No. 1. 2. 3.

Subject

Pages

Content Title and introduction

1 2

Vanilla utilization and varieties of 3-5 vanilla in Malaysia

4. 5.

Important vanilla in industry Malaysia

5-6

Common propagation practise in vanilla 6-7 cultivation

6.

Good management practises in vanilla 7 production

7.

The pest and disease of vanilla and their 7-9 control measures

8. 9. 10. 11.

Harvesting and post harvest handling Major products of vanilla industry Conclusion References

9-10 10-11 11 12

TITLE Vanilla INTRODUCTION Vanilla has both a literal and a figurative meaning. Literally, vanilla refers to a plant; the seedpod of the plant, which is often referred to as a vanilla bean; vanilla powder, which is produced from grinding the entire bean after its been dried; and the beans extract or a synthetic imitation which is used to flavour a whole range of culinary products from cakes and cookies to ice cream. Vanilla is the second most expensive spice after saffron, because growing the vanilla seed pods is labor-intensive. Despite the expense, vanilla is highly valued for its flavour. As a result, vanilla is widely used in both commercial and domestic baking, perfume manufacture and aromatherapy. There are two vanilla types, Vanilla Fragrens Var Planiflora, this type is the subject of this manual. The second is Vanilla Tahitensis (Tahitian Vanilla), it is rarely found outside the pacific region. It has narrower leaves, the pods have a lower vanillin content. For the structure vanilla planifolia is a fleshy, herbaceous perennial vine, climbing by means of adventitious roots up trees or other supports to a height of 10 15 meters. In cultivation it is trained to a height which will facilitate hand pollination and harvesting. Root , long, whitish, aerial, adventitious roots, about 2 mm in diameter, are produced singly opposite the leaves and adhere firmly appressed to the support up which the plant climbs. The roots at the base ramify in the humus or mulch layer. For the stem, its long, cylindrical, monopodial stems are simple or branched, and are succulent, flexuouse and brittle. They are 1 2 cm in diameter and are dark green and photosynthetic with stomata. The internodes are 5 15 cm in length. The leaves are large, flat, fleshy, subsessile leaves are alternate, oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, and are 8 25 cm long and 2 8 cm broad. The tip is acute to acuminate and the base somewhat rounded. The veins are numerous, parallel and indistinct. The petiole is short, thick, and canalized above. For the flowers, large, waxy, fragrance, pale greenish yellow flowers are about 10 cm in diameter and are fugacious.

VANILLA UTILIZATION 1. For culinary Flavouring ice-cream 2. For cosmetics Perfumes 3. Medicinal To block quorum sensing in bacteria Used in aromatherapy

VARIETIES OF VANILLA AVAILABLE IN MALAYSIA Vanilla abundiflora Vanilla abundiflora is an evergreen climbing plant, it reaches ten to 20 meters in height growth. The sprout reaches 1.3 to 1.6 centimeters in diameter, the internodes are 6.5 to three inches long. The leaves are oblong oval, pointed front moved out, and the petiole is about 1.5 centimeters long, the entire sheet measures 25 inches in length and 8.75 inches in width. Family Classification Phylum Order Genus Distribution Orchidaceae Plantae Magnoliophyta Asparagales Vanilla Borneo

Vanilla kinabaluensis Vanilla kinabaluensis is an evergreen climbing plant, it reaches a height of six feet or more. The leaves are oblong to lanceolate , they end in a short patch, significantly blunt tip. The petiole is long and 1.5centimeters, the entire sheet measures up to 32 centimeters in length and eleven inches in width.

Family Classification Phylum Order Genus Distribution Kingdom Class Distribution

Orchidaceae Plantae Magnoliophyta Asparagales Vanilla Borneo Plantae Magnoliopsida Peninsular Borneo Malaysia to

Vanilla griffithii Family Genus Classification Phylum Class Order Distribution Orchidaceae Vanilla Plantae Magnoliophyta Liliopsida Asparagales W. Malesia

Vanilla havilandii Vanilla havilandii is an evergreen vine. The leaves are oval to lanceolate, moved out front long and pointed. The leaves are ten to17 centimeters long and 2.5 to 5.5 centimeters wide. The leaf stem isan inch long. The leaves are of thinner texture.

