Refrigerants are the life blood of the vapor compression system.

The refrigerant flows continuously through the vapor compression cycle, absorbing the heat in the evaporator and releasing it in the condenser. It undergoes various phase changes while flowing though the cycle.
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Ads by Google All refrigeration and air-conditioning systems have four basic parts: the compressor, condenser, throttling or expansion valve and the evaporator. In refrigeration and airconditioning units the heat is taken from the low temperature reservoir and thrown to the high temperature reservoir; hence this process requires external power which is given to the compressor. The compressor sucks low pressure and low temperature refrigerant from the evaporator and compresses it to high pressure and high temperature gaseous state. The larger the size of the refrigeration plant, the larger the compressor will be and the more power will be required. There are two type of compressors used commonly in the refrigerating and air-conditioning units. These are: 1) Reciprocating compressor: The working of reciprocating compressor is very similar to the reciprocating engine used in automotives. The difference is that while the engine generates power, the compressor consumes power and compresses the refrigerant. The reciprocating compressor is comprised of the piston and the cylinder arrangement connected by the connecting rod to the motor shaft. When the shaft of the motor rotates, the piston performs the reciprocating motion inside the cylinder, absorbing and compressing the refrigerant. Reciprocating compressors can be used for small as well as large refrigerating and airconditioning units. Their power consumption is more compared to rotary compressors, and they also make more noise. Reciprocating compressors are of two types: i) Open type, and ii) Hermetics totally sealed (welded) and semi-hermetic. The speed of the open compressor can be adjusted as per the capacity requirements. If it is a multi-cylinder compressor, a certain number of cylinders can

be bypassed to adjust the capacity and reduce power consumption. 2) Rotary compressors: In rotary compressors the compression of the refrigerant is achieved by the rotary motion of the rotors instead of the reciprocating motion of the piston. There are two commonly used types of rotary compressors: the rolling piston type and rolling vane type.
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In the rolling piston type a rotor is fixed on the eccentric shaft, which rotates in the cylinder. A vane placed in the slot inside the cylinder acts as the dividing line between suction and discharge of the refrigerant. In the vane type of rotary compressor the rotor is concentric with the shaft and rotates inside the cylinder. The cylinder is offline with respect to the motor shaft. Depending upon the capacity of the compressor there may be multiple vanes on the shafts. As the refrigerant enters the compressor in gaseous state it gets trapped between successive vanes and gets compressed. The back flow of gas is prevented by the oil film between the surface of the cylinder and vane tip.

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Ads by Google Refrigerant is the life blood of the vapor compression cycle. It is the fluid that flows continuously through the refrigeration cycle or vapor compression cycle absorbing heat from the low temperature reservoir and throwing it to the atmosphere or any other high temperature reservoir. For different temperature conditions and applications different refrigerants are found to be suitable. There is no ideal refrigerant that can be used in all the conditions. Here are certain properties that all refrigerants should possess so that they can be considered for use in refrigeration and air-conditioning systems: 1) Safe properties: The refrigerants that are used in refrigerating and air-conditioning systems should be harmless to the environment and not contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer, or to the increase in earths warming potential also called the greenhouse effect. Since many years a number of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been used as the refrigerants that cause excessive damage to the ozone layer when they are leaked to the atmosphere. What makes CFCs even more damaging is that they have a very long atmospheric life, which in certain cases can be 100 years. This means that once this refrigerant is leaked in the atmosphere it will keep on damaging it for 100 years. 2) Toxicity: Refrigerants are used extensively in household and commercial refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. These units lie in close proximity to human beings, and technicians

frequently come in contact with the refrigerants. Hence it is vital that the refrigerants used in refrigeration and air-conditioning systems should be non-toxic in nature, so that even if they are leaked in the atmosphere they wont have any damaging effects to human life. Presently, ammonia is the only toxic refrigerant being used to a large extent though its applications are limited to packing plants, ice plants and large cold storage facilities. 3) Flammability and explosiveness: Most of the refrigerants being used today are nonexplosive and nonflammable. This is again very important to ensure the safety of humans that are using the refrigerating and air-conditioning systems. Ammonia is slightly flammable and explosive, but its effects can be nullified by taking some precautionary measures. 4) Economic considerations: The refrigerant used in the vapor compression cycle of the refrigeration or air-conditioning system should produce maximum refrigerating effect. Thats means it should have high coefficient of performance and consume less power for producing certain refrigerating effect. The cost of the refrigerant itself should be low enough. Earlier refrigerants had very damaging effects for the atmosphere, but now a number of new and safe refrigerants have been discovered and are fast replacing the older ones. In some developing countries the damaging refrigerants are still being used extensively though their use has been restricted. Read more: http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/964.aspx#ixzz1TfcjDpHu VIn condensers the refrigerant gives up the heat that is has absorbed in the evaporator. There are three main types of condensers: air cooled condensers, water cooled condensers and evaporative condensers.
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Ads by Google There are four main parts of refrigerating and air-conditioning systems, these are: compressor, condenser, throttling or expansion valve and the evaporator. The refrigerant leaving the compressor is in the gaseous state and at a high pressure and temperature. This refrigerant then enters the condenser where it loses the heat to the coolant, which can be air or water. After passing through the condenser the refrigerant gets condensed but still remains at high pressure. It comes out in a partially liquid and gaseous state and then enters the throttling or expansion valve. There are three types of condensers: air cooled, water cooled and evaporative. These have been described below.

1) Air cooled condensers: Air cooled condensers are used in small units like household refrigerators, deep freezers, water coolers, window air-conditioners, split air-conditioners, small packaged air-conditioners etc. These are used in plants where the cooling load is small and the total quantity of the refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is small. Air cooled condensers are also called coil condensers as they are usually made of copper or aluminum coil. Air cooled condensers occupy a comparatively larger space than water cooled condensers. Air cooled condensers are of two types: natural convection and forced convection. In the natural convection type, the air flows over it in natural a way depending upon the temperature of the condenser coil. In the forced air type, a fan operated by a motor blows air over the condenser coil. 2) Water cooled condensers: Water cooled condensers are used for large refrigerating plants, big packaged air-conditioners, central air-conditioning plants, etc. These are used in plants where cooling loads are excessively high and a large quantity of refrigerant flows through the condenser. There are three types of water cooled condensers: tube-in-tube or double pipe type, shell and coil type and shell and tube type. In all these condensers the refrigerant flows through one side of the piping while the water flows through the other piping, cooling the refrigerant and condensing it. 3) Evaporative condensers: Evaporative condensers are usually used in ice plants. They are a combination of water cooled and air cooled condensers. In these condensers the hot refrigerant flows through the coils. Water is sprayed over these coils. At the same time the fan draws air from the bottom side of the condenser and discharges it from the top side of the condenser. The spray water that comes in contact with the condenser coil gets evaporated in the air and it absorbs the heat from the condenser, cools the refrigerant and condenses it. Evaporative condensers have the benefits of water cooled as well as air cooled condenser, hence it occupies less space. However, keeping the evaporative condenser clean and free of scale is very difficult and requires lots of maintenance. Hence they are not favored by HVAC designers. Read more: http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/967.aspx#ixzz1TfdLZO1J In throttling devices the pressure of the refrigerant drops down suddenly and due to this its temperature also reduces drastically. This article describes various types of throttling devices being used for refrigerator and air-conditioning systems.
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Ads by Google Refrigerating and air-conditioning systems are comprised of four important components: the compressor, the condenser, the throttling or expansion device and the evaporator. The refrigerant keeps on flowing through these components in a continuous cycle. The high pressure and medium temperature condensed refrigerant leaves the condenser and enters the throttling or expansion valve. In the throttling valve the pressure of the refrigerant reduces suddenly and excessively. With this the temperature of the refrigerant also reduces drastically. This low pressure and low temperature liquid refrigerant then enters the evaporator and absorbs heat from the substance or the space to be cooled. The throttling valve is fitted between the condenser and the evaporator. The throttling or expansion device is in the form of a small orifice. When refrigerant passes through this small orifice its pressure reduces suddenly due to the friction. The rate of the flow of refrigerant through the throttling device depends on the size and opening of the orifice. It also depends on the difference in pressure on the evaporator and the condenser sides. There are different types of throttling devices, but in refrigerating and air-conditioning systems, the two most commonly used types are: capillary tube and thermostatic expansion valve. These have been described below: 1) Capillary tube: Instead of the orifice, the capillary is small diameter tubing that offers the restricted flow of the refrigerant. Its internal diameter ranges from 0.020 to 0.090 inches depending upon the capacity of the refrigerating or air-conditioning system. The pressure drop attained through the capillary depends upon its diameter and length. Capillary tubing made of copper is most commonly used. Capillary tubing is used for small refrigerating and air-conditioning systems like household refrigerators, water coolers, deep freezers, window air-conditioners, split air-conditioners, small packaged air-conditioners etc. For systems in which capillary tubing is fitted, technicians have to be very careful of refrigerant charging as the overcharging can lead excessive high discharge pressures from the compressor, which leads to over loading of the compressor and the chances of refrigerant leakages from the system are also increased. 2) Thermostatic expansion valves: The thermostatic expansion valve is not controlled by the temperature. It works automatically maintaining proper flow of the refrigerant depending upon the heat load in the evaporator. Apart from reducing the pressure of the refrigerant, the thermostatic expansion valve also keeps the evaporator active. These days thermostatic expansion valves used with solenoid valves are more common. Thermostatic expansion valves are used extensively in medium and large sized refrigerating and air-conditioning systems. They can be used for large water chilling plants, brine chilling plants, large packaged air-conditioners, central air-conditioning plants etc. Read more: http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/966.aspx#ixzz1TfdwEXMg

The refrigerating compressor is considered to be the heart of refrigeration and airconditioning systems. The compressor compresses the refrigerant and consumes most of the power of refrigerating and air-conditioning units.
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Ads by Google All refrigeration and air-conditioning systems have four basic parts: the compressor, condenser, throttling or expansion valve and the evaporator. In refrigeration and airconditioning units the heat is taken from the low temperature reservoir and thrown to the high temperature reservoir; hence this process requires external power which is given to the compressor. The compressor sucks low pressure and low temperature refrigerant from the evaporator and compresses it to high pressure and high temperature gaseous state. The larger the size of the refrigeration plant, the larger the compressor will be and the more power will be required. There are two type of compressors used commonly in the refrigerating and air-conditioning units. These are: 1) Reciprocating compressor: The working of reciprocating compressor is very similar to the reciprocating engine used in automotives. The difference is that while the engine generates power, the compressor consumes power and compresses the refrigerant. The reciprocating compressor is comprised of the piston and the cylinder arrangement connected by the connecting rod to the motor shaft. When the shaft of the motor rotates, the piston performs the reciprocating motion inside the cylinder, absorbing and compressing the refrigerant. Reciprocating compressors can be used for small as well as large refrigerating and airconditioning units. Their power consumption is more compared to rotary compressors, and they also make more noise. Reciprocating compressors are of two types: i) Open type, and ii) Hermetics totally sealed (welded) and semi-hermetic. The speed of the open compressor can be adjusted as per the capacity requirements. If it is a multi-cylinder compressor, a certain number of cylinders can be bypassed to adjust the capacity and reduce power consumption. 2) Rotary compressors: In rotary compressors the compression of the refrigerant is achieved by the rotary motion of the rotors instead of the reciprocating motion of the piston. There are two commonly used types of rotary compressors: the rolling piston type and rolling vane type.

In the rolling piston type a rotor is fixed on the eccentric shaft, which rotates in the cylinder. A vane placed in the slot inside the cylinder acts as the dividing line between suction and discharge of the refrigerant. In the vane type of rotary compressor the rotor is concentric with the shaft and rotates inside the cylinder. The cylinder is offline with respect to the motor shaft. Depending upon the capacity of the compressor there may be multiple vanes on the shafts. As the refrigerant enters the compressor in gaseous state it gets trapped between successive vanes and gets compressed. The back flow of gas is prevented by the oil film between the surface of the cylinder and vane tip.

