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a) WATT GOVERNOR

Probably the most widely used governor in the early days, it is named the Watt governor because James Watt applied it to his early beam engines. He did not however invent it as it had been in use on wind and water mills many years before this. A belt or gearing from the engine crankshaft drives the input shaft 'm' causing the bevel gears 'l' to revolve and in turn rotate the vertical shaft 'a'. The bracket 'b' at the top of 'a' supports two arms 'c' which are pivoted at the top, at the end of the arms are two very heavy metal weights 'B' partway along the arms 'c' are fixed two pivoted link armsd which link to a collar 'c' which rotates with them but is able to slide up and down shaft a.

The up and down motion of this collar is followed by a pair of pins 'f' which move a bell crank 'g' which is in turn linked to a throttle actuating rod 'i' linked to a throttle or butterfly valve in the supply of steam to the engines cylinder which can allow more or less steam through. At rest the governor weights are held in the lowest position by gravity, the throttle will be in its most open position. As the engine speed increases these weights rotate

faster until centrifugal force exceeds that of gravity and they fly further outwards and as a result of the linkages, upwards, this movement is transmitted to the throttle valve which begins to close. The faster the governor is driven the further out the weights move and the more the throttle is closed, until the amount of steam it lets through balances the demand and the engine speed stabilises. If the load the engine drives is reduced it will increase speed, the governor restricts steam flow more until the speed stabilises, if load is added to the engine the speed drops, the throttle is opened more and more steam allowed in to compensate for the demand. The Watt governor is a simple governor but is not terribly accurate where very fine control of speeds in needed and so was superseded in many applications by more specialised and accurate governors, however for many agricultural end pumping engines where absolute speed was not essential it survived and can still be seen on numerous preserved engines. The height of a watt governor is inversely proportional to the square of speed. At high speeds, the movement of the sleeve becomes very small and thus this type of governor is unsuitable for high speeds.

b) PORTER GOVERNOR

The Porter Governor was the first effective High Speed engine governor, Designed by the American engineer George Porter. The governor is driven via a pulley (k) through a set of bevel gears (not shown) a vertical shaft (d) is rotated, this in turn drives from above the governor balls (a), through linkages (c) the large and heavy governor deadweight (b) is also rotated, this is free to slide up and down the shaft (d) but rotates at the same speed as the balls. As rotational speed increases centrifugal force acts on the balls and they try to fly

outwards, they are restricted by the linkages (c) held by the weight of the dead-weight (b), however, when a speed is reached at which this force exceeds the resistance imposed by the dead-weight they will lift the weight up and be allowed move outwards. This action lifts the collar at the base of the dead-weight at point (f) this lifts the lever (g) which is pivoted at point (e) the lever has a counterbalance weight (a) and a dashpot or oil damper (i) which prevents rapid movements of the governor mechanism which can lead to the engine 'hunting' which is unwanted speed fluctuations due to the sensitivity of the governor. Linkage (l) moves up or down and is connected to the engine this controls the steam allowed into the cylinder either by the amount allowed through a valve or the amount of time a valve is open for, if the engine runs too fast either the quantity of steam allowed in will be reduced or it will be let in for a shorter time, if the engine runs slower then either more steam is let in or it is let in for a longer time. In porter governor, the sleeve is loaded with a heavy mass which improves the action of the governor.

c) PROELL GOVERNOR

It is similar to the porter governor having a heavy central load at the sleeve. But it differs from the porter governor at the arrangement of balls. The balls are carried on the extension of the lower arms instead at the junction of upper and lower arms. The action of this governor is similar to the watts governor. An increase in the speed of

rotation increases the radius of rotation and raises the sleeve, thus reducing the amount of energy supplied to the engine. Conversely, a decrease in speed results in decrease in radius of rotation, thus lowering the sleeve and increasing the amount of energy supplied to the engine. Proell governor runs at a lower speed then the porter governor. In order to give the same equilibrium speed a ball of smaller mass maybe used.

SPRING LOADED CONTROLLED GOVERNORS a) HARTNELL GOVERNOR

A Hartnell governor is a spring loaded governor in which the balls are controlled by a spring. It consists of a casing in which a pre-compressed spring is housed so as to apply the force to the sleeve. Two bell crank levers, each carrying a ball at one end and the roller at another end, are fitted on the frame of casing. The casing along with the frame and spring rotates about the axis of governor. When the speed of governor is increased, the balls flyout away from the governor axis, the bell crank lever moves on pivot and its roller end lifts the sleeve against the spring force. This movement of sleeve is transferred to the throttle of an engine through suitable intermediate links. The spring force can be adjusted with the help of a nut. It is a spring controlled governor which is a modification of the Wilsonhartnell governor.the balls here are directly controlled by separate springs. The vertical arms of the bell crank levers are fitted with spring balls which compress against the sleeve of the governor when the roller at the horizontal arm presses against the sleeve. CHARACTERISTICS OF CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR Force at the sleeve to operate the control & mechanism For satisfactory performance and working a centrifugal governor should possess the following qualities. a. On the sudden removal of load its sleeve should reach at the top most position at once. b. Its response to the change of speed should be fast.

b) HARTUNG GOVERNOR

c. Its sleeve should float at some intermediate position under normal operating conditions. d. At the lowest position of sleeve the engine should develop maximum power. e. It should have sufficient power, so that it may be able to exert the required

2. INERTIA GOVERNORS

The inertia type governors are fitted to the crankshaft or flywheel of an engine and so radically in appearance from the centrifugal governors. The balls are so arranged that the inertia forces caused by an angular acceleration or retardation of the shaft tend to alter their positions. The amount of displacement of governor balls is controlled by the suitable springs and through the governor mechanism, alters the fuel supply to the engine. This governor is more sensitive than the centrifugal, but it becomes difficult to completely balance the revolving parts. For this reason centrifugal governors are more frequently used. The advantage of this type of Governor is that the positions of the balls are affected by the rate of change of speed of the governor shaft. Consequently a more rapid response to a change of load is obtained, since the action of the governor is due to acceleration and not to a finite change of speed. The advantage is offset, however by the practical difficulty of arranging for a complete balance of the revolving parts of the governor. For this reason centrifugal governors are much more frequently used.

Governor n Flywheel
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