Family Genus Phylum Order Distribution Species

Orchidaceae Vanilla Magnoliophyta Asparagales Borneo Vanilla havilandii

Vanilla borneoneensis Family Genus Phylum Order Distribution Species Classification Class Distribution Orchidaceae Vanilla Magnoliophyta Asparagales Borneo Vanilla havilandii Plantae Liliopsida Borneo

IMPORTANT IN THE VANILLA INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA

By majority of the world dominated by the use of synthetic vanilla (97%), high demand for natural vanilla in the world market place. According to initial plans to identify 500 settlers to plant vanilla 1 hectare each, it is expected to produce 3,000 tonnes of green vanilla beans and then the next process can produce 300 tons of dried vanilla is available for export. Total world exports is now 4,000 tons. Malaysia aimed to focus on the production of world standard pure vanilla extract and become a major producer for the world market. Based on the total world export ,it means that demands of vanilla is high. So that, in Malaysia we need to plant more vanilla plant to fulfil the demand of vanilla. The demand of vanilla is high because the utilization of vanilla is widespread. Many consumer like to use vanilla flavouring in their cooking. Many consumer also like to eat ice cream vanilla flavoured. Based on world production of natural vanilla, with high prices and growing demand for essential goods, some investors in Malaysia have entered into an agreement with FELDA to buy back green vanilla beans from FELDA and will be processed for the export market. Vanilla will be Malaysia's new major commodity, which is expected to help farmers earn a lucrative income. Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin said efforts were being made to turn vanilla, which had been widely sought after in the food flavouring and fragrance industry, into a major commodity after rubber and palm oil because
5

the country could tap the pure vanilla extract world market. The plant of vanilla also are meant for assisting poor rural farmers through contract farming introduced. Introduce vanilla as a new crop will also avoid Malaysia's dependence on rubber and palm oil.

COMMON PROPAGATION PRACTISES IN VANILLA PRODUCTION

1.

Stem cuttings

Stem cuttings of one meter length or less can be used for planting. It is ideal to have a minimum of 10- 12 internodes in each cutting. Any part of the vine can be selected for stem cutting, but vines of current year's growth, which are in vegetative phase excluding the tender shoots at the tip, are most ideal.
2.

Rooted cuttings:

It is advisable to plant smaller cuttings with fewer nodes on Iy after rooting in poly bags. Smaller cuttings with at least two - three nodes can be used for generating rooted cuttings by planting them in polythene bags [15 cm x 15 cm and 100 - 150 gauge]. The poly bags should have five or six holes at the base to avoid water stagnation. The potting mixture may be prepared by mixing fertile top soil, dried cow dung and sand in the ratio 1:1:1. Vermi compost can also be mixed with potting mixture. The cuttings should be kept in shade for one week before planting in the poly bags. Only one cutting should be planted in each polybag and it should be tied to a support made by placing a small twig or stick or split bamboo in the poly bag. The planted cuttings should be provided with shade and watering should be done once in two days.
3.

Tissue culture plantlets:

Tissue cultured vanilla plantlets can also be used for field planting. The tissue-cultured plantlets are to be hardened in nurseries for about six months prior to field planting after they become at least 30 cm tall. Studies conducted by the Board in about 450 plots in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have shown that both the stem/rooted cuttings and tissue cultured plantlets are comparable in terms of eventual productivity though the tissue cultured plantlets grow at a slower pace in the first year of planting.

4.

SUPPORTS AND SHADE:

Vanilla being a climbing orchid needs some support to grow. It also requires about 50 percent shade. The support trees can also be used for providing shade. Low branching trees with rough bark and small leaves are preferred as support trees. Some commonly used support trees are Glyricidia, Plumeria, Casuarina, Mulberry and Erythrina lithosperma.

