Environmental Management Plant Dam (Barrage) Break Analysis and Disaster Management Plan

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14
DAM (BARRAGE) BREAK ANALYSIS & DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
14.1 DAM (BARRAGE) BREAK PHENOMENON Dams and barrages play a very vital role in the economy of a country by providing essential benefits like irrigation, hydropower, flood control, drinking water, recreation, etc. However, when these fail in rare conditions, these may cause catastrophic flooding in the downstream area resulting in huge loss to human life and property. This loss to life and property would vary with extent of inundation area, size of population at risk, and the amount of warning time available. The effect of such a flood disaster can be mitigated to a great extent, if the resultant magnitude of flood peak and its time of arrival at different locations downstream of the dam (barrage) can be estimated, facilitating planning of the emergency action measures. This warrants dam (barrage) break modeling, which assesses the flood hydrograph of discharge from the dam (barrage) breach and maximum water level at different locations of the river downstream of the dam (barrage) due to propagation of flood waves along with their time of occurrence. Dam (barrage) break may be summarized as the partial or catastrophic failure of a dam (barrage) leading to the uncontrolled release of water. Such an event can have a major impact on the land and communities downstream of the failed structure. A dam (barrage) break may result in a flood wave up to tens of meters deep traveling along a valley at quite high speeds. The impact of such a wave on developed areas can be sufficient to completely destroy infrastructure, such as, roads, railways and bridges, and to demolish buildings. With such destructive force comes an inevitable loss of life, if advance warning and evacuation was not possible. Additional features of such extreme flooding include movement of large amounts of sediment (mud) and debris along with the risk of distributing pollutants from any sources, such as, chemical works or mines in the flood risk area.

14.2

NEED FOR DAM (BARRAGE) BREAK MODELING The first European Law on dam (barrage) break was introduced in France in 1968

following the earlier Malpasset Dam failure that was responsible for more than 400 injuries. Since then many countries have established requirements for dam safety. And in some other countries,
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dam owners have established guidelines for dam safety assessment. In India, Risk assessment and disaster management plan has been made a mandatory requirement while submitting application for environmental clearance in respect of river valley projects. Preparation of Emergency Action Plan after detailed dam break study has become a major component of dam safety programme of India. The extreme nature of dam (barrage) break floods means that flow conditions will far exceed the magnitude of most natural flood events. Under these conditions, flow will behave differently to conditions assumed for normal river flow modeling and areas will be inundated, that are not normally considered. This makes dam (barrage) break modeling a separate study for the risk management and emergency action plan. The proposed Tawang H.E. Project Stage-II is on the downstream of the Tawang Stage I reservoir. The barrage site of the Tawang H.E. Project Stage-II lies in the downstream of the Tawang Stage-I HE project. Additionally, Tawang Stage-II barrage is 28 m high above the river bed level and it has a reservoir with 72.17 Ham live capacity. With this background there is a need for dam (barrage) break modeling for Tawang H.E. Project Stage-II. The objective of dam (barrage) break modeling or flood routing is to simulate the movement of a dam (barrage) break flood wave along a valley or indeed any area downstream that would flood as a result of dam (barrage) failure. The key information required at any point of interest within this flood zone is generally: a. Time of first arrival of flood water b. Peak water level extent of inundation c. Time of peak water level d. Depth and velocity of flood water (allowing estimation of damage potential) e. Duration of flooding The nature, accuracy and format of information produced from a dam (barrage) break analysis will be influenced by the end application of the data.

14.2.1 Assumptions Modeling process is nothing but approximation of a physical phenomenon through which the physical phenomenon and its effects can be studied. Thus, as in the case of any other modeling process, dam (barrage) break modeling has inherent approximations through
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assumptions. The foremost assumptions are in the hydrodynamics equations (Saint Venant Equations), which are derived on the basis of the following assumptions. a. The water is incompressible and homogeneous i.e., without significant variation in the density. b. The bottom slope is small. c. The wave lengths are large compared the water depth. This ensures that the flow everywhere can be regarded as having a direction parallel to the bottom, i.e., vertical accelerations can be neglected and a hydrostatic pressure variation along the vertical can be assumed. d. The flow is sub-critical The other assumptions are associated with the breach parameters, especially, breach width and breach depth, which has great impact on flood peak and arrival times. Further, the high velocity flows associated with dam (barrage) break floods can cause significant scour of channels due to bed as well as bank erosion. This enlargement in channel cross sections is neglected due to limitation in modeling such a complicated physical process. Moreover, this limitation has effect on the conservative side only. Dam (barrage) break floods create a large amount of transported debris. This may accumulate at constricted cross sections, where it acts as a temporary dam and partially or completely restricted the flow, resulting variation in water level at the downstream locations. The aspect has also been neglected for limitations in modeling as such a complicated physical process. Mannings n has been taken into account of large amount of accumulated sediment, debris, vegetation etc. With dam flood and also for convergence of model which gives acceptable result of the model. This limitation also has an effect on the conservative side only. The minimum distance between cross sections has been kept 1 km to smoothen the reach which enables the model to converge and routing procedure gets completed, This does not affect accuracy of the result. Even with the assumptions outlined above, dam (barrage) break modeling serves very useful purpose as it provides reasonable extent of inundation under different situations enabling preparation of Emergency Action plan/ Disaster management plan.

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14.2.2 Emergency Planning To reasonably prepare an emergency plan, it will be necessary for the dam (barrage) break analysis to provide: a. Inundation maps at a scale sufficient to determine the extent of flooding in relation to people at risk, properties and access routes b. Identification of structures (bridges etc.) likely to be destroyed c. Indication of main flow areas (damage potential of flow) d. Timing of the arrival and peak of the flood wave e. Identification of features likely to affect mobility / evacuation during and after the event including impact on infrastructure and the deposition and scour of debris and sediment. 14.2.3 Development Control Development control will focus mainly on the extent of possible inundation resulting from different failure scenarios. Consideration may also be given to the characteristics of the population at risk.

14.2.4 Insurance Companies The aim of insurance companies will be to determine their exposure to risk through identifying both the probability of failure and the financial impact of flooding. Modeling and mapping will, therefore, need to be at accuracy sufficient to determine impact on properties. An assessment of damage potential will also assist in impact assessment.

14.3

PRESENT DAM (BARRAGE) BREAK MODELING STUDY Appreciating the need for evolving an effective and efficient disaster management plan to

be prepared in the unlikely event of failure of Tawang H.E. Project Stage-II, on river Tawang, the present dam (barrage) break modeling study is as under; a. Prediction of outflow hydrograph due to dam (barrage) breach b. Routing of hydrograph through the downstream valley to get the maximum water level and discharge along with time of travel at different locations of the river downstream of the Barrage This study has been carried out for the stretch of 12 km downstream of Tawang Stage-II barrage site. The MIKE 11 model has been used to achieve these objectives. Important parameters of Tawang H.E. Project Stage-II considered for this purpose are:
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Environmental Management Plant Dam (Barrage) Break Analysis and Disaster Management Plan a. HYDROLOGY Catchment area Location of catchment Latitude Longitude Average annual rainfall (at Yusum) Maximum temperature Minimum temperature Max 10 daily discharge Min 10 daily discharge b RESERVOIR Full Reservoir Level (FRL) Min. Draw Down level (MDDL) Gross storage at FRL at MDDL Area under submergence at FRL c BARRAGE Type Top elevation Crest Elevation Downstream Floor Level Length at top Thickness of d/s Raft Upstream Floor Level Upstream Floor Thickness Thickness of Pier Height 2.6 SPILLWAY Design flood Type Crest Elevation Number & Size of Spillway opening Number (including one emergency bay) 8
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3419 sq.km.

2727'30" to 2822'00" 9147'30" to 9227'00" 2665 mm 31.1 C -2.9 C 344.3 cumec 38.2 cumec

EL 1536 m EL 1534 m

72.17 Ham 60.32 Ham 6.19 Ha

RCC Raft with Pier EL 1538 m EL 1512 m EL 1505.5 m 124 m 5m EL 1510 m 2m 3.5 m 28 m

13300 cumec Orifice EL 1512 m

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Environmental Management Plant Dam (Barrage) Break Analysis and Disaster Management Plan Size (W x H) Energy dissipation 10 x 14.75 m Stilling Basin with End sill

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14.3.1 Dam (barrage) break modelling process Generally, dam (barrage) break modeling can be carried out by either i) Scaled physical hydraulic models, ii) Mathematical simulation using computer. a modern tool to deal with this problem is the mathematical model, which is most cost effective and reasonably solves the governing flow equations of continuity and momentum by computer simulation. Mathematical modeling of dam (barrage) breach floods can be carried out by either one dimensional analysis or two dimensional analyses. In one dimensional analysis, the information about the magnitude of flood, i.e., discharge and water levels, variation of these with time and velocity of flow through breach can be had in the direction of flow. elevation and velocities in two dimensions can also be assessed. One dimensional analysis is generally accepted, when valley is long and narrow and the flood wave characteristics over a large distance from the dam (barrage) are of main interest. On the other hand, when the valley widens considerably downstream of dam (barrage) and large area is likely to be flooded, two dimensional analysis is necessary. In the instant case, narrow and the flood wave characteristics over a distance from the dam (barrage) are of main interest, one dimensional modeling was adopted. In the case of two dimensional analyses, the additional information about the inundated area, variation of surface

14.3.1.1 Hydrodynamic modeling by MIKE-11 MIKE11 is a professional engineering software package for the simulation of one dimensional flow in estuaries, rivers, irrigation systems, channels and other water bodies. It is a dynamic, user friendly one-dimensional modeling tool for the detailed design, management and operation of both simple and complex river and channel systems. The Hydrodynamic Module (HD) contains an implicit, finite difference computation of unsteady flows in river and estuaries. The formulation can be applied to branched and looped networks and flood plains. The essence of dam (barrage) break modeling is hydrodynamic modeling, which involves finding solution of two partial differential equations originally derived by Barre De Saint Venant in 1871. The equations are:
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i.

Conservation of mass (continuity) equation (Q/X) + (A + A0) t/ - q = 0

ii.

Conservation of momentum equation (Q/t) + { (Q2/A)/X} + g A ((h/X) + Sf + Sc = 0

Where, Q = discharge; A = active flow area; A0 = inactive storage area; h = water surface elevation; q= lateral outflow; x = distance along waterway; t = time; Sf = friction slope; Sc = expansion contraction slope and g = gravitational acceleration.

The following four approaches simulate branches as well as looped systems. I. Kinematics wave approach: The flow is calculated from the assumption of balance between the friction and gravity forces. The simplification implies that the Kinematics wave approach can not simulate backwater effects. II. Diffusive wave approach: In addition to the friction and gravity forces, the hydrostatic gradient is included in this description. This allows the user to take downstream boundaries into account, and thus, simulate backwater effects. III. Dynamic wave approach: Using the full momentum equation, including acceleration forces, the user is able to simulate fast transients, tidal flows, etc., in the system. IV. High order Fully Dynamic wave approach: The high order flow description includes a high order and upstream centred description of the friction terms in the momentum equation. This formulation allows the simulations to be done with a larger time step, than would be the case for the non-high order description. Depending on the type of problem, the appropriate description may be used. Generally, model boundaries should be chosen at points, where either water level or discharge measurements are available so that the model is used for predictive purposes. It is important that the selected boundary locations lie outside the range of influences of any anticipated changes in the hydraulic system.
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14.3.1.2 Description of reservoir and appurtenant structures a) Reservoir To obtain an accurate description of the reservoir storage characteristics, the reservoir is normally modelled as a single h-point in the model. This will usually correspond to the upstream boundary of the model, where also the inflow hydrograph is also specified. The description of the reservoir storage is entered in the processed data. The surface storage area of the dam (barrage) is described as a function of the water level and it is entered as additional flooded area. The lowest water level given for the reservoir should be somewhere below the final breach elevation of the dam (barrage). The hydrodynamic module includes a facility for modelling the loss of energy at specified river locations. At run-time such points, denoted Energy Loss points, are defined as discharge grid points. At each time level of the computation the discharge at an Energy Loss point is computed by use of the energy equation: H= Q2/2gA2 in which H is the energy loss encountered in passing the Energy Loss points, g is the acceleration of gravity, Q is the discharge and A is the cross-sectional wetted area at that point. The quantity, , denotes the total energy loss coefficient as specified in the network editor.

b)

Dam (barrage) At the Q point, where the dam (barrage) break structure is located, the momentum

equation is replaced by an equation, which describes the flow through the structure. As the momentum equation is not used at the Q point, the x step is of no relevance. The maximum x for the river branch, where the dam (barrage) is to be placed should, therefore, be greater than the distance between two cross-sections in the reservoir branch, so that no cross-section is interpolated between the actual cross-sections.

14.3.1.3 Boundary conditions for dam (barrage) break modelling The boundary conditions must be specified at both upstream and downstream limits of the model. The upstream boundary will generally be an inflow into the reservoir at the first reservoir. The downstream boundary will generally be a stage-discharge relationship at the last cross section of the set up or time series of water level.
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14.3.1.4 Specifications of dam (barrage) break structures The following information relating to dam (barrage) break structures need to be specified: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) i) Geometrical specifications Breach characteristics Failure moment, and Failure mode

Geometrical Specifications The geometrical specifications for the dam (barrage) break structure are taken from cross

sections & other geometrical specifications of the Barrage. ii)

Breach Characteristics Breach characteristics, viz., breach development period, breach section profile, etc., are

very vital for dam (barrage) break modelling, but at the same time very difficult to predict. Past experiences provide clue for reasonable assessment of breach characteristics. The breach development period may vary between a few minutes up to a few hours, depending on amongst other, the dam (barrage) geometry and the construction material. The development of the breach determines the breach outflow hydrograph, and an accurate description of the breach development is, therefore, required in near field dam (barrage) breach studies. In the far-field studies, an accurate flood routing procedure is of more importance, because the outflow variation is rapidly damped out as the flood propagates downstream. iii)

Failure moment Like breach characteristics, prediction of failure moment is also very difficult. The time

of occurrence of failure depends on stress concentration due to structural inconsistency, material properties, water level in the reservoir, etc. Since, no information is generally available about stress concentration, it is quite reasonable to assume that failure of the dam (barrage) will get initiated when water level in the reservoir is at maximum.

14.3.1.5 Input Data Requirement Dam (barrage) break flood analysis requires a range of data to depict accurately to the extent possible the topography and hydraulic conditions of the river course and dam (barrage) break phenomenon. The important data required are:

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(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

Cross sections of the river from dam (barrage) site and up to location downstream of the dam (barrage) to which the study is required Elevation-surface area relationship of the reservoir Rating curve of spillway and sluices Salient features of the all hydraulic structures at the dam (barrage) site and also in the study reach of the river Design flood hydrograph Stage-discharge relationship at the last river cross section of the study area

(vii) Mannings roughness coefficient for different reaches of the river under study (viii) Rating curve of all the hydraulic structures in the study reach of the river Where the dam (barrage) break analysis includes an assessment of potential impact and is combined with the development of an emergency action plan, then additional data relating to the social and economic development of the area will also be required.

14.3.1.5.1 Elevation Area curve The elevation-area curve has been used in the model, is given in Table-14.1. Table 14.1: Elevation-Area relationship of the reservoir
Elevation (m) 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526
Tawang H.E. Project Stage-II

Surface area (sq.m) 0.00 800 2700 3300 6000 8100 8600 11200 12700 15600 18500 21400 24900 26400 29300 31800 34600
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1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544

37500 40100 44100 47000 48700 52100 54700 57100 59500 61900 64300 66800 67900 71600 74500 76700 81000 85700

14.3.1.5.2 Design Flood Hydrograph The Design flood hydrograph with peak 13330 cumec has been used which has been obtained from adding SPF hydrograph and GLOF hydrograph considering the same time of occurrence of peaks of both hydrographs. The design flood hydrograph which has been applied at the reservoir branch in the model set up is given in Table-14.2.

Table 14.2: Design Flood Hydrograph

Time (Hour) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Tawang H.E. Project Stage-II

Discharge (cumec) 185 190 210 251 316 409 532 706 965 1326

Time (Hour) 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

Discharge (cumec) 1419 1293 1181 1082 993 913 842 776 715 660
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Environmental Management Plant Dam (Barrage) Break Analysis and Disaster Management Plan 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 1770 2259 2753 3199 3541 3743 3782 3671 3457 3204 2965 2766 2615 2508 2429 2368 2319 2274 2234 2203 2197 2255 2423 2714 3112 3572 4049 4478 4797 4962 4945 4761 4462 4118 3786 3491 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 611 569 531 496 464 435 408 382 358 332 301 271 247 231 221 214 210 208 206 204 202 199 194 190 187 185 185 185 185

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Environmental Management Plant Dam (Barrage) Break Analysis and Disaster Management Plan 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 3245 3047 2883 2737 2595 2442 2273 2084 1894 1717 1561

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The possible shapes of the breach which can be accomplished by the MIKE 11 model are triangular, trapezoidal and rectangular. For Barrage, breach takes place due to overtopping of water, hence breach shape in this case is rectangular and therefore side slope of breach is zero. The storage parameters consist of a table of surface area in sq. km with corresponding elevations as mentioned above. Some parameter may be ignored from the physical description of the dam (barrage), spillway and reservoir. A combination of program control parameters as specified in the manual is used to determine the methodology to rout a specified hydrograph. Breach has been started by allowing the failure to commence at the time nearly equal to the time of occurrence of peak flood in the inflow hydrograph. Thus, the start of breach is kept equal to the time of occurrence of peak flood of inflow hydrograph which is the critical case of failure of dam (barrage) producing maximum dam break flood. By doing this, it has become possible to incorporate the maximum effect of design flood hydrograph and predict the correct time lag & flood magnitude at the desired locations. The surveyed cross-sections in the downstream of the Barrage axis of Tawang stage-II have also been developed using DEM data up to 16Km downstream where cross section were not available. The same cross-sections have been utilized in setting up the geometry of the model for routing of dam (barrage) break flood and obtaining the routed dam (barrage) break flood hydrographs at different downstream locations. As the valley is very steep and comparatively narrow, there would not be bigger effect of approximation of cross-sections on routing of flood

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hydrograph. Thus, the result obtained by these cross-sections obtained from DEM data will not be much different than that of from surveyed cross-sections at the later stages.

14.3.2 Dam (barrage) Break Simulation

14.3.2.1 Selection of Dam (barrage) Breach Parameters Prediction of the dam (barrage) breach parameters and timing of the breach are very important for any dam (barrage) break study, but they are extremely difficult to predict. However, assuming the dam (barrage) fails, the important aspects to deal with are, time of failure, extent of overtopping before failure, size, shape and time of the breach formation. Estimation of the dam break flood will depend on these parameters. The breach characteristics that are needed as input to the existing dam (barrage) break models are i) Initial and final breach width and level; ii) Shape of the breach; iii) Time duration of breach development, and iv) Reservoir level at time of start of breach. The predominant mechanism of breach formation is, to a large extent, dependent on the type of dam and the cause due to which the dam failed.

14.3.3 Discussions on Results The MIKE 11 results consist of following important tables & profiles: 1) Dam break flood at dam site 2) Water surface & discharge profile from dam site to desired location 3) Dam break Flood at desired locations 4) Time lag between time of maximum breach at dam site & at desired locations. The study has been made for various breach periods. After conducting the studies main emphasis is on 5 minute breach period and 125 m breach width. the

a)

Critical condition for dam (barrage) break study The critical condition for a dam (barrage) break study is when the reservoir is at FRL and

design flood hydrograph is impinged with all the spillway gates closed. Accordingly, in the present study keeping the reservoir at FRL of 1536 m, the Design flood of the order of 13330 cumec has been impinged keeping all the spillway gates fully closed and dam (barrage) breach time has been kept at the time of peak 13330 cumec.
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Table 14.3: Breach parameters considered for the sensitivity analysis

Case No. 1. 2. 3. Breach Discharge cumec Initial Final 13330 (Peak Flood) 13330 (Peak Flood) 13330 (Peak Flood) 34225 31485 30461 Breach Width (m) Initial 0 0 0 Final 125 125 125 0.00 0.00 0.00 Slope Breach Development period 5 Minutes 10 Minutes 15 Minutes Dam-break structure considered for breaching Barrage Barrage Barrage

b)

MIKE-11 model Outputs The model outputs of the Barrage are made to breach at the time when inflow reaches

near peak 13330 cumec. The dam (barrage) breach analysis has been carried out for the various breach time assumed and it has also been assumed that whole Barrage collapses through rectangular breach formation. The failure time has been assumed as 5, 10 & 15 minutes corresponding to bottom breach width i.e. 125m. It is also assumed that at the time of peak 13330 cumec, spillway gates are not functioning. The resulting dam break flood hydrograph is shown in Fig. 14.1 in case of 125 m breach width for 5 minute breach time and the peak of the dam break hydrograph is 34225 cumec. The variation in maximum water level, with respect to distance from dam (barrage) for 125 m breach width case for 5 minute breach time, is 1560m at dam and 1123m i.e. 20m depth at 14.90 km downstream of dam which is shown in Fig. 14.2 along with variation in maximum dam break flood discharge. A table showing these variations is enclosed at Table 14.3. The MIKE 11 model output for 125m breach width and for 5 minute breach time is shown in Figures 14.4 & 14.5.

c)

