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Fluid Mechanics, SG2214, HT2009

September 2, 2009
Exercise 1: Tensors and Invariants
Tensor/Index Notation
Scalar (0th order tensor), usually we consider scalar elds function of space and time
p = p(x, y, z, t)
Vector (1st order tensor), dened by direction and magnitude
( u)
i
= u
i
If u =

u
v
w

then u
2
= v
Matrix (2nd order tensor)
(A)
ij
= A
ij
If A =

a
11
a
12
a
13
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
31
a
32
a
33

then A
23
= a
23
Kronecker delta (2nd order tensor)

ij
= (I)
ij
=

1 if i = j
0 if i = j
To indicate operation among tensor we will use Einstein summation convention (summation over repeated
indices)
u
i
u
i
=
3

i=1
u
i
u
i
i is called dummy index (as opposed to free index) and can be renamed
Example: Kinetic energy per unit volume
1
2
| u|
2
=
1
2
(u
2
+ v
2
+ w
2
) =
1
2
u
i
u
i
Matrix/Tensor operations
( a

b) = a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
+ a
3
b
3
= a
i
b
i
=
ij
a
i
b
j
= a
j
b
j
(scalar, inner product)
( a

b)
ij
= ( a

b)
ij
= a
i
b
j
(diadic, tensor product)
(A

b)
i
= A
ij
b
j
(matrix-vector multiplication, inner product)
(AB)
ij
= (A B)
ij
= A
ik
B
kj
(matrix multiplication, inner product)
(AB)
ijkl
= (AB)
ijkl
= A
ij
B
kl
(diadic, tensor product)
(A : B) = A
ij
B
ij
(double contraction)
tr(A) = A
11
+ A
22
+ A
33
= A
ii
(trace)
(A)
ij
= A
ij
(A
T
)
ij
= A
ji
(transpose)
1
Permutation symbol

ijk
=

1 if ijk in cyclic order. ijk = 123, 231 or 312


0 if any two indices are equal
1 if ijk in anticyclic order. ijk = 321, 213 or 132
Vector (Cross) product
a

b =

e
1
e
2
e
3
a
1
a
2
a
3
b
1
b
2
b
3

= e
1
(a
2
b
3
a
3
b
2
) e
2
(a
1
b
3
a
3
b
1
) + e
3
(a
1
b
2
a
2
b
1
) =
ijk
e
i
a
j
b
k
( a

b)
i
=
ijk
a
j
b
k

ijk

ilm
=
jl

km

jm

kl

ijk

ijm
= {l = j} = 3
km

jm

kj
= 3
km

mk
= 2
km

ijk

ijk
= {m = k} = 2 3 = 6
Example: Rewrite without the cross product:
( a

b) ( c

d) = ( a

b)
i
( c

d)
i
=
ijk
a
j
b
k

ilm
c
l
d
m
=
ijk

ilm
a
j
b
k
c
l
d
m
=
(
jl

km

jm

kl
) a
j
b
k
c
l
d
m
= a
j
c
j
b
k
d
k
a
j
d
j
b
k
c
k
= ( a c)(

b

d) ( a

d)(

b c)
Tensor Invariants
b
ij
, b
2
ij
= b
ik
b
kj
= (b
ij
)
2
, b
3
ij
= b
ik
b
kl
b
lj
= (b
ij
)
3
Any scalar obtained from a tensor (e.g. b
ii
, b
2
ii
, . . . ) is invariant, i.e. independent of the coordinate system.
The principal invariants are dened by (
i
are the eigenvalues of B)
I
1
= b
ii
= tr(B) =
1
+
2
+
3
I
2
=
1
2

(b
ii
)
2
b
2
ii

=
1
2

[tr(B)]
2
tr(B
2
)

=
1

2
+
2

3
+
1

3
I
3
=
1
6
(b
ii
)
3

1
2
b
ii
b
2
jj
+
1
3
b
3
ii
= det(B) =
1

3
Decomposition of Tensors
T
ij
= T
S
ij
+ T
A
ij
symmetric and anti-symmetric parts
T
S
ij
=
1
2

T
ij
+ T
ji

= T
S
ji
symmetric
T
A
ij
=
1
2

T
ij
T
ji

= T
A
ji
anti-symmetric
The symmetric part of the tensor can be divided further into a trace-less and an isotropic part:
T
S
ij
=

T
ij
+

T
ij

T
ij
= T
S
ij

1
3
T
kk

ij
trace-less

T
ij
=
1
3
T
kk

ij
isotropic
This gives:
2
T
ij
= T
S
ij
+ T
A
ij
=

T
ij
+

T
ij
+ T
A
ij
In the Navier-Stokes equations we have the tensor
u
i
x
j
(deformation-rate tensor). The anti-symmetric part
describes rotation, the isotropic part describes the volume change and the trace-less part describes the defor-
mation of a uid element.
Operators
(p)
i
=

x
i
p (gradient, increase of tensor order)
p = p =
2
p =

2
x
i
x
i
p (Laplace operator)
u =

x
i
u
i
(divergence, decrease of tensor order)
( A)
j
=

x
i
A
ij
(divergence of a tensor)
( u)
ij
= ( u)
ij
=

x
i
u
j
(gradient of a vector)
( u)
i
=
ijk

x
j
u
k
(curl)
Gauss theorem (general)
Gauss theorem (divergence theorem):

F ndS =


F dV
or with index notation,

S
F
i
n
i
dS =

V
F
i
x
i
dV
In general we can write,

S
T
ijk
n
l
dS =

x
l
T
ijk
dV
Example: Put T
ijk
n
l
= T
ij
u
l
n
l

S
T
ij
u
l
n
l
dS =

x
l
(u
l
T
ij
) dV
or,

S
T( u n) dS =

( u)T+ ( u )T

dV
Identities
Derive the identity
(

F

G) = (

G )

F + (

G)

F (

F)

G(

F )

G

(

F

G)

i
=
ijk

x
j

klm
F
l
G
m
=
ijk

klm

x
j
F
l
G
m
=
kij

klm

x
j
F
l
G
m
=
3
(
il

jm

im

jl
)

x
j
F
l
G
m
=

x
j
F
i
G
j


x
j
F
j
G
i
=
F
i
x
j
G
j
+
G
j
x
j
F
i

F
j
x
j
G
i
+
G
i
x
j
F
j
=
G
j
F
i
x
j
+
G
j
x
j
F
i

F
j
x
j
G
i
F
j
G
i
x
j
= [(

G )

F + (

G)

F (

F)

G(

F )

G]
i
Show that
(

F) = 0
(

F) =

x
i

ijk

x
j
F
k
=
ijk

x
i

x
j
F
k
Remember that
ijk
=
jik
and that

x
i

x
j
F
k
=

x
j

x
i
F
k
and thus all terms will cancel.

ijk

x
i

x
j
F
k
= 0
Similarly, show that
(f) = 0
(f) =
ijk

2
x
j
x
k
f = 0 according to the same argument as above.
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