Read more: http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/921.aspx#ixzz1TffEBCot In condensers the refrigerant gives up the heat that is has absorbed in the evaporator. There are three main types of condensers: air cooled condensers, water cooled condensers and evaporative condensers.
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Ads by Google There are four main parts of refrigerating and air-conditioning systems, these are: compressor, condenser, throttling or expansion valve and the evaporator. The refrigerant leaving the compressor is in the gaseous state and at a high pressure and temperature. This refrigerant then enters the condenser where it loses the heat to the coolant, which can be air or water. After passing through the condenser the refrigerant gets condensed but still remains at high pressure. It comes out in a partially liquid and gaseous state and then enters the throttling or expansion valve. There are three types of condensers: air cooled, water cooled and evaporative. These have been described below. 1) Air cooled condensers: Air cooled condensers are used in small units like household refrigerators, deep freezers, water coolers, window air-conditioners, split air-conditioners, small packaged air-conditioners etc. These are used in plants where the cooling load is small and the total quantity of the refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is small. Air cooled condensers are also called coil condensers as they are usually made of copper or aluminum coil. Air cooled condensers occupy a comparatively larger space than water cooled condensers. Air cooled condensers are of two types: natural convection and forced convection. In the

natural convection type, the air flows over it in natural a way depending upon the temperature of the condenser coil. In the forced air type, a fan operated by a motor blows air over the condenser coil. 2) Water cooled condensers: Water cooled condensers are used for large refrigerating plants, big packaged air-conditioners, central air-conditioning plants, etc. These are used in plants where cooling loads are excessively high and a large quantity of refrigerant flows through the condenser. There are three types of water cooled condensers: tube-in-tube or double pipe type, shell and coil type and shell and tube type. In all these condensers the refrigerant flows through one side of the piping while the water flows through the other piping, cooling the refrigerant and condensing it. 3) Evaporative condensers: Evaporative condensers are usually used in ice plants. They are a combination of water cooled and air cooled condensers. In these condensers the hot refrigerant flows through the coils. Water is sprayed over these coils. At the same time the fan draws air from the bottom side of the condenser and discharges it from the top side of the condenser. The spray water that comes in contact with the condenser coil gets evaporated in the air and it absorbs the heat from the condenser, cools the refrigerant and condenses it. Evaporative condensers have the benefits of water cooled as well as air cooled condenser, hence it occupies less space. However, keeping the evaporative condenser clean and free of scale is very difficult and requires lots of maintenance. Hence they are not favored by HVAC designers. Read more: http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/967.aspx#ixzz1TffwSz00 In throttling devices the pressure of the refrigerant drops down suddenly and due to this its temperature also reduces drastically. This article describes various types of throttling devices being used for refrigerator and air-conditioning systems.
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Ads by Google Refrigerating and air-conditioning systems are comprised of four important components: the compressor, the condenser, the throttling or expansion device and the evaporator. The refrigerant keeps on flowing through these components in a continuous cycle. The high pressure and medium temperature condensed refrigerant leaves the condenser and enters the throttling or expansion valve. In the throttling valve the pressure of the refrigerant reduces suddenly and excessively. With

this the temperature of the refrigerant also reduces drastically. This low pressure and low temperature liquid refrigerant then enters the evaporator and absorbs heat from the substance or the space to be cooled. The throttling valve is fitted between the condenser and the evaporator. The throttling or expansion device is in the form of a small orifice. When refrigerant passes through this small orifice its pressure reduces suddenly due to the friction. The rate of the flow of refrigerant through the throttling device depends on the size and opening of the orifice. It also depends on the difference in pressure on the evaporator and the condenser sides. There are different types of throttling devices, but in refrigerating and air-conditioning systems, the two most commonly used types are: capillary tube and thermostatic expansion valve. These have been described below: 1) Capillary tube: Instead of the orifice, the capillary is small diameter tubing that offers the restricted flow of the refrigerant. Its internal diameter ranges from 0.020 to 0.090 inches depending upon the capacity of the refrigerating or air-conditioning system. The pressure drop attained through the capillary depends upon its diameter and length. Capillary tubing made of copper is most commonly used. Capillary tubing is used for small refrigerating and air-conditioning systems like household refrigerators, water coolers, deep freezers, window air-conditioners, split air-conditioners, small packaged air-conditioners etc. For systems in which capillary tubing is fitted, technicians have to be very careful of refrigerant charging as the overcharging can lead excessive high discharge pressures from the compressor, which leads to over loading of the compressor and the chances of refrigerant leakages from the system are also increased. 2) Thermostatic expansion valves: The thermostatic expansion valve is not controlled by the temperature. It works automatically maintaining proper flow of the refrigerant depending upon the heat load in the evaporator. Apart from reducing the pressure of the refrigerant, the thermostatic expansion valve also keeps the evaporator active. These days thermostatic expansion valves used with solenoid valves are more common. Thermostatic expansion valves are used extensively in medium and large sized refrigerating and air-conditioning systems. They can be used for large water chilling plants, brine chilling plants, large packaged air-conditioners, central air-conditioning plants etc. Read more: http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/966.aspx#ixzz1Tfh47VQb The refrigerant undergoes various changes throughout the vapor compression cycle and it is in the evaporator where it actually produces the cooling effect. The evaporator is usually a closed insulated space where the refrigerant absorbs heat from the substance or food to be cooled.
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Ads by Google The refrigerant undergoes various changes throughout the vapor compression cycle and it is in the evaporator where it actually produces the cooling effect. The evaporator is usually a closed insulated space where the refrigerant absorbs heat from the substance or food to be cooled. The cooling effect is produced by the refrigerant rotating continuously in the refrigerating or vapor compression cycle. The refrigerant gets compressed and superheated in the compressor and then loses heat in the condenser. In the throttling valve the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant is reduced suddenly and drastically. The low temperature liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator and produces the chilling effect for a refrigerator and cooling effect for an air-conditioner. The space comprising the evaporator is an enclosed space. For instance, in the case of a household refrigerator, the small enclosed freezer section has an evaporator embedded into it. In the case of the deep freezer the evaporator is enclosed in the space where ice or ice cream is to be made. The evaporator section of refrigerators is usually insulated by using insulating materials like polyurethane foam (PUF). The low temperature refrigerant flowing through the evaporator absorbs heat from the food, substance or any other enclosed space and gets converted into a gaseous state as its temperature rises. This is then sucked by the compressor, which compresses it, keeping the cycle of refrigerant continuous. In the case of air-conditioners the evaporator is also called the cooling coil. Usually the fan would pass the hot room air over the evaporator coil, which is chilled, hence the air gets cooled. This air is then supplied into the room, where it creates the cooling effect by absorbing heat from the room. Evaporators are of various types. Evaporators used for industrial refrigeration and airconditioning purposes are very large and also called chillers. They are usually made in the form of shell and tube types with two possible arrangements: namely, dry expansion evaporators and flooded evaporators. In dry expansion evaporators the refrigerant usually flows through the tube side while the liquid to be chilled flows through the shell side. The flooded system is used where large quantities of liquids have to be cooled to extremely low temperatures. Since the load in such cases is very high, a large quantity of refrigerant flows through these evaporators. In flooded evaporators the refrigerant will usually pass through the shell side while the liquid to be chilled will pass through the tube side. For smaller and home purposes there are three types of evaporators: bare-tube type, platesurface type and finned evaporators:
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In bare-tube evaporators the refrigerant flows through the bare-tube and the fluid to be chilled flows directly over it. Plate-surface evaporators are used in household refrigerators. These evaporators are formed by welding together two plates that have grooves on their surface. When they

are welded, the closed grooves form a sort of the tubing through which the refrigerant flows. Finned evaporators are commonly used in window, split and packaged airconditioners. They are in the form of a copper coil over which several fins are welded to increase the cooling area of the evaporator. Hot air passes over this evaporator and gets chilled as it enters the room. < # #br

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