Preparation of inundation map The MIKE 11 model for dam break simulation computes the maximum flood elevation at

each original or interpolated cross-section. In the downstream of the dam (barrage) axis the water level for each cross-section (original or interpolated) in case of 125 m breach width on the 1510 m elevation and 5 min breach period is given in Table 14.4 and the flood profile with spatial positioning of villages and important civil structures are shown in Fig.14.3. Figure shows the inundation map which has been prepared using 1;50,000 SOI toposheets. There are no villages which will be submerged in case of dam (barrage) failure scenario, however, 2.1 hectare of agricultural lands are being submerged due to worst case scenario. Hence, the hazard potential for the all the settlements along the downstream of the Tawang Stage-II barrage is very low.
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Table 14.4: Variation of maximum discharge and its elevation after dam (barrage) break d/s of barrage axis (width BOTTOM OF BREAK = 125 m, Elevation of bottom of breach = 1510 m, breach time = 5 min) TIME OF MAXIMUM ELEVATION (minutes) 5 5.1 6 7 9 10 13 15 17

DISTANCE FROM BARRAGE (m) 0.00 0.30 3.37 4.52 6.98 8.05 10.60 12.92 14.91

RIVER BED ELEVATION (m) 1510 1497.30 1367.53 1308.90 1262.08 1214.16 1137.60 1133.58 1103.51

MAXIMUM ELEVATION (m) 1561.58 1518.23 1385.05 1333.67 1275.54 1230.23 1162.52 1153.13 1123.00

MAXIMUM DISCHARGE (cumec) 34225 33463 26227 24764 22441 21553 20463 20381 19361

14.4

DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Tawang H.E. Project Stage-II proposes 28 m barrage with a small the reservoir. Barrage

failure is a catastrophic which is most-unlikely to occur. However, considering worst situation emergency preparedness plan has been proposed. Dam (barrage) failure poses serious threat to all people and property, located downstream from the structure. In order to save a large numbers of injuries, huge damage to property an integrated disaster management approach is essential. This approach includes disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness. However, failure of dam (barrage) is a low risk but high impact hazard as they do not occur often but can be extremely catastrophic. However, over the recent years failure rate has fallen below 0.5%, in which most of the failures involve small dams. The failures of dam are directly related to the type of dams. From the result it is evident that up to about 14.9 km D/S of the Tawang barrage, time required in reaching the flood wave elevation to the maximum is of the order of few minutes. It

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hardly leaves any possibility of any rescue or evacuation. Since the time available is very short, the Disaster Management Plan should concentrate on preventive actions. Surveillance and monitoring programmes are required to be implemented during design and investigation, construction, first reservoir filling, early operation period and operation & maintenance phases of the life cycle of barrage. It is desirable that all gates, electricity, public announcement system, power generator backups etc are thoroughly checked before arrival of the monsoon. As it is clear from the results that upstream water level has significant effect on the dam (barrage) break flood, the following flood conditions may be considered for different level of alertness: i) If u/s water level reaches at top of the barrage, it may be considered as an emergency. At this point only a few minutes are available for taking any action. All the staff from the barrage site should be alerted to move to a safe place. The district administration and the corporations head office shall be informed about the possibility of barrage failure. ii) If u/s water level rises above the barrage top and barrage begins to fail, it may be considered as a disaster condition. At this stage, nothing can be done. Information in this regard should be given to the head office and district administration. The following measures can be taken to avoid the loss of lives and property:

14.4.1 Preventive Measures Once the likelihood of an emergency situation is suspected, action has to be initiated to prevent a failure. The point at which each situation reaches an emergency status shall be specified and at that stage the vigilance and surveillance shall be upgraded. At this stage a through inspection of the barrage shall be carried out to locate any visible signs of distress. The anticipated need of equipment shall be evaluated and if these are not available at the barrage site, the exact locations and availability of these equipments shall be identified. A plan shall be drawn on priority for inspection of the barrage. The barrage, its sluices and non-overflow sections will be properly illuminated.

14.4.2 Surveillance Surveillance and monitoring programs are required to be implemented during design and investigation, construction, early operation period and operation and maintenance phases of the life cycle of the barrage. It is desirable that all gates, public announcement system, power
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generator backups etc are thoroughly checked before arrival of the monsoon. An effective flood forecasting system is required by establishing hourly gauge reading at suitable u/s locations with real time communicator at the top. An effective dam (barrage) safety surveillance and monitoring programme also includes rapid analysis and interpretation of instrumentation and observation data along with periodic inspection, safety reviews and evaluation.

14.4.3 Infrastructural Development It is essential to improve, modernize and expand the existing network and rainfall and stream gauging stations in the region. Total financial allocation for the surveillance, monitoring and infrastructure development would be Rs. 60 lakhs.

