VSAT (very small aperture terminal) It is also called Micro Earth Station or Personal Earth Station.

Its main features are as follows:Independent of terrain can be installed in hilly regions, islands and remote places. Flexible service carrying data, Telex. No last mile problems of cable pair\overhead lines. Interference immunity. Data security

The main services offered by VSAT are as follows:Interactive data communication. Connection to public telex network. Connection to Packet Switched Data Network INET. Connection to international gateway packet switch.

The different technologies used in VSAT areSatellite based Spread spectrum Packet switching

Tariffs:-

Cost of VSAT : about Rs. 7,00,000 Installation cost : Rs. 15,000 Maintenance cost : Rs. 25,000 Satellite access charge : Rs. 5,000 per month Charges for using VSAT are as follows: National : Rs. 50 per kilo segment of data : Rs. 10 per min in addition to vol. of telex International : Rs.200 per Kilo segment of data : Rs. 240 per hour duration.

Dialing codes for VSAT are as follows: Within RABMN: o 12 digit code o 4041xxxxxxxx

to other data networks: o I-NET o 4043xxxxxxxx o international networks o DNICxxxxxxxx To telex networks NATIONAL Q008/area code/telex number INTERNATIONAL 0009/country code/telex number TELEX TO RABMIN 09841xxxxx (last 5 digits of telex number)

Specifications for master earth station: There are two types of master earth stations: Outbound Inbound

Outbound: Each VSAT and host computer is allotted an HCL port NPG polls HCL ports and generates a 153.6 Kbps demand based STDM data stream Data stream contains variable length packets of data addressed to various VSAT s Outmux chips the data @1:16 resulting in 2.4576 MB stream. BPSK modulator produced 5 MHz of spectrum Upconvertor converts to 5GHz RF Mes transmits 153.6KBps STDM/BPSK/SS carriers

NPG provides FEC encoding for outbound data

Inbound: Inbound signals originates from VSAT s VSAT has a unique PN code Data spread by its PN code and transmitted to satellite in 6 GHz band MES resolves the signal in 4 GHz band, converts to 70 MHz IF and sends to Demod section Demod cards compare the pattern of the to other PN code for its associated VSAT. When the correct pattern is detected, the original signal is extracted from the IF signal and transmitted to INMUX NPG polls INMUX for I\C data packets and transmits the packets to HCL

VSAT specifications

Antennae module Reflector : 1.2M X 1.8M Weight : 60 KGs Tracking : fixed Amb. Temp : -40 to +50 deg. Cel. Wind speed : operating 100 kmph

Controller module Size : 15 cm(h) x 43 cm(w) x 55 cm (d) Weight : 15 kgs Power supply : 220V\60Hz, 300 watts Oper. Temp. : -5 to 50 deg. Cel. Humidity : up to 95%

Controller module : INPUT\OUTPUT PROCESOR

 Converts raw data to packets Customer protocol to network protocol NETWORK PROCESSOR TRANS SIDE: generates BFEC & FCS Retains packets in buffer until ACK s receives and transmits if required. RECIEVER SIDE: checks BFEC & FCS ACK s the packets and requests retransmission of missing packets SPACE PROCESSOR TRANS SIDE Encodes the packets with PN sequence to 2.45MBps stream BPSK modulation of IF

RECIEVER SIDE Demodulates IF signal to 2.45MBps Dispreads to 153.6KBps stream Checks destination link address in the header Discards packets addressed to other links. Micro earth station transmits 1.2KBps\9.6KBps BPSK/CDMA carrier s bursts in absolutely random access mode in the same frequency.

INTERNET Introduction: The Internet is not a program, not software, not hardware or a big system. It is a group of various cooperating computers worldwide interconnected by computer based on TCP\IP communication protocols. People use it to get information over a standard communication link. The hundreds or thousands or millions of computer network are connected to each other for exchanging the information which is based on the unique identity and set of procedures. Internet is a series of interconnected networks providing global link to information.

GIAS: BSNL launched the Gateway Internet Access Service (GAIS) through dial up/leased/ISDN network. Users can access GAIS from 99 cities in India by this means.

INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

INTERNET TECHNOLOGY

The basic function of Internet can be summarized as underInterconnecting of computers to form a network. Interconnecting of computers to form a network of networks. To establish a communication link between two computers within as network. To provide alternate communication link among the networks, even if one network is not working. These are based on TCP/IP communications protocol.

Transfer of a file through Internet:-

Suppose a file is to be transmitted on Internet from one computer to other ones Break the file in to small packets Attached destination and source address in o packets Multiplexed and transmit these packets At destination de-multiplex the packets Remove address bits from the packets and assemble the data in to the original file Make source bits as destination address and send the acknowledgement in to the source Therefore, it is clear that network hardware sends the packets to specified destination and network software reassembles of communications, the computer network performs the following functionsAddressing and routing Fragmentation and error correction Data error checking Connectivity control Multiplexing and de-multiplexing Data flow control End users interface etc. The data handling

A single module cannot handle the entire process. One that adopted as a standard is an open system interconnection (OSI) model.

