encontramos 68 registros de produo cientfica (anexo 21) indexados na

rea de foco Sade Pblica e Coletiva pela base de dados EMBASE (figura 31). A MT apresenta-se como uma prtica alternativa e complementar aos atuais

modelos de Medicina e Sade. Ela resgata idias dos fundamentos da prpria Medicina Ocidental (1.6) simbolizadas pela deusa grega Hygieia, ao atuar de uma forma holstica, no fragmentada em diferentes aspectos de nossa Sade. Os efeitos observados durante a prtica se refletem atravs da regularidade da mesma em benefcios em distintas reas da vida como melhor qualidade de sono 67, diminuio da ansiedade
30

, problemas cardiovasculares

71

entre outros efeitos de

interesse para o campo da Sade Pblica e Coletiva. O repouso profundo e a eliminao de estresse experimentada durante a prtica criam a possibilidade de experimentarmos um estado interior que avive os mecanismos auto-reguladores de nossa fisiologia e assim de nossa prpria Sade. Estado este que resgata em ns parte da responsabilidade de nosso prprio corpo e permite que no nos tornemos to dependentes das caractersticas comerciais do atual modelo de sade baseado na medicina medicamentosa que muitas vezes esquece de ter uma viso mais holstica e global do indivduo e de sua sade. Os benefcios observados com a prtica regular da MT encontrados tm sido aplicados para o desenvolvimento de programas distintos como: sade do idoso 1, sade escolar
56

, sade do trabalhador

48

, preveno ao abuso de drogas

21

entre

outros, e refletem em mecanismos de interveno e de promoo de Sade Pblica para a criao de uma sociedade mais saudvel.

91

4.5.1 Tipos de estudos Apresentamos abaixo como os registros de produo cientfica sobre MT

esto distribudos quanto ao tipo de estudo realizado (figura 34). Um mesmo resultado pode estar classificado em mais de um tipo de estudo:

Figura 34: Distribuio de 68 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na base de dados EMBASE, segundo tipos de estudos na rea de Foco Sade Pblica, de 1974 a maio 2006.

Carta Short Survey 3 4% 2 3% Ensaio Clnico Randomizado 4 5% Trabalho de Conferncia 1 1% Editorial 1 1%

Reviso 19 23%

Errata 0 Ensaio Clnico 0% Meta-Anlise 10 6 13% 8%

Artigo 34 42%

Fonte: EMBASE.com, maio 2006. EMBASE Excerpta Medica Database MT Meditao Transcendental

A possibilidade de um estudo estar classificado em mais de uma categoria,

deve-se ao fato de que algumas destas categorias englobam outras, como por exemplo, os ensaios clnicos randomizados esto inclusos em ensaios clnicos controlados, e a meta-anlise inclusa em tipo de estudo de reviso.

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Observamos que a maior parte dos registros cientficos de artigos, que como definidos anteriormente so pesquisas caracterizadas pela sua originalidade. As revises apresentam-se com o segundo maior nmero de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT, e isto apresenta o interesse de pesquisadores em buscar uma sntese do conhecimento cientfico divulgado para a tomada de decises no campo da sade pblica e coletiva, buscando validar a possibilidade de uso e aplicabilidade deste conhecimento. O uso e aplicabilidade podem se transformar em polticas e programas de sade, bem como em estratgias de linhas de pesquisa e em planejamento e administrao na rea de sade. Apresentam-se 10 ensaios clnicos e 3 ensaios clnicos randomizados que como mencionado anteriormente envolvem normalmente um grande nmero de pesquisadores e so considerados de grande valia para a cientificidade da apurao da evidncia da eficcia de uma terapia ou droga, como mencionado por MEDRONHO 65 (2002) .

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4.5.2 Origem das publicaes Os 68 registros de produo cientfica classificados como Sade Pblica e

Coletiva distriburam-se da seguinte forma em relao origem dos pases de publicao das revistas cientficas (figura 35):

Figura 35: Distribuio de 68 registros de produo cientfica sobre MT na base de dados EMBASE, segundo pases de publicao das revistas cientficas na rea de Foco Sade Pblica.

ndia 2 3% Noruega 1 1%

Alemanha 5 7%

Reino Unido 16 24%

Sua 1 1% Canad 1 1%

Estados Unidos 42 63%

Fonte: EMBASE.com, maio 2006. EMBASE Excerpta Medica Database MT Meditao Transcendental

Observa-se que os Estados Unidos apresentam o maior nmero de registros

de produo cientfica, como observado em toda nossa pesquisa. As revistas de publicao norte-americanas foram as mais utilizadas por pesquisadores interessados nesta rea de conhecimento para a publicao de seus trabalhos.

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4.6 DISCUSSO GERAL evidente atravs de nossa pesquisa que a multidisciplinaridade est presente na produo cientfica sobre MT, cobrindo uma amplitude muito grande de campos da cincia como fisiologia (4.4.5.5), bioqumica (4.2.3.1, 4.4.5.2,), neurocincia (4.4.5.9), psicologia (4.2.3.3), medicina (4.5), sociologia (4.2.2.6 e 4.2.3.2), educao (4.2.2.2), esportes (4.2.2.4 e 4.2.3.4), administrao (4.2.1.1), reabilitao (4.2.2.3, 4.4.5.16 e 4.4.5.17), cincias sociais (4.2.2.1 e 4.2.2.5) e sade pblica (4.4.5.12). Quando observamos a distribuio de registros de produo cientfica sobre MT por grandes reas de abrangncia de assunto percebemos que a rea com maior nmero de publicaes cientficas a de Cincias da Sade (4.3.3), que o campo de conhecimento onde desenvolvemos este trabalho, seguido das Cincias Sociais (4.3.5), Cincias da Vida (4.3.2) e um pequeno nmero de registros no campo das Cincias Fsicas (4.3.4). Estes resultados so coerentes com a idia de que a prtica da MT de interesse como terapia complementar e alternativa para o campo da Sade primariamente. Toda esta grande quantidade de resultados encontrados (anexos) merece ser criticamente examinada e discutida em estudos de reviso mais aprofundados, como muitos j existentes (4.3.6, 4.4.2 e 4.4.4). Este no foi nosso propsito nesta dissertao. Esperamos com nosso trabalho tornar mais conhecido os efeitos da prtica da MT e sua utilizao em distintos campos de conhecimento, em especial no campo da Sade Pblica. Com isto esperamos dar suporte a novos estudos sobre MT para assim aprofundarmos a pesquisa de seus efeitos e aplicabilidade de seu uso para profissionais de distintas reas. A multidisciplinaridade observada a respeito das pesquisas cientficas sobre MT pode ser dividida em dois grandes grupos de estudos: Os trabalhos cientficos sobre MT que versam sobre os efeitos observados durante o perodo de 20 minutos da prtica, e que conseqentemente esto

95

agrupados em estudos neurolgicos, fisiolgicos e endocrinolgicos distribudos por publicaes no campo das cincias biolgicas e cincias mdicas. Os trabalhos cientficos sobre MT que versam sobre os efeitos cumulativos da prtica regular da mesma, e que esto distribudos por estudos publicados tambm no campo no campo da neurologia, fisiologia, endocrinologia e medicina, alm dos campos da psicologia, educao, reabilitao, sociologia, esportes e sade pblica. Os resultados da primeira categoria, como mencionado anteriormente (1.5), apresentam o estado fisiolgico induzido pela prtica da MT caracterizado por uma reduo significativa da taxa metablica bioquimicamente alerta97.
98 97

e da ansiedade

30

, mensurado

e eletroencefalograficamente 8, e que indica um estado nico de

repouso, acompanhado subjetivamente pela manuteno do estado desperto em Esta combinao no usual de repouso e alerta acompanhado por mudanas no padro de EEG que pode ser sumarizado como maior coerncia das ondas eletroencefalogrficas intra- e inter-hemisfricas 9. Os resultados da segunda categoria descrevem uma amplitude bem vasta de efeitos benficos da prtica regular e contnua da MT, em termos de resistncia a doenas 58, regularizao de presso arterial alta 10, melhor sade cardaca 71, melhor desempenho atltico 80 e acadmico 56, fortalecimento da personalidade 2, diminuio da ansiedade 60, melhor produtividade no trabalho 48, efeitos benficos no campo da reabilitao 11, todos de interesse para o campo da Sade Pblica. A cincia moderna tem apresentado o estresse como um importante fator de causa e agravo das doenas fsicas e mentais. O aspecto mais bsico para qualquer tratamento mdico o repouso, considerado um antdoto perfeito ao estresse, pois permite aos nossos corpos mobilizarem seus prprios recursos em busca da cura de qualquer desordem surgida. O repouso profundo observado durante a prtica da MT permite a dissoluo do estresse mais profundamente enraizado em nossa fisiologia e

96

conseqentemente que os processos naturais de Cura e Sade se estabeleam mais facilmente em nossas vidas, como simbolizados pelas caractersticas da antiga deusa Hygieia (1.6) e pelos escritos hipocrticos 33. O objetivo da Sade deve ser mais do que preveno e cura das doenas. Requer que o indivduo esteja integrado e funcionando harmoniosamente em todos os aspectos da mente, corpo, relacionamento e integrao com o meio-ambiente, como observado nos fundamentos da Sade
33

(1.6) e negligenciado muitas vezes

pelo modelo de sade fragmentada da atualidade. Desta forma se justifica a busca de uma soluo mais holstica para a sade do indivduo, como afirmado pela OMS 69, podendo a MT ser um complemento e alternativa para buscar-se esta integrao e harmonia almejada, como observado atravs dos resultados encontrados em nossa pesquisa. Por outro lado, nenhuma das cincias existentes possui uma teoria de suficiente amplitude e profundidade para organizar, e sozinha explicar convincentemente todos os resultados encontrados. Para isto necessrio um novo ponto de vista, e o encontramos no campo da transdisciplinaridade 3. Ela conduz a uma fenomenologia da sade que aproxima os modos do saber aos do ser, um meio que permite considerar as peculiaridades comportamentais de cada indivduo que atuam diretamente sobre sua prpria sade. Permite que se construa uma nova epistemologia que aponte para a importncia das fronteiras disciplinares para assim se compreender melhor o objeto de estudo, ousando romper as fronteiras das unidisciplinas para abrir-se complexidade da prpria existncia, permitindo assim que conhecimentos distintos da fsica, biologia, sociologia, medicina, filosofia e at mesmo da busca espiritual se encontrem 72. interessante notar que atravs da transdisciplinaridade podemos mais facilmente compreender a meditao transcendental, que j em seu nome de origem, busca ir alm [parah] do estado objetivo da conscincia de viglia habitual para acessar um outro estado de conscincia, como proposto por WALLACE et al 97 (1970), um campo de conscincia pura, no qual o observador, o processo de

97

observao e o objeto de observao so apenas um. O observador (conscincia) experimentando-se a si mesmo como conscincia atravs da prpria conscincia. Este o estado de conscincia pura, h muito descrito em escritos vednticos milenares
90

, e que nos dias atuais a cincia neurofisiolgica vem apresentar como

um estado de conscincia diferenciado dos habituais 53. O corpo da totalidade das pesquisas cientficas a respeito da MT nos indica que a prtica no apenas tem um efeito real em nossas vidas, mas nos leva a resgatar a possibilidade de um crescimento holstico em nossas existncias atravs de um procedimento simples que estimula um nvel muito bsico e fundamental em nossa mente e corpo, um nvel que MAHARISHI 62 descreve como a conscincia que est alm do estrato mais sutil do campo relativo e da dualidade, e que transcendental, sendo a essncia do que somos, o nosso Ser. Como mencionado anteriormente (1.3), a Filosofia Vedanta
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, da qual se

originou a MT, afirma que h uma qualidade de unidade por trs da diversidade do Universo. A relao entre este ponto de vista e a percepo da Realidade trazida a ns por cientistas como SCHRNDIGER
83

, descobridor da Mecnica Quntica, s

pode ser melhor compreendida pela transdisciplinaridade que busca o conhecimento em si no limitado s fronteiras unidisciplinares. A transdisciplinaridade presente nesta relao entre a Cincia, a Filosofia e a Fsica Quntica permite que se vislumbre a possibilidade de um futuro do conhecimento cientfico centrado primariamente na conscincia, que o campo da existncia que primariamente engloba e permeia todo o conhecimento. atravs de nossa conscincia que conhecemos. A conscincia transcende e permeia todo o processo de conhecer e a partir dela que nos expressamos em nossas vidas. o campo da conscincia a origem do conhecimento da MT, que busca atravs desta prtica um retorno a ela prpria, resgatando a pergunta fundamental: Quem somos ns? para assim reorganizar os diferentes aspectos de nossas vidas e existncias, e conseqentemente resultar em uma vida mais saudvel e integrada em nosso meioambiente.