The cuttings for support trees should be planted at least six months prior to planting of vanilla. Cuttings of 1 .5 to 2 metre length with 4 to 5 cm diameter are to be used. They should be planted in the corner of the pits. The size of the pits should be 40x40x40 cm and the spacing of two meter between rows and 1.5 metre within a row should be maintained. The pits are to be filled with fertile soil before planting the supports. GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTISE IN VANILLA PRODUCTION The control that the flavour industry maintains in grading and certifying vanilla as real versus synthetic, in labeling laws, and in consumer preferences for natural products are all part of the vanilla industrys complexity. When natural vanilla prices have been consistently high, there are many more attempts at using biotechnology to produce substitutes, old-fashioned attempts to cut or dilute real vanilla with synthetic vanilla, and ventures for new natural production. Like other botanical products from developing nations, vanilla plants have been a focus of bioprospecting, from taking cuttings out of the country to mapping the genome of valued plant. THE PESTS AND DISEASE OF VANILLA AND THEIR CONTROL MEASURES Pest

No. 1

Pest Snails

Explanation Attack and damage

Control stems, Manually by taking and collecting snails

flowers and fruit. The activities one by one and then burned at once in one carried out at night. hole.

Grasshopper sword

Damage / eat young leaves and Spray PESTONA or Natural BVR stems vanilla. Larvae of this pest damage Spraying PESTONA
7

Stem borer

vanilla plant stem that causes vanilla plants slowly wither and die. 4 Caterpillars and Damaging the shoots, leaves, Spraying PESTONA

the caterpillars fire stems and flowers crested

Disease No. 1 Disease Root rots Symptoms Control

Black roots, the plant becomes Maintaining soil fertility with fertilizers, brown and eventually die, usually provision of lime to taste, and adjust the occurs during the highest humidity, beginning with Natural GLIO prevention.

production was first reached.

Stem rot

The stem occurred in black spots Reducing moisture and good drainage, that will spread quickly and when the cuttings will be planted dyed in circular. Stem attacked would the NASA POC + Natural GLIO. wrinkles, brown and finally dry.

Rotten fruit

Appear when attacking the base of Natural spraying GLIO + sugar dose of 1young fruit so many pieces falling 2 teaspoons per 10 liters of water. and when attacking the middle of the fruit will be black, then dry off.

Stem rot

The

fungus

Sclerotium

sp. Use the base of the stem rot-free seed,

Symptoms: the base of the stems spraying Natural GLIO + sugar. appear brown and wet, which attacked the plant and the land around there misellium white fungus like fur with lots of brown Sclerotium.

Brown spots on Dark brown spots and eventually (1) Immediately attacked by picking fruit fruit rot. and then burn it (2) Spraying with Natural GLIO 10 dose of 1-2 liters of water.

Brown spots on Stem looks brown spots which Cut and burn the affected stems stems eventually blackened and curled sections and die

Antraknos

Stems, leaves, yellowish brown Cut and burn affected parts, set up the fruit looks smooth and clearly moisture and drainage. visible and not the attacked

Red rust

spots on leaves and continue to Remove infected parts and adjust the spread until the next dry leaves humidity of the garden by pruning the die tree protector.

Postharvest diseases

Post-harvest handling is good

HARVESTING AND POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT

1.

Picking at the age of 240 days (8 months) will produce a dried vanilla with a high vanillin content, low ash content, the highest yield and levels of safe water

2.

The characteristics of vanilla are ready for harvest that is the color changed from dark green to light green shiny bleak with small stripes of yellow color that gradually widens until the end of the fruit

3. 4.

Harvest season between May to July, around 2-3 months How to harvest it is best to pluck ripe fruit one by one without disturbing other fruits in one cluster is still raw, to maintain quality of vanilla.

5.