14.4.4 Emergency Action and Preparedness Plan An emergency is defined as a condition of serious nature which develops unexpectedly and endangers downstream property and human life and requires immediate attention. Community preparedness is key mitigation factor in the flash flood condition. It involves not only the emergency action plan and well developed communication but needs awareness programme for the people residing in downstream areas. Preparedness also involves the development of infrastructures like escape routes and refuge for people and livestock flood prone areas. The following preparedness measures are suggested for disaster management of Tawang H.E. Project Stage-II:

14.4.4.1 Administrative and Procedural Aspects The administrative and procedural aspects of emergency action plan consists of a flowchart depicting the names, addresses and telephone numbers of the responsible and coordinating officials. In order of hierarchy, the following system will usually be appropriate. In the event of potential emergency, the observer at the site is required to report it to the Engineerin-charge through a wireless system, if available, or by the fastest communication system available. The Engineer-in-charge shall be responsible for contacting the Civil Administration, viz. Deputy Commissioner, In order to oversee all the operations required to tackle the emergency situations, a centralised command and control room would be set up by the project authorities at Tawang. The office would also remain in contact with offices of upstream projects. Each person involved with the emergency plan would be made aware of his/her responsibilities/ duties and the importance of work assigned under the Emergency Action Plan.
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All the villages falling under the flood prone zone or on the margins would be connected through wireless communication system with backup of standby telephone lines. A centralized siren alert system would be installed at all the village Panchayats so that in the event of a warning all villagers can be alerted through sirens rather than informing every body through messengers which is not feasible in such emergency situations. A financial allocation of Rs.70 lakhs has been made in the project cost for setting up of emergency control room and installation of siren/hooter alert systems at various locations.

14.4.4.2 Communication System An efficient communication system and a downstream warning system are absolutely essential for the success of an emergency plan especially when time is of great essence. The difference between a high flood and a dam (barrage) break situation shall be made clear to the downstream people in advance through awareness programmes. All the villages falling under the flood-prone zone or on the margins are required to be connected through wireless system backed by stand-by telephone lines. A centralized siren system is to be installed at Panchayats so that in the event of a warning. Keeping the disaster scenario in mind, any terrestrial system such as land lines or even cellular towers, etc. are likely to be the first casualty in earthquakes or floods. The restoration of such systems is time consuming. Moreover, the maintenance of such lines becomes a great problem in emergency even for the technical personnel who are required to reach the site of fault, which may be struck by the disaster. The system, therefore, cannot be made operational soon enough. The fault repairs and restoration of communication services are usually not possible for a considerable period of time after the calamity has struck. Moreover, it is critical that the communication systems are restored at the earliest so that relief/medical teams and other personnel can be arranged at the earliest possible time. All the subsidiary help depends solely on the communication system. As this criterion is paramount, existing systems such as telephones and telex, etc. are practically of little use in case of such events and situations. Similarly, microwave links are expected to be down due to collapse of towers, etc. Restoration of towers and alignment of equipment is again a time consuming activity. Keeping in view the urgency of services and their dependability during emergency relevant to the disaster conditions, satellite based systems present an ideal solution. The satellite based system usually comprises following components.
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i) ii) iii)

A small dish of approximately one meter diameter Associated radio equipment A power source

The deployment of the system is not dependent on the restoration of land routes. The existing satellite based communication systems are designed in such a manner that they are able to withstand fairly high degree of demanding environmental conditions. Secondly, the restoration of the satellite based system can be undertaken by carrying maintenance personnel and equipment by helicopters at a very short notice. Even the fresh systems could be inducted in a matter of an hour or so because most of these are designed for transportability by air. The deployment takes usually less than an hour. The power requirements are not large and can be met by sources such as UPS/ batteries/ generators. Satellite phones are the other option that could prove very useful for such situations and must be considered by the project authorities. The cost of deployment and maintenance of a telecommunication system in disaster prone areas is not as important as the availability, reliability and quick restoration of the system. The cost of both satellite bandwidth and the ground components of the satellite communication system has been decreasing rapidly like that of V-SAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) based systems supporting a couple of voice and data channels. Some highly superior communication systems in VSAT without time delay are marketed by National agencies like HECL, HFCL and HCL Comet. There are two different types of systems with the above mentioned capabilities available in the market viz. SCPCDAMA and TDMA. However, the first one named SCPCDAMA has been recommended for Tawang H.E. Project Stage-II. In all three, such systems would be installed at different sites in the area. The estimated cost of installation of such a communication system has been given in Table 14.5.