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5 - CONSIDERAES GERAIS

5.1 DAS LIMITAES METODOLGICAS A primeira limitao de nossa pesquisa tem origem na fonte de dados. Toda nossa pesquisa foi realizada via Internet, atravs de mecanismos de busca. Temos j aqui, um pressuposto inicial de que os dados recebidos por meio da Internet saem de um lugar e chegam perfeitamente noutro, e que os mecanismos de busca eletrnica funcionam, e funcionam bem, para que no haja um vis de resultados obtidos. Em segundo lugar, lembramos que nem todo trabalho cientifico publicado. Vale mencionar que sempre o corpo editorial das revistas que escolhe ou no a publicao de um artigo, sendo o mesmo formado por indivduos que possuem suas prprias crenas e interesses. Em terceiro lugar, nem toda revista de publicao cientfica est indexada nos bancos de dados. Novamente o corpo editorial das bases de dados que julga pertinente ou no a indexao de determinada revista no mesmo, sendo que este corpo editorial tambm constitudo por indivduos com suas prprias crenas e interesses. Em quarto lugar lembramos que nem toda base de dados de pesquisa cientfica coberto pelo Portal SibiNet USP, e tampouco foi utilizada em nossa pesquisa. Em quinto lugar o fator humano. A metodologia para indexao dos registros de produo cientfica nas bases de dados feita por indexadores treinados das mesmas, e ainda que utilizadas de forma intensa pela comunidade cientfica, devido grande versatilidade e acessibilidade de dados para os pesquisadores, a acurcia dos dados disponveis nas bases de dados cientficas eletrnicas no to grande.

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SAHU

82

(2003) nos comenta que at pouco tempo atrs, todos os dados

disponveis no MEDLINE eram acrescentados manualmente, o que aumentava a possibilidade de erros, e resultava em artigos cujas referncias escritas fossem diferentes das disponveis no MEDLINE. Em se tratando de fontes de dados secundrios e s vezes tercirios, a acurcia dos dados em fontes eletrnicas tambm tem sido tema de estudo de outros pesquisadores como ARONSKY et al 6(2005), que demonstraram a falta de acurcia em referncias de 5 revistas cientficas eletrnicas (Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, Journal of Biomedical Informatics, International Journal of Medical Informatics, Methods of Information in Medicine, and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), comparadas com o MEDLINE, notando que 31 (84%) dos 37 artigos analisados, possuam pelo menos um erro identificado. A maior parte dos erros ocorreu em referncia ao autor (31,2%), ttulo (17,7%), pgina (7,4%), ano (3,5%) e volume (1,3%). Encontramos o mesmo tipo de situao em nossa pesquisa. Assim entre os artigos indexados como transcendental meditation, alguns deles no tratavam do tema. Este tipo de erro foi usualmente associado com o descritor. importante salientar que a EMBASE, base de dados utilizada em nossa pesquisa, possui um descritor final e especfico para a MT (1.1), o que em teoria, dificultaria este tipo de erro. Assim, dentre os artigos indexados com descritores TM, encontramos alguns poucos que versavam sobre temas diferentes, como os efeitos de uma pera sobre uma audincia, outros que versavam sobre a funo transcendental da sexualidade e da dana, por exemplo. Como em nossa pesquisa muitas vezes no tnhamos acesso ao contedo do texto integral do artigo, nem tampouco lngua no qual foi publicado (sueco, hebraico, noruegus, etc.), e nosso objetivo principal foi darmos um panorama amplo de registros de produo cientfica que tivessem relevncia ou importncia ao tema MT, optamos por utilizar a indexao das bases de dados para todos os artigos cujo

100

ttulo ou resumo ou descritor tinham indexada a frase exata transcendental meditation nos mesmos, ainda que eventualmente houvesse erros nesta indexao. Quando contatado por ns a respeito da metodologia para a indexao dos artigos, tivemos a seguinte resposta da EMBASE:
Aps ler o artigo, a tarefa do indexador assegurar que cada conceito relevante no artigo identificado e coberto por um descritor (termos principais e menores, que so escolhidos da EMTREE). Alm disso, o indexador tambm designa para cada artigo um ttulo de seo ou classificao, como Cncer ou Cirurgia. Cada artigo designado ao no mnimo um ttulo de seo. Normalmente, um artigo designado para no mais que cinco ou seis ttulos.

Encontramos tambm em nossa pesquisa, registros de produo cientfica cujo ttulo e/ou resumo no possuam o termo TM digitados corretamente nos resultados da pesquisa eletrnica de bases de dados, como por exemplo, no MEDLINE e EMBASE. Fazendo pesquisa nestas bases de dados a 27 de maio de 2006, em um universo de resultados de 226 registros de produo cientfica encontrados com a frase TM presente no titulo do documento (ti), encontramos alm destes mais 10 registros (4,42% do total) que possuam a frase transcendental mediation indexada no campo ttulo, e que conseqentemente no poderiam ser encontrados atravs de busca realizada por este campo. Esta falta de acurcia relevante, ainda mais em se tratando de um campo importante, como o ttulo do documento, e de pesquisas relevantes publicadas em revistas cientficas importantes, como por exemplo, o Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA). Metodologicamente, no os inclumos. (anexo 25).

Comunicao de Oscar Canepa, ScienceDirect Web-Support, em maio/2006, recebida por correio eletrnico. Email: usinfo@sciencedirect.com Tel: +1 888 437 4636 (Toll-free number - Opt.1) Web: www.sciencedirect.com

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Vale lembrar, que esta falta de acurcia mencionada diz respeito a apenas um tipo possvel de erro na digitao (mediation ao invs de meditation), e lembramos que pode ser possvel a existncia de outros erros similares. relevante mencionar este exemplo de erro, uma vez que isto resulta em um vis de resultados em pesquisas realizadas em bases de dados eletrnicas, que pode estar presente em outras bases de dados tambm alm das mencionadas. A 27 de julho de 2006, antes de entregar a redao final de nossa dissertao tivemos o cuidado de checar se os erros de digitao permaneciam. A base de dados havendo sido informada dos erros ocorridos os corrigiu parcialmente. Ao refazer a mesma pesquisa na data acima encontramos ainda 8 resultados (anexo 26) que possuam ainda o mesmo erro de digitao no campo ttulo do documento. Refazendo nesta data nossa pesquisa no MEDLINE pela frase transcendental mediation nos campos ttulo/resumo [Title/Abstract] encontramos ainda 12 resultados (anexo 27) com erros de digitao em um total de 245 resultados (anexo 28) encontrados com a frase transcendental meditation digitada corretamente, o que ainda equivale a 4,9% do total de resultados com erros de digitao. Acreditamos ser importante salientar este fato que pode ser um campo para futuras investigaes por outros pesquisadores, como por exemplo, checar a publicao dos artigos cientficos sobre MT com a indexao e classificao das bases de dados. 5.2 DA NATUREZA COMERCIAL NA DIVULGAO DO CONHECIMENTO CIENTFICO Toda nossa pesquisa foi desenvolvida atravs de interfaces de pesquisa eletrnica. A interface de pesquisa eletrnica o mecanismo pelo qual o pesquisador dialoga com as bases de dados e atravs da qual a prpria pesquisa feita. Estas interfaces so servios disponibilizados, s vezes, pelo prprio banco de dados, como

102

o MEDLINE, por exemplo, ou s vezes por grandes corporaes que trabalham com informao e com vrios bancos de dados diferentes. Cada interface possui suas facilidades e/ou limitaes para apurao, caracterizao e definio do objeto de pesquisa buscado. Em nossa pesquisa, estivemos utilizando de vrias interfaces, e em se tratando de um trabalho exploratrio, estivemos apresentando e caracterizando de forma sucinta as dificuldades e facilidades encontradas por estas distintas interfaces ao interagirmos com elas para o trabalho referente MT. Um fato relevante diz respeito quantidade e diversidade de produtos oferecidos pelas grandes companhias e corporaes, proprietrias muitas vezes das interfaces, das bases de dados e das revistas de publicao cientfica. Este fato tambm um resultado de nossa pesquisa, e relevante para um aprofundamento maior, dado a relao tica entre informao cientfica e comrcio que merece ser questionada. Notamos que h uma tendncia para a diversificao dos produtos pelas grandes companhias. A mesma companhia, ou diferentes companhias oferecem diferentes interfaces, que possuem ligadas a elas diferentes bases de dados ou revistas, ou possibilidades de anlises, ou acesso aos resumos, ou citaes, por exemplo. No se encontrou um nico produto com todas as possibilidades. Abrimos mo de interfaces de pesquisa semelhantes, como por exemplo, a interface Web of Knowledge, produto semelhante e concorrente da interface Scopus, de outro grande grupo corporativo. Ambas contemplam a possibilidade de acesso a revistas de distintas reas de conhecimento, permitindo nas mesmas a caracterizao aprofundada dos resultados encontrados. Devido a nossa escolha pela interface Scopus, apenas mencionamos a possibilidade de pesquisa atravs desta outra interface, conhecida pela caracterizao

103

das revistas cientficas atravs do chamado fator de impacto, atualmente muito divulgado no meio acadmico e que optamos por no utilizar em nossa pesquisa. Esta avaliao atravs do fator de impacto produzida pela Web of Knowledge, um produto da The Thomson Corporation, uma empresa multinacional que atua com informao nos campos da justia, impostos, contadoria, educao superior, servios financeiros, pesquisa cientfica e de sade e possui mais de 20 milhes de usurios, movimentando em torno de U$ 8,70 bilhes de dlares no ano de 2005 91. Esta caracterizao atravs do fator de impacto produzida por esta empresa, utilizada para o sistema de avaliao de pesquisadores pela Coordenao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de Nvel Superior (CAPES), atravs do qual se qualifica a produo cientfica de pesquisadores atravs da publicao de artigos nas chamadas revistas Qualis A, de grande fator de impacto. Estas revistas so muitas vezes de propriedade destas grandes corporaes, e devido natureza comercial e vasta destas grandes multinacionais que atuam em distintas reas de informao e pesquisa, h a possibilidade de existncia de interesses associados quanto publicao ou no de artigos nas mesmas, e este fato apresenta-se como um campo de estudo para pesquisar-se a relevncia deste sistema de avaliao utilizado pelo CAPES, baseado em um ndice (fator de impacto) fornecido por um grande grupo corporativo. Um dos pontos que se conta para a avaliao das revistas cientficas o fato de possurem o sistema de reviso por pares, que aceita ou no a publicao de determinado artigo nelas. Os pares so escolhidos pelo corpo editorial das revistas, e o corpo editorial por sua vez contratado pelo grupo proprietrio da revista, no caso de revistas cientficas de grupos privados. O grupo proprietrio da revista vai contratar seu corpo de funcionrios em acordo com seus prprios interesses. Desta forma a percepo da Realidade, que chega populao atravs do conhecimento

104

cientfico publicado por estas revistas passa pelo filtro do capital privado que possui interesse no lucro. Atualmente para um artigo ser publicado busca-se verificar que no haja conflito de interesses ticos por parte do pesquisador, mas esquece-se por outro lado de verificar, se h conflito de interesses ticos da prpria revista ou do prprio banco de dados para que este artigo possa ou no ser publicado e indexado no mesmo 88. de interesse para o conhecimento cientfico atual a criao de mtodos alternativos de avaliao de revistas e que levem em considerao este ponto mencionado. Revistas cientficas de associaes de classes, como as da APA, revistas acadmicas como as da USP, e outras que no sejam de propriedade de grupos corporativos, nem tenham publicidade em suas pginas, poderiam ter um sistema alternativo de classificao isenta de interesses econmicos, e no apenas o fator de impacto fornecido por um grande grupo corporativo. Revistas cujos editores fossem eleitos democraticamente por seus pares e no contratados por estes grandes grupos teriam um fator de confiabilidade pelo fato da democracia estar instituda na divulgao do conhecimento cientfico. O mesmo vale dizer para os bancos de dados um banco de dados multidisciplinar nas mos de instituies como a OMS seria de grande valia para a informao e para uma mais fcil acessibilidade ao conhecimento cientfico atravs do mundo. O valor e fundamento que esto na base do conhecimento cientfico e da informao o conhecimento, a busca da Realidade, a verdade. Por outro lado o valor e fundamento que esto na base do comrcio e do lucro de grandes grupos corporativos e mesmo de Estados a ganncia e a cobia. H um conflito tico e evidente de valores. Nada muito diferente do que se tm observado ao longo da histria humana. Este conflito de interesses observado quando pases como os EUA
45

assumem uma posio contra a quebra de patentes para a administrao de drogas anti-retrovirais gratuitas para pacientes infectados por HIV em populaes de continentes inteiros como o africano
93

, tendo como justificativa o suposto prejuzo

105

das grandes corporaes laboratoriais

45

. A ganncia e a cobia de grandes

corporaes so mais importantes do que a Sade e a vida de populaes inteiras. O mesmo Estado norte-americano o provedor do maior banco de dados de pesquisa no campo da Medicina e Sade, o MEDLINE, alm de outras bases de dados como ERIC e NCJRS, e foi onde encontramos erros relevantes na indexao de artigos sobre MT (anexo 25, 26, 27). Da mesma forma vlido questionarmos qual a metodologia de indexao das revistas cientficas nas bases de dados para que tenhamos uma real divulgao do conhecimento cientfico produzido em distintas regies do mundo. Quantas revistas cientficas africanas h indexadas nas bases de dados da atualidade e quais so elas? O drama vivido pelas populaes destas regies do mundo com a disseminao da AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) [Sndrome da Imunodeficincia Adquirida] e da pesquisa medicamentosa de grandes corporaes farmacuticas
13

merece ser bem divulgada para que a comunidade cientfica e o mundo possam saber e questionar a atuao de seus governantes ao se tratar deste tipo de assunto que diz respeito Sade do mundo. As grandes corporaes, proprietrias das grandes bases de dados e de revistas cientficas importantes atuam tambm no campo de pesquisa e sade, como mencionado ao longo de nosso trabalho. Novamente, observa-se a um conflito tico de interesses e conseqentemente um outro campo de investigao. Como a percepo da Realidade, trazida a ns pelo conhecimento cientfico publicado nestas revistas pode estar sendo maculado pela ganncia e cobia de um sistema que no tm levado em conta estes fatores? Ser que prticas como a MT que no sirvam tanto aos interesses deste sistema conseguem ter a devida divulgao para serem incorporadas Sade Coletiva e Pblica? So questionamentos importantes que devem ser levantados e pesquisados, pois como mencionado anteriormente (1.3) ser que nos dias atuais no estaremos trocando uma crena (a religio) por outra (a cincia)?