The fruit is collected in bamboo baskets and maintained so as fruit is not injured or disabled and sorting based on size, shape, level of maturity and the fruit of defect> 20 cm

6.

Perform withering to stop the process of respiration that occurs in fruit, kill the cells of fruit and vanilla without reducing the activity levels of enzymes in the fruit.
9

Wit C

ili

ill

it t

Perform curi

i a special box complete wit li and sack as its base, utuk aroma

formation during 48 hours +

8.

Perform drying by drying in the sun, roasted and aerated to reduce the water content up to 25-30%

9.

Place the dried fruit of vanilla in the box that it has been coated newsprint paper / thin plastic bag and store at room temperature, ready to be delivered and sold.

MAJOR PRODUCTS OF VANILLA INDUSTRY PRODUCT LIST DESCRIPTION Natural Vanilla Sugar is a flux of highly flavoured Natural Indian Black vanilla beans, blended with milk processed sugar. Vanilla Sugar is absolutely exquisite! One Tea spoon Vanilla Sugar can flavour 2 to 3 glasses of Coffee, Milk, Milk shake, Fruit Juices, Etc. Natural Vanilla Tea is a blend of natural Indian Black vanilla and organic Assam CTC Premium tea for a creamy, rich and satisfying cup. This refreshing tea has a rich, sweet, succulent flavour, for a distinctively unique tea break. Only half quantity than regular tea is advised. Natural Vanilla E tracts acts as a enhancer to flavourless and odourless seasonal fruits. Vanilla extracts is largely used in industry for the preparation of Ice Creams, Cheesecake, Waffles, French Toasts, Pancakes, Yoghurt, Cereals and Milk. Since vanilla extract is twice stronger than the powder, the utili ation must be abbreviated.

VANILLA SUGAR

VANILLA TEA

VANILLA EXTRACT

10

VANILLA POWDER

Natural Vanilla Powder is finely ground natural Indian black vanilla beans. Vanilla Powder is of the highest quality, highly fragrant and aromatic. Vanilla powder is used in baking, cooking, ice cream it can be added to warm liquids and the vanilla flavour will not evaporate as it does with alcoholic extracts. Natural Vanilla Paste is a non-alcoholic solvent which contains vanilla seeds. It s pure vanilla with natural vanilla bean seeds in a unique, convenient, paste form that adds a gourmet appearance to any recipe. Vanilla Paste are directly added as a flavoring component in Ice-cream, Bakery confectionery, beverage, sweets and other dairy product applications. Vanilla vinegar is made by using apple cider vinegar and crushed vanilla beans and aged for time.

VANILLA VINEGAR

CONCLUSION Vanilla is a crop that is grown under shade condition normally grown with tree crops and other crops. These trees are particularly vital in terms of enriching the soil through litter, nitrogen fixing, etc. Vanilla is a crop that suits best the existing land conditions of small holder agricultural production. The fact that vanilla is grown with trees and other crops implies that it has positive natural resource management practices and also expands economic conditions of farmers. Vanilla is a labour intensive crop because it involves many activities before it is harvested. This has necessitated more allocation of family labour although women's involvement is much more.

11

REFERENCES

NECOFA . http://www.necofa.org/194.0.html. Reviewed on 30 July 2011 ORGANIC INDONESIAN VANILLA .

http://organicindonesianvanilla.blogspot.com/2008/04/berita-vanilla-di-malaysia.html. Reviewed on 30 July 2011 ORCHIDS ASIA . http://www.orchidsasia.com/vanillaplants.htm. Reviewed on 30 July 2011 SPICES BOARD INDIA .

http://www.indianspices.com/html/spices_spfarm_vanilla.html. Reviewed on 30 July 2011 NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL ADVISORY SERVICES .

http://www.naads.or.ug/publications/technical-manuals/vanilla-production-manual/. Reviewed on 30 July 2011 http://www.sscvanilla.com/products.htm. Reviewed on 30 July 2011

12