Table 14.5: The estimated cost of setting up of a satellite communication system

Sl.No. A. 1. Product Setting up of V-SAT communication system Product Name : SCPCDAMA (4 sites) @ Rs.25.00 lakhs per site a) Antenna 3 x 2.4 M b) RF 3 x 2 W c) Modem 3 x 1No. Generators 8 Nos. (2 KVA) UPS 4 Nos. (2 KVA) Installation and maintenance of system, maintenance 100.00 Amount (Rs. in lakhs)

2. 3. 4.

12.00 5.00 60.00

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Environmental Management Plant Dam (Barrage) Break Analysis and Disaster Management Plan and running cost of UPS, generators, etc. @ 10% of the total cost for 7 years Total 177.00

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14.4.5 Awareness A few guidelines to be generally followed by the inhabitants of flood prone areas, which form part of public awareness for disaster mitigation include: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Listen to the radio for advance information and advice. Disconnect all electrical appliances. Move household goods and all clothing out of reach of flood water. Move vehicles, farm animals and movable goods to the highest ground nearby. Move all dangerous pollutants and insecticides out of reach of water. Do not enter flood waters on foot, if it can be avoided.

14.4.6 Response and Recovery The entire rescue operation depends on the responses from the administration and project developers. All technical support and medical support must be supplied to the victims in first phase of operation. The response and Recovery plan include evacuation plan, 14.4.7 Evacuation Plan Emergency Action Plan includes evacuation plans and procedures for implementation based on local needs. These are: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Demarcation/prioritization of areas to be evacuated Notification procedures and evacuation instructions Safe routes, transport and traffic control Shelter areas Functions and responsibilities of members of evacuation team The flood prone zone in the event of dam (barrage) break of Tawang H.E. project Stage-II shall be marked properly at the village locations with adequate factor of safety. As the flood wave takes sufficient time in reaching these villages, its populace shall be informed well in time through wireless and sirens etc. so that people may climb on hills or to some elevated place beyond the flood zone which has been marked. The Evacuation Team would comprise:

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i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi)

D.M./ Nominated Officer (To peacefully relocate the people to places at higher elevation with State Administration) Engineer-in-Charge of the Project (Team Leader) S.P./Nominated Police Officer (To maintain law and order) C.M.O. of the area (To tackle morbidity of affected people) Sarpanch/Gram Budha of Affected Villages to execute the resettlement operation with the aid of state machinery and project proponents Sub-committees at village level

The entire evacuation team will be well equipped with rescue team, medical team, medicines, emergency vans, boats, helicopter, and other means of transport. The Engineer-in-Charge will be responsible for the entire operation including prompt determination of the flood situation from time to time. Once the red alert is declared the whole state machinery will come into swing and will start evacuating people in the inundation areas delineated in the inundation map. For successful execution, annually Demo exercise will be done. DM is to monitor the entire operation. Total financial outlay for the Recovery, Evacuation and rescue operation would be Rs.70.00 lakhs.

14.4.8 Medical team After declaration of red alert, district administration would arrange a team of doctors within a few hours. The strength of the medical team depends on the magnitude of disaster. The team will be lashed with all possible medical facilities to cure the emergency cases, injuries and water borne diseases like diarrhoeal, etc. Total financial budget for the medical team would be Rs. 50.00 lakhs.

14.4.9 Mitigation and Rehabilitation In the event of the dam (barrage) break, project authorities would provide adequate Relief fund. The package includes the cost of property lost, sustenance grant, livelihood grant, medical grant and rights and privilege grant on forest resources. An agricultural land of 2.1 hectares is affected in case of dam (barrage) failure. Considering the compensation of agricultural land loss, @ Rs175,000/ ha, total allocation of Rs. 3,67,500.00 will be provided to the families who owns the affected agricultural land. In addition Rs 170.00 lakhs has been made in the project cost for accidental and emergency causes. Besides, for the notification and public awareness Rs.50.00 lakhs has been allocated. In addition, for miscellaneous expenses another Rs.50.00 lakhs has been allocated.
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14.5

COST ESTIMATE The estimated total cost of execution of disaster management plan including the

equipment would be Rs. 700.67 lakhs and it is given in Table 14.6.

Table 14.6: Cost estimate for the disaster management plan of Tawang H.E Project Stage-II
Particulars Surveillance and monitoring Administrative and Procedural Aspects Communication System Recovery, Evacuation and rescue operation Medical expenditure Mitigation and Rehabilitation Notification and Public awareness Miscellaneous Total Total cost (Rupees in lakhs) 60.00 70.00 177.00 70.00 50.00 173.67 50.00 50.00 700.67

Tawang H.E. Project Stage-II

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