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6 CONCLUSO

Observa-se que a produo cientfica a respeito da MT a caracteriza como uma prtica de interesse para distintos campos de conhecimento, em especial, o campo da Sade e Psicologia, sendo que sua aplicabilidade foi identificada por profissionais de distintas reas, em especial da Sade. Como mencionado anteriormente, a caracterstica da produo cientfica da MT resgata a idia dos fundamentos da Sade, simbolizada pela deusa Hygieia. Em um mundo atual caracterizado pela existncia de grandes corporaes que dominam os meios de comunicao e informao, mesmo o cientfico, a pesquisa cientfica realizada sobre a Meditao Transcendental torna-se um contraponto para a percepo de mundo e realidade alicerada por estes meios. de muito interesse para o mundo atual a pesquisa e a divulgao destes meios alternativos para vivermos em nosso dia a dia um estado de Sade, caracterizado por um estado de equilbrio fsico, mental, emocional e tambm espiritual, no qual ns seres humanos estejamos em harmonia com o meio-ambiente do qual evolumos, como j mencionado nos escritos hipocrticos, fundamentos da Medicina e da Sade atual. Lembramos que a presena humana sobre a face da Terra, antiga Me Gaya, recente. Muito mais recente a partir do momento em que pensamos em termos csmicos do prprio Universo do qual viemos e nos desenvolvemos. Talvez seja hora de buscarmos este sentido de Unidade, do qual antigos campos de conhecimento, como a Filosofia Vedanta, da qual veio a MT, e conhecimentos atuais como a Fsica Quntica, mencionam. Um estado no qual o ser humano esteja em comunho com o mundo e com a vida, um estado de equilbrio e Sade.

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ANEXOS

1. REGISTROS DE PRODUO CIENTFICA SOBRE MT ENCONTRADOS


NO GOOGLE ACADMICO: disponvel em http://scholar.google.com.br/ (busca: transcendental meditation).

2. REGISTROS DE PRODUO CIENTFICA SOBRE MT ENCONTRADOS NA BASE DE DADOS ABI/INFORM:

1.

Alexzander, Charles N., Chandler, Howard M., Langer, Ellen J., Newman, Ronnie I. and Davies, John L. Transcendental Meditation, Mindfulness, and Longevity: An Experimental Study with the Elderly 1989

2. 3. 4.

Boyd, David P., Webb, Ronald J. The Coronary Costs of Choosing a Small Business Career 1982 Bruce, R. U. S. S. E. T. T. Editor's Comment 1988 Davies,David W Orme-Johnsoncharles N Alexanderjohn L., Chandler, Howard M. and Larimore, Wallace E. International Peace Project in the Middle East THE EFFECTS OF THE MAHARISHI TECHNOLOGY OF THE UNIFIED FIELD 1988

5.

Eva Maria Herriott. Elements of entrepreneurial success: The links among inner competencies, inner development and success. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2000.

6. 7.

Frew, David R. Transcendental meditation and productivity 1974 Hagelin, John S., Rainforth, Maxwell V., Orme-Johnson, David W. and Cavanaugh, Kenneth L. Effects of group practice of the Transcendental Meditation program on preventing violent crime in Washington, D.C.: Results of the National Demonstration Project, June-July 1993 1999

8.

Harung, Harald S. Enhanced learning and performance through a synergy of objective and subjective modes of change 1997

117

9. 10.

Harung, Harald S. Reflections: Improved time management through human development: achieving most with least expenditure of time 1998 Harung, Harald S., Heaton, Dennis P. and Alexander, Charles N. A unified theory of leadership: Experiences of higher states of consciousness in world-class leaders 1995

11. 12. 13. 14.

Heaton, Dennis P., Schmidt-Wilk, Janes and Travis, Frederick. Constructs, methods, and measures for researching spirituality in organizations 2004 Kimes, J. D. Handling Stress in the Accounting Profession 1977 McCollum, Bruce. Leadership development and self-development: an empirical study 1999 Orme-Johnson, David W., Alexander, Charles N. and Davies, John L. The Effects of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field REPLY TO A METHODOLOGICAL CRITIQUE 1990

15.

Schmidt-Wilk, Jane, Heaton, Dennis P. and Steingard, David. Higher education for higher consciousness: Maharishi University of management as a model for spirituality in management education 2000

16. 17.

Schmidt-Wilk, Jane. TQM and the transcendental meditation program in a Swedish top management team 2003 Yuille, John C., Sereda, Lynn. Positive Effects of Meditation: A Limited Generalization? 1980

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3. REGISTROS DE PRODUO CIENTFICA SOBRE MT ENCONTRADOS NA BASE DE DADOS DISSERTATIONS AND THESES:

1. Alan Harry Berkowitz. The Effect of Transcendental Meditation on Trait Anxiety and Self-Esteem. United States -- Colorado: University of Colorado at Boulder; 1977. 2. Allen James Ottens. The Effect of Transcendental Meditation upon Modifying the Cigarette Smoking Habit. United States -- Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 1974. 3. Anna Jean Bonshek. Art: A mirror of consciousness. Applying universal principles in art and theory on the basis of the description of pure consciousness, the universal source of individual consciousness, history, culture, language and art, according to Maharishi's Vedic Science, with an analysis of the Vastusutra Upanisad. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1996. 4. Anne Christy Chapin Kleinschnitz. Reading the Vedic literature: The approach in Maharishi's Vedic Science for accelerating the development of consciousness. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1996. 5. Antonio Enrique Puente. Psychophysiological Investigations on Transcendental Meditation. United States -- Georgia: University of Georgia; 1978. 6. Arthur Joseph Cara. Transcendental Meditation: an Analysis of the Rhetoric of a Social Movement as Innovation. United States -- Ohio: The Ohio State University; 1980. 7. Benna Zimmerman Sherman. Attentional Style in Undergraduates as a Function of Experience with Transcendental Meditation. United States -- Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania; 1979. 8. Bruce Chester McCollum. Self-development and the spontaneous expression of leadership behaviors. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2000. 9. Carol Ann Dixon. Consciousness and cognitive development: A six-month longitudinal study of four-year-old practicing the children's TM technique. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1989.

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10. Carolyn Jean Wood. Meditation and Relaxation and their Effect upon the Pattern of Physiological Response during the Performance of a Fine Motor and Gross Motor Task. United States -- Oregon: Oregon State University; 1983. 11. Charles F. Martin. Transcendental meditation and the locus of control scale. Canada: Dalhousie University (Canada); 1979. 12. Charles Nathaniel Alexander. Ego Development, Personality and Behavioral Change in Inmates Practicing the Transcendental Meditation Technique Or Participating in Other Programs: a Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study. United States -- Massachusetts: Harvard University; 1982. 13. Christine Patmore Allen. Effects of Transcendental Meditation, Electromyographic (Emg) Biofeedback Relaxation, and Conventional Relaxation on Vasoconstriction, Muscle Tension, and Stuttering: a Quantitative Comparison. United States -- Michigan: University of Michigan; 1979. 14. Christopher Coles Dennen. Relationships between Eeg Alpha Wave Coherence and Formal Operational Thinking, Science Grade Point Average, and Selection of Science as a College Major (Transcendental Meditation). United States -Florida: The Florida State University; 1985. 15. Christopher Robin K. MacLean. Mechanisms relating stress reduction and health: Changes in neuroendocrine responses to laboratory stress after four months of transcendental meditation. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1995. 16. Clara Lou Remmert Willis. Transcendental Meditation and its Influence on the Self-Concept. United States -- Texas: Texas A&M University; 1974. 17. Craig Alan Pearson. The supreme awakening: Maharishi's model of higher states of consciousness applied to the experiences of individuals through history. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2002. 18. David Alan Hill. Beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity, autonomic balance and serotonergic activity in practitioners of Transcendental Meditation. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1989. 19. David Lee De Armond. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation(RTM) program on psychological, physiological, behavioral and organizational consequences of

120

stress in managers and executives. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1996. 20. David Lynn Edwards. A meta-analysis of the effects of meditation and hypnosis on measures of anxiety. United States -- Texas: Texas A&M University; 1990. 21. David Matthew Pohlman. Unfolding spiritual potential through the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs and reading Vedic literature. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2004. 22. David Neil Cox. A comparison of physiological correlates accompanying transcendental meditation and relaxation period. Canada: The University of British Columbia (Canada); 1974. 23. David Robert Leffler. A Vedic approach to military defense: Reducing collective stress through the field effects of consciousness. United States -- Ohio: The Union Institute; 1997. 24. Deborah Curtis Umrani. Fresh footprints in newly fallen snow: Dialogic relationships in the works of Phillis Wheatley, Alice Walker and Frances Ellen Watkins Harper. United States -- Illinois: University of Illinois at Chicago; 2004. 25. Debra Kay Levitsky. Effects of the ``Transcendental Meditation'' (rtm) program on neuroendocrine indicators of chronic stress. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1998. 26. Donald Keith Robinson. Health promotion in the elderly: Changes in endocrine function after three months of modern or traditional treatment. United States -Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1999. 27. Donna Sue Rose. The Transcendental Meditation Movement: the Creation, Development and Institutionalization of a World View. United States -- Illinois: Southern Illinois University at Carbondale; 1976. 28. Dori Lou Reeks. Improved quality of life in Iowa through the Maharishi Effect. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1990. 29. Edward E. Morler. A Preliminary Study of the Effects of Transcendental Meditation on Selected Dimensions of Organization Dynamics. United States -Maryland: University of Maryland College Park; 1973.

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30. Eion Albert Gaum. Moksha and the transcendental meditation of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi--a science of religion research. South Africa: University of South Africa (South Africa); 1988. 31. Eric Harold English. Relaxation Training and Blood Pressure Responses to Experimental Stress. United States -- Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Madison; 1981. 32. Erika Helene Vivier. Effects of a multimodal approach of Maharishi consciousness-based health care on carotid atherosclerosis: A study of coronary artery disease patients. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2004. 33. Eva Maria Herriott. Elements of entrepreneurial success: The links among inner competencies, inner development and success. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2000. 34. Evelyn Marie Toft. San Juan De La Cruz: a New Perspective on Contemplation. United States -- Ohio: University of Cincinnati; 1983. 35. Frank Charles Gehr. Spiritual experiences of HIV-positive gay males: A phenomenological investigation. United States -- California: California Institute of Integral Studies; 2002. 36. Frederick Thomas Travis. Testing the field paradigm of Maharishi's Vedic psychology: EEG coherence and power as indices of states of consciousness and field effects. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1988. 37. Gail Solin Epstein Mengel. The Effects of Transcendental Meditation on the Reading Achievement of Learning Disabled Youngsters. United States -Connecticut: The University of Connecticut; 1978. 38. Gary Russell MacIntosh. Transcendental meditation and selected life attitudes. Canada: University of Calgary (Canada); 1972. 39. Graham Anthony de Freitas. A case study of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's program for reading Vedic literature: Revealing the effect of Vedic sounds on growth towards higher states of consciousness, enhanced intuition, and increasingly refined poetic expression. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2002.

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40. Guy David Hatchard. Maharishi vedic economy: Wholeness on the move. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2000. 41. Henry Gideon Herzberger. Voice quality and Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program: Vocal acoustics in health and higher states of awareness. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1992. 42. Henry Hans Bjorn Ahlstrom. Transcendental Meditation, adaptation mechanisms and valuations. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1991. 43. Howard Emanuel Schecter. A Psychological Investigation into the Source of the Effect of the Transcendental Meditation Technique. Canada: York University (Canada); 1977. 44. Howard Emanuel Shecter. A psychological investigation into the source of the effect of the transcendental meditation technique. Canada: York University (Canada); 1977. 45. Howard Emanuel Shecter. Construction of a questionnaire designed to study psychological variables related to the practice of Transcendental Meditation. Canada: York University (Canada); 1971. 46. Howard Martin Chandler. Transcendental meditation and awakening wisdom: A 10-year longitudinal study of self-development. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1990. 47. Hulya Gunes Yucel. The effects of the practice of the transcendental meditation technique and exercise on cognitive and psychophysiological measures in the elderly. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2001. 48. Ira Mitchell Klemons. Chronic Head and Facial Pain and Dysfunction: their Interrelationships, Diagnosis and Treatment by Mandibular Orthopedic Repositioning. United States -- Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University; 1981. 49. James Douglas Van Tassel. Popular American prescriptions for effective management: A critical evaluation. United States -- California: Golden Gate University; 1993.

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50. Jan Bengt Tonnes Ramberg. The effects of reading the Vedic literature on personal evolution in the light of Maharishi Vedic Science and technology. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1999. 51. Jane Dorothy Schmidt-Wilk. The Maharishi Corporate Development Program(SM): Growth of experience and understanding in international top management teams. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1996. 52. Jay Patrick Marron. Transcendental Meditation: a Clinical Evaluation. United States -- Colorado: Colorado State University; 1973. 53. Jay Randolph Coplin. Text and context in the communication of a social movement's charisma, ideology, and consciousness: TM for India and the West. United States -- California: University of California, San Diego; 1990. 54. Jaya Save-Mundra. The contextual, theoretical, and procedural basis of mantra meditation and guidelines for its integration in standard psychotherapy practice. United States -- Connecticut: University of Hartford; 2002. 55. Jeanette Ilo Towery Reed. The Impact of Transcendental Meditation on Cognitive Flexibility, Field Dependence, and Directional Priorities in Attention Deployment. United States -- California: University of California, Berkeley; 1975. 56. Joel Silver. The Effects of Transcendental Meditation and Masker Uncertainty on the Detection of a Masked Psychoacoustic Signal: a Selective Attention Theoretical Approach. United States -- Indiana: Purdue University; 1976. 57. John Arthur Meissner. The effects of transcendental meditation upon lateralization of the cerebral hemispheres. Canada: The University of Regina (Canada); 1980. 58. John B. Kesterson. Changes in Respiratory Patterns and Control during the Practice of the Transcendental Meditation Technique (Hypoventilation, Hypometabolic, Consciousness, Apneusis). United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1986. 59. John Eric Moss. Education and the Growth of Consciousness. United States -Texas: The University of Texas at Austin; 1980.

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60. John Ira Elegant. The Relationship between Transcendental Meditation and Dogmatism. United States -- Massachusetts: Boston University School of Education; 1973. 61. John Llewellyn Davies. Alleviating political violence through enhancing coherence in collective consciousness: Impact assessment analyses of the Lebanon war. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1988. 62. John M. Muehlman. Maharishi's Vedic Mathematics at the elementary level: Improving achievement, affect, and mental mathematics through Vedic sutrabased computation. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1994. 63. John P. Childs. The use of Transcendental Meditation as Therapy with Juvenile Offenders. United States -- Tennessee: The University of Tennessee; 1973. 64. John Richard Napier Broome. Stress management and organisation development: Effects of Transcendental Meditation on psychological, physiological, and organisational variables at the worksite. South Africa: University of Cape Town (South Africa); 1995. 65. John Walter Sorflaten. Piaget's concept of formal operational reasoning and whole brain function: Evidence from EEG alpha coherence during Transcendental Meditation. United States -- Iowa: The University of Iowa; 1994. 66. John Williams Lewis. Jungian Depth Psychology and Transcendental Meditation: Complementary Practices for the Realization of the Self. United States -California: University of California, Santa Cruz; 1977. 67. Jonathan Stephen Shapiro. The Relationship of Selected Characteristics of Transcendental Meditation to Measures of Self-Actualization, Negative Personality Characteristics, and Anxiety. United States -- California: University of Southern California; 1975. 68. Joy Patricia Maria-Elena Martin. The meaning system of North American adherents of Hindu-based beliefs and practices: Its reconstruction and its implications. United States -- Maryland: University of Maryland College Park; 1993.

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69. Julia Kim Guttmann. The search for bliss: A model of emotional development based on Maharishi's Vedic Psychology. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1996. 70. K. Richard Weller. Dynamical analysis of human EEG: A comparative study of different states of wakefulness. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1993. 71. Kam-Tim So. Testing and developing holistic intelligence in Chinese culture with Maharishi's Vedic Psychology: Three experimental replications using Transcendental Meditation. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1995. 72. Karen Sue Blasdell. Acute immunoreactivity modified by psychosocial factors: Type A/B behavior, Transcendental Meditation and lymphocyte transformation. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1989. 73. Kathrin Marsh Unger. A study of two systems of traditional medicine in India: Ayurveda and Irula tribal medicine. United States -- Massachusetts: Tufts University; 1989. 74. Keith Stewart Wegman. Applying the principal educational methodology of Maharishi Vedic Science---the Maharishi Transcendental Meditation program and Maharishi's program of reading the Vedic literature---for accelerated development of higher states of consciousness characterized by life in accord with natural law. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2004. 75. Kenneth S. Kline. Effects of a Transcendental Meditation Program on Personality and Arousal. United States -- Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Madison; 1975. 76. Kofi Anum Kondwani. Nonpharmacologic treatment of hypertensive heart disease in African-Americans: A trial of the Transcendental Meditation program and a health education program. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1998. 77. Kuchipudi Clement. Spiritual nurturance: A Christian critique of select models of Eastern and Western modes of spiritual development with a special reference to

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the Indian Ashrams. United States -- Illinois: Trinity Evangelical Divinity School; 1994. 78. Kurt Warren Kleinschnitz. An investigation into field effects of consciousness from the perspectives of Maharishi's Vedic Science and physics. United States -Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1997. 79. Larry Duane Wampler. Transcendental Meditation and Assertive Training in the Treatment of Social Anxiety. United States -- Tennessee: Vanderbilt University; 1978. 80. Lee Campbell Fergusson. Maharishi's Vedic Science and post-secondary art education. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1991. 81. Lela Ames Joscelyn. The Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Technique on a Measure of Self-Actualization. Canada: University of Windsor (Canada); 1978. 82. Linda Jean Scott. Transcendental Meditation: Effect of Pretreatment Personality and Prognostic Expectancy upon Degree of Reported Personality Change. United States -- District of Columbia: The George Washington University; 1977. 83. Liselotte Frisk. Nya religiosa rorelser i Sverige: Relation till samhallet/varlden, anslutning och engagemang. Finland: Abo Akademi (Finland); 1993. 84. Lola L. Williamson. People who meditate: An ethnographic study of Hinduinspired meditation movements in America. United States -- Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin - Madison; 2005. 85. Lorin Anthony Roche. Structures in the Language of Meditative Experience: Taxonomic and Multidimensional Representations. United States -- California: University of California, Irvine; 1987. 86. Lynne Israelson Mason. Electrophysiological correlates of higher states of consciousness during sleep. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1995. 87. M. G. Leonne Valois. The Effects of Transcendental Meditation on the SelfConcept as Measured by the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. United States -Kansas: University of Kansas; 1975. 88. Marci Tanner Freeman. Enlivening Veda in consciousness and physiology by reading the Vedic literature in conjunction with the experience of the Transcendental Meditation(RTM) and TM-Sidhi(RTM) programs of Maharishi

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Mahesh Yogi. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1997. 89. Marcia Bernadette Murphy. Theta bursts and rhythmical theta trains in the transcendental meditation technique and TM-Sidhi program: A qualitative and quantitative analysis of EEG theta activity. United States -- Florida: Florida Institute of Technology; 1984. 90. Mark Aeneas Hawkins. The effects of Maharishi's consciousness-based approach to rehabilitation with inmates on Curacao. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1998. 91. Martha Esther Chen. A Comparative Study of Dimensions of Healthy Functioning between Families Practicing the Tm Program for Five Years Or for Less than a Year. United States -- Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh; 1984. 92. Martha Treichel. The metabolic effects of transcendental meditation. Canada: The University of Manitoba (Canada); 1973. 93. Mary Ann Keithler. The Influence of the Transcendental Meditation Program and Personality Variables on Auditory Thresholds and Cardio-Respiratory Responding. United States -- Missouri: Washington University; 1981. 94. Mary Ann Zakutney. An investigation of the transcendental meditation technique as a positive health action: Why people start and continue the practice. United States -- Utah: The University of Utah; 1989. 95. Maxwell Vernon Rainforth. Crime prevention and rehabilitation through the Transcendental MeditationRTM and TM-SidhiRTM programs: Two evaluation studies of a consciousness-based approach. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2000. 96. Michael Charles Dillbeck. The Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Technique on Visual Perception and Verbal Problem-Solving. United States -Indiana: Purdue University; 1976. 97. Michael Harry Faulkner. The Science of Creative Intelligence - Transcendental Meditation: a Correlated Study with the Art of Violin Playing. United States -Ohio: University of Cincinnati; 1980. 98. Michael John Maccallum. Creativity and Transcendental Meditation. United States -- California: California State University, Fullerton; 1974.

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99. Michael Maliszewski. Need for Stimulation: its Relationship to Interest in and the Practice of the Transcendental Meditation Technique. United States -Illinois: The University of Chicago; 1977. 100. Michael Sandford King. Nature's intelligence or human reason? Natural law in Maharishi's Vedic Science and in legal and ethical thought. United States -Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1997. 101. Monica Marie Kuchera. The Effectiveness of Meditation Techniques to Reduce Blood Pressure Levels: a Meta-Analysis. United States -- Illinois: Loyola University of Chicago; 1987. 102. Natalia Abraham. Ayurveda and religion in Canada: A critical look at New Age Ayurveda from the Indian diaspora perspective. Canada: McGill University (Canada); 2004. 103. Orlow Eugene Ball. The Effects of Transcendental Meditation (Tm) and the Tm Sidhis Program on Verbal and Figural Creativity (Ttct), Auditory Creativity (S&I), and Hemispheric Dominance (Solat). United States -- Georgia: University of Georgia; 1979. 104. Panayotis Demetriou Assimakis. Change in the quality of life in Canada: Intervention studies of the effect of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1989. 105. Patricia Ann Royer-Bounouar. The transcendental meditation technique: A new direction for smoking cessation programs. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1989. 106. Patricia Ferguson Oates. The program of reading Vedic literature in Maharishi Vedic Science: Fundamental principles and application. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2004. 107. 108. 109. Patrick John Barrett. Toward an applied Vedic psychology. United States -Patti J. Cudd. A percussion module. United States -- California: University of Paul Joseph Mills. Cardiovascular and Adrenergic Reactivity and BetaOhio: The Union Institute; 1991. California, San Diego; 1998. Adrenergic Receptor Sensitivity in Practitioners of the Transcendental

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Meditation Program and Type a Behavior. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1987. 110. Peggy Chambers Tyler. The Origin and Development of the Science of Creative Intelligence in Five Public High Schools in New Jersey. United States -New Jersey: Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick; 1982. 111. Peter Gareth Wallace. Development economics based on natural law: A comprehensive solution to the five faces of poverty through the principles of Maharishi's program to eliminate poverty in the world. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2004. 112. Peter Vincent Lourdes. Implications of the Transcendental Meditation Program for Counseling: the Possibility of a Paradigm Shift. United States -Illinois: Loyola University of Chicago; 1978. 113. Phil H. Goddard. Transcendental Meditation as an intervention in the aging of neurocognitive function: Reduced age-related declines of P300 latencies in elderly practitioners. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1992. 114. Phillip Cutler Ferguson. An Integrative Meta-Analysis of Psychological Studies Investigating the Treatment Outcomes of Meditation Techniques. United States -- Colorado: University of Colorado at Boulder; 1980. 115. Rachel Spigel Goodman. The Maharishi Effect and government: Effects of a national demonstration project and a permanent group of Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program practitioners on success, public approval, and coherence in the Clinton, Reagan and Bush presidencies. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1997. 116. Ragnhild Boes. Mothers' adjustment after childbirth: Examining effects of the Mother Baby program of Maharishi Vedic approach to health on maternal postpartum health and recovery. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1999. 117. Raul Calderon Jr. Effects of nonpharmacological approaches on cholesterol levels in mild hypertensive African Americans: A pilot study of the

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Transcendental Meditation program and a health education program. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2000. 118. Rene Suzan Hernandez. The effects of task condition on the relationship of EEG coherence and full-scale IQ in children. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1988. 119. Rhoda Frances Orme-Johnson. Psyche's Descent into the Underworld: the Transcending Pattern in Myth and Literature. United States -- Maryland: University of Maryland College Park; 1982. 120. Richard Arthur Beall. Development and evaluation of Maharishi Science of Creative Intelligence curriculum for secondary education. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1996. 121. Rikki Lynne Gordon. The Effects of Transcendental Meditation upon Ego Permissiveness, Anxiety and Neuroticism. United States -- California: California School of Professional Psychology - Los Angeles; 1978. 122. Robert Brent Berrettini. The Influence of the Philosophy on the Curriculum: a Study of Maharishi International University (Consciousness, Case

Interdisciplinary, Innovative). United States -- Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University; 1986. 123. Robert Emmanuel Herron. The impact of transcendental meditation practice on medical expenditures. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1993. 124. Robert George Ketchum. A Study of Student Learning Styles at Maharishi International University (Iowa, Transcendental Meditation). United States -Washington: Washington State University; 1985. 125. Robert Keith Wallace. The Physiological Effects of Transcendental Meditation. a Proposed Fourthmajor State of Consciousness. United States -California: University of California, Los Angeles; 1970. 126. 127. Robert Kraus-Conrad Forman. Constructivism in Zen Buddhism, Paramartha Robert William Cranson. Intelligence and the growth of intelligence in and Eckhart. United States -- New York: Columbia University; 1989. Maharishi's Vedic Psychology and twentieth century psychology. United States -Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1989.

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Roberta Lynn Rowe. A Case Study of Maharishi International University: an

Innovative Institution of Higher Education. United States -- California: University of California, Santa Barbara; 1980. 129. Roger Eugene Russie. The Influence of Transcendental Meditation on Positive Mental Health and Self-Actualization; and the Role of Expectation, Rigidity, and Self-Control in the Achievement of these Benefits. United States -California: California School of Professional Psychology - Los Angeles; 1975. 130. Ronald Maxwell Barnes. A Study of the Psychological Structures of Transcendental, Yoga, and Ignatian Meditation as Allied Phenomena. United States -- Pennsylvania: Duquesne University; 1980. 131. Sanford Ian Nidich. A Study of the Relationship of Transcendental Meditation to Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning. United States -- Ohio: University of Cincinnati; 1975. 132. Sarah-Annelies Loliger. Relationship between subjective bliss, 5-hydroxy-3indoleacetic acid and the collective practice of Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1990. 133. 134. Semuel Agustinus Patty. "Aliran Kepercayaan": a Socio-Religious Movement Stephen Truch. The effects of transcendental meditation on several in Indonesia. United States -- Washington: Washington State University; 1986. psychological variables associated with teacher effectiveness. Canada: University of Calgary (Canada); 1976. 135. Steven Thomas Griggs. Clairvoyance and the Transcendental Meditation Sidhi Program. United States -- California: United States International University; 1982. 136. Steven Val Marcus. The Influence of the Transcendental Meditation Program on the Marital Dyad. United States -- California: California School of Professional Psychology - Fresno; 1977. 137. Stig Roland Wenneberg. The effects of Transcendental Meditation on ambulatory blood pressure, cardiovascular reactivity, anger/hostility, and platelet aggregation. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1994.