OSI NETWORKING MODEL: The open systems interconnection model defines all the methods and protocols needed to connect one computer to any other over a network. The OSI model separates the methods and protocols needed for a network connection in to seven different layers. Each higher layer relies on services provided by a lower level layer. The OSI model is sometimes called the seven layer model . It was developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in 1983 and is documented as standard 7498. Layers are:

Application layer Presentation layer Session layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer

PHYSICAL LAYER: The physical layer defines the properties of the physical medium used to make a network connection. It includes a network cable that can transmit a stream of bits between nodes on the physical network. The physical connection can be either point to point or multipoint, and it can consist of either half duplex (one direction at a time) or full duplex (both directions simultaneously) transmissions. Moreover, the bits can be transmitted either in series or in parallel (most network use a serial stream of bits, but the standard allows for both serial and parallel transmission). The specification for the physical layer also defines the cable used, the voltages carried on the cable, the timing of the electrical signals, the distance that can be run, and so on. For example, a NIC network interface network) is part of the physical layer.

DATA LINK LAYER: the data link layer, layer 2, defines standard that assign meaning to the bits carried by the physical layer. It establishes a reliable protocol through the physical layer, so the network layer (layer 3) can transmit its data. The data link layer typically includes error detection and correction to ensure a reliable data stream. The data elements carried by the data link layer are called frames. Examples of frame types include x.25 and 802.x (802.x includes both Ethernet and Token Ring

networks). The data link layer is usually subdivided in to two sub layers, called the Logical link control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) sub layers. The LLC sub layer performs tasks such as call set up and termination and data transfer. The MAC sub layer handles frame assembly and disassembly, error detection and correction, and addressing. The two most common MAC protocols are 802.3 Ethernet and 802.5 Token ring .Other MAC protocols include 802.12 100 Base VBG, 802.11 Wireless, and 802.7 Broadband.

Network Layer: The network layer, Layer-3, is where a lot of action goes on for most networks. The network layer defines how data packets get from one point to another on network. The Network layer is also known as packet layer, it defines different packet protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP) and Internet Protocol Exchange (IPX). These packet protocols include source and destination routing information. The routing information in each packet tells the network where to send the packets to reach its destination and tells the receiving computer from where the packet originated. Transport Layer: The Transport Layer, layer-4, manages the flow of information from one network node to another. It identifies each computer or node on a network uniquely. It ensures that the packets are decoded in the proper sequence and that all packets are received. Transport layer protocols include Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX).Each is used in concert with IP and IPX respectively.

Session layer: The session layer, layer-5, defines the connection from a user to a network server, or from a peer on a network to another peer. These virtual connections are referred to as sessions. They include negotiation between the client and the host, or peer and peer, on matters of flow and control, transaction- processing, transfer of user information, and authentication to the network.

Presentation Layer: The presentation layer, layer-6, takes the data supplied by the lower level layer and transform so it can be presented to the system. The Presentation layer can include data compression and decompression as well as data encryption and decryption. Application Layer: The Application layer, layer 7, controls how the operating system and its application interact with network. As mentioned earlier, data flows from an application program or the operating system, and then goes through the protocols and devices that make up the seven layers of the OSI model one by one until the data arrives at the physical layer and is transmitted over the network connection. The computer at the receiving end reverses this process. At each stage of the OSI model, the data is wrapped with new control information related to the work done at the particular layer. This control information is different for each layer, but it includes headers, trailers pre-ambles, and post-ambles. Therefore, for example, when the data goes into the networking software and components making up the OSI model, it starts at the application layer and includes an application header and application data. Next, at the presentation layer, a presentation header is wrapped around the data and it is passed to the

session layer, where a session header is wrapped around all the data, and so on, until it reaches the physical layer. At the receiving computer this process is reversed.

COMMON TERMINOLOGY USED IN INTERNET: WWW: World Wide Web (WWW) is a wide area hypermedia information retrieval aiming to give universal access to a large universe of documents. HTTP: Hyper text transmission Protocol (HTTP) is the communication protocol used to transfer documents from the server to client over the WWW (http:// www). HTML:

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a system of marking or tagging the various parts of web documents to tell the browser software how to display the document text, link graphics and link media. ISDN: Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is a digital phone connection technology that provides both voice and data services over the same connection. ISP: Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an agency that provides Internet access and other net related services.

NATIONAL INTERNET BACKBONE (NIB)

Networking is a key component of any Internet Services Provider (ISP) operations. The networking equipments like access servers, routers and modems are critical to the successful functioning of ISP. An ISP node where subscribers enter internet, consists of a set of equipments as given below. Access server Router Modem bank

LAN (Local Area Network) components Security server Rack, console & power supply Network management agent. Help desk

WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP (WLL) MOBILE WLL is a communication system that connects customers to the Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN) using radio frequency signals as substitutes of conventional wires for all part of connection between the subscribers and the telephone exchange. It works on CDMA technique. The local loop is access part of telecommunication network i.e. the part between PSTN switch and subscribers. WLL network application involves uses of radio to replace of the wire link between PSTN switch and subscriber. The radio technology is able to provide same quality of services as that provided by the wires line. Application of wireless loop technology has just been started in the worldwide. There is no standard for this so far. However, a number of national and international air interface standards for digital cellular mobile telephone system are available.