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138. 139.

Susan Levin. The Transcendental Meditation Technique in Secondary Susan Vegors. Transcendental Meditation and individual differences in

Education. United States -- California: University of California, Berkeley; 1976. mental capacity. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1995. 140. Thomas Arthur Egenes. The Place of the Veda in the Thought of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: a Historical and Textual Analysis (Transcendental Meditation). United States -- Virginia: University of Virginia; 1985. 141. Thomas Gerard Curtin. The Relationship between Transcendental Meditation and Adaptive Regression. United States -- Massachusetts: Boston University School of Education; 1973. 142. 143. Thomas Paul Sweet. Transcending: its Accessibility and Theological Thomas William Carlisle. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation program Significance. United States -- California: Graduate Theological Union; 1984. on psychological, health, social, and behavioral indicators of stress reduction and human resource development in the Indian workplace. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2005. 144. Tifrach Queenie Warner. Transcendental Meditation and Developmental Advancement: Mediating Abilities and Conservation Performance. Canada: York University (Canada); 1986. 145. Tina Colleen McQuiston. The Maharishi program for reading Vedic literature: Results utilizing the technology of Vedic sound in the light of Prachetana. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2004. 146. Vernon Anthony Barnes. Reduced cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in older African Americans practicing the Trancendental Meditation(TM) program. United States -- Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 1996. 147. William Henry Barr. College Student Development and Transcendental Meditation: an Analysis and Comparison. United States -- Michigan: Michigan State University; 1974. 148. William Thom Richards. Additions to John L. Holland's theory of career choice and development based on Maharishi Vedic Science. United States -Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2005.

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149. 150.

William Thomas Floyd Iii. The Influence of Transcendental Meditation on Yvonne Jackson. Learning Disorders and the Transcendental Meditation

Anxiety. United States -- Texas: University of North Texas; 1974. Program: Retrospects and Prospects (A Preliminary Study with Economically Deprived Adolescents). United States -- Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Amherst; 1977.

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4. REGISTROS DE PRODUO CIENTFICA SOBRE MT ENCONTRADOS NA BASE DE DADOS ASSIA - APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES INDEX AND ABSTRACTS:

1. Abell N, Wolf D. Implementing intervention research in doctoral education: maximizing opportunities in training for outcome evaluation. Journal of Teaching in Social Work 2003;23(1-2):pp.3-17. 2. Alexander CN, Newman RI, Langer EJ, Chandler HM, Davies JL. Transcendental meditation, mindfulness, and longevity: an experimental study with the elderly. J.Pers.Soc.Psychol. 1989;57(Dec):950-964. 3. Bairey Merz CN, Nidich SI, Nordstrom CK, Salerno JW, Schneider RH, Walton KG. Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease part 2: effectiveness of the Transcendental Meditation program in treatment and prevention. Behavioral Medicine 2002 Fall;28(3):pp.106-123. 4. Barnes VA, Treiber FA, Davis H. Impact of Transcendental Meditation on cardiovascular function at rest and during acute stress in adolescents with high normal blood pressure. J.Psychosom. Res. 2001 Oct;51(4):597-605. 5. Bleick CR, Abrams AI. The transcendental meditation program and criminal recidivism in California. 1987. 6. Campbell D. Heaven on earth. New Statesman and Society 1990 Sep;3(28):1011. 7. Castillo RJ. Trance, functional psychosis, and culture. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 2003 Spring;66(1):9-21. 8. Castillo RJ. Depersonalization and meditation. Psychiatry 1990;53(May):158168. 9. Cranson RW. Transcendental meditation and improved performance on intelligence-related measures a longitudinal study. 1991. 10. Eppley KR, Abrams AI, Shear J. Differential effects of relaxation techniques on trait anxiety: a meta-analysis. J.Clin.Child Psychol. 1989;45(Nov):957-974. 11. Garrett C. Transcendental meditation, Reiki and yoga: suffering, ritual and selftransformation. Journal of Contemporary Religion 2001 Oct;16(3):329-342.

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12. Hagelin JS, Rainforth MV, Orme-Johnson DW, Cavanaugh KL, Alexander CN, Shatkin SF, et al. Effects of group practice of the Transcendental meditation program on preventing violent crime in Washington, D.C.: results of the national demonstration project, June-July 1993. Soc.Indicators Res. 1999 Jun;47(2):153201. 13. Herron RE, Hillis SL, Mandarino JV, Orme-Johnson DW. The impact of the transcendental meditation program on government payments to physicians in Quebec. American Journal of Health Promotion 1996 Jan/Feb;10(3):208-216. 14. Jedrczak A, Miller D, Antoniou M. Transcendental meditation and health: an overview of experimental research and clinical experience. 1987. 15. Luck N. Transcending stress. Nurs.Times 1989 Apr;85(12):40-41. 16. Mills PJ, Walton KG, Hill D, Schneider RH, Wallace RK. Beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in subjects practicing transcendental meditation. 1990. 17. Nidich SI, Salerno JW, Schneider RH, Walon KG. Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease. Part 3: clinical and policy implications of research on the transcendental meditation program. Behavioral Medicine 2005 Winter;30(4):pp.173-183. 18. Plasse BR. A Stress Reduction and Self-Care Group for Homeless and Addicted Women: Meditation, Relaxation and Cognitive Methods. Social Work with Groups 2001;24(3-4):117-133. 19. Schneider RH, Castillo-Richmond A, Alexander CN, Myers H, Kaushik V, Aranguri C, et al. Behavioral treatment of hypertensive heart disease in African Americans: rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial. Behavioral Medicine 2001 Summer;27(2):83-95. 20. So K-, Orme-Johnson DW. Three randomized experiments on the longitudinal effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on cognition. Intelligence 2001;29(5):419-440. 21. Wolf DB, Abell N. Examining the Effects of Meditation Techniques on Psychosocial Functioning. Research on Social Work Practice 2003 Jan;13(1):2742.

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5. REGISTROS DE PRODUO CIENTFICA SOBRE MT ENCONTRADOS NA BASE DE DADOS ERIC - EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER:

1. Abrams AI, Siegel LM. The Transcendental Meditation Program and Rehabilitation at Folsom State Prison. 1978 Mar. 2. Allen D, And Others. TM at Folsom Prison: A Critique of Abrams and Siegel. Crim.Justice Behav. 1979 Mar;6(1):9-22. 3. Anklesaria F, Lary ST. A New Approach to Offender Rehabilitation: Maharishi's Integrated System of Rehabilitation. Journal of Correctional Education 1992 Mar;43(1):6-13. 4. Anne McCormick. The Extent to Which Relaxation Techniques Are Taught at Community Colleges in California. U.S.; California: ; 1979. 5. Aron A, And Others. The Transcendental Meditation Program in the College Curriculum: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study of Effects on Cognitive and Affective Functioning. College Student Journal 1981 Sum;15(2):140-146. 6. Boothby S. Supplementing Interdisciplinary Studies Programs with a Consciousness-Based Transdisciplinary Approach To Increase Students' Holistic Development. 1999 12 Mar:14. 7. Bremner FJ, And Others. The Reliability of Single Subject Statistics for Biofeedback Studies. 1984 Mar:33. 8. Bright D. What School Physicians, Nurses and Health Educators Should Know about Transcendental Meditation. 1973 Mar. 9. Bryson JE. Church-State Relationship--Recent Developments. 1978:17. 10. Bureau of Education for the Handicapped (DHEW/OE), Washington, D.C., editor. Our New Challenge: Recreation for the Deaf-Blind. ; Jul; ; 1975. 11. Charles O. Manninen. Relaxation, Cognitive Therapies, Tibetan Buddhist Perspectives Thereon and Implications for the Instruction of Students with Challenging Behaviors. U.S.; Ohio: Marietta College; 2000.

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12. Collier RW. Quantum Models of Awareness: Data Indicative of a Level of Consciousness Conducive to Efficient Teaching and Learning of Foreign Languages. 1974:9. 13. Cox BB. Management Information Systems and Organizational Structure. Library Software Review 1987 Jan-Feb;6(1):5-10. 14. Dillbeck MC. The Effect of the Transcendental Meditation Technique on Anxiety Level. 1977 Oct. 15. Dodds D, And Others. The Effect of Transcendental Meditation on Language Learning and GPA. 1975 Apr:8p. A. 16. Domino G. Transcendental Meditation and Creativity: An Empirical Investigation. 1976 Apr:15. 17. Duke DL. Our Focus on Teaching Needs a Wide-Angle Lens: Consider ExtraSchool Teaching. Teacher Education Forum; Volume 4, Number 10. 1976 May:13. 18. Engel A. Maharishi International University Mixes Mediation and Education. 1975 May. 19. ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading and Communication Skills, Urbana, Ill. Remedial and Compensatory Reading Instruction: Abstracts of Doctoral Dissertations Published in "Dissertation Abstracts International," January through June 1979 (Vol. 39 Nos. 7 through 12). 1979:15. 20. Ewing DB. Twenty Approaches to Individual Change. 1977 Feb. 21. Ferguson P, Gowan J. TM: Some Preliminary Findings. 1976 Sum. 22. Ferguson PC. Transcendental Meditation and Its Potential Application in the Field of Special Education. 1976 Sum. 23. Fergusson LC, And Others. Vedic Science Based Education and Nonverbal Intelligence: A Preliminary Longitudinal Study in Cambodia. Higher Education Research and Development 1996;15(1):73-82. 24. Fisher JAE. College and Adult Reading X: The Tenth Yearbook of the North Central Reading Association. 1980:225. 25. Frederick AB. The Tension Literature. 1975:21. 26. Goldberg P. Maharishi International University. 1975 F.

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27. Hawkins MA. Effectiveness of the "Transcendental Medication" Program in Criminal Rehabilitation and Substance Abuse Recovery: A Review of the Research. J.Offender Rehabil. 2003;36(1-4):47-65. 28. Holdrege C, And Others. Sunshine Unfolding. 1972;SSECPub151:Report: SSEC-Pub-151. 90. 29. Incorvaia J. Teaching Transcendental Meditation in Public Schools: Defining Religion for Establishment Purposes. San Diego Law Rev. 1979 Mar;16(2):325354. 30. Jones C, Clayborne M, Grant JD, Rutherford G. Attacking Crime at Its Source: "Consciousness-Based" Education in the Prevention of Violence and Antisocial Behavior. J.Offender Rehabil. 2003;36(1-4):229-255. 31. Kuna DJ. Meditation and Work. 1975 Jun. 32. Levin S. The Transcendental Meditation Technique in Secondary Education. 1975 [:60. 33. Lukas JS. The Effects of TM on Concurrent Heart Rate, Peripheral Blood Pulse Volume, and the Alpha Wave Frequency. 1973 [:18. 34. Margolis F. A Survey of Methods in the Human Potential Movement. 1977 Feb. 35. McCollum B. Leadership Development and Self-Development: An Empirical Study. Career Development International 1999;4(3):149-154. 36. McLeod J. The Social Context of TM. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1981 Sum;21(3):17-33. 37. Meissner J, Pirot M. Unbiasing the Brain: The Effects of Meditation upon The Cerebal Hemispheres. 1983. 38. Muinz AJ. Transcendental Meditation - Some Implications for Education. 1975 Jan. 39. Newton FB, Caple RBE). Paradigm Shifts: Considerations for Practice. Journal of Counseling & Development 1985 Nov;64(3):165-217. 40. Nidich S, And Others. Influence of Transcendental Meditation: A Replication. 1973 Nov. 41. Nidich SI, And Others. Kohlbergian Cosmic Perspective Responses, EEG Coherence and the TM and TM-Sidhi Programme. 1983.

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42. Ottens AJ. The Effect of Transcendental Meditation Upon Modifying the Cigarette Smoking Habit. 1975 Dec. 43. Puente AE, Beiman I. The Effects of Behavior Therapy, Self-Relaxation, and Transcendental Meditation on Cardiovascular Stress Response. J.Clin.Psychol. 1980 Jan;36(1):291-295. 44. Rahav G. TM and Rehabilitation: Another View. Crim.Justice Behav. 1980 Mar;7(1):11-16. 45. Riedesel BC. Toward Full Development of the Person. Personnel and Guidance Journal 1979 Mar;57(7):332-337. 46. Rubottom AE. Transcendental Meditation and Its Potential Uses for Schools. 1972 Dec. 47. Schimmel D. Supreme Court: Silent Meditation OK but No Transcendental Meditation in Schools. American School Board Journal 1979 Mar;166(3):32-33. 48. Schmidt-Wilk J, Heaton DP, Steingard D. Higher Education for Higher Consciousness: Maharishi University of Management as a Model for Spirituality in Management Education. Journal of Management Education 2000 Oct;24(5):580-611. 49. Seeman W, And Others. Influence of Transcendental Meditation on a Measure of Self-Actualization. 1972 May. 50. Sexton TG, Poling DR. Can Intelligence Be Taught? Fastback 29. : Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation; 1973. 51. Shea GF. Cost-Effective Stress Management Training. Train.Dev.J. 1980 Jul;34(7):25-26,28-30,32-33. 52. Shear J. The Universal Structures and Dynamics of Creativity: Maharishi, Plato, Jung and Various Creative Geniuses on the Creative Process. Journal of Creative Behavior 1982;16(3):155-175. 53. Smith JC. Personality Correlates of Continuation and Outcome in Meditation and Erect Sitting Control Treatments. J.Consult.Clin.Psychol. 1978 Apr;46(2):272279. 54. Smith JC. Psychotherapeutic Effects of Transcendental Meditation with Controls for Expectation of Relief and Daily Sitting. 1976 Aug.

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55. So K, Orme-Johnson DW. Three Randomized Experiments on the Longitudinal Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Technique on Cognition. Intelligence 2001;29(5):419-440. 56. This Year's Hottest Curriculum Topics. A Special Report. 1973 Oct. 57. Throll DA. Transcendental Meditation and Progressive Relaxation: Their Physiological Effects. J.Clin.Psychol. 1982 Jul;38(3):522-530. 58. Throll DA. Transcendental Meditation and Progressive Relaxation: Their Psychological Effects. J.Clin.Psychol. 1981 Oct;37(4):776-781. 59. Travis F. The Transcendental Meditation Technique and Creativity: A Longitudinal Study of Cornell University Undergraduates. Journal of Creative Behavior 1979;13(3):169-180. 60. Turnbull MJ, Norris H. Effects of Transcendental Meditation on Self-identity Indices and Personality. Br.J.Psychol. 1982 Feb;73(1):57-68. 61. Wampler LD, Amira SB. Transcendental Meditation and Assertive Training in the Treatment of Social Anxiety. 1980 7 May:31. 62. Williams LT, And Others. Effects of Transcendental Mediation on Rotary Pursuit Skill. 1977 Mar. 63. Zuroff DC, Schwarz JC. Effects of Transcendental Meditation and Muscle Relaxation on Trait Anxiety, Maladjustment, Locus of Control, and Drug Use. J.Consult.Clin.Psychol. 1978 Apr;46(2):264-271.

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6. REGISTROS DE PRODUO CIENTFICA SOBRE MT ENCONTRADOS NA BASE DE DADOS NCJRS - NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE:

1. Transcendental Meditation in Criminal Rehabilitation and Crime Prevention. 2003. 2. Holistic Approaches to Offender Rehabilitation. 1982. 3. ABRAMS AI, SIEGEL LM. Transcendental Meditation and Rehabilitation at Folsom Prison - Response to Critique. 1979 13-21, MARCH:CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 4. ABRAMS AI, SIEGEL LM. Transcendental Meditation Program and Rehabilitation at Folsom State Prison - a Cross-Validation Study. Crim.Justice Behav. 1978 MARCH;5(1):3-20. 5. ALLEN D. Tm (Transcendental Meditation) at Folsom Prison - a Critique of Abrams and Siegel. 1979 9-12, MARCH:CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 6. Ankelsaria F, Lary ST. New Approach to Offender Rehabilitation: Maharishi's Integrated System of Rehabilitation. Journal of Correctional Education 1992 March;43(1):6-13. 7. ANON . Restoration of Creative Intelligence through the Transcendental Meditation Program. 1976. 8. ANON . Proposal for a Drug Treatment Program in the Texas Department of Corrections. 1973. 9. BALLOU D. Transcendental Meditation Program at Stillwater Prison. 1973. 10. Barghusen JD. Cults. 1998. 11. Barlow VM, Proctor C. Stress in Police Life. Australian Police Journal 1980 October;34(4):248-261. 12. Becker W. Juvenile Sects - Focus of Police Attention. Deutsche Polizei 1978 September:29-32. 13. BLACKMORE J. Human Potential Therapies, Behind Bars. Corrections Magazine 1978 DECEMBER;4(4):28-35.

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14. Bleick CR. Influence of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Criminal Recidivism. 1983. 15. Bleick CR. Cost-Benefit Analysis for the California Prisons TM (Transcendental Meditation) Program. 1983. 16. Bleick CR. Influence of the Transcendental Meditation Program of Criminal Recidivism. 1983. 17. Bleick CR, Abrams AI. Transcendental Meditation Program and Criminal Recidivism in California. Journal of Criminal Justice 1987;15(3):211-230. 18. CHILDS JP. Use of the Transcendental Meditation Program as a Therapy with Juvenile Offenders. 1973. 19. COX SB. Transcendental Meditation and the Criminal Justice System. Ky.Law J. 1972 1971-;60(2):411-418. 20. CUNNINGHAM M, KOCH W. Transcendental Meditation Program and Rehabilitation - a Pilot Project at the Federal Correctional Institution at Lompoc, California. 1973. 21. DANTO BL. Police Stress, Part 2 - Techniques of Management. Police Product News 1979 NOVEMBER;3(11):64-67. 22. Dillbeck MC, Abrams AI. Application of the Transcendental Mediation Program to Corrections. 1987 111-132, Spring:International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 23. Dillbeck MC, Landrith G, Orme-Johnson DW. Transcendental Meditation Program and Crime Rate Change in a Sample of Forty-Eight Cities (From Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 4, P 25-45, 1981, Sloan T Letman, ed.). 1981. 24. Duncombe B. Compassion is at the Core of Prison Program in Hawaii. Offender Programs Report 2004 May/June;8(1, pp. 1-2):13. 25. ELLIS GA. Inside Folsom Prison - Transcendental Meditation and Tm (Transcendental Meditation)-Sidhi Program. 1979. 26. FARMER RE, MONAHAN LH. Prevention Model for Stress Reduction - a Concept Paper. Journal of Police Science and Administration 1980 MARCH;8(1):54-60.

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27. FERGUSON RE. Transcendental Meditation Program of Mci (Massachusetts Correctional Institution) Walpole - an Evaluation Report. 1977. 28. FULLERMAN FJ. Tm (Transcendental Meditation) Program - New Hope for Criminal Rehabilitation. 1976. 29. Greenberg SF, Valletutti PJ. Stress and the Helping Professions. 1980. 30. Hatchard GD, Deans AJ, Cavanaugh KL, Orme-Johnson DW. Maharishi Effect: A Model for Social Improvement. Time Series Analysis of a Phase Transition to Reduced Crime in Merseyside Metropolitan Area. Psychology, Crime & Law 1996;2(3):165-174. 31. Hoffer A. Nutritional Therapy (From Holistic Approaches to Offender Rehabilitation, P 207-236, 1982, Leonard J Hippchen, ed. - See NCJ-85681). 1982. 32. Iyer VRK. Perspectives in Criminology, Law and Social Change. 1980. 33. KANAS N, HOROWITZ MJ. Reactions of Transcendental Meditators and Nonmeditators to Stress Films a Cognitive Study. 1977 14311436,:ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, vol. 34, no. 12, p. 34. KIMBLE CJ. Transcendental Meditation in the Youth Authority. 1975. 35. Krishna Iyer VR. Reforms in Criminal Justice - Issues and Problems in Decisionmaking. Indian Journal of Criminology 1981 January;9(1):3-8. 36. LANPHEAR RG. Freedom from Crime through the Tm (Transcendental Meditation) - Sidhi Program. 1979. 37. Lester D. Psychotherapy for Offenders. 1981. 38. Marcus JB. Crime Vaccine: How To End the Crime Epidemic. 1996. 39. MARIS L, MARIS M. Mechanics of Stress Release - the Transcendental Meditation Program and Occupational Stress. Police Stress 1979 SPRING;1(2):29-36. 40. MENON MNR. Towards Evolving a Research Agenda for Criminology and Related Criminal Sciences - a Preliminary Draft Proposal. 1978 67-76, JULY:INDIAN JOURNAL OF CRIMINOLOGY, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 41. Menon NRM. Satwalogy - The Natural Law Response to the Challenge of Crime. Indian Journal of Criminology 1982 July;10(2):76-90.

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42. MONAHAN RJ. Secondary Prevention of Drug Dependence through the Transcendental Meditation Program in Metropolitan Philadelphia. 1977 729754,:INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE ADDICTIONS, vol. 12, no. 6, p. 43. Murray DM. Transcendental Meditation Can Offer Peaceful Road to Rehabilitation. Corrections Today 1991 December;53(7, pp. 112):114-117. 44. Nebelkopf MA. Holistic Programs for the Drug Addict and Alcoholic (From Holistic Approaches to Offender Rehabilitation, P 450-465, 1982, Leonard J Hippchen, ed. - See NCJ-85681). 1982. 45. Orme-Johnson D. Prison Rehabilitation and Crime Prevention Through the Transcendental Meditation and TM-SIDHI Program (From Holistic Approaches to Offender Rehabilitation, P 346-386, 1982, Leonard J Hippchen, ed. - See NCJ 85681). 1982. 46. ORME-JOHNSON D, KIEHLBAUCH J, MOORE R, BRISTOL J. Personality and Autonomic Changes in Prisoners Practicing the Transcendental Meditation Technique. 1971. 47. RAHAV G. Tm (Transcendental Meditation) and Rehabilitation another View. 1979. 48. Raj AS. Fresh Approaches in Criminology. Social Defence 1979 April;14(56):12-23. 49. Shanmugam TE. Effects of Transcendental Meditation on Prisoners: A Psychological Study. Indian Journal of Criminology 1992 January;20(1):1-65. 50. SIEGEL LM, FLEESON WP, ABRAMS AI. Transcendental Meditation Program and Rehabilitation - a Three Month Study at California State Prison Folsom. 1976. 51. SMITH D, LEVY SJ, STRIAR DE. Treatment Services for Youthful Drug Users (From Youth Drug Abuse, 1979, by George M Beschner and Alfred S Friedman See Ncj-58731). 1979. 52. SWANTON B. Emotional Control Training and Related Stress Reduction Methods. 1977. 53. Walton KG, Levitsky DK. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Neuroendocrine Abnormalities Associated with Aggression and Crime. 2003 67 87,:Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, vol. 36, no. 1/2/3/4, p.

145

7. REGISTROS DE PRODUO CIENTFICA SOBRE MT ENCONTRADOS NA BASE DE DADOS PHYSICAL EDUCATION INDEX:

1. Bright D. What School Physicians, Nurses And Health Educators Should Know About Transcendental Meditation. J.Sch.Health 1973 192-194. Mar;43:192-194. 2. Dillbeck MC. Longitudinal Effects Of The Transcendental Meditation And TMSIDHI Program On Cognitive Ability And Cognitive Style. Percept & Mot Sk 1986 731-738. Jun;62:731-738. 3. Halpin L. Effects Of Transcendental Meditation On Rotary Pursuit Skill. Res.Q. 1977 196-201. Mar;48:196-201. 4. Herron RE. The Impact Of The Transcendental Meditation Program On Government Payments To Physicians In Quebec. AM J Health Promotion 1996 208-216. Jan;10:208-216. 5. Herron RE, Hillis SL. Impact Of The Transcendental Meditation Program On Government Payments To Physicians In Quebec. AM J Health Promotion 2000 284-291. May;14:284-291. 6. Hicks L. Transcendental Meditation and Mirror Tracing Skill. Percept & Mot Sk 1978 371-378. Apr;46:371-378. 7. Hjelle LH. Transcendental Meditation And Psychological Health. Percept & Mot Sk 1974 623-628. Aug;39:623-628. 8. Holeman R, Seiler G. Effects of Sensitivity Training And Transcendental Meditation On Perception Of Others. Percept & Mot Sk 1979 Aug;49:270. 9. Kanellakos C. Transcendental Meditation...What It's All About. Sch Coach 1974 Mar;43:48+. 10. Martinetti RF. Influence Of Transcendental Meditation On Perceptual Illusion: A Pilot Study. Percept & Mot Sk 1976 Dec;43:822. 11. Osaka L, Vickerman BL. Effects Of Transcendental Meditation On Fine Motor Skill. Percept & Mot Sk 1976 607-613. Oct;43:607-613. 12. Ottens AJ. The Effect Of Transcendental Meditation Upon Modifying The Cigarette Smoking Habit. J.Sch.Health 1975 577-583. Dec;45:577-583. 13. Pandoif P. Transcendental Meditation Vs. Percept & Mot Sk 1978 Jun;46:726.

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14. Pelletier KR. Influence Of Transcendental Meditation Upon Autokinetic Perception. Percept & Mot Sk 1974 1031-1034. Dec;39:1031-1034. 15. Robertson DW. The Short And Long Range Effects Of The Transcendental Meditation Technique On Fractionated Reaction Time. J Sports Med & P Fit 1983 113-120. Mar;23:113-120. 16. Sabel BA. Transcendental Meditation And Concentration Ability. Percept & Mot Sk 1980 799-802. Jun;50:799-802. 17. Surwillo LW, Herbert PG. Transcendental Meditation And Fine Perceptual Motor Skill. Percept & Mot Sk 1976 303-309. Aug;43:303-309. 18. Warshal D. Effects Of The Transcendental Meditation Technique On Normal And Jendrassik Reflex Time. Percept & Mot Sk 1980 1103-1106. Jun;50:11031106. 19. Wolkove N. Effect Of Transcendental Meditation On Breathing And Respiratory Control. J.Appl.Physiol. 1984 607-612. Mar;56:607-612. 20. Younger J. Sleep During Transcendental Meditation. Percept & Mot Sk 1975 953-954. Jun;40:953-954.

147

8. REGISTROS DE PRODUO CIENTFICA SOBRE MT ENCONTRADOS NA BASE DE DADOS SOCIAL SERVICES ABSTRACTS:

1. Abell N, Wolf D. Implementing Intervention Research in Doctoral Education: Maximizing Opportunities in Training for Outcome Evaluation. Journal of Teaching in Social Work 2003;23(1-2):3-17. 2. Abrams AI, Siegel LM. The Transcendental Meditation Program and Rehabilitation at Folsom State Prison: A Cross-Validation Study. Crim.Justice Behav. 1978 Mar;5(1):3-20. 3. Blanton PG. The Use of Christian Meditation with Religious Couples: A Collaborative Language Systems Perspective. J.Fam.Psychother. 2002;13(34):291-307. 4. DeBerry S, Davis S, Reinhard KE. A Comparison of Meditation-Relaxation and Cognitive/Behavioral Techniques for Reducing Anxiety and Depression in a Geriatric Hospital. J.Geriatr.Psychiatry 1989;22(2):231-247. 5. Delmonte M, Kenny V. An Overview of the Therapeutic Effects of Meditation. Psychologia 1985 Dec;28(4):189-202. 6. Dillbeck MC. Test of a Field Theory of Consciousness and Social Change: Time Series Analysis of Participation in the TM-Sidhi Program and Reduction of Violent Death in the U.S. Soc.Indicators Res. 1990 June;22(4):399-418. 7. Ganguli HC. Meditation Subculture and Social Skills. The Indian Journal of Social Work 1988 Apr;49(2):141-153. 8. Hagelin JS, Rainforth MV, Orme-Johnson DW, Cavanaugh KL, Alexander CN, Shatkin SF, et al. Effects of Group Practice of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Preventing Violent Crime in Washington, D.C.: Results of the National Demonstration Project. June-July 1993. Soc.Indicators Res. 1999 June;47(2):153-201. 9. Jacobs B, Nagel L. The Impact of a Brief Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program on Perceived Quality of Life. International Journal of Self Help & Self Care 2003;2(2):155-168.

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10. Mark J. Brenner. To Hear and to Respond: The Influence of Zen Buddhist Meditation on the Practice of Clinical Social Work. United States: ; 1998. 11. Mark Meadows. Transcendental Experiences: A Phenomenological Inquiry into Their Commonality and Relationship with Moral Development. United States: ; 1990. 12. Niederman R. The Effects of Chi-Kung on Spirituality and Alcohol/Other Drug Dependency Recovery. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 2003;21(1):79-87. 13. Orme-Johnson D. Medical Care Utilization and the Transcendental Meditation Program. Psychosom.Med. 1987 Sept-Oct;49(5):493-507. 14. Peel JM. The Labyrinth: An Innovative Therapeutic Tool for Problem Solving or Achieving Mental Focus. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families 2004 July;12(3):287-291. 15. Plasse BR. A Stress Reduction and Self-Care Group for Homeless and Addicted Women: Meditation, Relaxation and Cognitive Methods. Social Work with Groups 2001;24(3-4):117-133. 16. Prendergast M, Podus D, McCormack K. Bibliography of Literature Reviews on Drug Abuse Treatment Effectiveness. J.Subst.Abuse Treat. 1998 MayJune;15(3):267-270. 17. Wolf DB, Abell N. Examining the Effects of Meditation Techniques on Psychosocial Functioning. Research on Social Work Practice 2003 Jan;13(1):2742. 18. Wolf DB. Effects of the Maha Mantra on Some Mental Health Indicators. The Indian Journal of Social Work 2001 Apr;62(2):151-168.

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9. REGISTROS DE PRODUO CIENTFICA SOBRE MT ENCONTRADOS NA BASE DE DADOS SOCIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS

1. Alienated Post New Left Youth: Secular Marxism and Religious Mysticism. : Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association (CSAA); 1972. 2. Ambrosio G. New Religious Movements in the Italian Sociocultural Context. Studi di Sociologia 1985 Oct-Dec;23(4):338-354. 3. Bainbridge WS, Stark R. Client and Audience Cults in America. Sociological Analysis 1980 fall;41(3):199-214. 4. Becker C. Review Article. Mortality 1997 Mar;2(1):73-77. 5. Beyerstein B. The Myth of Alpha Consciousness. The Skeptical Inquirer 1985 fall;10(1):42-59. 6. Bibbee R, Roebuck JB. The Meditation Movement: Symbolic Interactionism and Synchronicity. Studies in Symbolic Interaction 1978;1:205-240. 7. Boyle RP. The Dark Side of Mead: Neuropsychological Foundations for Immediate Experience and Mystical Consciousness. Studies in Symbolic Interaction 1985;6:59-78. 8. Campbell B. A Typology of Cults. Sociological Analysis 1978 fall;39(3):228240. 9. Canducci MPC. From Ayurvedic Techniques to D. Chopra's Quantum Healing. La Critica Sociologica 2000 Feb-Apr;133:121-128. 10. Castillo RJ. Depersonalization and Meditation. Psychiatry 1990 May;53(2):158168. 11. Contemporary Charismatic Leadership: Expressions of Weberian Authority Types. : Association for the Sociology of Religion (ASR); 1981. 12. Developing Empowerment through Empowered Meditation. Journal of Comparative Sociology and Ethics 1994;21-22:52-62. 13. Dillbeck MC, Banus CB, Polanzi C, Landrith GS,III. Test of a Field Model of Consciousness and Social Change: The Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program and Decreased Urban Crime. The Journal of Mind and Behavior 1988 autumn;9(4):457-486.

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14. Dillbeck MC. Test of a Field Theory of Consciousness and Social Change: Time Series Analysis of Participation in the TM-Sidhi Program and Reduction of Violent Death in the U.S. Soc.Indicators Res. 1990 June;22(4):399-418. 15. Emavardhana T, Tori CD. Changes in Self-Concept, Ego Defense Mechanisms, and Religiosity following Seven-Day Vipassana Meditation Retreats. 5ournal for the Scientific Study of Religion 1997 June;36(2):194-206. 16. Fales E, Markovsky B. Evaluating Heterodox Theories. Social Forces 1997 Dec;76(2):511-525. 17. Fergusson LC, Bonshek AJ, Boudigues J. Personality and Health Characteristics of Cambodian Undergraduates: A Case for Student Development. Journal of Instructional Psychology 1995 Dec;22(4):308-319. 18. Furman DE. Tendencies of Mass Religious Consciousness Development in the USA. Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniya 1985 Oct-Dec;12(4):137-144. 19. Ganguli HC. Meditation Subculture and Drug Use. Human Relations 1985 Oct;38(10):953-962. 20. Garrett C. Transcendental Meditation, Reiki and Yoga: Suffering, Ritual and Self-Transformation. Journal of Contemporary Religion 2001 Oct;16(3):329-342. 21. Gatto Trocchi C. From the Sinai to the Jewel of the Lotus: The Meeting of Christian Tradition and Neo-Oriental Religions in Italy. Religioni e Societa 1989 July-Dec;4(8):157-165. 22. Gussner RE, Berkowitz SD. Scholars, Sects and Sanghas, I: Recruitment to Asian-Based Meditation Groups in North America. Sociological Analysis 1988 summer;49(2):136-170. 23. Habermas J. Why More Philosophy? Social Research 1971 WIN;38(4):633-654. 24. Hadden JK, Long TE. Religion and Religiosity in America: Studies in Honor of Joseph H. Fichter. New York, NY: The Crossroad Publishing Co; 1983. 25. Heas S. Relaxation: Propaedeutic of a Nonrisk Practice. Cahiers de Sociologie Economique et Culturelle 1995 June;23:111-122. 26. Hill M. The Cult of Humanity and the Secret Religion of the Educated Classes. New Zealand Sociology 1987 Nov;2(2):112-127.

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27. Howell JD. ASC Induction Techniques, Spiritual Experiences, and Commitment to New Religious Movements. Sociology of Religion 1997 summer;58(2):141164. 28. Jacobs B, Nagel L. The Impact of a Brief Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program on Perceived Quality of Life. International Journal of Self Help & Self Care;2(2):155-168. 29. Jay Randolph Copin. Text and Context in the Communication of a Social Movement's Charisma, Ideology, and Consciousness: TM for India and the West. United States: ; 1991. 30. Jin P. Efficacy of Tai Chi, Brisk Walking, Meditation, and Reading in Reducing Mental and Emotional Stress. J.Psychosom.Res. 1992 May;36(4):361-370. 31. Johnston H. The Marketed Social Movement: A Case Study of the Rapid Growth of TM. Pacific Sociological Review 1980 July;23(3):333-354. 32. Lloyd J. The Sociability of Sensations. Sociol.Rev. 1986 Nov;34(4):773-796. 33. Marcus JB. The Crime Vaccine: how to End the Crime Epidemic. Baton Rouge, LA: Claitor's Publishing Division; 1996. 34. Martelli S. Thus They [Do Not] Believe Today. SeleSociologia 1982 springsummer;9:17-20. 35. Meditations On (and In) the Classroom: Headwork, Bodywork and the Integration of Lifeworlds. : Southern Sociological Society (SSS); 2000. 36. Monk-Turner E. The Benefits of Meditation: Experimental Findings. The Social Science Journal 2003;40(3):465-470. 37. Moore RJ. Dereification in Zen Buddhism. The Sociological Quarterly 1995 fall;36(4):699-723. 38. Needleman J. The New Religions. Garden City, Ny: Doubleday & Co Inc; 1970. 39. Norman WH. Asceticism in Mysticism: Transcendental Meditation. Sociological Spectrum 1982 July-Dec;2(3-4):315-331. 40. Personality Development as Deviance and Social Control. : International Sociological Association (ISA); 1998. 41. Phelan M. Transcendental Meditation: A Revitalization of the American Civil Religion. Archives de sciences sociales des religions 1979 July-Sept;24(48-1):520.

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42. Reflections on American Adaptations of Hinduism. : American Sociological Association (ASA); 1986. 43. Rehorick DA. Subjective Origins, Objective Reality: Knowledge Legitimation and the TM Movement. Human Studies 1981 Oct-Dec;4(4):339-357. 44. Research on International Conflict Reduction and the Promotion of World Peace: The Maharishi Effect. : American Sociological Association (ASA); 1991. 45. Sagan C. Does Truth Matter? Science, Pseudoscience, and Civilization. The Skeptical Inquirer 1996 Mar-Apr;20(2):28-33. 46. Salisbury WS. Faith, Ritualism, Charismatic Leadership and Religious Behavior. Social Forces 1956 Mar;34(3):241-245. 47. Snowden F. Eastern Religion and the Quest for Instant Nirvana in American Popular Culture. Quarterly Journal of Ideology 1978 winter;2(1):27-32. 48. Social Constructionism in Action: Transcendental Meditation and Crime. : Society for the Study of Social Problems (SSSP); 1997. 49. Spencer W. To Absent Friends: Classical Spiritualist Mediumship and New Age Channelling Compared and Contrasted. Journal of Contemporary Religion 2001 Oct;16(3):343-360. 50. Stark R. The Class Basis of Early Christianity: Inferences from a Sociological Model. Sociological Analysis 1986 fall;47(3):216-225. 51. Taking the Members' Perspective in Mass Media Research: The Ideological Implications of TM. : American Sociological Association (ASA); 1990. 52. Thanavaro A. The Mind as an Instrument of Interior Research. La Critica Sociologica 1994 Oct-Feb;111-112:136-139. 53. The New Adventures of Narcissus, or How Americans Bow to 'Me'. Literaturnaya Gazeta 1979 Sept 12;51(37):14. 54. The Science of Creative Intelligence as a New Paradigm for Social Psychology. : Midwest Sociological Society (MSS); 1979. 55. The Social Organization of Sentiment in Meditative Settings: The Case of Zen. : American Sociological Association (ASA); 1988. 56. The Transcendental Meditation Program and Stress: Immunization and Treatment. : Midwest Sociological Society (MSS); 1978.

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57. Versteeg PGA. Marginal Christian Spirituality: An Example from a Dutch Meditation Group. 2006. 58. Wallis R, Bruce S. The Stark-Bainbridge Theory of Religion: A Critical Analysis and Counter Proposals. Sociological Analysis 1984 spring;45(1):11-27. 59. Wallis R. The Elementary Forms of the New Religious Life. London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul; 1984. 60. Wolff KH. O Loma! Constituting a Self (1977-1984). Brookline, MA: Hermes House Press; 1989. 61. Woodrum E. Religious Belief Transformation: A Study of This Worldly Religion. Sociological Inquiry 1985 winter;55(1):16-37. 62. Woodrum E. Religious Organizational Change: An Analysis Based on the TM Movement. Rev.Relig.Res. 1982 Dec;24(2):89-103. 63. Woodrum E. The Development of the Transcendental Meditation Movement. The Zetetic 1977 spring-summer;1(2):38-48.

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10. REGISTROS DE PRODUO CIENTFICA SOBRE MT ENCONTRADOS NA BASE DE DADOS BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS:

1. Barnes VA. EEG, hypometabolism, and ketosis during transcendental meditation indicate it does not increase epilepsy risk. Med.Hypotheses 2005;65(1):202-203. 2. Barnes VA, Treiber FA, Davis H. Impact of Transcendental Meditation(R) on cardiovascular function at rest and during acute stress in adolescents with high normal blood pressure. J.Psychosom.Res. 2001;51(4):597-605. 3. Barnes VA, Treiber FA, Johnson MH. Impact of transcendental meditation on ambulatory blood pressure in African-American adolescents. American Journal of Hypertension 2004;17(4):366-369. 4. Barnes VA, Treiber FA, Turner JR, Davis H, Strong WB. Acute effects of transcendental meditation on hemodynamic functioning in middle-aged adults. Psychosom.Med. 1999;61(4):525-531. 5. Calderon R, Jr, Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Myers HF, Nidich SI, Haney C. Stress, stress reduction and hypercholesterolemia in African Americans: A review. Ethnicity and Disease 1999;9(3):451-462. 6. Canter PH. The therapeutic effects of meditation. BMJ 2003;326(7398):10491050. 7. Canter PH, Ernst E. Insufficient evidence to conclude whether or not transcendental meditation decreases blood pressure: results of a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. J.Hypertens. 2004;22(11):2049-2054. 8. Canter PH, Ernst E. The cumulative effects of Transcendental Meditation on cognitive function: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Wien.Klin.Wochenschr. 2003;115(21-22):758-766. 9. Castillo Richmond A, Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Cook R, Myers H, Nidich S, et al. Effects of stress reduction on carotid atherosclerosis in hypertensive African Americans. Stroke 2000;31(3):568-573. 10. Chalmers R. Transcendental meditation does not predispose to epilepsy. Med.Hypotheses 2005;65(3):624-625.

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11. Cunningham C, Brown S, Kaski JC. Effects of transcendental meditation on symptoms and electrocardiographic changes in patients with cardiac syndrome X. Am.J.Cardiol. 2000;85(5):653-655. 12. Elias AN, Guich S, Wilson AF. Ketosis with enhanced GABAergic tone promotes physiological changes in transcendental meditation. Med.Hypotheses 2000;54(4):660-662. 13. George JC. Balancing mind and body: Putative role of melatonin in hypometabolism during transcendental meditation. J.Anim.Morphol.Physiol. 2002;49(1-2):1-11. 14. Huntley A, White AR, Ernst E. Relaxation therapies for asthma: A systematic review. Thorax 2002;57(2):127-131. 15. Infante JR, Peran F, Martinez M, Roldan A, Poyatos R, Ruiz C, et al. ACTH and beta-endorphin in transcendental meditation. Physiology and Behavior 1998;64(3):311-315. 16. Infante JR, Torres Avisbal M, Pinel P, Vallejo JA, Peran F, Gonzalez F, et al. Catecholamine levels in practitioners of the transcendental meditation technique. Physiology and Behavior 2001;72(1-2):141-146. 17. Kondwani KA, Lollis CM. Is there a role for stress management in reducing hypertension in African Americans? Ethnicity and Disease 2001;11(4):788-792. 18. Lyubimov NN, Orlova TV, Lyubimov SN. Cerebral control of somatosensory and auditory afferent projections towards the brain cortex in human and animals. Usp.Fiziol.Nauk 1998;29(3):3-20. 19. Orme Johnson DW. Transcendental meditation does not predispose to epilepsy. Med.Hypotheses 2005;65(1):201-202. 20. Rakovic D, Jovanovic Ignjatic Z, Radenovic D, Tomasevic M, Jovanov E, Radivojevic V, et al. An overview of microwave resonance therapy and EEG correlates of microwave resonance relaxation and other consciousness altering techniques. Electro and Magnetobiology 2000;19(2):195-222. 21. Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Staggers F, Orme Johnson DW, Rainforth M, Salerno JW, et al. A randomized controlled trial of stress reduction in African Americans treated for hypertension for over one year. American Journal of Hypertension 2005;18(1):88-98.

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22. Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Staggers F, Rainforth M, Salerno JW, Hartz A, et al. Long-term effects of stress reduction on mortality in persons >= 55 years of age with systemic hypertension. Am.J.Cardiol. 2005;95(9):1060-1064. 23. Schneider RH, Castillo Richmond A, Alexander CN, Myers H, Kaushik V, Aranguri C, et al. Behavioral treatment of hypertensive heart disease in African Americans: Rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial. Behavioral Medicine 2001;27(2):83-95. 24. Schneider RH, Nidich SI, Salerno JW, Sharma HM, Robinson CE, Nidich RJ, et al. Lower lipid peroxide levels in practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation program. Psychosom.Med. 1998;60(1):38-41. 25. Travis F, Tecce J, Arenander A, Wallace RK. Patterns of EEG coherence, power, and contingent negative variation characterize the integration of transcendental and waking states. Biol.Psychol. 2002;61(3):293-319. 26. Travis F. Autonomic and EEG patterns distinguish transcending from other experiences during Transcendental Meditation practice. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2001;42(1):1-9. 27. Travis F, Tecce JJ, Guttman J. Cortical plasticity, contingent negative variation, and transcendent experiences during practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique. Biol.Psychol. 2000;55(1):41-55. 28. Walton KG, Schneider RH, Nidich SI, Salerno JW, Nordstrom CK, Merz CNB. Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease part 2: Effectiveness of the Transcendental Meditation program in treatment and prevention. Behavioral Medicine 2002;28(3):106-123. 29. Walton KG, Schneider RH, Salerno JW, Nidich SI. Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease part 3: Clinical and policy implications of research on the transcendental meditation program. Behavioral Medicine 2005;30(4):173-183.

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11. REGISTROS DE PRODUO CIENTFICA SOBRE MT ENCONTRADOS NA BASE DE DADOS FRANCIS:

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1. Alexander CN, Robinson P, Rainforth M. Treating and preventing alcohol, nicotine, and drug abuse through transcendental meditation: A review and statistical meta-analysis. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1994;11(1-2):13-87. 2. Alexander CN, Robinson P, Rainforth MV. Erratum: Treating and preventing alcohol, nicotine, and drug abuse through transcendental meditation: A review and statistical meta-analysis ((Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly) 11:1-2 (13-87)). ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1995;13(4):x. 3. Alterman AI, Koppenhaver JM, Mulholland E, Ladden LJ, Baime MJ. Pilot trial of effectiveness of mindfulness meditation for substance abuse patients. J.Subst.Use 2004;9(6):259-268. 4. Aron A, Aron EN. The transcendental meditation program's effect on addictive behavior. Addict.Behav. 1980;5(1):3-12. 5. Bleick CR. Case histories: Using the transcendental meditation program with alcoholics and addicts. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1994;11(3-4):243-269. 6. Brooks J. The application of Maharishi Ayur-Veda to mental health and substance abuse treatment. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1994;11(3-4):395-411. 7. Clements G, Krenner L, Molk W. The use of the Transcendental Meditation programme in the prevention of drug abuse and in the treatment of drug-addicted persons. Bull.Narc. 1988;40(1):51-56. 8. Cormier D, Bergevin J-, Brochu S, Roy J. Secondary prevention in matters of alcohol usage. Critical report of several techniques. PSYCHOTROPES 1987;4(1):93-102. 9. Ellis GA, Corum P. Removing the motivator: A holistic solution to substance abuse. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1994;11(3-4):271-296. 10. Geisler M. Therapeutic effects of transcendental meditation on drug users. Z.KLIN.PSYCHOL. 1978;7(4):235-255.

350

11. Gelderloos P, Walton KG, Orme-Johnson DW, Alexander CN. Effectiveness of the Transcendental Meditation program in preventing and treating substance misuse: A review. Int.J.Addict. 1991;26(3):293-325. 12. Glaser JL. Clinical applications of Maharishi Ayur-Veda in chemical dependency disorders. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1994;11(3-4):367-394. 13. Keniston-Dubocq L. The family practitioner and the treatment of alcoholism through Maharishi Ayur-Veda: A case report. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1994;11(34):413-428. 14. Miller WR. Researching the spiritual dimensions of alcohol and other drug problems. Addiction 1998;93(7):979-990. 15. Monahan RJ. Secondary prevention of drug dependence through the transcendental meditation program in metropolitan Philadelphia. Int.J.Addict. 1977;12(6):729-754. 16. O'Connell DF, Alexander CN. Introduction: Recovery from addictions using transcendental meditation and Maharishi Ayur-Veda. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1994;11(1-2):1-10. 17. O'Connell DF. Possessing the self: Maharishi Ayur-Veda and the process of recovery from addictive diseases. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1994;11(3-4):459-495. 18. O'Connell DF. The use of transcendental meditation in relapse prevention counseling. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1991;8(1):53-68. 19. O'Murchu FD. Spirituality, recovery, and transcendental meditation. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1994;11(1-2):169-184. 20. Orme-Johnson D. Transcendental meditation as an epidemiological approach to drug and alcohol abuse: Theory, research, and financial impact evaluation. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1994;11(1-2):119-168. 21. Sands D. Introducing Maharishi Ayur-Veda into clinical practice. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1994;11(3-4):335-365. 22. Sharma HM, Dillbeck MC, Dillbeck SL. Implementation of the transcendental meditation program and Maharishi Ayur-Veda to prevent alcohol and drug abuse among juveniles at risk. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1994;11(3-4):429-457.

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23. Staggers Jr. F, Alexander CN, Walton KG. Importance of reducing stress and strengthening the host in drug detoxification: The potential offered by transcendental meditation. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1994;11(3-4):297-331. 24. Stutz E. Transcendental meditation in the treatment of drug addicts. OFF.GESUNDHEITSWES. 1977;39(12):759-766. 25. Taub E, Steiner SS, Weingarten E, Walton KG. Effectiveness of broad spectrum approaches to relapse prevention in severe alcoholism: A long-term, randomized, controlled trial of transcendental meditation, EMG biofeedback and electronic neurotherapy. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1994;11(1-2):187-220. 26. Walton KG, Levitsky D. A neuroendocrine mechanism for the reduction of drug use and addictions by transcendental meditation. ALCOHOL.TREAT.Q. 1994;11(1-2):89-117. 27. Zemore SE, Kaskutas LA. Helping, spirituality and alcoholics anonymous in recovery. J.Stud.Alcohol 2004;65(3):383-391.

352

25. REGISTROS DE PRODUO CIENTFICA SOBRE MT ENCONTRADOS COM NOMES INDEXADOS ERRONEAMENTE NO CAMPO TTULO A 27 DE MAIO DE 2006 NA INTERFACE EMBASE:

1. Barnes, V., Schneider, R., Alexander, C. and Staggers, F. Stress, stress reduction, and hypertension in African Americans: an updated review 1997 2. Bralley, J. A. Transcendental mediation and hypertension 1977 3. Fergusson, L. C. Field independence, transcendental mediation, and achievement in college art: a reexamination 1993 4. Gaylord, C., Orme-Johnson, D. and Travis, F. The effects of the transcendental mediation technique and progressive muscle relaxation on EEG coherence, stress reactivity, and mental health in black adults 1989 5. Martinetti, R. F. Influence of transcendental mediation on perceptual illusion: a pilot study 1976 6. Pagano, R. R., Frumkin, L. R. The effect of transcendental mediation on right hemispheric functioning 1977 7. Pollack, A. A., Weber, M. A., Case, D. B. and Laragh, J. H. Limitations of transcendental mediation in the treatment of essential hypertension 1977 8. Sabel, B. A. Transcendental mediation in psychology, psychiatry and psychotherapy 1979 9. Stutz, E. Transcendental mediation in medicine 1977 10. Wilson, A. F., Honsberger, R., Chiu, J. T. and Novey, H. S. Transcendental meditation and asthma 1975

353

26. REGISTROS DE PRODUO CIENTFICA SOBRE MT ENCONTRADOS COM NOMES INDEXADOS ERRONEAMENTE NO CAMPO TTULO A 27 DE JUNHO DE 2006. NA INTERFACE EMBASE:

1. Bralley

JA.

Transcendental

mediation

and

hypertension.

Lancet

1977;1(8011):604-605. 2. Fergusson LC. Field independence, transcendental mediation, and achievement in college art: a reexamination. Percept.Mot.Skills 1993;77(3 Pt 2):1104-1106. 3. Gaylord C, Orme-Johnson D, Travis F. The effects of the transcendental mediation technique and progressive muscle relaxation on EEG coherence, stress reactivity, and mental health in black adults. Int.J.Neurosci. 1989;46(1-2):77-86. 4. Martinetti RF. Influence of transcendental mediation on perceptual illusion: a pilot study. Percept.Mot.Skills 1976;43(3 I):822. 5. Pagano RR, Frumkin LR. The effect of transcendental mediation on right hemispheric functioning. Biofeedback Self. 1977;2(4):407-415. 6. Pollack AA, Weber MA, Case DB, Laragh JH. Limitations of transcendental mediation in the treatment of essential hypertension. Lancet 1977;1(8002):71-73. 7. Sabel BA. Transcendental mediation in psychology, psychiatry and psychotherapy. Med.Klin. 1979;74(47):1779-1784. 8. Stutz E. Transcendental mediation in medicine. Med.Klin. 1977;72(20):905-908.

354

27. REGISTROS DE PRODUO CIENTFICA SOBRE MT ENCONTRADOS COM NOMES INDEXADOS ERRONEAMENTE NO CAMPO TTULO/RESUMO A 27 DE JUNHO DE 2006 NO MEDLINE: disponvel em http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed (busca: transcendental mediation). 28. TOTAL DE REGISTROS DE PRODUO CIENTFICA SOBRE MT ENCONTRADOS ATRAVS DO CAMPO TTULO/RESUMO A 27 DE JUNHO DE 2006 NO MEDLINE: disponvel em http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed (busca: transcendental meditation).

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