TECHNICAL ASPECTS: WLL is based on CDMA technique and is entirely different from GSM. The system for WLL services can be divided in to following parts:BSC (Base Switching Centre):- It provides links between BTS & BSM; it consists of different processors, in BSNL it is of SUN Polaris of LG Company. In LG 1 BSC can have 48 BTS? In BSNL we have two types of BSC:-

V-5.2:- This type of BSC cannot switch by itself so it is dependent on local exchange / PSTN for switching and keeping records of billing etc. BSNL uses this type of BSC for rural areas.

CCS-7 / R2:- These types of BSC are totally automatic it doesn t depend on local exchange for its functions, it is complete in itself. BSNL uses this type of BSC for urban areas.

BTS (Base Transreceiver System):- As it is clear from its name it transmits as well as receive signal, it works as an amplifier (router) to overcome the loss in signal in transmission.

BSM (Base Station Management):- It controls and manages the WLL services. It can troubleshoot

the problem; add new users as well as capable to block service given to user. It is basically a computer system, which manages the whole process of WLL service. In BSNL BSM are two UNIX based computer system.

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA): CONCEPT OF MULTIPLE ACCESSES: - Multiple access system allows a large number of users to share a common pool of radio telephone circuits, like sharing of trunked radio facility. Multiple access radio has similarity to the LAN in which the common channel is available to all users. The circuits are demands assigned i.e. assigned on demand first-cum-first-served basis. The provision of access to the radio circuits methods of multiple accesses are: CDMA: - Where large number of transmission are combined on the same channel at the same time and separated by the codes.

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access):- Where individual transmission separated by each other by the time. WHAT IS CDMA? CDMA, a cellular technology originally known as IS-95, competes with GSM technology for dominance in the cellular world. There are now different variations, but the original CDMA is known as CdmaOne. Latest CDMA global subscriber & operators numbers As of December 2002, there were 120 millions users worldwide, with 55 million of these in the USA. See other cellular technology in the world. We now have CDMA2000 and its variant like 1X EV, 1XEV-DO and MC 3X. The refer of variant of usage of a 1.25 MHz channel. 3X uses a 5 MHz channel. Wide band CDMA forms that the basis of UMTS 3G networks, developed originally by Qualcomm, high capacity and small cell radius, employing spreadspectrum technology and special coding scheme characterized by CDMA. The Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) in 1993 adopted CDMA. May 2001 there were 35 million subscribers on cdmaOne system worldwide. Over 35 countries have either commercial or trial activity ongoing. There were already 43 WLL systems in 22 countries using cdmaOne technology. Enhancing today s data capabilities is the 1XRTT CDMA standard this next evolutionary step for cdmaOne operators will provide data rates up to 300 kbps, significant capacity increases as well as extended batteries life for handsets. Worldwide resources are being devoted to roll out third generation CDMA technology, including multicarrier (cdmaOne2000 1xMC and HDR in 1.25 MHz bandwidth and 3xMC in 5 MHz bandwidth) and direct spread (WCDMA in 5 MHz bandwidth). This first phase of cdmaOne2000 variously called 1XRTT, 3G1X or just plain 1X is designed to double current voce capacity and support always on data transmission speed 10 times faster than typically

available today, some 153.6 kbps on both the forward and reverse links.

ADVANTAGES OF WLL: Country wide induction of WLL underway of areas than are non-feasible for the normal network Helping relieves congestion of connections in the normal cable / wire based network in urban areas Limited the mobility without any airtime charges It has improved signal and reducing the interference Greater capacity than mobile Provides ease of operation, administration & maintenance at lower cost. The telecommunication is the biggest factor in influencing the speed of life in the modern age. Today we can get connection with any corner of world through the push button of computer; with the small mobile phone we can send not only the messages but also the secret document. As we know that there is positive view behind any mention that it should be helpful in the development of society. But humans have diverted mentality some of them of positive view and some of them of negative view. Where use any invention for the welfare of society but some uses for the satisfaction their disturbed mentality and to earn more and more money whether it may be harmful for the society. They infringe the norms of society and their behavior is condemned as antisocial, immoral and sinful.

CELLULAR MOBILE SERVICES: Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunication applications. Today, it represents a continuously increasing percentage of all new telephone subscriptions around the world. Currently there are more than 45 million subscribers in worldwide and nearly 50% of those subscribers are located in USA. It is forecasted that cellular system using a digital technology will become the universal method of telecommunications. By the year 2005, forecasters predict that there will be more than 100 million cellular subscribers worldwide.

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM) The GSM Association is a unique organization, with a truly global reach, offering a full range of business and technical services to its members. Now as the wireless family unfolds the association is deriving forward its vision of seamless, limitless, world of wireless communication. Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various systems have been developed without the benefit of standardized specifications. This presented many problems directly related to compatibility, especially with the development of digital radio technology. The GSM standard is intended to address these problems. Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulae the specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many country outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership.