GS.TS.

PHM DUY HU (Ch bin)

PGS.TS. V C CHNH TS. O VN NG
THS. NGUYN THANH SANG






B TNG ASPHALT






NH XUT BN GIAO THNG VN TI


Vin khoa hc v cng ngh xy dng giao thng
Trng i hc GTVT
Huuphamduy@gmail.com
LI NI U
B tng asphalt v cc vt liu hn hp khongbitum khc l vt liu chnh
xy dng mt ng t v sn bay, ng st v cc cng trnh thu li.
Ni dung ca gio trnh trnh by v cc nguyn l, vt liu ch to, cc tnh cht
vt l v c hc, phng php thit k thnh phn, cng ngh ch to b tng asphalt.
Gio trnh bao gm 12 chng c phn cng bin son nh sau:
Ch bin: Chng 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9GS. TS. Phm Duy Hu
Chng 7, 8PGS.TS. V c Chnh
Chng 7, 11, 12TS. o Vn ng
Chng 9, 10ThS. Nguyn Thanh Sang
Gio trnh l ti liu hc tp cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh vt liu v cng ngh
xy dng, sinh vin ngnh xy dng cng trnh giao thng ca Trng i hc Giao
thng Vn ti. Gio trnh cn l ti liu tham kho cho cc k s xy dng giao thng
v xy dng dn dng, cc hc vin cao hc, nghin cu sinh v cc c gi cn quan
tm.
Trong qu trnh bin son chng ti nhn c kin ng gp ca cc ng
nghip, cc nh khoa hc k thut thuc B GTVT, B Xy dng v cc trng i hc
trong v ngoi nc. Chng ti nhn c cc ti liu qu bu ca trng Xy dng
ng v t ca Nga v cc ti liu ca cng ty Shell Anh Quc.
Chng ti rt cm n v mong nhn c kin ng gp ca bn c cho cun
sch c hon thin hn.
Cc tc gi




CC T KHA
Phm Duy Hu, B tng asphalt, bitum, vt liu khong, b tng ri ngui,
bn Marshall, cu trc ca b tng asphalt, hn hp vt liu khong -
bitum, SMA.
Chng 1
KHI NIM V PHN LOI B TNG ASPHALT
1.1. KHI NIM

B tng asphalt l vt liu khongbitum xy dng ng, nhn c khi lm c
hn hp b tng asphalt. Hn hp b tng asphalt bao gm dm (hoc si), ct, bt
khong, bitum du m, ph gia. Hn hp c thit k hp l v gia nhit t 120
160
0
C. Thnh phn ca b tng asphalt theo khi lng thng thng nh sau: dm:
2065%; ct: 3066%; bt khong: 414%; bitum: 57%; v ph gia tu theo kt qu
th nghim.
Trn c s cht kt dnh hu c (bitum, gurng, nh tng) trong xy dng
ng thng dng cc vt liu hn hp khong v cht kt dnh hu c. Ph bin nht
v c cht lng cao nht t vt liu khongbi tum l b tng asphalt. B tng asphalt
l sn phm nhn c khi lm c v rn chc hn hp asphaltb tng.
Hn hp b tng asphalt bao gm: dm, ct, bt khong v bi tum c la
chn thnh phn hp l, nho trn v gia cng thnh mt hn hp ng nht. Ct liu
ln lm tng khi lng hn hp, lm gim gi thnh ca b tng asphalt v tng cng
v n nh. Ct liu nh khi trn vi bitum to thnh va asphalt lm tng tnh
do ca hn hp, nh hng n kh nng lm vic v phm vi ng dng ca b tng
asphalt. Bt khong lm thay i t l ct liu nh lm hn hp c hn v tng t l b
mt ca cc ct liu, n kt hp vi bitum to nn cht kt dnh mi bao bc v bi trn
b mt ct liu. Cht lng ca b tng asphalt ph thuc vo ngun gc ca ct liu,
bt khong v qunh/ nht ca bitum.
B tng asphalt l tt nht so vi cc hn hp vt liu khongbitum khc ch
n c c, cng , n nh v bn cao do s tham gia ca bt khong trong
thnh phn.
B tng asphalt c s dng lm lp ph mt ng c lng giao thng cao
nh ng cao tc, ng thnh ph v sn bay.
B tng asphalt i hi kt cu pha di c cng cao m bo khng b nt
gy trong qu trnh khai thc. ng thi vic ci tin nhm m bo cho xe chy
vi tc cao l vn cn ang tip tc nghin cu.
Cng v n nh ca b tng asphalt c hnh thnh nh s lin kt gia
ct liu vi bt khong v bitum. Thnh phn ca b tng asphalt c th c thit k
theo tiu chun Vit Nam v tiu chun ca Vin Asphalt Hoa K. Thnh phn hn hp
vt liu khong theo cc tiu chun ny v cn bn l ging nhau. Tuy nhin, vn
lng bitum ti u cn c nhng im cha thng nht.
Cc tnh cht ca b tng asphalt ph thuc vo nhit thi cng v nhit khai
thc. Theo cc ti liu quc t th b tng asphalt c th khai thc nhit t 50
0
C
n +60
0
C. Cc gii php tng cng n nh nhit ca b tng asphalt cn c
bit lu khi s dng b tng asphalt trong iu kin kh hu nhit i. Trong qu trnh
khai thc b tng asphalt chu nh hng ca cc yu t nhit v thi tit nn n b
gi i, nt n, b mi mn v bin dng lm gim tui th khai thc ca b tng asphalt.
Tui th trung bnh ca cc lp ph mt ng bng b tng asphalt khong 10 n 15
nm. Trong iu kin thit k, thi cng, bo dng v khai thc hp l th tui th ti a
c th t n 20 nm.
Yu cu v thnh phn hn hp, tnh cht ca b tng asphalt v phng php
thit k thnh phn c ghi r trong tiu chun TCVN v TCN GTVT. C th tham
kho tiu chun 912884 hoc 2.05.0285 hoc 1280184 ca Nga; tiu chun ca Vin
Asphalt Hoa K.
B tng asphalt c s dng xy dng khong 50% cc con ng trn
ton th gii v khong 15% cc con ng Vit Nam.
B tng asphalt cn c th s dng lm va h, khu vui chi gii tr, cng trnh th
thao v cc cng trnh thu li. B tng asphalt ch yu c mu en nhng trong iu
kin yu cu cng c th ch to b tng asphalt c mu khc.
1. 2. PHN LOI B TNG ASPHALT
B tng asphalt l vt liu khongbitum c cht lng cao. Ngoi ra cn c cc
loi hn hp khc nh: vt liu nha macadam, nha cp phi c, nha cng
cao, nha ht mn (va asphalt), hn hp to nhm, nha thm nc. S khc
nhau c bn gia hn hp asphalt v nha l cp phi ca hn hp. Cp phi ct liu
trong asphalt thng bao gm ct liu ln, ct liu mn v bt . Trong cc hn hp
nha thng t s dng bt . Cc hn hp to nhm v nha thm nc thng s
dng cc cp phi gin on.
B tng nha cn c th c ch to t cc loi bitum polyme hoc cc loi nh
tng bitum.
Cng ca b tng asphalt thay i t 115MPa v ph thuc vo nhit . B
tng asphalt c th c phn loi theo cc yu t sau:
Theo cc tiu chun quc t v 22TCN 24998 ca B Giao thng vn ti qui
nh nh sau:
Hn hp b tng asphalt v b tng asphalt c phn loi theo cc c im sau:
Theo nhit thi cng: Hn hp b tng asphalt trong lp ph mt ng c
chia ra loi nng, m v ngui. Hn hp nng c ri v bt u lm c khi nhit
khng nh hn 120
o
C. Hn hp ny thng dng bi tum c qunh 40/60, 60/70 v
70/100. Hn hp m c ri v bt u lm c khi nhit khng nh hn 90
0
C v
thng dng bitum lng s 1, 2, 3. Hn hp ngui dng bi tum lng c nht 70/130
c ri nhit khng kh khng nh hn 5
o
C v c gi nhit thng.
Theo c (hoc rng d): Theo ch tiu rng d b tng asphalt c
chia lm 3 loi: loi c c rng 25%, loi rng c rng 612% v loi rt rng
c rng 1225% theo th tch.
Theo ln ca ht ct liu: Theo ng knh ln nht ca ht vt liu khong
c chia ra 3 loi: loi ln (D
max
40mm), loi trung bnh (D
max
20mm) v loi nh
(hn hp ht nh v hn hp ct D
max
5mm).
Theo tiu chun M b tng asphalt chia lm 21 loi k hiu l s Lam v c ch
tiu ph l a, b, c, d...V d Ia,..., IId... Vi D
max
l 2,5 in, 1,5 in, 1 in, 0,5 in v 3/8 in,
D
min
l mt sng s N
o
200 (0,071 mm).
Theo hm lng gia dm (hoc si) v ct: B tng asphalt nng hoc m,
c c chia lm 3 loi: loi A nu t l dmhn hp ct liu trong khong
5065%; loi B: 3550%; loi C: 2035%; loi D: b tng asphalt ct thin nhin; loi
G: b tng asphalt ct nghin. B tng asphalt ngui c chia lm 2 loi:
B
N
: 3550%; C
N
: 2035%. B tng asphalt ct ri ngui c k hiu: D
N
v G
N
.
Theo cht lng ca vt liu v tnh cht c l: B tng asphalt cn chia ra
loi sau:
I, II, v III: B tng asphalt c v nng.
I,II: B tng asphalt nng rng v rt rng.
I,II: B tng asphalt ngui.
V c bn cch phn loi b tng theo cc tiu chun l thng nht tuy c quy
nh khc nhau v n v o kch thc ht ct liu v k hiu loi b tng. Theo tiu
chun Vit Nam v Nga n v o l mm, tiu chun Anh, M l in.
1.3. CC YU CU CHUNG I VI B TNG ASPHALT
B tng asphalt l mt loi vt liu c bit vi cc tnh cht thay i nhiu theo
nhit ca mi trng v theo ma. Vo ma h nhit b tng trong lp ph mt
ng c th t 5060
0
C, cng ch cn 11.5MPa, b tng asphalt tr nn do v
c th b chy. V ma ng cng t t 1015MPa, b tng asphalt tr nn n
hi thm tr c th dn.
Trong c nm mc ti trng chuyn ng trn mt ng l khng i. Nh
vy vic thit k thnh phn b tng, thit k kt cu mt ng, thit k cng ngh thi
cng l mt bi ton rt l phc tp m bo yu cu thay i trng thi ng sut
bin dng trong cc iu kin thay i nhit khc nhau. Bi ton c gii quyt
bng cch la chn dng, kiu, vt liu, kt cu mt ng hp l c xt n s ph hp
gia iu kin vn ti v kh hu. B tng asphalt cn m bo cc yu cu v cng
, n nh, bin dng nhit cao v chng li s ph hoi do nt nhit thp.
Khi m bo c cc yu t trn b tng asphalt c th t tui th t 15 n 20 nm.
1.4. KT CU MT NG B TNG ASPHALT
Kt cu mt ng t ch yu gm mt s lp: lp mt, mng v lp nn mng.
Hnh 1.1 m t mt mt ct ngang in hnh ca mt con ng. Cc lp kt cu mt
ng b tng asphalt m t hnh 1.2. Kt cu mt ng c kh nng phn b hiu qu
ti trng xe, m bo kh nng chu ti, tui th, chi ph u t xy dng v bo dng
hp l. Kt cu mt ng c thit k m bo di tc dng ca ti trng xe ng
sut trn mt ng v nn ng khng vt qu cc gii hn cho php. Ngy nay ti
trng trc xe thit k thng t 1013 tn, trong tng lai c th n 15 tn. Ti trng
ca my bay c th pht trin n 25 tn. Cc tc ng ca mi trng nh m,
lng ma, mc nc ngm, cc iu kin kh hu cng nh hng ln n cht lng
mt ng.
Lp mt ng thng bao gm 2 lp: lp trn thng c gi l lp o (lp
mt). Lp ny thng s dng b tng asphalt c ht nh. Lp di thng s dng b
tng asphalt ri nng hoc m rng v ht ln. Lp trn ca mt ng phi m bo
kh nng chng li bin dng di tc dng ca ti trng xe, khng thm nc bo
v lp di ca mt ng. Trong nhng con ng c bit c th s dng cc lp
bitum rng thm nc hoc cc lp matt asphalt cng.
Hnh 1.1. Mt ct ngang ng t in hnh
Mt ng b tng asphalt l loi mt ng chnh trong giao thng th, ngoi
th, ng cao tc v ng nhiu xe chy.







Hnh 1.2. Cu to cc
lp mt ng t
Lp mng l b phn kt cu chnh trong kt cu mt ng phn b ti trng
m bo cc lp di khng b qu ti. y l lp chu lc chnh, c kh nng chng li
bin dng d v s nt gy do mi v ng sut pht sinh do chnh lch nhit . Lp
mng c th chia ra lm 2 lp: lp mng trn v lp mng di (lp cp phi dm
tiu chun). Lp mng trn thng s dng cc vt liu dnh kt, lp mng di s
dng vt liu c gia cng. Cc vt liu dnh kt bao gm b tng asphalt c rng
cao, vt liu khongbitum, cc vt liu hoc nn mng c gia cng bng cht
dnh kt v c. Lp gia cng gm c dm, ct, vt liu khong t cc i hoc cc
sn phm cht thi cng nghip. Tng mng cng c th s dng cc loi b tng
ngho.
Lp nn mng ca kt cu mt ng c bn gm 2 lp: lp nn trn thng bng
vt liu ht c cht lng tt, lp nn di l t t nhin hoc t c gia c nhm
to lp lp mt tt ca nn ng. i khi cng b sung mt s lp: lp ph nn c th
bng t t nhin hoc ct liu ht th c gia c vi v xi mng. Lp thot nc t
do to thnh mt lp thot nc ra khi mt ng bng dc ngang lp ny c th
dng ct vi tiu chun k thut m bo.

CU HI N TP
1. Khi nim v phn loi b tng asphalt
2. Cc yu cu chung i vi b tng asphalt
3. Kt cu mt ng b tng asphalt























Chng 2
CHT KT DNH BITUM
2.1. KHI NIM V PHN LOI BITUM LM NG
2.1.1. KHI NIM
Nhng loi vt liu nh bitum, gurng, nh tng, nha mu l cc cht kt dnh
hu c. Chng c th dng cng, qunh, lng (thnh phn ch yu l hirccbon cao
phn t v mt s hp cht khc), c kh nng trn ln v dnh kt cc vt liu khong,
to thnh vt liu nhn to c nhng tnh cht vt l, c hc ph hp xy dng
ng t v sn bay. Cc cht kt dnh hu c cn c dng lm vt liu lp, cch
nc, chng thm v bo v cc p nc, cc cng trnh kin trc, lm nn, gia c nn
ng st, sn th thao, ng ua t v m t. Cht dnh kt trong b tng asphalt
thng s dng bitum du m qunh hoc lng, nh tng bitum hoc bitum polyme.
2.1.2. PHN LOI
Bitum c cc loi sau:
Bitum du msn phm cui cng ca qu trnh chng ct du m, c nhiu
M, Nga v Trung ng.
Bitum dusn phm khi chng du. du c th cha n 12% bitum.
Bitum du c sn xut Php v Thu S.
Bitum thin nhinloi bitum thng gp trong thin nhin dng tinh khit hay
ln vi cc loi . c khai thc ti cc m u tin Ty Ban Nha.
Nh tng bitum: l mt loi bitum lng bao gm cc ht bitum phn tn trong
mi trng nc v cht nh ho.
Bitum polyme ci tin: l loi bitum ci tin c thm thnh phn polyme hu c
hoc cc cht polyme to mu. Bitum polyme c tnh n nh nhit hoc to mu sc
cho cng trnh. Gi thnh ca bitum polyme cao nn c s dng trong cc cng trnh
ng cao cp, c cc yu cu c bit.
Bitum rn v bitum oxi ho: nhit 2025
o
C l mt cht rn c tnh gin v
tnh n hi, nhit 180200
o
C th c tnh cht ca mt cht lng.
Bitum qunh: nhit 2025
o
C l mt cht mm, c tnh do cao v n hi
khng ln lm.
Bitum lng: nhit 2025
o
C l cht lng v c cha thnh phn hyrcacbon
d bay hi, c kh nng ng c li sau khi thnh phn nh bay hi, v sau c tnh
cht gn vi tnh cht ca bitum qunh.
2.2. THNH PHN V CU TRC CA BITUM
2.2.1. THNH PHN CU TO CA BITUM
Bitum du m l mt hn hp phc tp ca cc hp cht hyrcacbon cao phn t
(metan, naftalen, cc loi mch vng). Bitum c mu en, ho tan c trong benzen
(C
6
H
6
), cloruafooc (CHCl
3
), disunfuacacbon (CS
2
) v mt s dung mi hu c khc,
cc nhm chc nng c cha lu hunh, nit v nguyn t xy. Bitum cng cha mt
s lng nh kim loi nh niken, st, magi, canxy di dng mui hu c.
Thnh phn ho hc ca bitum du m nh sau:
C = 8288%; S = 06%; N = 0,51%;
H = 811%; O = 01,5%.
Da trn c s l thuyt v nhm ho hc ngi ta chia bitum du m thnh 3
nhm chnh (nhm cht du, nhm cht nha, nhm asphalt) v cc nhm ph. Nhn
chung, c th tch thnh phn ho hc ca bitum thnh hai nhm asphalt v maltel.
Nhm cc maltel c th chia ra thnh cc cht bo ho, cc cht nha, cc cht thm
(phn loi theo tiu chun Anh).
Nhm cht du(thm) gm nhng hp cht c phn t lng thp (300600),
khng mu, khi lng ring nh (0,910,925). Nhm cht du lm cho bitum c tnh
lng. Nu hm lng ca nhm ny tng ln, tnh qunh ca bitum gim. Trong bitum
nhm cht du chim khong 4560%.
Nhm cht nha gm nhng hp cht c phn t lng cao hn (600900), khi
lng ring xp x bng 1, mu nu sm. N c th ho tan trong benzen, etxng,
clorofooc. Nhm cht nha trung tnh (t l H/C = 1,61,8) lm cho bitum c tnh do.
Hm lng ca n tng, do ca bitum cng tng ln. Nha axit (H/C = 1,31,4)
lm tng tnh dnh bm ca bitum vo . Hm lng ca nhm cht nha trong bitum
du m vo khong 1530%.
Nhm asphalt rn, gin gm nhng hp cht c phn t lng ln (100030000),
khi lng ring 1,101,15, c mu nu sm hoc en, khng b phn gii khi t. Khi
nhit ln hn 300
o
C th b phn gii ra kh v cc, t l H/C = 1,1.
Asphalt c th ho tan trong clorofooc, ttraclorua cacbon (CCl
4
), khng ho tan
trong te, du ho v axtn (C
3
H
5
OH). Tnh qunh v s bin i tnh cht theo nhit
ca bitum ph thuc ch yu vo nhm ny.
Hm lng nhm asphalt tng ln th tnh qunh, nhit ho mm ca bitum
cng tng ln. Hm lng ca nhm asphalt trong bitum vo khong 1025%.
Nhm cacben v cacbit. Tnh cht ca cacben gn ging nh cht asphalt, ch
khc l khng ho tan trong benzen v trong CCl
4
, ho tan c trong isunfuacacbon,
khi lng ring ln hn 1.
Cacbit l mt cht rn dng mui, khng ho tan trong bt c dung mi no.
Hm lng ca cc cht ny trong bitum nh hn 1,5%, lm bitum km do.
Nhm axit asphalt v anhyrit. Nhm ny l nhng cht nha ho (nha axit)
mang cc tnh (gm nhng phn t c cha gc cacbxynCOOH), n l thnh phn
hot tnh b mt ln nht ca bitum, d ho tan trong ru cn, benzen, clorofooc v
kh ho tan trong etxng. Axit asphalt c khi lng ring nh hn 1, mu nu sm,
hm lng trong bitum nh hn 1%. Khi hm lng tng ln, kh nng thm t v
cng lin kt ca bitum vi b mt vt liu khong dng ccbonat tng ln.
Nhm parafin (cc cht no) l nhng hyr cacbua bo dng chui thng hoc
phn nhnh c phn t lng trung bnh, bao gm cc cht parafin v khng thuc dng
parafin. Papafin c th lm gim kh nmg phn tn v ho tan ca asphalt vo trong
cc nhm khc, c th lm gim tnh ng nht ca bitum. Nu t l parafin tng ln,
nhit ho mm, tnh gin ca bitum nhit thp s tng ln, bitum ho lng
nhit thp hn so vi bitum khng cha parafin. T l ca parafin trong bitum du
m n 5%.
Tnh cht ca bitum ph thuc vo thnh phn v tnh cht ca hn hp cc nhm
cu to ho hc. Da vo nhm cu to ho hc c th chia bitum du m thnh 3 loi:
loi 1, loi 2 v loi 3. Bitum loi 1 c nhm asphalt > 25%, nha < 24% v dung dch
ccbon > 50%. Bitum loi 2 c hm lng nhm cu to ho hc tng ng l > 18%;
> 36% v < 48%. Bitum loi 3 c cc nhm cu to ho hc tng ng l 2123%;
3034% v 4549%. Ba loi bitum trn c bin dng khc nhau. Thnh phn ho
hc ca chng thay i theo thi gian s dng kt cu mt ng.
Hnh 2.1 m t quan h tng i gia hm lng cc nhm cht ho hc ch yu
trong bitum vi ch s kim ln.











Hnh 2.1. Quan h
gia cc nhm cht
ho hc ch yu vi ch
s kim ln
2.2.2. CU TRC CA BITUM
-1 -2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Nhm cht bo ho
Nhm cht thm
Nhm cht nha
Nhm asphalt
P
h

n
t
r

m
-1 -2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Nhm cht bo ho
Nhm cht thm
Nhm cht nha
Nhm asphalt
P
h

n
t
r

m
Tnh cht ca bitum ph thuc vo cu trc ca n. Bitum l mt h thng keo
phc tp c cu trc c bn l cu trc mixen asphalt.
Trong l thuyt mixen i vi nhng cht cao phn t, Menep v Mark coi cu
trc ca chng nh mt h thng tinh th (mixen). Trong h thng ny cc mixen b bao
quanh bi mt s lng ln cc phn t c phn t lng nh bng nhng lc tng h.
Khi lc tng h ln th mi mt mixen l mt nt ca mng. Mixen c coi l pha
phn tn, cc phn t c phn t lng nh hn ng vai tr l mi trng phn tn.
Vi bitum, pha phn tn l nhm asphalt, xung quanh chng l nhng cht nha v mi
trng phn tn l cht du.
Trong bitum qunh v cng, mixen chim t l ln. Cn trong bitum lng chng
chim mt t l nh n ni khng c tng tc g vi nhau nn c th chuyn ng t
do trong cht du.
Quan h gia hm lng v cu to ca cc nhm trong bitum (du, nha,
asphalt) c th to nn cc cu trc phn tn khc nhau (sol, gel, solgel) c nhng
tnh cht cl nht nh (Hnh 2.2).
Cu trc sol c trng cho bitum c hm lng cht du v cht nha ln. Khi
cc mixen asphalt khng to ra c tc dng tng h ln nhau v chuyn ng t do
trong mi trng du. Cu trc sol c trong bitum lng v bitum qunh nu
nng chy.
Khi t l asphalt trong bitum ln v khng cht du v thm s to nn cu
trc gel. Trong cu trc gel cc ht nhn asphalt m rng ra, cc mixen asphalt xch
li gn nhau v c tc dng tng h ln nhau, to nn mng cu trc khng gian. Cu
trc to ra tnh n hi cho cht kt dnh v l c trng cho cu trc ca bitum cng
nhit thp.
Cu trc solgel c trng cho bitum qunh nhit thng. nhit ny vt
liu s c tnh n hi do v tnh nht.












b Cu truc vng
thm










b Cu truc vng
thm







eS cu trc bitum
dng gel
Hnh 2.2. Cc nhm cu to ca bitum (a, b, c,d, e)
aCu to ho hc ca nhm atsphatl
bCu trc vng thm(Nhm cht du); cNhm hydrocacbon no
dNhm cu trc bitum dng sol; eCu trc bitum gel
2.3. CC TNH CHT CA BITUM QUNH XY DNG NG
2.3.1. TNH QUNH (TCVN 74952004, AASHTO T4989, ASTM D5, BS 2000)
Tnh qunh ca bitum qunh v bitum oxi ho c o bng kim ln. Tnh
qunh biu th sc bn ni ti v c phn cp theo kim ln, kim ln bin i t
20300 . N nh hng nhiu n cc tnh cht c hc ca hn hp vt liu khong
vi bitum, ng thi quyt nh cng ngh ch to v thi cng loi vt liu c s dng
bitum.
qunh ca bitum ph thuc vo hm lng cc nhm cu to v nhit ca
mi trng. Khi hm lng nhm asphalt tng ln v hm lng nhm cht du gim,
qunh ca bitum tng ln. Khi nhit ca mi trng tng cao, nhm cht nha s
b chy lng, qunh ca bitum gim xung. nh gi qunh ca bitum ngi ta
dng ch tiu cm su ca kim (trng lng 100g, ng knh 1mm) ca dng c
tiu chun (Hnh 2.3) vo bitum nhit 25
o
C trong 5 giy. kim ln k hiu l P,
o bng (1 bng 0,1mm). Tr s P cng nh qunh ca bitum cng cao.
Theo kim ln c th chia bitum lm 5 loi:1, 2, 3, 4, v 5 vi kim ln
25
0
C bin i t 30040 .











Hnh 2.3. Dng c o qunh
2.3.2. KO DI (TCVN 74962005, ASTM 11389)
Tnh do c trng cho kh nng kt dnh ni ti ca bitum di tc dng ca
ngoi lc.
Tnh do ca bitum cng nh tnh qunh, ph thuc vo nhit v thnh phn
nhm cht. Khi nhit tng, tnh do cng tng. Ngc li khi nhit gim tnh do
cng gim, ngha l bitum tr nn gin. Trong trng hp , bitum dng lm mt
ng hay trong cc kt cu khc c th to thnh cc vt nt.
Tnh do ca bitum c nh gi bng ko di, k hiu l L (cm), ca mu
tiu chun v c xc nh bng dng c o hnh 2.4 (ASTM D113).
ko di biu th tnh kt dnh ni ti ca bitum. Sc bn ni ti ca cc loi
bitum khc nhau th biu th bng ko di khc nhau. Trong th nghim ny ba si
mu bitum c nh hnh ging nhau, trong mi trng nc v c ko ra vi
tc u l 50 mm/pht cho n khi b t. Nhit th nghim c iu chnh theo
kim ln ca bitum, v d 10
0
C cho bitum 80 n 100; 13
0
C cho bitum 60 n 70;
17
0
C cho bitum 40 n 50. Khong cch m cc si mu bitum c ko di n t so
vi mu ban u c coi l bn ni ti hoc kh nng chu ko di ca mu bitum.
Trong trng hp cn xc nh n hi do ( n hi 25
0
C) th th nghim n
mt di no sau ct mu th mu co li bng chiu di ban u. Tr s t l
gia bin dng n hi v ko di (t) theo qui nh l t 5570%.
Nhit th nghim tnh do l 25
o
C, tc ko l 5cm/pht. ko di ti thiu
cho cc loi bitum qunh lm ng l 100 mm.









Hnh 2.4. Dng c o ko di
2.3.3. NHIT HO MM V NHIT HO CNG (TCVN 74972005)
Khi nhit thay i, tnh qunh, tnh do ca bitum thay i. S thay i
cng nh, bitum c n nh nhit cng cao.
Tnh n nh nhit ca bitum ph thuc vo thnh phn ho hc ca n. Khi hm
lng nhm asphalt tng, tnh n nh nhit ca bitum tng, hm lng nhm asphalt
gim tnh cht ny gim xung.
Bc chuyn ca bitum t trng thi rn sang trng thi qunh ri ho lng, v
ngc li, t trng thi lng sang trng thi qunh, ri ho rn xy ra trong khong nhit
nht nh. Do tnh n nh nhit ca bitum c th biu th bng khong nhit
. Khong bin i nhit , k hiu l T, c xc nh bng cng thc sau:
T = T
m
T
c
,
trong : T
m
nhit ho mm ca bitum, l nhit chuyn bitum t
trng thi qunh sang trng thi lng;
T
c
nhit ho cng ca bitum l nhit chuyn bitum t trng
thi lng sang trng thi rn.
Nu T cng ln tnh n nhit nh nhit ca bitum cng cao.
Tr s nhit ho mm ca bitum ngoi vic dng xc nh khong bin i
nhit T, n cn c ngha thc tin rt quan trng. Trong xy dng ng, ngi ta
thng dng bitum ri mt ng, do khi gp nhit cao, nu T
m
khng thch
hp, bitum c th b chy lm cho mt ng c dng ln sng, dn ng... tr ngi
cho xe c i li v dn n h hng mt ng.
Nhit ho mm l mt ch tiu k thut nh gi cht lng ca bitum.
Nhit ho mm ca bitum c xc nh bng dng c vng v bi (Hnh 2.5). Khi
lng ca vin bi bng 3,5g, ng knh 9,53 mm.









Hnh 2.5. Th nghim vng v bi








Hnh 2.6. Dng c Fraxa
1. Nhit k; 2. Cun thanh thp; 3. Mu th (thanh thp);
4. M uara; 5. ng nghim.
xc nh nhit ho mm ngi ta un nng bnh cha cht lng (thng l
nc) vi tc 5
o
C/pht. Di tc dng ca nhit tng dn, n mt lc no
bitum b nng chy lng ra, vin bi cng bitum ri xung. Nhit cht lng trong bnh
ng vi lc vin bi tip xc vi bng di ca gi c xem l nhit ho mm
ca bitum.
Nhit ho cng ca bitum c th xc nh bng dng c o kim ln. Nhit
ho cng l nhit ng vi kim ln bng 1 n 1,25. Nhit ho cng cng c
th o bng dng c Fraxa (Hnh 2.6).
Tt c bitum u th hin c tnh chu tc ng ca nhit: nhit caomm,
nhit thpcng, v c biu th bng cng thc Pfeiffer v Van Doormaal:
LogP = AT+K (2.1)
trong : A linh ng vi nhit theo log ca kim ln, v bng 0,0150,06
Kh s thc nghim
Pfeiffer v Van Doormaal xy dng mt khi nim trong gi nh rng
mn cm vi nhit ca cc loi bitum dng cho xy dng ng c gi tr bng 0. T
cc tc gi a ra cng thc tnh ch s kim ln (PI) nh sau:

50A 1
25A) 20(1
PI
+

= (2.2)
Gi tr PI thay i t 3 i vi bitum c mn cm vi nhit cao cho n +7
i vi cc loi bitum c mn cm vi nhit thp.
2.3.4. BN CA BITUM










Hnh 2.7. Ha gi ca bitum khi trn, lu kho, vn chuyn, thi cng v khai thc.
(Lu : Ch s ho gi thng l t l ca 2 gi tr nh nht, cng
hay kim ln).
Do nh hng ca thi tit m tnh cht v thnh phn ho hc ca bitum b thay
i. Ngi ta gi s thay i l s ha gi ca bitum. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng
l v t l ca nhm asphalt trong bitum tng ln.
bn ca bitum c th nh ngha nh kh nng duy tr tt cc c tnh lu bin,
kt dnh ni ti, kt dnh vi ct liu trong qu trnh s dng lu di vi mt ng. Cc
yu t c bn c tc ng n qu trnh trn l: s ho cng do bay hi; s ho cng do
xy ho; v s ho cng do ct liu.
S bay hi ca nhm cht du lm tnh qunh v tnh gin ca bitum tng ln, lm
thay i cu to phn t, to nn cc hp cht mi. Qu trnh ho gi ca bitum s dn
n qu trnh ho gi ca btng asphalt. gin ca bitum lm xut hin cc vt nt
trong lp ph mt ng, tng qu trnh ph hoi do n mn. Qu trnh ho gi ca lp
ph mt ng c th chia lm 2 giai on. Giai on 1 cng v tnh n nh bin
dng tng. Giai on 2 bitum bt u gi, cu trc thay i, lm lp ph b ph hoi.
Tuy vy, s ho gi ca bitum pht trin chm, thng sau 10 nm s dng s ho gi
mi mc cao.
S ho cng do xy ho l nguyn nhn chnh lm cho bitum tr nn lo ho.
Ngoi ra cc thnh phn d bay hi ca bitum cng c ng gp ng k.
Th nghim mng mng bitum quay trong l (ASTM D 2872) xc nh s ho
cng do nguyn nhn xy ho v bay hi. Th nghim mng mng bitum quay trong
l c m t hnh 2.8.








Hnh 2.8. Th nghim mng mng bitum quay trong l
(The rolling thin film oven test)
2.3.5. NHIT BC CHY (TCVN 74982005)
Trong khi un bitum n mt nhit nht nh th cc cht du nh trong bitum
bc hi ho ln vo mi trng xung quanh to nn mt hn hp d chy.
xc nh nhit bc chy, ngi ta dng dng c ring. Trong th nghim,
nu ngn la lan khp mt bitum th nhit lc c xem l nhit bc chy.
Nhit bc chy ca bitum thng ln hn 220
0
C. Nhit ny l mt ch tiu quan
trng v an ton khi gia cng bitum.
2.3.6. TNH DNH BM (LIN KT) CA BITUM VI B MT VT LIU
KHONG (TCVN 75042005)
Mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng nht ca bitum l dnh bm vi b mt cc
ht ct liu v lin kt chng li vi nhau, hoc lin kt vi b mt kt cu c sn.
S lin kt ca bitum vi b mt vt liu khong c lin quan n qu trnh thay
i hol khi hai cht tip xc v tng tc vi nhau. Cht lng ca mi lin kt ny
ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to nn cng , tnh n nh nc v n nh nhit
hn hp bitum v vt liu khong.
C rt nhiu cc yu t nh hng n cht lng dnh bm gia bitum v vt liu
khong. Cc yu t ph thuc c vo c tnh ca vt liu cng nh cc yu t bn
ngoi. Bng 2.1. lit k cc yu t c bn nh hng n cht lng dnh bm ca
bitum vi vt liu khong.
Bng 2.1. Cc tnh cht vt liu v cc tc ng bn ngoi nh hng n dnh
bm gia bitum vi ct liu
Cc tnh cht
vt liu
Cc tnh cht
ca bitum
Cc tnh cht
ca hn hp
Cc tc ng
bn ngoi
Khong vt
c trng b mt
rng
Bi
bn
Din tch b mt
ht nc
Hm lng m
Hnh dng
Tnh chu thi tit
Lu bin
Phn cc
Thnh phn ho
hc
rng
Thm nc
Hm lng bitum
Chiu dy mn
bitum
Loi cht lm y
Cp phi ct liu
Loi hn hp
Lng ma
m
pH ca nc
S c mt ca
mui
Nhit
Chu k nhit
Giao thng
Thit k
Tay ngh thi cng
Thot nc
2.3.6.1. dnh bm khi khng c nc
Khi nho trn bitum vi vt liu khong, bitum s thm t b mt cc ht vt
liu khong v to thnh mt lp hp ph. Khi cc phn t bitum trong lp hp
ph s tng tc vi cc phn t ca vt liu khong lp b mt. Tng tc c th
l tng tc l hc hay ho hc.
Lin kt ca bitum vi vt liu khong trc ht ph thuc vo tnh cht ca
bitum. Trong nht v tnh phn cc ca bitum l kh quan trng. bitum dnh
bm tt vi cc ht ct liu v qua c th lin kt cc ht ct liu vi nhau th bitum
cn phi lm t tt c b mt tng ht ct liu, tc l bc ph tt b mt cc ht
ct liu vi dy thch hp. Qu trnh ny ph thuc rt nhiu bi nht ca bitum.
nht cng cao th thi gian cn thit lm t b mt cc ht ct liu cng lu.
Trong thc t nho trn, vic lm t v bc kn b mt ct liu phi din ra tc th.
V vy, nu nht qu cao s dn n tnh trng bitum khng bc ph c hon ton
b mt cc ht ct liu.
Lin kt ca bitum vi vt liu khong ph thuc vo mc phn cc ca bitum.
phn cc ca bitum ph thuc vo hm lng nhm cht nha, c bit l nha axt.
Bitum cha nhm cht nha cng nhiu th s lin kt ca n vi vt liu khong
cng tt.
Lin kt ca bitum vi vt liu khong cng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca vt liu
khong. Nhn chung, bitum dnh kt tt vi hu ht cc ct liu khong khi cc ct liu
c b mt sch v kh. Tnh cht ho l ca ct liu nh hng ln n tnh dnh bm.
Cc tnh cht ny lin quan cht ch n thnh phn khong vt, hnh dng, cu trc,
cn bng in tch v din tch b mt. Xt v thnh phn khong vt, i a s cc ct
liu c phn thnh hai nhm: a nc v k du. Cc ct liu c hm lng oxt
silc cao nh ct liu c ngun gc thch anh, grant, tc l ct liu axt thng kh
c bc ph bitum hn nhng ct liu baz nh vi hay bazan.
2.3.6.2. dnh bm khi c nc
Thng thng s c mt ca nc lm gim cht lng mi lin kt bitumct
liu. S c mt ca nc trong mi lin kt bitumct liu c th n t hai ngun:
nc trong ct liu m trc khi nho trn v nc ma thm vo cc lp vt liu trong
thi gian khai thc.
Cc ct liu c in tch b mt khng cn bng s to ra nng lng b mt. Nu
b mt ct liu c bao bc bng mt cht lng c in tch tri du th s ht bm s
xy ra v to ra lc dnh kt. Nc thng c phn cc mnh hn cc loi bitum nn
kh nng chim ch ca nc trong h bitumct liu d xy ra, to thnh lp ngn
cch v gim tnh dnh bm ca bitum vi b mt ct liu khi nho trn hoc gia lp
vt liu ri sau vi lp trc . ng thi cng c th l nguyn nhn lm gim mi
lin kt bitumvt liu khong, dn ti bc, tch mng bitum khi b mt vt liu
khong trong cc lp vt liu trong qu trnh khai thc.
Cc ct liu c tnh axt a nc hn cc ct liu baz. V vy vic s dng ct
liu ngun gc axt s to ra vt liu km bn nc hn so vi vic s dng ct liu c
ngun gc baz.
S n nh nc ca hn hp vt liu khongbitum ph thuc vo ho tan
trong nc ca cc hp cht mi to thnh. Nu nh cc hp cht mi to thnh l
nhng mui kali, natri ca cc axt hu c, th n s ho tan trong nc v nh vy lm
cho hn hp km n nh nc. Nu nhng hp cht y l cc mui ca can xi, st,
nhm, l nhng hp cht khng ho tan trong nc th hn hp n nh nc.
m bo cht lng dnh bm gia bitum v vt liu khong, ct liu cn c
nung nng trc khi nho trn vi bitum loi b lp mng nc bm trn b mt.
Mc lin kt ca bitum vi b mt vt liu hoa c th nh gi theo bn
ca mng bitum trn b mt hoa khi nhng trong nc si. Sau khi th nghim xc
nh cp lin kt gia bitum vi (xem bng 2.2.).
Thc t khi ch to hn hp bitum v vt liu khong, nhiu loi khc nhau
c s dng, do mc lin kt ca n cng c th khc nhau. nh gi mc
lin kt ca bitum trong trng hp ny cng tin hnh theo nguyn tc tng t. Sau
khi th nghim, em kt qu so snh vi thang nh gi ch tiu lin kt ghi bng 2.2.
Trng hp hot tnh ca bitum thp, s lin kt ca n vi b mt vt liu
khong km th cn cho thm vo bitum cht ph gia hot tnh b mt.
Bng 2.2. Phn cp dnh bm gia bitum v vt liu khong
c trng ca mng bitum trn b mt
vt liu khong
Cp dnh bm
Mng bitum cn bm nguyn vn, bc ton b b mt
vin .
Dnh bm ttcp 5
Mng bitum bc ton b vin nhng c dy
mng khc nhau
Dnh bm khcp 4
Mng bitum bc ton b vin , i ch b bong trc Dnh bm trung bnhcp 3
Mng bitum b bong ra khi mt nhng l ch vn
cn bitum bm.
Dnh bm kmcp 2
B mt vin sch khng cn vt bitum bm Dnh bm rt kmcp 1
2.3.7. TAN TRONG TRICHLOROENTHYLEN
Phng php th nghim ny dng xc nh tan trong trichloroenthylen ca
bitum cha t hoc khng cha vt liu khong.
tan ca bitum trong trichloroenthylen l t l (% khi lng) gia khi lng
bitum tan ht trong trichloroenthylen so vi khi lng mu th nghim.
Phn tan trong trichloroenthylen l cht kt dnh.
Phn khng tan hay phn trm ho tan nh sau:
% phn khng tan = 100
B
A C

(2.3)
% phn tan = 100
B
A) (C B

(2.4)
trong : Akhi lng bnh v b lc
Bkhi lng mu th nghim
Ckhi lng bnh, b lc v vt liu khng tan
2.3.8. HM LNG PARAFIN
Hm lng parafin, thnh phn lm gim tnh dnh bm v n nh ca bitum,
c th nghim theo TCVN 2004 (DIN 52015)
2.3.9. NHT
y l mt c tnh quan trng ca bitum v n xc nh ng x ca vt liu
mt nhit nht nh hoc trong mt phm vi nhit no .
n v c bn ca nht l pascal giy (Pas). nht c th c xc nh
bng nhiu phng php khc nhau. nht ca bitum c th c xc nh theo
phng php nht tuyt i hay nht ng lc. l t s gia ng sut ct t
vo mu th bitum (Pa) chia cho tc ct trong mt giy. T l ny biu th sc khng
chy ca bitum.
nht ca bitum cn c th c nh gi thng qua nht ng hc (m
2
/s;
mm
2
/s). nht ng hc l t s gia nht ng lc so vi khi lng ring ca
bitum v c biu th bng cng thc 2.5
nht ng hc = nht ng lc/ khi lng ring (2.5)
Nhn chung, nht ca bitum c xc nh bng vic o thi gian cn thit
mt th tch bitum nht nh chy qua mt l c kch thc tiu chun mt nhit
xc nh. V d, theo tiu chun ASTM D217095 nht ng hc c xc nh
bng cch o thi gian mt th tch bitum nht nh chy qua mt on ng dng
mao dn bng thy tinh ca nht k nhit 135
o
C vi bitum c, hoc 60
o
C vi
bitum lng. Khi lng ring ca bitum 135
o
C bng 0.934 ln so vi khi lng ring
ca n 25
o
C. Thi gian xc nh chnh xc n 0.1 giy.
Thit b o nht ng hc ca bitum c trnh by hnh 2.9:









Hnh 2.9. Nht k
2.3.10. YU CU K THUT CA BITUM QUNH XY DNG NG
Cht lng ca bitum c dng trong xy dng ng c quy nh nh gi
theo 10 ch tiu k thut tng ng vi 5 mc ca bitum lm ng theo 22TCN 279
01 c ghi trong bng 2.3.
Bng 2.3. Cc ch tiu k thut ca 5 mc ca bitum lm ng theo tiu chun
ngnh giao thng vn ti 2001 (22TCN 27901).
Tr s tiu chun theo cp kim ln
(mc)
T
T
Cc
ch tiu
n
v
40/ 60 60/ 70 70/ 100
100/
150
150/
250
Phng php
th nghim
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
1
kim
ln
25
0
C

0.1mm
40
60
60
70
70
100
100
150
150
250
22TCN 6384
ASTM D586
AASHTO T4989
2
ko
di
25
0
C,
nh nht

cm 100
22TCN 6384
ASTM D13386
AASHTO T5189
3
Nhit
ho
mm
(phng
php
vng v
bi)
0
C 49 58 46 55 43 51
39
47
35
43
22TCN 6384
AASHTO T5189
4
Nhit
bt la
nh nht
0
C 230 220
22TCN 8384
ASTM D9285
AASHTO T4889
5
Lng
tn tht
sau khi
un
nng
163
0
C
trong 5
% 0,5 0,8
ASTM D680
AASHTO T4783
gi
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
6
T l
kim ln
ca nha
ng
sau khi
un
nng
163
0
C
trong 5
gi so
vi
kim ln
25
0
C,
nh nht
% 80 75 70 65 60
ASTM D605

7
Lng
ho tan
nh nht
trong
Trichlor
ocethyle
ne,
C
2
HCl
3

% 99
ASTM D204281
AASHTO T44
901
8
Khi
lng
ring
25
0
C
g/cm
3

1,00
1,05

ASTM D13386
AASHTO T5189
9
dnh
bm ti
thiu i
vi
cp cp 3 22TCN 6384
10
Hm
lng
Paraphin
ln nht
% 2,2
S c quy nh
ring

.
Bng 2.4. Bitum, yu cu k thut v phng php th (Tiu chun Vit Nam
2004)
Mc theo kim ln
T
T
Cc ch tiu
2030 4050 6070 85100 120150 200300
1 kim ln
25
0
C, 0.1mm
2030 4050 6070 85100 120150 200300
2 ko di
25
0
C, cm
40 80 100 100 100 100
3 Nhit ho
mm,
0
C
52 49 46 43 39 35
4 Nhit bt la,
0
C
240 232 232 232 230 220
5 Lng tn tht sau
khi un 5 gi
163
0
C, max, %
0.2 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.0
6 T l kim ln
sau khi un so vi
ban u, %
80 80 75 75 75 70
7 Lng ho tan
trong
tricloroethylene,
%
99 99 99 99 99 99
8 Khi lng ring,
g/cm
3

11.05
9 Hm lng
parafin, max, %
2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
10 nht 135
0
C,
cSt
515 305 285 235 185 150

.
Bng 2.5. Bitum du m loi qunh dng trong xy dng ng ca Nga
Qui nh theo mc
Cc ch tiu
1
(200/300)
2
(130/200)
3
(90/130)
4
(60/90)
5
(40/60
1. kim ln:
Khi 25
o
C, trong gii
hn

201300

131200

91130

6190

4160
Khi 0
o
C, khng nh
hn
45 35 28 20 13
2. ko di 25
o
C,
cm, khng nh hn
khng qui
nh
65 60 50 40
3. Nhit ho mm,
o
C,
khng thp hn

35

39

43

47

51
4. Th nghim lin kt vi
hoa hay ct.
Chu c th nghim (lin kt tt)
5. S thay i nhit
ho mm sau khi gia
nhit,
o
C, khng ln hn
8 7 6 6 6
6. Hm lng cc hp
cht ho tan trong nc,
khng ln hn
0,2 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,3
7. Nhit bc chy,
o
C,
khng thp hn
200 220 220 220 220
8. Nhit bitum khi
nho trn
110120 120130 130140 135145 140160
* Cc quy nh v nha c ca M (AC) (theo AASHTOM20).
Nha c sn xut t du m ca M dng cho xy dng ng c chia ra 5
cp theo kim ln, v phi tho mn cc ch tiu c l sau (bng 2.6).
Bng 2.6. Cc ch tiu c l ca nha c theo AASHTO M20
Cp nha theo kim ln
K hiu
th nghim
Cc ch tiu
4050 6070 85100 120150 200300 D5 T49
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
1. kim ln (77
o
F,
100 g, 5 giy)
4050 6070 85100
120
150
200
300
D5T49
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
2. Nhit bc chy
(theo Chereland),
o
F
450+ 450+ 450+ 425+ 350+ D92T40
3. ko di 77
o
F,
5cm/pht; cm
100+ 100+ 100+ 100+ D113T51
4. ho tan trong
trichloroithylini, %
99+ 99+ 99+ 99+ 99+
D2042
T44
5. Th nghim mng
mng quay trong l
(1/5 in, 325
o
F, 5gi)

D1754
T79
6. Lng tn tht sau
khi un nng, %
0,8 0,8 1,0 1,3 1,5 D6T47
7. kim ln ca
nha sau khi un
nng,%, so vi lc
cha un nng
58+ 54+ 50+ 46+ 40+ D5T49
8. ko di ca
nha sau khi un
nng (77
o
F, 5cm/
pht), cm
50+ 75+ 100+ 40+
9. nht 275
o
F,
nht ng lc,
cSt nht Saybolt
Furol, scc
240+ 200+ 170+ 140+ 100+
D2170
T201
10. Nhit ho
mm,
o
C, (th nghim
vng v bi)
120+ 4954 85+ 70+ 50+
E102
D36
Hu ht cc loi bitum phn cp theo kim ln c s dng lm ng t.
Loi c kim ln t 35100 dng trong sn xut b tng asphalt. Loi c kim ln
t 3515 dng ch to matit asphalt. Loi c kim ln t 100 tr ln dng ch
to hn hp bitum ( nha).
Trong xy dng, ngoi nhng loi bitum du m xy dng ng, cn c nhng
loi bitum du m xy dng khc, v d bitum xy ho, c s dng trong cng
nghip sn xut tm lp, sn, v.v...
Bng 2.7. Ch tiu k thut i vi cc loi bitum phn loi theo kim ln
(Theo BS 3690).
Phn cp Bitum
c tnh
25 35 40 50 70 100 200 300
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
ln 25
0
C,
0.1mm
255 355 4010 5010 7010 10020 20030 30045
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
im ho mm,
0
C
min 57 57 58 47 44 41 33 30
max 69 69 68 58 54 51 42 39
Hao ht sau khi gia
nhit 5 gi nhit
163
0
C (Tn tht
khi lng, %,
max) 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,5 0,5 1,0
a. S gim kim
ln, %, max 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25
b. Kh nng hon
tan trong

Trichlogoetylen,%,
theo khi lng,
min
99,5 99,5 99,5 99,5 99,5 99,5 99,5 99,5
Hng s in mi
25
0
C v 1592
Hz,min

2630

2630

2630

2630

2630

2630




2.4. BITUM LNG LM NG
2.4.1. PHN LOI
Bitum lng c thnh phn l bitum c c kim ln t 100200 pha vi dung
mi l mazut, du ho hoc etxng to ra bitum lng c nht yu cu
C 3 loi bitum lng tu theo tc ng c li khc nhau:
Loi RC: ng c nhanh
Loi MC: ng c trung bnh
Loi SC : ng c chm.
Thnh phn dung mi tu theo cc
nc c quy nh trong cc tiu chun
lin quan. Theo tiu chun M bitum lng c
cc mc: RC; MC; SC. Theo tiu chun ca
Nga bitum lng c cc mc: MG; CG v
c phn loi theo nht.
Cc tnh cht ch yu ca bitum lng
l nht v tnh d bay hi ca dung mi.
2.4.2. CC TNH CHT
2.4.2.1. nht (AASHTO 73290)
nht ca bitum lng ph thuc vo cu trc ca bitum lng. Bitum lng c
nhiu thnh phn nhm cht nha, cht rn
v cha t nhm cht du th nht ca n
tng ln. nht ca bitum lng c xc
nh bng nht k Saybolt (hnh 2.10). nht ca bitum lng c c trng bng
thi gian 50ml bitum lng chy qua l y ca dng c c ng knh 5 mm, nhit
60
o
C.
2.4.2.2. Phn ct (thnh phn d bay hi)
S lng v cht lng ca phn ct l ch tiu gin tip biu th tc ng c
li ca bitum lng mt ng. Nu bitum lng cha nhiu thnh phn ny v n c
nhit si thp th qu trnh ng c ca bitum s nhanh. xc nh phn ct ca
bitum lng cn ct cc nhit khc nhau: 225
o
, 316
o
v 360
o
C. Tnh cht ca phn
cn li sau khi ct n nhit 360
o
C s c trng cho loi bitum lng v tnh cht ca
n trong thi gian s dng ng. Cc tnh cht ny c xc nh nh vi bitum c
qunh.
2.4.3. YU CU K THUT CA BITUM LNG XY DNG NG.
Bitum du m loi lng dng xy dng ng Nga chia ra 2 loi: ng c va
v ng c chm.
Cc ch tiu k thut ca bitum lng ng c va c gii thiu bng 2.8,
cn ca loi ng c chm bng 2.9.
Bng 2.8. Cc ch tiu k thut ca bitum lng ng c va
Quy nh theo mc
Cc ch tiu
40 / 70 70/130 130/ 200 40/70 70/130
1. nht theo nht k
ng knh l 5mm, 60
o
C,
giy, trong khong
4070 71130 131200 4070 71130
2. Lng bay hi sau khi
nung, %, khng nh hn
10 8 7 8 7
3. Nhit ho mm ca
phn cn li sau khi nung
xc nh lng bay hi,
o
C,
khng nh hn
37 39 39 28 29
4. Nhit bc chy,
o
C,
khng nh hn
45 50 60 100 110
5. Th nghim lin kt vi
hoa hoc ct
tt tt tt tt tt
Bng 2.9. Cc ch tiu k thut ca bitum lng ng c chm
Quy nh v mc
Cc ch tiu
130/200 40/70 70/130 130/200
Hnh 2.10. Nht k Saybolt
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. nht theo nht k c d = 5mm,
60
o
C, giy
131200 4070 71130 131200
2. Lng bc hi sau khi nung, %, 5
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
3. Nhit ho mm ca phn cn li sau
khi nung xc nh lng bc hi,
o
C
30
4. Nhit bc chy,
o
C 110 120 160 180
5. Th nghim lin kt vi hoa hay ct tt tt tt tt
* Cc quy nh v bitum lng ca M.
C 3 loi bitum lng dng trong xy dng ng, gm: bitum lng ng c
nhanh (RC); bitum lng ng c va (MC) v bitum lng ng c chm (SC). Chng
c chia ra cc cp khc nhau theo nht. Cc ch tiu c l ca cc loi bitum lng
c quy nh nh bng 2.10.
Bng 2.10. Cc ch tiu c l ca cc loi bitum lng theo ASTM
Cp BT lng theo nht
Cc ch tiu
RC70 RC250 RC300 RC3000
K hiu th
nghim
1 nht ng lc
140
o
F; cSt
70140 250500 800 6000
3000
6000
D2170T201
2Nhit bc chy,
F
80+ 80+ D1310T79
3Sn phm ct (%
theo th tch ca tng
lng sn phm ct):

n 374
o
F
n 437
o
F
n 500
o
F
n 600
o
F
10+
50+
70+
85+

35+
60+
80+

15+
15+
75+


25+
70+
B nha sau khi ct
n 680
o
F, % theo
th tch
55+ 65+ 75+ 80+


D402T76

4Th nghim trn b
nha sau khi chng
ct

kim ln 77
o
F;
100g; 5giy
80120 30120 80120 80120 D5T49
ko di, 77
o
F; 100+ 100+ 100+ 100+ D148T51
cm
ho tan trong
trichlorolthylene; %
99,5+ 99,5+ 99,5+ 99,5+ D2042T44
5Hm lng nc;
%
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 D95T55
Tiu chun BS 3690 (Anh Quc) nu cc ch tiu k thut i vi bitum lng v
c ghi bng 2.11.
Bng 2.11. Cc ch tiu k thut i vi bitum lng (BS3690)
Phn cp bitum lng
c tnh
Phng
php th
50 giy 100 giy 200 giy
nht 40
0
C, l 10mm, giy BS200072
5010 10020 20040
Chng ct: BS200027
n 225
0
C, % th tch max
n 360
0
C, % th tch
1
103
1
93
1
73
kim ln 25
0
C sau khi chng
ct ti 360
0
C, dmm
BS200049 100350 100350 100350
ho tan trong Trichlorothylen,
% theo khi lng, min
BS200047 99.5 99.5 99.5
2.5. CC LOI BITUM CI TIN LM NG T V SN BAY
2.5.1. M U
Bitum du m xy dng ng l mt loi vt liu truyn thng p ng tt cc
yu cu v xy dng ng t v sn bay. Tuy nhin, hin nay nhu cu v lu lng
xe v ti trng trc xe c xu hng tng ln r rt. Nh vy vt liu lm ng cn
c ci tin ph hp vi yu cu xy dng ng t v sn bay cp cao. Bitum ci
tin l nhng vt liu mi p ng c cc yu cu .
u im ca loi bitum ci tin l tng kh nng chu lc v bin dng ca kt
cu mt ng b tng asphalt.
Thnh phn ch yu ca bitum ci tin l bitum v ph gia. Ph gia thng dng
l bt cao su, mangan hu c, lu hunh hoc cc polyme do nhit. Cc ph gia trc
y c pha vo b tng asphalt khi ch to. Ngy nay cc cht ny c trn vi
bitum ti nh my sn xut bitum c c bitum ci tin.
Mt khc vic s dng bitum ci tin a ra mt gii php nhm lm tng cht
lng ca cng tc bo dng ng, tng tui th phc v,v.v... t hiu qu kinh
t bi tum ci tin thng c s dng kt hp vi cc ct liu c cht lng cao trong
hn hp nha thot nc hoc cc khu vc c yu cu v tnh chng ro hoc bin
dng c bit. Trong cc con ng bnh thng khng nn dng v gi thnh ca bitum
ci tin cn cao.
Ci tin n gin nht v tnh chng bin dng c th t c bng cch s dng
bt cao su t lp t c. Cc hp cht mangan hu c, lu hunh v cc cht polyme
do nhit c th nng cao tnh d thi cng trong thi gian m ln v tnh chng bin
dng ca b tng asphalt. Nhm p ng tt hn nhu cu ca giao thng, cc loi cao su
do nhit c s dng nhm nng cao c tnh chng bin dng v chng ro.
Bitum l vt liu c tnh n hido(nht). Tnh cht ny nh hng nhiu n
cc c tnh k thut ca b tng asphalt lm ng. in hnh l tnh chng bin dng
d v nt. Bin dng ca bitum tng theo thi gian chu ti v nhit .
S bin dng do tc ng ca ti trng cho thy phn ng n hi tc thi xy ra,
sau s tng ln dn n s bin dng theo thi gian cho n khi ti trng c loi
b. Sau khi b ti, s bin dng n hi tc thi c phc hi ngay. S phc hi tip
theo xy ra theo thi gian. S phc hi dn dn theo thi gian ca vt liu c xem
nh l tnh n hi chm. Cui cng mt s bin dng vnh vin cn li vn gi
nguyn m khng th phc hi c do tnh nht trc tip gy ra.
Phn ng vi mt ti trng ko gy ra i vi mt thnh phn trong vt liu bitum
do ti trng xe di ng gy ra. y khng th phn bit c hai thnh phn phn ng
n hi, nhng cho thy mt s bin dng d. Khi nhiu ti trng ko tc ng ln
mt ng s hnh thnh s tch lu ln, iu ny l nguyn nhn to nn s bin dng
d trn b mt ng. T nhng iu trn cho thy r rng v sao s bin dng xy ra
nhiu hn khi nhit mi trng cao, nhng ni c tc giao thng thp hoc
nhng khu vc giao thng tnh, cc nt giao thng ni phng tin dng .
Mt trong nhng vai tr c bn ca cht ci tin bitum l tng tnh chu bin dng
ca b tng asphalt vi bin dng d khi nhit mt ng cao, m khng tc ng
xu n cc c tnh k thut ca bitum hoc b tng asphalt cc nhit khc. C
th t c iu ny bng cch lm cng ho bitum tng phn ng n hido
(nht) ca asphalt b gim i vi mc gim tng ng ca bin dng d hoc
bng cch tng tnh n hi ca bitum, do gim bin dng do (nht) m t lm
gim bin dng d.
Tng cng ca bitum lm tng cng ng hc ca hn hp b tng asphalt.
Do ci tin kh nng phn tn lc ca vt liu v tng bn kt cu v tui th thit
k ca con ung hoc l to ra kt cu c tui th v bn tng t nh vi cc lp
mng hn. Nh vy vi ti trng khng i c th gim bt chiu dy ca kt cu
o ng.
2.5.2. PHN LOI BITUM CI TIN
Phng php chnh ch to bitum ci tin l cho thm vo bitum cc cht bt,
cc khong cht c bit, cc si khong v cao su. C th la chn cc cht ci bin
theo hai yu t l tnh kh thi v tnh kinh t. Chng phi p ng c cc yu cu sau:
Sn c;
Khng bin cht nhit trn thm;
C th trn c vo bitum;
Khng lm cho bitum qu nht nhit trn thm, nhit m nn trn b
mt ng, khng lm bitum b cng hoc dn khi phi lm vic nhit thp;
C hiu qu kinh t.
Sau khi trn cc cht ci tin (ph gia), bitum phi c cc c tnh sau:
Gi cc c tnh k thut trong thi gian bo qun, thi cng trn mt ng
v khi con ng c a vo s dng;
C th c ch to bng cc thit b v cng ngh thng thng;
n nh v lho hc trong thi gian bo qun, s dng v khai thc;
t c nht khi trn v phun nhit s dng.
2.5.3. BITUM C PHA THM LU HUNH
C hai cch s dng lu hunh trong b tng asphalt lm o ng. Th nht:
asphalt c cho thm mt lng tng i nh lu hunh di dng mt cht ho tan
trong bitum. Cch gia cng th hai c bit n vi tn gi l THERMOPAVE, s
dng hm lng lu hunh cao. Lng lu hunh d ra ng vai tr nh mt cht
khong t ri. Khi trn vi ct liu s to ra mt hn hp rt d thi cng v khi ngui c
kh nng chng bin dng cao.
Shell cng pht trin mt sn phm c tn gi THERMOPATICH y l mt
loi asphalt c hm lng lu hunh cao sa cha g, s dng phc hi ng,
c th s dng cho c ng b tng asphalt hoc mt ng b tng xi mng. Bitum
th lng chy t do c rt vo l, khe nt trn mt ng v bitum ngui i c th
cho xe chy ngay. Tuy nhin b tng asphalt c s dng lu hunh th lu hunh s c
phn ng vi bitum, tu thuc vo nhit v thnh phn ho hc ca bitum. Cc
nghin cu ch ra rng lu hunh ch yu phn ng vi thnh phn naphthen thm
ca bitum, bng cch cng thm vo phn t hoc bng cch xy ho bitum thng qua
vic ly hydr to ra hydr sunfua. khong nhit 119,3
0
C l nhit im si
ca lu hunh n nguyn cht v 150
0
C th phn ng ch yu l cng thm lu hunh
vo lm tng thm vng cht thm phn cc v mt thay i rt nh trong c tnh
lu bin ca bitum. Trn 150
0
C phn ng xy ho cnh tranh tng ln r rt lm cho
hm lng nhm asphalt tng ln v tc ng bt li n cc c tnh ca bitum, tng
t nh tc ng ca qu trnh sc kh.
S tin trin ca hydro sunfua nhit trn 150
0
C r rng l khng th chp
nhn c. V vy nn thn trng khi s dng bitum lu hunh.
2.5.4. BITUM PHA THM CAO SU
Polyputadien, polyisopren, cao su thin nhin, cao su butyl, chloropren, styrene
butadien cao su, v.v. tt c c s dng cng vi bitum nhng tc dng ca chng lm
tng nht ca bitum. Trong mt s trng hp, cao su c s dng trng thi lu
ho, v d nh nhng mnh lp ti ch, nhng dng ny kh phn tn trong bitum. V
vy, cn mt nhit cao v thi gian bin i chuyn ho di v c th to ra cht lin
kt khng ng nht trong cht cao su hot ng ch yu nh mt cht do.
2.5.5. BITUM THM CC HP CHT MANGAN HU C
Vic s dng hp cht mangan hu c trong bitum l mt pht minh ca c Hoa
K v ca Vng quc Anh. C th nng cao bn ca vt liu ri ng bng cch
cho thm vo bitum mt hp cht mangan hu c, hoc kt hp gia mangan hu c
vi coban hu c, hay hp cht ng hu c. Sn phm ny c bit n nhiu di
ci tn CHEMCRETE. S dng bitum ci tin bng mangan hu c trong asphalt v
hn hp nha c gii thch l ci thin tnh mn cm vi nhit ca hn hp v
qua nng cao cc c tnh ho l ca chng nh n nh Marshall, chng bin dng
d v cng ng hc.
thc y hp cht mangan hu c phn tn nhanh trong bitum, vt liu c
trn vi mt cht cha cc cht ci bin khc nhau, thng lin quan n chng loi v
nng hp cht hu c kim loi v nht ca du lm cht cha cc cht ci bin
c s dng. C hai kha cnh ny cn phi c xem xt m bo l s dng
cc cht ci bin ph hp cho tng ng dng ring bit.
C ch c xut trong bng sng ch CHEMCRETE l s dng cc hp cht
c cu trc vng nht nh trong bitum. Mangan xc tin vic to thnh mt hp cht
dicetone m sau to thnh phc cht n nh. Cc phc cht ny lin kt cht ch vi
phn t bitum, nng cao tnh mn cm vi nhit ca bitum v tng bn ca hn
hp bitum.
Phn ng lu ho ph thuc vo s c mt xy trong bitum, dy ca lp bitum
v nhit . Cc th nghim c bo qun bng CHEMCRETE cho thy rng mt
bitum 100 cha 2% theo khi lng cht ci bin mangan bo qun nhit 160
0
C
trong 28 ngy b cng ho ( kim ln t 127 xung cn 100 ).
n nh Marshall v thng s c c trn hai loi b tng asphalt mn
c sn xut t bitum 100 cha CHEMCRETE, cn li c sn xut t bitum 50
thng thng. c tnh ban u ca hai hn hp ny l rt ging nhau, tuy nhin sau
12 thng n nh Marshall ca b tng asphalt mn tng ln hn 400%. Trong thi
gian 12 thng do Marshall tng ln 75% dn n mt s tng ln ton b thng
s Marshall hn 200%. S gia tng do Marshall l biu hin ca kt qu t c
bn trong thi gian lu ho. Nhng ci tin tng t c xc nh bng cch s
dng th nghim hnh thnh vt ln bnh xe trong phng th nghim trn cc mu b
tng asphalt ly t on ng th nghim. bin dng 45
0
C ngay sau khi ri b
tng i vi asphalt c ci tin v asphalt thng thng rt ging nhau (5mm/h), tuy
nhin sau 6 thng bin dng asphalt ci tin gim xung di 1mm/h.
2.5.6. BITUM PHA THM CC POLYME DO NHIT
Polyethylen, polypropylen, polyvinyl chlorit, polystyren v ethylen vinyl acetate
(EVA) l cc polyme do nhit ch yu c kim chng qua cc th nghim v cc
cht lin kt c ci tin cho ng b. Cc cht do di tc ng ca nhit c c
tnh l mn i khi nng ln v cng li khi ngui i.
Cc polyme do nhit khi trn vi bitum, khi nhit mi trng bnh thng
lin kt vi bitum v lm tng nht ca bitum. Tuy nhin, cc cht polyme do nhit
khng lm tng ng k n hi ca bitum. Khi b nung nng chng c th tch ra
khi bitum, m iu ny c th dn n phn tn th khi ngui i. Tuy vy chp nhn
nhng hn ch ny vic s dng EVA vi nng 5% cho bitum c kim ln 70
tr nn rt thng dng. Cc th nghim Vit Nam cng cho kt qu tng t.
Cht ng trng hp (copolymer) EVA l cc vt liu do nhit c cu trc ngu
nhin c sn xut bng cch ng trng hp ethylen v vinyl acetat. Cc cht ng
trng hp c hm lng vinyl acetat thp c c tnh ging nh mt polyethylen t
trng thp. Thnh phn vinyl acetat tng ln th cc c tnh ca cht ng trng hp
thay i. Cc c tnh ca cht ng trng hp EVA c kim sot bi trng lng
phn t v hm lng vinyl acetat.
Trng lng cc phn t: trng lng phn t ca nhiu polyme c xc nh
theo cc c tnh khc nhau. Tiu chun thc hin i vi EVA nhm xc nh nhit
ho mm (Melt Flow IndexMFI). Th nghim v nht ngc li c lin quan n
trng lng phn t. MFI cng cao trng lng phn t v nht cng thp v iu
ny tng t nh th nghim kim ln i vi bitumkim ln cng cao th trng lng
phn t trung bnh v nht ca bitum cng thp.
Hm lng vinyl acetat: xc nh cc tc ng chnh ca vinyl acetat n cc
c tnh ca cc cht lin kt c ci bin, ta thy phn polyethylen thng thng ca
chui c th xp rt st nhau v to ra vng kt tinh. N cng cho thy cc nhm vinyl
acetat ln ph v s sp xp st nhau ny nh th no to ra cc vng cao su thm
khng kt tinh, vng tinh th tng i cng, trong khi vng thm li mm do. Cng
nhiu nhm vinyl acetat (hoc hm lng vinyl acetat cng cao) t l vng mm do
cng cao, v ngc li t l vng tinh th cng thp.
Cc cht ng trng hp EVA sn c c phn loi bng MFI v hm lng
vinyl acetat. V d EVA c MFI l 150 v hm lng vinyl acetat l 19 th phm cp
c ghi l 150/19. T cc loi cht trng hp EVA a dng sn c, phm cp 150/19
v vi qui m nh hn cc phm cp 45/33 l thng dng nht. Chng thng trn vi
bitum 70 , cc cht ng trng hp EVA d c phn tn trong bitum v rt thch
hp vi bitum. Chng n nh vi nhit nhit nho trn hn hp asphalt thng
thng. Tuy vy, trong qu trnh bo qun tnh c th xy ra s phn ly. Do , cc sn
phm hn hp c xut cho lu thng tun hon trc khi s dng.
Bng 2.12. cho thy nhng thay i ph bin v kim ln v im ho mm khi
cho thm 5% hai loi phm cp EVA vo bitum 70 , cc c tnh Marshall v vt ln
bnh xe ca asphalt lu nng c sn xut t cc cht lin kt c ci tin.
Bng 2.12. Tc ng ca cc phm cp EVA 150/19 v 45/33 n cc c tnh
ca bitum v asphalt nng ri lp mt ng.
Cc c tnh ca
cht lin kt
Cc c tnh ca Marshall
Cht lin kt
Kim ln
25
0
C,
0.1 mm
im
mm
(IP),
0
C
n
nh,
kN

chy,
mm
T s,
kN/mm
ln
bnh xe
45
0
C,
mm/h
70 68 49,0 6,3 3,3 1,9 4,4
70+5%EVA 50/19 50 66,5 7,6 3,2 2,4 0,8
70+5% EVA 45/33 57 58,0 8,0 2,7 3,0 1,0
Cc kt qu th nghim vt ln bnh xe cho thy ln gim i 4 ln khi cho
thm EVA ca tng phm cp ni trn vo bitum 70. Mc chng li s bin dng
cng t nhy cm ng k i vi s thay i nhit . S tng ln ca n nh
Marshall l khng ln nh mt d on da trn kt qu th nghim vt ln bnh xe. V
vy, phn ln cc hn hp polyme ci bin c kim tra trong th nghim Marsahll,
cc kt qu ca th nghim Marshall v cc vt liu ci bin bng cch cho thm polyme
cn c xem xt mt cch thn trng.
2.5.7. BITUM CHO THM CAO SU DO NHIT
Trong 4 nhm cht n hi do nng chnh gm: polyurethane; cht ng trng
hp polyetherpolyester; cc cht alken ng trng hp; v cht ng trng hp c on
styren, cc cht ng trng hp c on styren c chng minh l c tim nng ln
nht khi c trn vi bitum.
Cht ng trng hp c on styren thng c gi l cao su nhit do (TR).
Cao su nhit do c th c to ra bng c ch to chui ca phn ng polyme ho
lin tc styrenbutaienstyren (SBS) hoc styrenisoprenstyren (SIS). to ra cc
polyme nu trn cn c cht xc tc trong phn ng ghp ni. i vi polyme khng
ch c cc cht ng trng hp thng m cn c cc cht ng trng hp nhiu nhnh c
th c to ra, nhng cht ny thng c gi l cc cht ng trng hp phn nhnh
hoc hnh r qut, hnh sao.
Cao su nhit do c sc bn v tnh n hi do lin kt ngang vt l ca cc phn
t trong mng li khng gian ba chiu. iu ny c c do lin kt ca on styren
cui vi cc khi ring r, to ra lin kt ngang l hc i vi khi cao su polyisopren
hoc polybutaien ba chiu. on cui polystyren s to cho polyme c sc bn v
on gia s lmcho vt liu ny c tnh n hi c bit.
nhit trn im nhit ho thu tinh ca polystyren (100
0
C), polystyren
mm i v lin kt khi yu i v thm ch s b tch ra di tc ng ca mt ng sut,
n mc cho php gia cng d rng. Khi ngui i, cc khi s li lin kt li, sc bn
v tnh n hi s c phc hi, iu ny ng ngha vt liu ny l mt cht
do nhit.
Cho thm cao su nhit do vi trng lng phn t bng hoc cao hn cc nhm
cht asphalt s lm xo trn s cn bng pha. Polyme v asphalt cnh tranh nhau v
lc ho tan ca malten, nu khng c malten, c th xy ra hin tng tch pha. Cu
trc ca cc h thng bitum/polyme thch hp v khng thch hp c quan st bng
knh hin vi. H thng tng thch c cu trc u mn ng cht trong khi h thng
khng tng thch c cu trc th t qung.
S tch pha hay tnh khng tng thch c th c kim tra bng mt th nghim
bo qun nng n gin. Cc th nghim c thc hin vi mu bitum ly t nh, mt
phn ba gia v 1/3 y bnh ng mu.
Cc nhn t chnh nh hng n n nh cc c tnh k thut ca bitum
trong qu trnh bo qun l:
S lng v trng lng phn t ca cc nhm cht asphalt;
thm ca pha malten;
Lng polyme c mt;
Trng lng phn t v cu trc ca polyme;
Nhit bo qun.
Cht lng ca s phn tn polyme t c b nh hng bi mt s yu t,
nhng c bn l ph thuc vo cng x di tc ng ca my trn. Khi polyme
c cho thm vo bitum nng, bitum s ngay lp tc bt u nhp vo cc ht polyme
lm cho cc chui styren ca polyme phng trng ln v d ho tan hn. Khi iu
xy ra, lc x ln s tc ng vo cc ht b trng v s l yu t quyt nh c th
t c s phn tn hon ton ca cc ht phn t polyme trong thi gian trn thc
t. Nh vy, cn s dng cc my trn c lc x cao hoc trung bnh phn tn hon
ton cao su do nhit vo bitum.
* Cc c tnh ca hn hp bitum cao su do nhit
Hng Shell Bitumen ca Vng quc Anh sn xut hai loi cht lin kt
polyme SBS ci tin l CARIPHALTE DM v DA.
Bng 2.13. Cc c tnh k thut i vi CARIPHALTE DM
v CARIPHALTE DA
Th nghim/ cht lin kt CARIPHALTE DM CARIPHALTE DA
kim ln 25
0
C, dmm 90 20 130 20
im mm (IP),
0
C 85 10 80 10
nht Brookfreld 150
0
C:

mc x sau 3,36 giy,
Poise
ko di 5
0
C, cm
10 4
> 50
9 4

M un cng ti thiu 40
0
C:

thi gian chu ti sau 1000
giy vi mc x
2,5.10
4
s
1
, kN/m
2

> 3
n nh bo qun:

s khc nhau v im mm
nh xung y sau 7 ngy bo
qun trong mt thit b hnh tr
160
0
C,
0
C
< 5 < 5
Hm lng polyme, % 7,0 1,0 6,0 1,0
CARIPHALTE DM c pht trin s dng trong hn hp b tng asphalt
lu nng cht v hn hp b tng asphalt ci tin lp nn lm bng b tng ngho v
mt ng b tng c b nhit gy ra mt s dch chuyn lp b tng dn n
hin tng nt phn hi ti b mt ng.
CARIPHALTE DA c pht trin s dng trong hn hp nha thot nc
v hn hp ri lp to ma st.
Cc yu t v k thut chi tit ca hai loi cht lin kt ny c chi tit ho
bng 2.13.
Quan h gia nht v nhit ca CARIPHALTE DM v bitum qunh 50
cho thy r l nhit cao ca con ng, v d 60
0
C, CARIPHALTE DM cng hn
ng k so vi bitum 50 v do chng bin dng tt hn. nhit thp, < 0
0
C,
CARIPHALTE DM do hn bitum 50 v do chng nt tt hn.
Mc ci thin kh nng chng bin dng c kim tra bng cc th nghim
vt ln bnh xe do c phng th nghim ng b v vn ti (TRRL) v Shell Research
Limited thc hin, c trnh by bng 2.14. R rng l c mt s tng ln ng k v
kh nng chng bin dng, tng t vi kh nng chng bin dng ca bitum chu ti
nng (HD) c pht trin chuyn dng chng bin dng. Nhng u im ny
c khng nh qua cc cuc kim nghim ton din trn thc a.
do ca hn hp bitum c nh lng bng th nghim robin dng
khng i do TRRL v Shell Research Limited tin hnh. Th nghim mi c
Shell Research Limited thc hin trn hn hp b tng asphalt lu nng thi cng 5
0
C
vi tn s l 50 Hz cho thy vi mt phm vi rng v ti trng tc ng ln mu th
nghim CARIPHALTE DM, tui th ro ca mt ng nng ln t nht l 3 ln.
Bng 2.14. So snh mc vt ln bnh xe ca mt ng c ri bng asphalt
lu nng lm t bitum 50, HD40 v CARIPHALTE DM
Cc c tnh ca cht lin kt
Cht lin kt
Kim ln 25
0
C,
dmm
im mm (IP),
o
C
ln vt
bnh xe 45
0
C
mm/h
50 pen
HD40
CARIPHALTE DM
56
42
34
52
68
90
3,2
0,7
0,7
2.5.8. CC BITUM POLYME CHU NHIT
Cc cht polyme chu nhit c sn xut bng cch trn hai thnh phn lng,
thnh phn u l cht nha v phn cn li cha cht lm cng. Hai thnh phn ny kt
hp vi nhau v mt ho hc to ra mt cu trc 3 chiu vng chc. Hp cht nha 2
thnh phn ny khi trn vi bitum s th hin cc c tnh ni tri ca cc cht nha
chu nhit hn l cc c tnh ca bitum. Cc loi hp cht nha chu nhit 2 thnh phn
ny c pht trin khong 30 nm trc y v hin nay ang c ng dng rng
ri bc ph b mt v lm cc cht dnh kt.
Nhng s khc nhau c bn gia bitum (mt cht do nhit) v cc bitum polyme
chu nhit l nh sau:
Khi hai thnh phn trong bitum polyme chu nhit c trn th thi gian s dng
sn phm ny s b gii hn, thi hn ny ph thuc nhiu vo nhit , nhit cng
cao th thi hn s dng cng ngn.
Sau khi mt sn phm chu nhit c s dng n tip tc c lu ho v tng
cng v sc bn, tc lu ho trn mt ng ph thuc vo nhit mi trng.
Khi nhit tng ln bitum b mm ra v chy, cc bitum polyme chu nhit t
mn cm vi nhit hn v trong thc t khng b tc ng ca s thay i nhit
trn ng.
Bitum polyme chu nhit l mt vt liu n hi, khng th hin c tnh nht
chy, n nh vi ho cht, dung mi, nhin liu v du.
Ba loi bitum polyme chu nhit c bit n ph bin l: Shell grip/spray grrip;
Erophalt; v Sheliepoxy asphalt. Cc loi ny c s dng rng ri trn th gii t
nm 1986. Tuy nhin, Vit Nam ang trong giai on nghin cu.
2.5.9. TIU CHUN 22TCN319042004 GTVT V BITUM POLYME
C th tham kho tiu chun k thut vt liu bitum polyme dng cho ng t
v sn bay c quy nh theo 22TCN 319042004 GTVT.
Bng 2.15. Tiu chun k thut vt liu bitum polyme cho ng t v sn bay
(22TCN 319042004)
Tr s tiu chun theo mc
bitum polyme
TT Cc ch tiu
n
v
PMB
I
PMBII PMB
III
1 Nhit ho mm (phng php
vng v bi), min
o
C 60 70 80
2 kim ln 25
0
C 0.1mm 5070 4070
3 Nhit bt la, min
o
C 230
4 Lng tn tht sau khi un nng
163
0
C trong 5 gi, max
% 0.6
5 T l kim ln ca nha ng sau
khi un nng 163
0
C trong 5 gi so
vi kim ln 25
0
C, min
% 65
6 Lng ho tan trong
trichloroethytylen, min
% 99
7 Khi lng ring 25
0
C g/cm
3
1.001.05
8 dnh bm vi , min cp cp 4
9 n hi ( 25
0
C mu ko di
10cm), min
% 60 65 70
10 n nh lu tr (gia nhit 163
0
C
trong 48 gi, sai khc nhit ho
mm ca phn trn v di ca mu),
max
o
C 3.0
11 nht 135
0
C (nht k Pa.s 3.0
Brookfield), max
2.6. NH TNG XY DNG NG (22TCN 3542006)
2.6.1. KHI NIM V PHN LOI NH TNG
2.6.1.1. Khi nim
Nh tng l mt h thng keo phc tp bao gm hai cht lng khng ho tan ln
nhau. Trong , mt cht lng phn tn trong cht lng kia di dng nhng git nh li
ti, gi l pha phn tn, cn cht lng kia gi l mi trng phn tn.
cho nh tng c n nh ngi ta cho thm vo cht nh ha (cht ph gia
hot tnh b mt). Cht nh ha s hp ph trn b mt cc git bitum hay gurng, lm
gim sc cng b mt mt phn chia ca bitum hay gurng vi nc. ng thi n
to ra trn b mt cc git bitum mt mng mng kt cu bn vng, c tc dng ngn
cn s kt t ca chng, lm cho nh tng n nh.
Nh tng bitum l mt hp cht gm hai thnh phn d th c bn l bitum v
nc, c gi l hai pha nc v pha bitum. Bitum c phn tn trong nc di
dng cc ht ring r c ng knh t 0,15 micrn. Cc ht bitum c gi trng
thi l lng tch in v c n nh bng cht nh ho.
2.6.1.2. Phn loi nh tng
Cn c vo c trng ca pha phn tn v mi trng phn tn, nh tng c
chia ra hai loi:
Nu pha phn tn l bitum, cn mi trng phn tn l nc th gi l nh tng
dunc (DN), hay cn gi l nh tng thun.
Nu pha phn tn l nhng git nc, cn bitum hay gurng l mi trng phn
tn, th gi l nh tng ncdu (ND), hay cn gi l nh tng nghch.
Theo kh nng trn ln ca nh tng vi vt liu khong chia nh tng ra lm
ba loi: 1, 2, 3 (theo quy phm 1865981Nga).
Cn c vo cht nh ha, nh tng c chia ra lm cc loi sau:
Nh tng anion hot tnh (nh tng kim)dng cht nh ha l nhng mui
kim ca axit bo, axit naftalen, nha hay nhng axit sunfua, pH ca nh tng
t 912.
Nh tng cation hot tnh (nh tng axit)dng cht nh ha l cc mui ca
cc cht amniac bc bn, iamin, v.v., pH trong nh tng ny mn trong gii hn
t 26.
Nh tng trung tnh (khng sinh ra ion)l nh tng dng cht nh ha khng
sinh ra ion nh opanol (cao su tng hp), plyizbutilen v.v. pH bng 7.
Nh tng l loi bt nho khi dng cht nh ha dng bt v c nh bt vi
ti, t st do, trpen, iatmit.
Thut ng anion v cation ch cc in tch bao quanh cc ht bitum. Hin
tng ny bt ngun t mt quy lut c bn v in. Cc in tch cng du y nhau,
cc in tch khc du ht nhau. Nu dng in chy qua mt dung dch nh tng cha
ht bitum tch in m, chng s di chuyn v pha ant. Bi vy nh tng ny c
gi l nh tng anion. Ngc li cc ht bitum c tch in dng s di chuyn v
pha catt. Nh tng l cc ht trung tnh s khng di chuyn ti bt k cc cc no.
Nh tng trung tnh rt him khi c s dng trong xy dng ng.
2.6.2. VT LIU CH TO NH TNG
2.6.2.1. Cht kt dnh
ch to nh tng, c th dng cc cht kt dnh hu c nh bitum du m
loi c, loi lng v gurng than xy dng ng. Khi dng cht nh ha dng bt
(bt vi ti, t st) th c th dng cc loi mc thp (s 13), cn khi xy dng mt
ng nhng vng kh hu nngdng cc loi mc cao (bitum mc s5).
2.6.2.2. Nc
Nc dng ch to nh tng khi dng cht nh ha anion hot tnh th phi l
nc mm (nc c cng khng ln hn 3 mili ng lng gam/lt).
2.6.2.3. Cht nh ha
Cht nh ha l cht hot tnh b mt, nhng phn t ca n bao gm phn khng
mang cc tnh l nhng gc hyr ccbua, v phn mang cc tnh. Cht ny c kh
nng hp th trn b mt git bitum hay gurng lm cho nh tng n nh. Khi
gc hyr cacbua (nhm khng mang cc tnh), l nhm k nc, nn n lun lun n
pha c cc tnh nh hnhng vo bitum; cn nhm c cc tnh, l nhm a nc, th
hng vo nc. Do cu trc phn t ca cht hot tnh b mt khng i xng nh
vy, nn lp b mt, chng nh hng ph hp vi quy lut cn bng cc tnh, v
lm gim sc cng b mt mt phn chia gia nc v bitum, tc l n lm gim s
khc nhau v sc cng b mt ca bitum v nc.
Cht nh ha c chia ra cc loi anion hot tnh, cation hot tnh v loi khng
sinh ra ion.
Cht nh ho anion hot tnh bao gm c x phng ca cc axit bo, axit nha,
axit naftalen v cc axit sunfua naftalen.
Cht nh ho cation hot tnh l nhng mui ca cc hp cht amniac bc bn,
cc amin bc nht, bc hai v cc mui ca chng; cc iamin v.v.
Nhm khng sinh ra ion bao gm cc hp cht khng ho tan trong nc, ch yu
l cc te.
Ngoi nhng loi cht nh ha dng hu c trn ra, khi ch to nh tng cn
dng cht nh ha dng bt v c. Nhng cht nh ha dng bt v c hay dng l vi
bt, vi ti, t st, t hong th.
Trong thc t xy dng ng, ng dng rng ri nht l nhng cht nh ha
anion hot tnh, ch to nh tng thun.
2.6.3. CC CH TIU K THUT NH TNG LM NG
2.6.3.1. nht
Nh tng lm ng cn c nht
hp l m bo khi s dng c th nho
trn vi vt liu khong hoc phun c ln
b mt vt liu khong bng cc thit
b phun.
nht ca nh tng thng c
xc nh bng nht k tiu chun (xem mc
2.4.2) hay nht k Engler. nht ca nh
tng thng dao ng trong phm vi sau:
C
3
20
= 550 sec.
Tng nht ca nh tng bng cch
tng t l bitum, thay i dung dch nh ho
hoc gim nht ca bitum. Hnh 2.11. m
t mi quan h gia nht ca nh tng
vi hm lng ca bitum.
2.6.3.2. phn tch
Nh tng sau khi thi cng phi tch
nc nhanh v dnh bm tt vi b mt vt
liu khong vt. Hnh 2.12. m t qu trnh
phn tch v dnh bm vi b mt vt liu
khong ca nh tng.








Hnh 2.12. S m t qu trnh phn tch v dnh bm vi b mt vt liu
khong ca nh tng.
phn tch c xc nh bng h s:
Hnh 2.11. nht ca nh tng
( Engler) l mt hm ca tc chy
vi cc hm lng bitum khc nhau.


100,%
N
N
P
2
1
=
(2.6)

trong : N
1
lng nha cn li sau khi th nghim
N
2
lng nha trn mt si trc khi th nghim.
Th nghim c tin hnh nh sau: Nhng si c ng knh t 6 n 12mm vo
nh tng trong 2 pht, ngoi khng kh 30 pht, ra mu trong nc 15 pht
P = 10050, %, phn tch nhanh
P = 1050, %, phn tch va
P nh hn 10, %, phn tch chm.
2.6.3.3. Tnh n nh khi vn chuyn v bo qun
Tnh n nh khi bo qun c trng cho kh nng ca nh tng bo ton c
cc tnh cht khi nhit thay i, ngha l n khng lng ng, khng to thnh lp v
v bo ton tnh ng nht trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Tnh n nh thng
c xc nh sau 7 v 30 ngy bo qun (theo tiu chun 1865981 Lin X c). Cc
loi nh tng c thnh phn khc nhau c th n nh trong lc bo qun nhit t
+3
o
C n +40
o
C trong 30 ngy.
Tnh n nh khi vn chuyn hay khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc c xc nh
bng kh nng ca nh tng bo ton tnh cht khi chuyn ch v khi thi cng.
xc nh tnh n nh khi bo qun v khi vn chuyn, ly nh tng bo
qun sau 7 ngy v 30 ngy cho chy qua sng c kch thc l sng 0,14mm. Yu cu
l lng st trn sng khng qu 0,1% theo khi lng v m bo cc tnh cht khc
theo tiu chun Nh nc.
Tnh n nh khi vn chuyn c kim tra theo cc tnh cht ca bitum sau 2 gi
vn chuyn phi m bo cc yu cu k thut.
Nh tng c nht cao, t l cht nh ho cao, c kch thc ht ng u s
n nh khi bo qun.
2.6.3.4. Tnh dnh bm ca mng cht dnh kt vi b mt vt liu khong
Tnh dnh bm c kim tra bng tr s b mt ca dm vn cn c ph
nh tng sau khi ra cc mu th sau khi nhng vo nh tng bng nc nhit
100
o
C. Tr s b mt phi khng nh hn 75% (vi nh tng anion) v khng nh hn
95% (vi nh tng cation).
2.6.3.5 Tnh cht phn cn li sau khi chng ct
Sau khi chng ct nhit 360
o
C, cho phn dung mi bay hi ht, tnh cht ca
phn cn li phi ph hp vi tiu chun nh vi bitum lng.
2.6.4. THNH PHN CA NH TNG VIT NAM
Vit nam bc u nghin cu thnh cng mt s nh tng thun loi
kim, dng cht nh ho anion hot tnh nh x phng bt, du gai, du s, du tru,
v.v. thnh phn ca nh tng nh sau:
50% bitum s 5 + 50% nc + (0,51)% x phng bt + (0,10,15)% NaOH.
50% bitum s 5 + 50% nc + (0,51,2)% du thc vt + (0,20,3)% NaOH.
Ngoi ra, khi cn ch to nh tng c th tham kho thnh phn nh tng ca
Nga (Tiu chun 1865981), ca M ASTM, v.v.
2.6.5. CC YU CU V NH TNG CA M (EMULOIFIED ASPHALT)
M c nhiu loi nh tng nha, ch yu thng dng trong xy dng ng
l nh tng anion (AEA) v nh tng cation (CEA). Mi loi nh tng nha c
chia ra nhiu cp theo tc phn tch v nht. Cc yu cu v tnh cht c l ca
nh tng c ghi trong bng 2.16.
Bng 2.16. Cc yu cu k thut ca nh tng.
.
Cp
Phn tch nhanh
Phn
tch
va
Phn
tch chm
Cc ch tiu
RS1 RS2 MS2 SS1 SS1h
K hiu
th nghim
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
1 nht Furol
77
o
F, scc
20 100 100+ 20100 20100
22TCN 254
2006
2 nht Furol
122
o
F, scc
75400
cng quy
nh tng t
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
3B nha sau khi
ct, % theo khi
lng
54+ 62+ 62+ 57+ 57+

4Lng ng 5
ngy, khc nhau
gia lp trn v
lp di, %
3 3 3 3 3 D224T59
5 kh nh:
Khi dng 35ml
0,02N CaCl
2
,%
60+ 50+

2.6.6. NG DNG CA NH TNG BITUM LM NG
2.6.6.1. Nh tng bitum lm ng
Hn hp nh tng bitum ct liu c sn xut v s dng Php t nhng nm
50 v c s dng ph bin chu u, chu Phi, M cho n ngy nay. Chng loi
hn hp ch yu l nha nh tng c s dng lm lp mng trn ca ng
b. Tuy nhin, mt s loi hn hp c sn xut t nh tng bitum dnh cho ri lp
trn ca mt ng cng c p dng thnh cng.
Mt vn quan trng khi s dng nh tng bitum trong hn hp lm ng l
cn to ra rng tng i cao nc c th thot nhanh trong qu trnh m nn v
khi con ng i vo hot ng. Hn na bn ca mt ng c gia cng vi
hn hp nh tngct liu c hnh thnh tng i chm. V c hai l do ny m
Khi dng 50ml
ca 0,01N
CaCl
2
,%
30

6Th nghim ry
(phn trn ry
N
o
20),%
0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10

7Th nghim trn
vi ximng, %
2,0 2,0 D5T49
8Th nghim trn
b nha sau khi
trng ct nh
tng nha:

kim ln,
77
o
F, 100g, 5s
100200 100200
100
200
100
200
4090 D2042T44
ho tan
trong
Trichloroithylene,
%
97,5+ 97,5+ 97,5+ 97,5+ 90,5+ D113T51
ko di,
77
o
F, cm
40+ 40+ 40+ 40+ 40+
9Hm lng
bitum,%
60+ 65+ 65+ 57+ 57+
10Hm lng
du, %
3 3 12
cc hn hp nh tngct liu ch ph hp vi cc con ng chu ti nh. Do vy,
loi vt liu ny ch c s dng rt hn ch.
Trc y, cc hn hp nha ng kt chm hoc c sn xut vi vic s
dng mt phm cp bitum lng vi nhiu loi du pha khc nhau. Cc vt liu ny ch
yu c s dng cho vic duy tu sa cha ng. S pht trin ca cc nh tng ph
ct liu to ra mt s loi hn hp nh tngct liu dng cho nhng mc ch c
th trong xy dng ng giao thng.
Mt ng dng khc ca nh tng bitum trong hn hp lm ng l khi phc
mt ng theo phng php trn ngui ti ch. My lm ng lin hp c s dng
bc lp mt ng, ri nghin lp bc mt ng thnh cc ht ct liu theo kch c
yu cu v sng lc loi b cc ht khng ng kch thc. Sau ct liu ti ch
c phun mt lp nh tng, sau mi ln phun nh tng thit b o lp ct liu
c s dng nh tng bm dnh u vi ct liu. Qu trnh phun v o li khong
t 2 n 3 ln. Tip theo, xe lu trng lng 810 tn c s dng m nn lp nh
tngct liu v cui cng mt ng c lng mt hn hp mn chng thm.
Nh tng bitum cng c s dng lm lp dnh bm. l mt k thut
c p dng m bo s lin kt bm dnh gia cc lp ca mt ng.
2.6.6.2. Cc ng dng khc ca nh tng bitum.
C th s dng nh tng lm n nh t, chng thm, lp ph bo v, trm
khe cc khe h v lm lp chng thm.
CU HI N TP
1. Khi nim v phn loi bitum lm ng
2. Thnh phn v cu trc ca bitum
3. Cc tnh cht ca bitum du m qunh xy dng ng
4. Thnh phn v cc tnh cht ca bitum lng lm ng
5. Cc loi bitum ci tin lm ng
6. Thnh phn v cc tnh cht ca nh tng xy dng ng


Chng 3
CT LIU CHO B TNG ASPHALT
3.1. M U
Ct liu ng vai tr rt quan trng trong hn hp b tng asphalt. N chim
khong 92 n 96 % tng khi lng vt liu trong b tng asphalt v chim khong
trn 30% gi thnh ca kt cu mt ng. V vy, n nh hng kh nhiu ti gi
thnh ca kt cu mt ng.
Ct liu ch yu ca b tng asphalt l dm (hoc si), ct (ct t nhin hoc
ct nghin), bt vi, cc ct liu nhn to (si keramdit, x l cao, xi mng), hoc cc
vt liu thi khc.
3.2. PHN LOI V PHNG PHP SN XUT CT LIU.
3.2.1. PHN LOI
Ct liu bao gm cc loi ct, si, nghin, x, hay thnh phn vt liu khong
khc. Chng c th c nho trn vi nhau v s dng cng vi cht kt dnh hu c
to thnh vt liu b tng asphalt.
Ct liu c th phn loi theo ngun gc t nhin hay nhn to. Ct liu t nhin
c ly t nhin v trong qu trnh khai thc, sn xut khng lm thay i bn cht ca
chng, ch s dng cch nghin, o, sng hay ra. Trong nhm ny, dm, si v ct
l ph bin nht, mc d c th c thm bt, v s, qung st, v vi. Ct liu
nhn to bao gm x l cao, t st nung, ct liu nh, v cc vt liu thi.
Theo ng knh ln nht, ct liu c chia ra 2 loi: ht mn v ht ln. Loi
ht ln l ht phn ln nm trn sng No8(2.36 mm). Loi ht mn phn ln lt qua
sng 2.36 mm.
Kch thc cc mt sng, mm, cho ct liu b tng asphalt nh sau: 50; 37,5; 25;
19; 12,5; 9,5; 4,75; 2,36; 1,18; 0,6; 0,3; 0,15; 0,075.
Tu theo loi b tng asphalt c th dng cc ng knh ln nht khc nhau v
c thnh phn cp phi ht khc nhau c quy nh theo cc tiu chun k thut.
Theo tiu chun Chu u EN 130432002 kch thc c sng ghi bng 3.1.
Bng 3.1. Cc loi c sng phn loi cc c ht ct liu cho b tng asphalt
(EN 130432002)
B sng c bn, c sng, mm Loi 1, c sng, mm Loi 2, c sng, mm
(1) (2) (3)
0
1
2
(1)
0
1
2
(2)
0
1
2
(3)
4


8




4
5.6 (5)

8

11.2


4

6.3 (6)
8
10

12.5
14
16


31.5 (32)


63
16

22.4 (22)
31.5 (32)

45
63
16
20

31.5
40

63
Thnh phn ht c quy nh theo EN 93311997 ph thuc vo t l d/D (trong
D v d l ng knh c sng ln v nh nht ca b sng), v c quy nh bng
3.2 v 3.3.
Bng 3.2. Cc yu cu v thnh phn ht ct liu
Lng lt sng theo khi lng, %
Ct liu
C sng,
mm
2D 1.4D D d d/2
K hiu
100 100 9099 010 02 G
C
90/10
100 98100 9099 015 05 G
C
90/15
100 98100 9099 020 05 G
C
90/20
100 98100 8599 015 02 G
C
85/15
100 98100 8599 020 05 G
C
85/20
Th D >2
100 98100 8599 035 05 G
C
85/35
Ht mn D2 100 8599 G
F
85
Hn
hp
D45 v
d=0
100
100
98100
98100
9099
8599

G
A
90
G
A
85
Bng 3.3. Cc gii hn chung v dung sai cho cp phi hn hp ht th ti c
sng trung gian.
Gii hn phn trm
lt theo khi lng
D/d
C sng trung
gian, mm
Gii hn Dung sai
K hiu
2580 15 G
25/15

<4 D/1.4
2070 15 G
20/15

4 D/2 2070 17.5 G
20/17.5

3.2.2. QU TRNH KHAI THC, SN XUT CT LIU
Nguyn tc c bn nht ca qu trnh khai thc, gia cng ct liu l t c cht
lng ct liu cao nht vi gi thnh hp l. Qu trnh khai thc, gia cng gm cc
bc: o, vn chuyn, ra, nghin, sng phn loi, nh gi cht lng vt liu v kt
thc bng giai on ct vo kho hay chuyn ra cng trng.
Sau khi ct liu c khai thc, chng c ch bng bng ti, tu ho, xe ti
n ni x l, ch to. Cng ngh ch to thng theo cc bc sau:
Ra sch: Qu trnh x l u tin l loi b cc vt liu khng th chp nhn
c. Nhng vt liu b loi b l nhng vt liu c th lm gim cht lng n sn
phm cui cng nu s dng loi ct liu . Mt phng php loi b vt liu (st,
bn, l cy v.v) l ra ct liu. C th s dng bng chuyn, vn chuyn ct liu
thng qua h thng vi phun nc ra ct liu.
Nghin nh: Qu trnh tip theo l lm gim kch thc ca hay si. Trong
qu trnh ny c th s dng rt nhiu loi my nghin. Loi c nht l loi my nghin
c mt m nghin c nh v mt m nghin di ng, n thch hp i vi tt c cc
loi cng. Loi my mi l my nghin m kt hp vi my nghin trc c cng sut
ln hn. Cc loi my nghin thng gim kch thc vi t l 6:1 hoc thp hn.
C th s dng cc loi nghin sng di ng hoc trm tnh vi kch thc ca ban
u t 340510 mm v nng sut t 6.5100 m
3
/h. Cc loi my thng dng Vit
Nam c ch to ti Trung Quc, Nga, Nht Bn v M.






a) b)
Hnh 3.1. S cng ngh ra (a) v nghin (b)


Hnh 3.2. S cc bc b tr trm nghin sng di ng
Cc sng rung c s dng i vi ct liu ln v dng c phn loi thu lc i
vi ct liu nh. Trong qu trnh sng khong 70% vt liu lt qua sng v trong qu
trnh sng c th loi bt mt s ht qu ln. L sng c hnh vung hoc hnh trn.
Phn loi theo kch thc, ngun gc ct liu: Si bao gm cc ht trn t nhin
do qu trnh phong ho hoc mi mn ca hay do qu trnh cui kt. Ct bao gm
cc vin b phong ho t nhin; nhng ht ct liu ni chung c hnh dng gc cnh
nhng phi chu nh hng ca mi trng, thi tit. Ct l loi ct liu mn thu c
t t nhin do qu trnh phong ho, mi mn hay qu trnh gia cng cc loi sa
thch d v. nghin l mt sn phm ca qu trnh nghin (nhn to) tng,
cui. Ct nghin chnh l nghin c kch thc nh tng ng vi kch thc ca ct
t nhin. Si v nghin c coi l ct liu ln.
Ct liu c hnh dng rt khc nhau. Si c b mt trn nhn, trong khi nghin
c b mt x x. Ct liu cn c s khc bit rt ln v rng. nghin v si c
rng thp.
gc
Nghin th
Sng
Nghin m
Nghin nh
Sng
Phn loi
A, B, C
3.3. CT LIU NHN TO
Ct liu nhn to do con ngi ch to ra. Mt trong s l x l cao (c lm
ngui bng khng kh) (aircooled blastfurnace slag). Chng l mt loi ct liu nhn
to c s dng ph bin trong xy dng ng cao tc. Tiu chun ASTM C125 v
b tng v ct liu b tng (Concrete and Concrete Aggregates) xc nh rng x l cao
ngui trong khng kh l loi vt liu thu c do s rn chc li ca x l cao nng
chy trong mi trng khng kh. Qu trnh lm ngui c th c lm tng nhanh bng
cch phun nc vo b mt ho cng. X l cao c coi l sn phm khng cha
kim loi (nonmetallic), chng ch yu l silicat v alumosilicat canxi v nhng thnh
phn khc. Chng c hnh thnh trong iu kin nng chy cng vi st trong l cao.
Vic s dng ct liu nhn to ny trong cng nghip l khng ph bin. Mt s loi x
l cao nh hn ct liu t nhin, n c khi lng ring t 2.0 2.5 g/cm
3
trong khi ct
liu t nhin c khi lng ring t 2.3 3.2 g/cm
3
.
Mc d khi nim v ct liu nhn to a ra y l kh y trong hu ht
mi trng hp, nhng vn c cch phn loi ct liu nhn to nh l mt sn phm
trc tip ch khng phi l sn phm gin tip (sn phm tha). Theo ngha ny, x l
mt loi ct liu nhn to thc s c ch to ra c mc ch. Ct liu nh c coi l
ct liu nhn to. Ct liu nh c th l x than, t st nung, v s hay x qung.
Nhng loi ct liu ny c s dng sn xut b tng nh ni m ti trng bn thn
ng vai tr quan trng.
3.4. S DNG CT LIU A PHNG
Trong nhiu vng Vit Nam, ct liu tt khan him v gi chuyn ch n ni
s dng rt t. Khi , ct liu a phng c th c xem xt s dng. Tuy nhin,
phi loi b mt s vt liu c cht lng km ct liu tun th theo tiu chun.
Trong mt s trng hp c th tn dng ct liu t c nhng sn phm kinh t.
Khi tn dng ct liu a phng cn phi tin hnh mt s qu trnh: ra; phn
tch ct liu nng; phn tch cc thnh phn ht mm yu; v sng.
Ct liu xu c ra loi b lp ph bn ngoi hay thay i cp phi. Lng
ht mn c th c loi b bng cch xi nc vo trong khi sng hoc s dng cc
thng ra c bit. nh lut Stock c th c s dng loi b nhng ht mn. Khi
dng nc 77
0
F (25
0
C) v dng ct c khi lng ring 2.65, th nh lut Stock
nh sau:
V = 9000D
2
(3.1)
trong : V tc dng chy
D ng knh ht
V vy nu ct c a vo u mt thng cha di, th dng nc c th phn
chia ring cc kch c ht ra.
Phn tch ct liu nng s dng nguyn tc trng lng ring ca nhng vt liu
b loi b nh hn trng lng ring ca nhng vt liu tt. Phng php ny gn lin
vi phng php quy trong thng nc sink float method. Khi quy th manhetit v
ferrosilicat s l lng trong nc. Nhng vt liu cn loi b c trng lng ring nh,
ni trong nc cn vt liu tt s chm xung y thng cha.
Phng php rung c th c s dng phn tch cc vt liu ht nng nhng
mm. Ct liu ri xung t mt mng nghing, v cht lng ca chng c o bi
khong cch chng ny ln khi b mt. Cc hn ny ln c la chn theo 3 ngn
ring bit, chng c t hp l thu c nhng ht da vo kh nng ny ln ca
chng. Nhng vin yu, mm, d v ch ny ln mt on thp cn nhng vin ct liu
tt ny ln cao hn. Qu trnh phn tch thnh phn mm s loi b nhng ht mm
yu. Qu trnh ny khng loi b nhng ht c mun n hi ln. Do vy phng php
ny cn tin hnh cng vi phng php phn tch ct liu nng m bo loi b ht
tt c ct liu km.
3.5. NGUYN L V CT LIU CH TO B TNG ASPHALT
3.5.1. TNH CHT CA CT LIU CH TO B TNG ASPHALT
nh hng ca ct liu n tnh cht v kh nng chu lc ca hn hp b tng
asphalt l rt ln. Ct liu l tng cho hn hp b tng asphalt phi c cp phi hp l,
cng , kh nng chu hao mn ln v hnh dng gc cnh. Nhng tnh cht khc bao
gm rng thp, b mt x x, khng b bn, v c tnh ght nc. Bng 3.4 v 3.5
a ra mt s cc c tnh ch yu ca ct liu dng cho hn hp b tng asphalt.
Cp phi, cng , hao mn, v hnh dng ca ct liu l rt quan trng nh
hng n s n nh ca kt cu. rng v c trng b mt vt liu khong nh
hng rt ln i vi mi lin kt gia bitum v b mt vt liu khong. Cht kt dnh
asphalt hay cc sn phm ca n phi dnh cht vo ct liu v ng thi phi bao ph
ton b b mt ct liu. Nu ct liu c rng thp v trn nhn cht kt dnh asphalt
khng th dnh vo ct liu. S dnh bm tr thnh mt ch tiu rt quan trng khi hn
hp b tng b t trong mi trng nc. Nu ct liu rt d thm t, nc s cnh
tranh vi bitum ngm vo b mt ct liu v ct liu s b tch ra khng dnh vo
bitum. Hin tng ny c bit v n c gi l s bong, trc ca bitum vi vt
liu khong.
Bng 3.4. Cc tnh cht vt l ca mt s loi
hao mn khi dng
my, %
Loi
Khi
lng th
tch,
g/cm
3

ht
nc
%
Devan Los Angelet

mi
mn,
g/cm
2

bn
dai, va
chm,
N.m
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
magma
Granit
Syenit
Diorit
Gabro
Peridotit

2.65
2.74
2.92
2.96
3.31

0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3

4.3
4.1
3.1
3.0
4.1

38
24

18


18
18
18
18
15

9
14
15
14
9
Felsit
Bazan
Diaba
(1)
2.66
2.86
2.96
(2)
0.8
0.5
0.3
(3)
3.8
3.1
2.6
(4)
18
14
18
(5)
18
17
18
(6)
17
19
20
(7)
trm tch
vi
lomit
phin st
sa thch
phin silic
Cui kt
Breccia
bin cht
gnai
dip thch
Amphibn
phin slate
quczit
hoa
Secpentin

2.66
2.70
1.852.5
2.54
2.50
2.68
2.59

2.74
2.85
3.02
2.74
2.69
2.63
2.62

0.9
1.1

1.8
1.6
1.2
1.8

0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.9

5.7
5.5

7.0
8.4
10.0
6.4

5.9
5.5
3.9
4.7
3.3
6.3
6.3

26
25

38
26



45
38
35
20
28
47
19

14
14

15
19
16
17

18
17
16
15
19
13
15

8
9

11
12
8
11

9
12
14
18
16
6
14
Ghi ch:
Ct 2 vt liu c nhng ngp trong nc ti p sut kh quyn v nhit
thng;
Ct 3 ly theo AASHTO T3 hay ASTM D289;
Ct 4 ly theo AASHTO T96 hay ASTM C131;
Ct 5 ly theo Dorry hardness test U.S Dept. Agr. Bull 949;
Ct 6 ly theo AASHTO T5 hay ASTM D3a.
Bng 3.5. Cc yu cu k thut ca mt s loi
Loi
Cng


bn
n
nh
ho
cht
c
trng
b mt
Tn ti
ht c
cht
lng
thp
Hnh
dng sau
khi
nghin
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
magma
Granit,syenit, diorit
Felsit
Bazan, diaba, gabro

Tt
Tt
Tt

Tt
Tt
Tt

Tt
Cha r
Tt

Tt
TB
Tt

C th
C th
Him gp

Tt
TB
TB
Peridotit
trm tch
vi, lomit
sa thch
(1)
Tt

TB
TB
(2)
TB

TB
TB
(3)
Cha r

Tt
Tt
(4)
Tt

Tt
Tt
(5)
C th

C th
Him gp
(6)
Tt

Tt
Tt
(7)
phin silic
Cui kt, breccia
phin st
bin cht
gnai, dip thch
quczit
hoa
secpentin
amphibn
phin slate
Tt
TB
Km

Tt
Tt
TB
TB
Tt
Tt
Km
TB
Km

Tt
Tt
Tt
TB
Tt
Tt
Km
Tt


Tt
Tt
Tt
Tt
Tt
Tt
TB
Tt
Tt

Tt
Tt
Tt
TB
Tt
TB
t gp
Him gp
C th

Him gp
Him gp
C th
C th
Him gp
Him gp
Km
TB
TB

Tt
TB
Tt
TB
TB
Km
3.5.2. DM HAY SI
Cht lng dm hay si v cng , tnh ng nht, hnh dng, trng thi b
mt, thnh phn khong vt, v.v. c nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca b tng
asphalt.
dm dng ch to b tng asphalt c th l dm sn xut t thin
nhin, dm ch to t cui, hoc dm ch to t x l cao, nhng phi ph hp vi
cc yu cu ca tiu chun. Khng cho php dng dm ch to t vi st, sa thch
st v phin thch st. Cc tiu chun th nghim vt liu c trnh by trong
bng 3.6.
Bng 3.6. Cc tiu chun th nghim lm b tng asphalt
Tiu chun M
TT Ni dung
Tiu chun
Vit Nam
ASTM AASHTO
Ghi
ch
a. Ct
1
Xc nh hm lng chung
bi bn st (ht <0.05mm)
TCVN 34386 C117 T11

2
Xc nh hm lng chung
bi bn st (ht <0.005mm)
TCVN 34386 C142 T112

3 Xc nh tp cht hu c TCVN 34586 C40 T21
b. dm, si cui
1
Cc yu cu k thut v
phng php th ca dm,
si (cng khng p,
TCVN 1771
87
v 177287
C566 T255

dp v, hao mn...)
2 hao mn Los Angeles C131 T96
Thnh phn ht ca dm hay si c phn ra ba nhm, gm: 20 40; 10 20
v 510 mm (TCVN). Theo tiu chun M t 3/8 in n 21/2 in.
Tu theo cng chu nn ca gc m dm dng ch to b tng asphalt
c cc loi mc khc nhau nh ghi trong bng 3.7.
Bng 3.7. Quy nh v mc nn ca (si) dng cho b tng asphalt
Quy nh theo mc hn hp
I II III Ch tiu
A B A B A B
Cng , daN/cm
2
, khng nh
hn

1 dm t mcma v bin
cht
1200 1200 1000 1000 1000 600800
2 dm t trm tch dng
cacbonat.
1000 600 400600
3 dm t trm tch dng
khi ln.
1200 1000 1000 1000 600 600
4 Si*. p8 p8 p12 p16 p16
(*): mc nn dp trong xilanh.
Cng ca gc lm dm cho b tng nha ngui ti thiu l 800
daN/cm
2
.
dm (hay si) dng ch to b tng asphalt ch c php cha cc ht dt:
i vi b tng loi A: < 20%, i vi loi B v Bx: < 25%; loi C v Cx: < 3,5% theo
khi lng.
dm cn phi lin kt tt vi bitum. V mt ny, th cc loi vi, lmit,
iaba tt hn cc loi axit. Nu dng loi lin kt km vi bitum th phi gia cng
bng cht ph gia hot tnh nh vi, ximng hoc cho thm cht ph gia hot tnh b
mt vo bitum.
cn phi sch, lng ngm cht bn khng c ln hn 1% theo khi lng.
3.5.3. CT
Vai tr ca ct trong hn hp b tng asphalt l chn k h gia cc ht ct liu
ln, lm tng c ca hn hp. C th dng ct thin nhin hay ct nhn to, c cc
ch tiu k thut ph hp vi quy phm nh khi dng cho b tng nng (TCVN).
Ct thin nhin ch to b tng asphalt ch dng loi ht ln vi m un ln
M
l
2,5. Khi khng c ct ht ln th thnh phn hn hp b tng asphalt loi A v B
s la chn dng ct ht nh theo nguyn tc thnh phn ht khng lin tc.
Theo TCVN 75702006 m un ln ca ct c tnh theo cng thc sau:

100
A A A A A
M
0,14 0,315 0,65 1,25 2,5
dl
+ + + +
=
(3.2)
trong : A
i
lng st tch lu trn sn.
Mun ln, biu th mn ca ct mt cch tng i, c tnh theo phn
trm ca tng cc lng st tch ly trn sng tiu chun trong th nghim sng ct tiu
chun. Su c sng c dng th nghim gm cc c sng s 4, 8, 16, 30, 50, v
100. M un ln cng nh th ct cng mn. Mun ln ca ct tt nht l nm
trong phm vi t 2,25 3,25.
Thnh phn ht ca ct c lp theo quan h gia kch thc mt sng vi lng
st tch lu phi ph hp vi cc quy nh ca tng loi b tng khc nhau (xem phn
b tng ximng). Phng php xc nh thnh phn bi, bn st, tp cht hu c, hm
lng sunfat theo TCVN 334, 345, 3461986.
Ct nghin cn phi ch to t gc c cng khng nh hn cng ca
dng lm dm (600 1000 daN/cm
2
).
i vi hn hp b tng asphalt loi G s dng ct nghin. Ct ny c nghin
t mcma c mc khng nh hn 1000. Hm lng cc ht nh hn 0,071mm
trong ct nghin khng c ln hn 14% theo khi lng, trong lng ht st
khng c ln hn 0,5%, lng ht nh hn 0,14mm khng ln hn 20%.
Yu cu v ct lm b tng asphalt c th tham kho tiu chun 873685 hoc
2619384, 334483 ca Nga.
3.5.4. BT KHONG
Bt khong l thnh phn quan trng trong hn hp b tng asphalt. N khng
nhng nht y l rng gia cc loi ct liu ln hn (ct, dm hay si) lm tng
c ca hn hp m cn lm tng din tch tip xc, lm cho mng bitum trn mt ht
khong cng mng v nh vy lc tong tc gia chng tng ln, cng v bn
nc ca b tng asphalt cng tng ln.
Khi trn vi bitum trong hn hp b tng asphalt, bt khong cn to nn mt lp
hot tnh, n nh nc. Mi quan h vt l, ho hc gia b mt ht bt khong v
bitum lm tng cng ca b tng asphalt, nhng cng lm tng tnh gin ca n. V
vy, lng bt khong trong b tng ch c dng trong mt gii hn nht nh
trnh lm tng tc ho gi ca bitum trong b tng. Bt khong ch to b tng
asphalt thng s dng cc loi bt mn t vi v lmit. Cng chu nn ca
khng nh hn 200 daN/cm
2
. Vt liu ch to bt khong cn sch, khng cha cc
cht bn v st qu 5%.
Bt khong cn phi kh, xp khi trn vi bitum, khng c vn cc, c kh
nng ht bitum tt v phi tho mn cc yu cu sau (c th tham kho tiu chun Nga
1655788):
nh: Lng lt qua sng c kch thc l sng:
1,25mm 100%
0,315mm 90%
0,071mm 70%
Lng bt khong ht ht 15g bitum mc 60/70 khng nh hn 40g.
trng n ca mu th hn hp gia bt khong v bitum khng c ln
hn 1,5%.
cha bitum khng c ln hn 65%
m khng ln hn 1%
rng khi ln cht vi ti trng 400 daN/cm
2
i vi tro, bi ximng, x, khng
c ln hn 30%, cn i vi loi bt c chc th khng ln hn 35%.
H s u nc K
u
c xc nh bng cng thc:

2
1
u
V
V
K = (3.3)
trong : V
1
th tch lng trong nc ca 5g bt khong,
V
2
th tch lng trong du (mi trng khng phn cc) ca 5g bt
khong.
Nu K
u
> 1 th vt liu u nc v ngc li K
u
< 1 vt liu ght nc. Bt
khong ght nc lin kt tt vi bi tum lm tng cng b tng asphalt. i vi
nhng ht ng knh < 1,25mm, quy nh K
u
>1.
Vi hn hp loi b tng asphalt loi II, III c th dng bt khong t tro than ,
bi ximng, bt v s hn,... ph hp quy nh ca tiu chun 9128 84 ca Nga. Bt
khong c tng cng cht lng bng cch hot ho b mt khi nghin. Hn hp
hot tnh b mt gm bitum v cht hot tnh b mt vi t l t 1/1 n 1/1,1. Lng
hn hp hot tnh phi hp vi lng bt khong theo t l 1,5 2,5%. Bt khong cn
c kh nng tng cng li ca bitum. Th nghim vi mu bitum bt t l l 4/6
c nhit ho mm thp hn nhit ho mm ca bitum l 10 20
0
C.
3.6. CC TIU CHUN ASTM I VI CT LIU
Phn ny gii thiu cc tiu chun th nghim ASTM, chng nhn mnh vo cc
th nghim s dng trong thit k.
Tiu chun ASTM D75: mc ch ca th nghim ny l gii thiu cch ly mu
th nghim cho ct liu th.
Tiu chun ASTM C136 (sng, phn loi v nh gi ct liu mn v ct liu th).
Mc ch ca th nghim ny l xc nh kch thc ht ca ct liu mn v ct liu th
c s dng trong cc th nghim khc nhau.
Tiu chun ASTM C127 (khi lng ring v kh nng ht nc ca ct liu ln).
Mc ch ca th nghim ny l xc nh th tch c ca ct liu th v th tch n v
ca ct liu kh, mi lin h gia khi lng th tch v t xc nh c hn hp
thit k. Khi lng ring ca hn hp dng xc nh th tch m ct liu chim.
Tiu chun ASTM C128 (khi lng ring v kh nng ht nc ca ct liu
nh). Mc ch ca th nghim ny l xc nh khi lng ring v khi lng th tch
ca ct liu nh v kh nng ht nc.
Tiu chun ASTM C29 (khi lng n v ca ct liu). Th nghim ny xc nh
khi lng n v ca ht mn, ht th, hay hn hp ct liu.


CU HI N TP
1. Phn loi v phng php sn xut ct liu cho b tng asphalt
2. Trnh by v ct liu nhn to ch to b tng asphalt
3. Cc nguyn l v ct liu ch to b tng asphalt
4. Cc tiu chun ASTM i vi ct liu cho b tng asphalt
























Chng 4
HN HP VT LIU KHONG
4.1. KHI QUT V HN HP VT LIU KHONG
S thay i dn t c ht ln n c ht nh l mt c tnh ca ct liu. Cp phi
ht nh hng n tnh cng tc, s n nh, bn ca hn hp b tng asphalt, cng
nh l s n nh, kh nng thot nc ca lp nn. Do , ct liu phi p ng c
vi mc ch s dng.
Ct liu c th c cc cp phi: c (dense), gin on (gapgraded), ng nht
(uniform), u(wellgraded), rng (open). Loi c gn ging nh loi gin on
v ng nht, loi u gn ging loi rng. Hnh 4.1. minh ho 4 loi cp phi
in hnh ca hn hp ct liu. Nhng phng php khc biu din s phn b kch
thc ht cng c pht trin (cng thc nghin cu v cp phi ht).
Nhng nghin cu khc xc nh c ti a cng c tin hnh. Mt l
thuyt khc cho rng nu ct liu c sng qua 3 sng: ln, trung bnh, nh, th hn
hp c c ti a khi c 2 phn ct liu ht ln, 1 phn ht nh v khng c ht
trung. Nhng nghin cu thm cn cho thy rng hn hp c c cao cng c th t
c khi s dng cng mt t l trn mi sng.
4.2. CP PHI CA CT LIU B TNG ASPHALT
Ty thuc vo tng loi hn hp b tng asphalt, cp phi ca ct liu thay i
trong phm vi rt ln. Hn hp b tng asphalt cht lng cao dng lm lp trn mt
ng cho ng cao cp thng s dng ct liu c cp phi c(densegrade).
Trong trng hp ny (i vi b tng asphalt) khng s dng ng cong c ti
a ca Fuller bi v s khng khong trng cn thit cho cht kt dnh asphalt. Do
vy, nguyn tc tt nht l khng to ra cp phi c c ti a. iu ny t c
bng cch b sung thm thnh phn ht mn (ct liu nh hn sng N
o
200). Ct liu
trong hn hp b tng asphalt khng ging nh ct liu trong b tng xi mng Poc
lng, n cn to ra s n nh cho nn n cn cng v hao mn hp l, nu
khng s gy ra hin tng mt n nh. Hn hp ct liu c cp phi rng (nhiu ht
mn) c xu hng b h hng nhiu hn l hn hp ct liu c cp phi c (t ht
mn). V vy, nu vt liu ch to b tng asphalt c cng thp, th s s dng
hn hp ca cng vt liu nhng c c thp hn. Tiu chun ASTM C131
(Resistance to Degradation of Small Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in
the Los Angeles Machine) (Kh nng chng li h hng do ca ct liu th kch thc
nh khi chu mi mn v va chm trong th nghim Los Angeles) xc nh c
cng mt cch tng i v hao mn ca ct liu.
Hnh dng ct liu i khi cn quan trng hn cp phi, cng v bn khi
ct liu c nho trn vo trong hn hp b tng asphalt. Nu ct liu trn c s
dng vi cp phi rng th n nh s rt km. Do vy khi s dng cp phi rng
phi s dng ct liu c hnh dng gc cnh. Nu phi s dng ct liu trn th nn
nghin n ra. Tuy nhin, khi nghin ct liu s c nhng vt nt ngang, lm gim cht
lng ct liu.
rng ca ct liu nh hng rt ln n vn kinh t ca hn hp. Trong hn
hp ct liu cn phi c mt rng nht nh. Ni chung, nu rng cng ln th cn
nhiu cht kt dnh asphalt bm vo b mt cng nh lp y bt l rng ca hn hp
ct liu, dn n cn hm lng asphalt nhiu hn. Ngoi ra, ct liu c l rng (xp) s
gy ra hin tng thm ht chn lc (selective absorption). Khi thm ht chn lc ch
c thnh phn chn lc trong asphalt thm vo, li nhng phn tha rn ln trn b
mt ca ct liu. iu ny c th gy ra s tch ri cht kt dnh asphalt khi ct liu.
4.3. QUY TC CU TO HN HP KHONG C
Vt liu khong cho b tng asphalt bao gm hn hp dm (hoc si), ct v
bt khong. Khi lng , ct, bt khong c tnh bng % theo khi lng. Tng
khi lng vt liu khong l 100%. T l ca vt liu khong quyt nh cu trc v
tnh cht b tng asphalt. Khi t l cc thnh phn vt liu khong khc nhau th hn
hp s c th tch phn rng v khi lng n v khc nhau dn n rng khc
nhau.
V d: hn hp 25% dm, 60% ct v 15% bt khong c rng 2022%.
Nu t l 65% dm, 31% ct, 4% bt khong th rng l 1517%. V vy la chn
chnh xc thnh phn vt liu khong l yu t quan trng. Cn tm kim bng thc
nghim hoc l thuyt to ra thnh phn vt liu khong ti u (t l tt nht). C
nhiu phng php tnh ton thnh phn, xong mc tiu ca tt c cc phng php
l tm kim t l phi hp hp l hn hp vt liu khong vi th tch l rng l nh
nht, p ng c yu cu ca b tng asphalt lm ng.
Thnh phn vt liu khong c xc nh bng nhng b sng tiu chun. Phn
hn hp lt qua mi c sng c gi l hm bin i theo ht t nh nht n ln nht.
Hm cng ln th c cng ln v rng cng nh. rng ca hn hp , ct,
bt khong c th ti 1516%; hn hp ct v bt khong c th ti 2425%; bt
khong ti 3035%.
Tiu chun Nga v Vit Nam quy nh b sng s dng phn loi thnh phn
ht ca vt liu khong gm 10 c sng: 40, 20, 10,..., 0.071 mm. Vi tiu chun
AASHTO kch thc mt sng l in v b sng gm: 37.5; 25; 19; 12.5; 9.5; 4.75;
2.36;..., 0.071 mm (tng ng vi 1.5; 1; 3/4; 0.5; 3/8 in; No4; No8;...; No200).
Thnh phn ht ca hn hp vt liu khong thng c biu din bng ng
cong quan h gia hm lng lt qua sng v kch thc c sng. Lng lt qua sng
ti mt c sng kch thc i (mm) c xc nh bng cng thc:
L
i
= 100 A
i
(%) (4.1)
Trong : A
i
l lng st tch lu ti c sng ng knh i, n l tng ca cc
lng st ring bit t c sng ln nht n c sng kho st:

=
n
i
i i
a A (%) (4.2)
Lng st ring bit a
i
l t l phn trm gia khi lng st li trn c sng kho
st vi tng khi lng vt liu khong sng th nghim.
ng cp phi ca hn hp c tt c mi c sng gi l cp phi lin tc. Nu
cp phi thiu mt hoc mt vi c ht gi l cp phi gin on. Thnh phn vt liu
khong ca b tng asphalt c 4 dng cp phi sau:

Hnh 4.1. Cc dng cp phi vt liu khong
Di cc ht c chn theo yu cu v c ca hn hp vt liu khong.
V d: Di ht l c c ht 155mm v ct nh hn 5mm c th c rng n
17% nu t l phi hp ca chng l 64/36. Hn hp ct/bt l 70/30 c th c
Kch thc mt sng, mm

Matt

CP Gin on

CP Lin tc

dm en

Lng lt qua sng, %

rng n
20%.
rng, %
T l C/



Hnh 4.2. Quan h gia rng ca hn hp vt liu khong v t l ca chng
4.4. C S L THUYT CA CC PHNG PHP TNH TON THNH
PHN HT CA HN HP VT LIU KHONG
Cc phng php tnh ton thnh phn ht ca hn hp vt liu khong cho b
tng asphalt c th c da trn c s ca cc tc gi sau:
Phng php Fuller:
Thnh phn ht (lng lt sng, %) c c tt nht ca hn hp dm (si),
ct v bt khong c Fuller ngh mt ng cong theo phng trnh:

n
D
d
y
|

\
|
=
(4.3)
trong : y lng lt sng ti c sng kho st, %
D ng knh ht ln nht ca hn hp vt liu khong
d ng knh ht cn tnh lng ht
n thng s iu chnh ng cong cp phi ht, n=0.5.
Khi n = 0.45; 0.5; 0.65 c th c mt h cc ng cong cp phi ht vi c
khc nhau. Cng thc Fuller c dng Php, Anh trong cc tiu chun thit k thnh
phn b tng asphalt.
Phng php Blmy:
Thnh phn ht ca hn hp vt liu khong dng cho b tng asphalt c th c
xc nh theo phng trnh sau:

( )
0.5
D
d
A 100 A y
|

\
|
+ =
(4.4)
trong : A h s th nghim, A=10 hn hp ht mn;
A=12 hn hp dng ct liu ln l si;
A=14 hn hp dng ct liu ln l dm.
Phng php ca Phng th nghim Thu S:
ngh ng cong hn hp c theo phng trnh:

\
|
+ =
0.5
D
d
D
d
0.5 y
(4.5)
Thit k ng t ti M thng dng phng trnh ca TelbotRisard tnh
ton thnh phn hn hp vt liu khong cho b tng asphalt:

m
D
d
100 y
|

\
|
=
(4.6)
trong : m = 0.460.52
Cn c vo cc phng trnh trn kt hp vi kinh nghim xy dng v khai thc
ng t cc nc Chu u, M thnh lp cc thnh phn hn hp vt liu khong
cho cc loi b tng asphalt.
Anh s dng tiu chun BS 594 vi ct c c ht nm trong khong 3.71
0.074 mm, bt khong c c ht nh hn 0.074 mm, dm ln hn 3.71 mm.
M b tng asphalt thng c thit k theo phng php Marshall c gii
hn c sng gia ct v l 2.36 mm.
Theo tiu chun Nga 912884:
Phng trnh c bn ca Ivanp thnh lp nm 1932 l c s la chn hn hp
vt liu khong cho b tng asphalt ca Nga nh sau:

100
k 1
k 1
y
m
1

=
, (%) (4.7)
y l lng lt sng th nht ca hn hp. Cc c sng tip theo lng lt sng
c xc nh theo cng thc:

1) (x
1 x
k y y

= (4.8)
trong : k h s c ca hn hp vt liu khong. Vi c bt k th k
thng c ly t 0.1 n 0.9. c ln nht t c khi k = 0.81.
i vi D = 4020mm, thnh phn c tnh ton vi h s k = 0.750.9 nh sau:
Bng 4.1. Thnh phn ht theo tiu chun Nga 912884
40 20 10 5 2.5 1.25 0.63 0.31 0.14 0.071
95100 7587 5775 4165 3357 2244 1636 1128 822 518
T nm 1967 tiu chun Nga s dng phng trnh thnh phn ht nh sau:

3
3
2
2 1
x a x a x a y + + = (4.9)
trong : y lng lt sng, %
x ln ht, mm
a h s ca phng trnh quy hoch thc nghim vi 4 c ht: 20, 5,
1.25, 0.071 mm.
Thnh phn ht c ghi bng 4.2; 4.3. v 4.4.
Bng 4.2. Thnh phn ca hn hp b tng nha ri nng v ri m lm lp
trn ca mt ng
Lng lt sng, % c ht, mm Dng v
loi hn
hp
20 10 5 2.5 1.25 0.63 0.315 0.14 0.071
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
A
95
100
60
100
35
50
2438 1728
12
20
915 611 410
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
B 95
100
70
100
50
65
3852 2839 20
29
1422 916 612
C 95
100
80
100
65
80
5266 3953 29
40
2028 1220 814
BT ct
loi D
95
100
6883 4567 28
50
1835 1124 816
BT ct
loi E
95
100
7493 5386 37
75
2755 1733 1016
Bng 4.3. Thnh phn ca hn hp b tng nha ri nng v ri m c hoc rng
lm lp di ca mt ng
Lng lt sng, % c ht, mm Dng v
loi hn
hp
40 20 10 5 2.5 1.25 0.63 0.31
5
0.14 0.07
1
A 95
100
6580 4762 35
50
24
38
17
28
12
20
9
15
6
11
4
10
B 95
100
8089 6277 50
65
38
52
28
39
20
29
14
22
9
16
6
12
BT ct
loi D
95
100
70
100
4582 27
65
18
48
10
38
7
28
4
20
3
12
28
BT ct
loi E
95
100
68
100
45
100
28
98
18
73
10
45
4
10
Bng 4.4. Thnh phn ca hn hp b tng nha ri ngui lm lp trn ca
mt ng Lng lt sng (%)
Lng lt sng, % c ht, mm Dng
v loi
hn
hp
20 10 5 2.5 1.25 0.63 0.315 0.14 0.071
A
95
100
60
100
50
65
33
50
21
39
14
29
10
22
9
16
8
12
B
95
100
70
100
65
80
50
68
39
40
29
45
22
32
16
22
12
17
C
95
100
66
82
46
68
26
54
18
43
14
30
12
20
Biu cp phi ht ca cc loi hn hp trn c th hin trong cc hnh t 4.3
n 4.7.










HNH 4.3. CP PHI HT B TNG ASPHALT LOI A RI NNG HOC
M LM LP TRN










Hnh 4.4. Cp phi ht b tng asphalt loi B ri nng hoc m lm lp trn

Hnh 4.5. Cp phi ht b tng asphalt loi C ri nng hoc m lm lp trn

Hnh 4.6. Cp phi ht b tng asphalt ct loi D ri nng hoc m lm lp
trn









Hnh 4.7. Cp phi ht b tng asphalt ct loi E ri nng hoc m lm lp
trn
Tiu chun Nga 912884 xy dng vi thnh phn dm c th n 65%. Bt
khong t 414% v ct t 824%. iu lm tng kh nng n nh ct ca b tng
asphalt. Thnh phn hn hp vt liu khong cho b tng asphalt theo tiu chun 9128
84 ca Nga hin nay vn c dng thit k thnh phn b tng asphalt theo tiu
chun Vit Nam.
Vi cc d n xy dng ng t v sn bay Vit nam bng cc ngun vn
nc ngoi th thnh phn hn hp vt liu khong cho b tng asphalt thng c
thit k theo tiu chun AASHTO.
Cn lu rng khi s dng c D ln

th lng dm trong hn hp vt liu
khong tng ln. Khi D ti 40mm th lng t 3560%; cn D bng 20mm th l
2645%. Khi lng dm s dng tng th lng ct gim xung v lng bt khong
cng gim. Khi =35% th lng bt khong khong 20%. Khi =65% th bt khong
ch cn 56%.
4.5. THNH PHN HN HP CT LIU THEO TIU CHUN AASHTO
Tiu chun AASHTO c xy dng trn c s ca Vin b tng Hoa K s
dng phng trnh Fuller vi h s n t 0.45 n 0.52. Thnh phn hn hp vt liu
khong c chia lm 21 loi bao gm cp phi lin tc v gin on vi D ln nht ti
21/2 in (75 mm) n nh nht l N
o
200 (0.075mm). ng knh ln nht hay s dng l
t 1 in n 3/4in (2519mm).
Cc hn hp vt liu khong ca b tng asphalt theo tiu chun AASHTO,
ASTM c ghi bng 4.5.
Hn hp ca b tng asphalt thng l cp phi lin tc. Ring hn hp vt liu
khong cho b tng asphalt loi ln (macadam) l cp phi gin on.
Cn c vo thnh phn cp phi theo cc tiu chun c th tnh ton cp phi ct
liu s dng bng phng php l thuyt v thc nghim chn ra cp phi ct liu
tho mn cc yu cu k thut ca tng d n.
Hn hp vt liu khong c th bao gm 2, 3 hoc nhiu loi ct liu. Khi c
phi hp vi nhng t l hp l s to ra hn hp ct liu hp chun.
Bng 4.5. Cc hn hp b tng asphalt ca M
Lng lt qua sng, %, mm Loi
C sng
IA IIA IIB IIC IID IIE IIIA IIIB
2.5 in 100 100
1.5 in 3570 100 75100
1 in 100 70100 5080 100
3/4 in 015 100 70100 100 75100
1/2 in
100
70
100
4575 3560 2560 75100 6085
3/8 in 4550 2040 2040 1535 1030 3555 3555
No4 05 520 520 520 520 520 2035 2035
No8
No16 1022 1022
No30 616 616
No50 616 616
No100 412 412
No200 03 04 04 04 04 04 28 28
B% 34.5 45 4.55 36 36 36 36 36
Bng 4.5. (tip)
Lng lt qua sng, %, mm Loi
C sng
IVA IVC IVD VA VIA VIB VIIA VIIB
2.5 in 100
1.5 in 100 80100
1 in 80100 7090 100
3/4 in 100 100 85100
1/2 in
80100 6080 5575
85
100
85100 100 100
3/8 in 5575 4865 4562 6580 100 85100 100
No4 3550 3550 3550 5060 6578 6580 8095 95100
No8 3752 5070 4768 7089 8598
No16 1829 1930 1930 2540 3560 3050 5580 7095
No30 1323 1323 1930 1830 2548 2040 3060 4075
No50 1323 1323 1930 1830 2548 2040 3060 4075
No100 816 715 1930 1020 1530 1025 1035 2040
No200 410 08 1930 310 612 38 414 816
B%
3.57 3.57 3.57
4.5
7.5
4.58.5 4.58.5 711 7.512
Biu thnh phn ht ca mt s hn hp ct liu cho b tng asphalt ca M
c trnh by trong cc hnh t 4.8 n 4.10.
Hnh 4.8. Cp phi ht b tng asphalt loi IIIB
Hnh 4.9. Cp phi ht b tng asphalt loi VA
Hnh 4.10. Cp phi ht gin on (Macadam)
4.6. THIT K HN HP CC CT LIU CH TO B TNG ASPHALT
THEO PHNG PHP MARSHALL
Thit k hn hp cc ct liu ch to b tng asphalt nhm xc nh t l phi
hp ca 2 hay nhiu ct liu to ra mt hn hp c thnh phn cp phi m bo
nm trong gii hn cho php (c quy nh trong cc tiu chun k thut ca d n).
C hai phng php thng c s dng l phng php gii tch v phng php
th.
4.6.1. PHNG PHP GII TCH
Gi thit c 3 ct liu c lng lt sng ti mt sng bt k l A, B, C. Chng c
t l phi hp tng ng l a, b, c (%). Khi , cng thc m bo hn hp l hp l
nh sau:
P = A.a + B.b + C.c (4.10)
trong : P t l phn trm ca lng lt sng ca hn hp. Yu cu P phi nm
trong phm vi gii hn ca tiu chun k thut:
P
min
P P
max
(4.11)
trong : P
min
v P
max
l cc tr s ti thiu v ti a ca tiu chun. Khi tnh
ton xc nh a, b, c c th thay
2
P P
P
min max
+
=
Phng php gii tch c pht trin vi s tr gip ca my tnh. N c th
xc nh trc tip c phng n phi hp ti u. C nhiu phng n ti u c
dng, v d nh phng n tip cn vi gi tr trung bnh ca di yu cu k thut. Mc
nhanh hay chm ca cc phng php ny tu thuc vo s lng cc ct liu c
phi hp. Nhiu nh thit k s dng phng php phn tch hn hp b tng asphalt
nh s tr gip ca my tnh (ComputerAssisted Asphalt Mix Analysis (CAMA)) trn
c s tnh ton ca Vin Asphalt M nh gi ng cong cp phi ca hn hp mt
cch nhanh chng.
4.6.2. PHNG PHP TH
Phng php th c s dng xc nh thnh phn ct liu cn phi hp
to ra hn hp c cp phi tho mn yu cu. Nguyn tc ging nh phng php gii
tch. Phng php th cng c th c dng trong phng php th dn trong
trng hp hn hp 2 hoc 3 loi ct liu.
4.6.3. XC NH T L HN HP
4.6.3.1. Hn hp 2 ct liu:
Phng php gii tch:
Phng trnh c bn dng phi hp 2 ct liu c rt ra t cng thc 4.10
nh sau:
P = A.a+B.b (4.12)
T a+b=1 > a=b1, thay vo phng trnh 4.12 ta c:

A B
A P
b

= (4.13)
t ta tnh c a theo cng thc:

B A
B P
a

= (4.14)
V d: Gi s cn phi hp mt loi ct liu ln vi ct to thnh mt hn hp
c cp phi tho mn yu cu k thut dng cho b tng asphalt (bng 4.6).
Bng 4.6. V d tnh ton phi hp hn hp 2 ct liu
19 12.5 9.5 4.75 2.36 0.6 0.35 0.15 0.075
C sng
3/4" 1/2" 3/8" No.4 No.8 30 50 100 200
Lt sng yu
cu
100
80
100
70
90
50
70
35
50
18
29
13
23
8
16
4
10
Lt sng A 100 90 59 16 3.2 1.1 0 0 0
Lt sng B 100 100 100 96 82 51 36 21 9.2
0.5A 50 45 29.5 8.0 1.6 0.6 0 0 0
0.5B 50 50 50 48 41 25 18 10.5 4.6
Tng 100 95 79.5 56 42.6 25.6 18 10.5 4.6
nh gi t t t t t t t t t
Vic tnh ton tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
Kim tra xem ct liu no chim t l ln trong cc c sng. (A) trong trng
hp ny hu ht phn ct liu nh hn 2.36mm (No8) thuc v B (ct).
S dng tr s phn trm ca c sng 2.36mm (No8) v thay vo phng trnh
4.13, cc t l c xc nh nm trong khong gia ca yu cu k thut bng 4.6.
0.5
3.2 82
3.2 42.5
A B
A P
b =

=
T ta tnh c a = 1 0.5 = 0.5
Kim tra cp phi ca ln th u tin thy rng phn trm lt qua sng 0.075mm
(No200) gn cn di ca yu cu k thut hn. Tng t l ca ct liu B ln (trong
trng hp ny tng ln bng 0.55) v tnh ton li ln th 2.
Kim tra ln ny cho thy cp phi c vn vi c sng 0.6mm (No30). Gim t
l ca ct liu B xung cn 0.52 v tnh li ln th 3. Kt qu ny cho thy phn trm
lt qua sng c 0.6mm v 0.075mm l ph hp nht.
Phng php th:
Trong trng hp phi hp 2 ct liu cng c th s dng phng php to
hnh ch nht trnh by trn hnh 4.11.
T l % lt qua sng ca ct liu A c th hin trn ct t l ng bn phi.
T l % lt qua sng ca ct liu B c th hin trn ct t l ng bn tri
Ni cc im th hin % lt qua ca cng mt c sng ca hai ct liu A v B
bng mt ng thng v gn mc cho n.


Ghi ch:
1 D=9.5mm;
2 D=4.75;
3 D=2.36;
4 D=0.6;
5 D=0.3;
6 D=0.15;
7 D=0.075




L

n
g

l

t

q
u
a

s

n
g

c

a

c

t

l
i

u

A
,

%


Lng ct liu A, %

L

n
g

l

t

q
u
a

s

n
g

c

a

c

t

l
i

u

B
,

%


Lng ct liu B, %

1
2
3
5
6
7
4

Hnh 4.11. Biu phi hp 2 ct liu
i vi mt c sng c th, xc nh trn ng thng nhng im giao vi
ng ging nm ngang th hin tr s gii hn ca yu cu k thut phn trm lt sng
cho php ca tng loi ct liu. V d: i vi c sng 9.5mm, 2 im th hin bng du
chm nm trn ng thng 9.5mm l tr s phn trm lt sng gii hn trn v di,
c xc nh l giao ca 2 ng ging nm ngang tng ng vi tr s 70% v 90%.
Phn ng thng nm gia 2 im th hin phm vi t l ca 2 ct liu A v B.
Xc nh im trn cng v di cng ca ct t l ngang s khng vt qua gii hn
ca yu cu k thut i vi c sng .
Phn ca ct t l ngang c xc nh bi 2 ng thng ng, sao cho tt c
cc c sng u nm trong gii hn, th hin gii hn ca t l cc loi ct liu c
dng c c hn hp tho mn yu cu. Trong trng hp ny 4354% ca ct liu
A v 4657% ca ct liu B khi phi hp vi nhau s tho mn yu cu. Cng c th
thy rng % lt qua c sng 0.6mm v 0.075mm ca hn hp vt liu sau khi trn
vi nhau c vn v ta phi kim sot m bo thnh phn ht ca hn hp vt liu
sau khi phi hp lun nm trong gii hn ca yu cu k thut.
Khi phi hp thng chn im gia trn trc t l ngang. Trong trng hp ny,
ct liu A l 48% v ct liu B l 52%.
Tnh ton lng lt sng ca hn hp vt liu khong AB theo phng trnh 4.12
v kim tra s thch hp vi tiu chun (xem v d bng 4.6).
4.6.3.2. Hn hp 3 ct liu
Gi thit cn xc nh t l phi hp a, b, c (%) ca 3 ct liu A, B, C (C l thnh
phn bt ).
Phng php gii tch:
Phng trnh c bn phi hp 3 ct liu l:
P = A.a + B.b + C.c (4.15)
a + b + c =1 (4.16)
Kim tra cc cp phi thy rng ct liu A hu ht ln hn c sng 2.36mm, bt
nh hn (lt qua) 0.075mm.
Nh vy c sng 2.36mm ch cn 2 c ht A v B
0.5
82 3.2
2 42.5
B A
B P
a =

=
8

Xt ti c sng 0.075mm, c:
P = A.a+B.b+C.c
(4+10)/2 = 7 = 0.50+4b+82c;
b+c = 0.5
suy ra: c = 0.06; b = 0.44
Vi a = 0.5, c = 0.06, b = 0.44 kim tra ti cc mt sng theo phng trnh 4.15
cho kt qu t yu cu.
Phng php th:
S dng to hnh ch nht vi trc thng ng l lng lt sng ti c sng
0.075mm, trc nm ngang l % st tch lu trn sng 2.36mm. Cc im th hin cp
phi tng loi ct liu c v trn biu 4.12. Ch c t l st trn sng 2.36mm ch
yu l ct liu A v lt qua sng 0.075mm l ct liu C. im A th hin lng st tch
lu trn sng 2.36mm ca ct liu A. im B th hin lng st tch lu trn sng
2.36mm ca ct liu B v lng lt qua sng 0.075mm ca ct liu B. im C th hin
lng lt qua sng 0.075mm ca ct liu C. im S l im gia ca phm vi m tiu
chun k thut yu cu i vi vt liu st li trn sng 2.36mm v lt sng 0.075mm.
Cc ng thng AS ct BC ti B. Chiu di ca cc on thng c xc nh
bi tr s % ca cc im. Cc h s a, b, c ng vi t l % ca ct liu A, B, C c
tnh nh sau:
a= (SB)/ (AB) = (57.517)/ (97.517)=0.5
T b+c =1 a; c:
C = (1a) BB/CB
= 0.5(134)/ (824) = 0.06
b =1 a c = 0.44
Bng 4.7. V d tnh ton phi hp hn hp 3 ct liu
19 12.5 9.5 4.75 2.36 0.6 0.35 0.15 0.075
C sng
3/4" 1/2" 3/8" No.4 8 30 50 100 200
Lt sng
yu cu
100
80
100
70
90
50
70
35
50
18
29
13
23
8
16
4
10
Lt sng
A
100 90 59 16 3.2 1.1 0 0 0
Lt sng
B
100 100 100 96 82 51 36 21 9.2
Lt sng
C
100 100 100 100 100 100 98 93 82
0.5A 50 45 29.5 8 1.6 0.6 0 0 0
0.44B 44 44 44 42.2 36 22.4 15.8 9.2 1.76
0.06C 6 6 6 6 6 6 5.9 5.6 4.9
Tng 100 100 79.5 56.2 43.6 29 21.7 14.8 6.66
nh gi t t t t t t t t t










Hnh 4.12. Biu phi hp 3 ct liu
4.7. THIT K HN HP CC CT LIU CH TO B TNG ASPHALT
THEO TIU CHUN NGA
Vt liu s dng phi ph hp vi loi, dng b tng v t cc yu cu v tnh
cht c hc, tnh n nh nhit v tnh chng n mn, ng thi phi ph hp vi yu
cu ca quy phm.
Hn hp vt liu khong c la chn sao cho m bo c c hp l v
c rng nh nht (tc l c khi lng ring ln nht). L thuyt v ng cong
c hp l l c s to ra thnh phn ht hp l.
Thnh phn cp phi ht theo tiu chun Vit nam c gii thiu bng 4.8.
Thnh phn vt liu khong trong b tng asphalt thng thng gm 3 loi:
dm, ct, bt khong vi t l l , C, B (%).
Trong mt s trng hp tng cht lng b tng c th cho thm mt phn
mt (M%).
Hn hp vt liu khong c la chn c tng t l thnh phn nh sau:
+ C + B + M = 100% (4.17)
hoc + C + B = 100% (khng c mt) (4.18)
Lng lt qua sng ca hn hp vt liu khong L
x
c xc nh theo cng
thc sau:

B
100
x
B
C
100
x
C
M
100
x
M
D
100
x
D
x
L + + + =
(4.19)
trong :
x
, M
x
, C
x
v B
x
l lng lt qua sng kch thc x (mm) ca , mt,
ct v bt khong.
L
x
phi ph hp vi lng lt sng ti mi mt sng c quy nh
trong tiu chun k thut ca d n theo quan h sau:
L
tcmax
L
x
L
tcmin
(4.20)
gii h phng trnh 4.17 (hoc 4.18) v 4.19 cn quy nh v gii ht cho ,
ct v bt . c kch thc ht ln hn hoc bng 5mm; ct c kch thc ht nh
hn 5mm v ln hn 0.071mm; bt l nhng ht lt qua sng 0.071mm.
Nh vy ti mt sng 5mm yu cu L
5
ca ct bng 100%. Ti mt sng 0.071mm
lng lt sng ca ct v bng 0%.
Xc nh lng : Cng thc tnh nh sau:

100(%)
L 100
L 100
D
5D
5TC

=

Bng 4.8. Thnh phn cp phi hn hp ct liu b tng nha c nng theo tiu
chun Vit Nam
Loi BTNC* BTNC 9,5 BTNC 12,5 BTNC 19
B tng nha ct
BTNC 4,75
C ht ln nht
danh nh (mm)
9,5 12,5 19 4,75
Phm vi p
dng
Lp mt
trn
Lp mt trn
hoc lp mt
di
Lp mt
di
Va h, ln dnh
cho xe p, xe th
s
Chiu dy ri
hp l, cm
45 57 68 35
C sng (mt
vung), mm
Lng lt qua sng (% khi lng)
25 100
19 100 90100
12,5 100 90100 7186
9,5 90100 7489 5878 100
4,75 5580 4771 3661 80100
2,36 3663 3055 2545 6582
1,18 2545 2140 1733 4565
0,6 1733 1531 1225 3050
0,3 1225 1122 817 2036
0,15 917 815 612 1525
0,075 610 610 58 812
Hm lng 5,26,2 5,06,0 4,85,8 6,07,5
nha tham kho
(tnh theo %
khi lng hn
hp b tng
nha)
* BTNC: b tng nha nng cht
Bng 4.9. Thnh phn cp phi hn hp ct liu b tng nha rng theo tiu
chun Vit Nam.
Loi BTNR* BTNR 19 BTNR 25 BTNR 37,5
C ht ln nht danh nh (mm) 19 25 37,5
Phm vi p dng Lp mng
trn
Lp mng Lp mng
Chiu dy ri hp l, cm 45 57 68
C sng (mt vung), mm Lng lt qua sng (% khi lng)
50 100
37,5 100 90100
25 100 90100
19 90100 4070
12,5 4070
9,5 4070 1848
4,75 1539 1034 629
2,36 218 117 014
1,18
0,6 010 010 08
0,3
0,15
0,075
Hm lng nha tham kho (tnh
theo % khi lng hn hp b tng
nha)
4,05,0 3,54,5 3,04,0
* BTNR: b tng nha nng rng
Cp phi ct liu sau m nn c rng t 1619% cha bitum v mt
phn khng kh.

T l thnh phn ca dm c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

100(%)
Dx
A
x
A
D =

trong : A
x
, A
Dx
l lng st tch lu ti c ht x ca hn hp hp l theo tiu
chun v ca dm. Mt sng x thng thng l 5 mm. Trong trng
hp ti mt sng 5mm c lng lt qua sng ca ct nh hn 100% th
c th tnh ti mt sng ln hn.
Xc nh lng bt khong: T l phn trm ca bt khong (c c ht <
0,071mm) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

100,%
0.071
B
0.071
Y
B =

trong : Y
0,071
v

B
0,071
l lng ht nh hn 0,071mm ca hn hp vt liu
theo tiu chun v ca bt khong.
Xc nh lng ct v lng mt: Tng t l phn trm ca ct v mt c
tnh nh sau:
C + M = 100 B = M'
Gii h cc phng trnh trn ta c hm lng ct vi x = 1,25mm theo phng
trnh sau:

( )
B
1.25
L
100
1.25
.M C
'
M
100
1.25
C.C
=

+

T thnh phn vt liu thc t, tnh ton t l thnh phn ca , ct, bt . Thit
lp ng cp phi ht ca hn hp theo t l phn trm chn bng phng trnh
4.19. So snh cp phi ht chn vi thnh phn ht theo tiu chun bng biu .
Yu cu thnh phn ht thit k phi ph hp vi gii hn thnh phn ca hn hp hp
l theo tiu chun. Nu thnh phn chn c khng hp tiu chun th phi iu chnh
li cc lng vt liu c thnh phn ph hp vi tiu chun.
4.8. TH D TNH TON THNH PHN VT LIU KHONG CHO B TNG
ASPHALT
Yu cu la chn thnh phn vt liu khong cho b tng asphalt ri nng, ht
nh, loi dng cho lp trn ca kt cu mt ng. Vt liu gm: dm, ct sng, bt
vi c thnh phn ht ghi trong bng sau 4.10.
Tnh ton thnh phn vt liu khong ca hn hp b tng asphalt
Tnh lng dm:
Xt mt sng c ng knh 5mm, theo tiu chun lng ht c ng knh ln
hn 5mm phi c lng ht lt qua sng nm trong phm vi 43 57 %.
Vy lng ht c ng knh ln hn 5mm theo quy phm bng:
A
5
= 0,5(57 + 43) = 50 (%)
Lng ht c ng knh ln hn 5mm trong dm l 95%.
Nh vy:
52,% 100
95
50
D = =

Tnh lng bt khong:
Theo tiu chun yu cu lng ht c ng knh nh hn 0,071 nm trong phm
vi 5 10 %.
Trong tnh ton chn Y
0,071
= 7% v B
0,071
= 85%.
khi :
% , 8 100
85
7
B = =

Lng ct s l:
C = 100 52 8 = 40 (%).
Bng 4.10. V d tnh ton thnh phn cp phi hn hp ct liu cho b tng
asphalt.
Lng lt qua sng (%) kch thc mt sng (mm)
Vt liu
20 15 10 5 3 1.25 0.31 0.63 0.14 0.071
dm 5
20mm
100 70 57 5
Ct sng 100 60 40 25 10
Bt vi 100 98 93 85
Hn hp theo
tiu chun
95
100
81
89
65
75
43
57
31
49
22
33
16
24
12
18
8
13
5
10
dm 52%
Ct sng 40%
Bt khong 8%
52
40
8
36.4
40
8
29.6
40
8
2.6
40
8

40
8

24
8

16
8

10
7.84

4
7.44


6.8
Thnh phn
hn hp
chn
100 84.4 77.6 50.6 48 32 24 17.84 11. 4 6.8


Chng 5
CU TRC CA B TNG ASPHALT
5.1. KHI QUT
Tnh cht vt l, c hc ca b tng asphalt ph thuc vo cht lng, t l thnh
phn cc vt liu ch to v cu trc ca b tng. Cu trc ca b tng asphalt th hin
mi tng tc gia cc yu t cu to, s phi hp gia chng. Tp hp ca cc yu t
ny c th hin bng mi quan h gia c tnh ca vt liu vi c v rng
ca vt liu khong, cu trc v c tnh ca bitum, s lin kt vi vt liu khong v
lp y l rng vt liu khong ca bitum. Cu trc ca b tng asphalt bao gm cu
trc ca hn hp vt liu khong v cu trc ca bitum trong b tng asphalt.
5.2. CU TRC CA VT LIU KHONG TRONG B TNG ASPHALT
Cu trc ca vt liu khong trong b tng asphalt c chia ra lm 3 loi: c
khung, bn khung v khng c khung (xem Hnh 5.1.). Tu theo t l v khi lng ca
, ct, bt khong c th to ra mt trong 3 loi cu trc trn. T l phn trm ca
thng t 20-65%, ct t 20-40%, bt t 14-4%. rng ca vt liu khong thng
t 15-22%, rng cn li t 2-7%.
Cu trc c khung l cu trc m rng ca hn hp c lp y hon ton
bng va asphalt (Hnh 5.1a). Th tch ca va asphalt bao gm hn hp ca ct, bt
khong v bitum khng vt qu th tch rng ca dm, ln ca cc ht ct khng
ln hn kch thc ca cc l rng trong b khung dm. Nh vy, cc ht ct liu
khng d chuyn ng trong va asphalt v tip xc vi nhau mt cch trc tip hoc
thng qua lp mng cng bitum to cu trc. S c mt cc khung cng khng gian lm
tng n nh ng ca lp ph mt ng. Cu trc khung quen thuc thng cha
lng bt khong t 4 - 10%, lng bi tum t 5 - 7%, lng t 50-60%.
Cu trc bn khung (Hnh 5.1b) ca vt liu khong l cu trc c cc phn cc
b ca ht dm tp trung ln hn th tch ca va asphalt.
Cu trc khng c khung (Hnh 5.1c) l cu trc trong cc ht dm d di
chuyn do lng tha ca cht kt dnh asphalt (h s lp y l rng ln hn 1).
Cng v dnh kt ca cu trc ny gim khi chu nhit lm cho lp ph mt
ng b bin dng do.
Cu trc khung ca hn hp vt liu khong c th to ra c tnh chu chuyn
ng ln v n t l thun vi hm lng dm trong b tng asphalt. V mt thnh
phn ht cc loi hn hp ny c th khng dng nhng ht c ng knh t 5-
0.63mm.
Hm lng dm, bt khong v t l ca chng khng ch xc nh cu trc
ca hn hp m cn nh hng n tnh cht ca b tng asphalt. Khi lng =65%,
lng bt khong B=4% th rng ca hn hp vt liu khong khong 15%. Nu
lng bt khong B=5% th rng d l khong 6%, khi b tng asphalt c n
nh cao. Khi lng =20%, lng bt khong B=14% th rng ca hn hp vt
liu khong t n 22%. Khi dng lng bitum n 7% th n nh v chng nt
u thp.

a) b) c)
Hnh 5.1. Cu trc ca b tng asphalt
a) cu trc c khung; b) cu trc bn khung; c) cu trc khng c khung
5.3. CU TRC CA BITUM TRONG B TNG ASPHALT
Khi trn vt liu khong vi bitum trn b mt ca ht dm, ct v bt khong
c ph mt lp mng bitum. Cu trc v tnh cht ca lp ph nh hng n tnh
cht v cht lng ca b tng asphalt. S lin kt gia vt liu khong v lp mng
mng ca bitum c hnh thnh nh cc qu trnh vt l v ho hc phc tp. Cc
nghin cu trong nhiu nm ca cc nh khoa hc v k thut du la, k thut ng
t trn th gii to nn cc l thuyt c bn v mi quan h gia vt liu khong vi
cc cht kt dnh hu c ni chung v bitum ni ring. S dnh bm ca bitum vi vt
liu khong c gii thch l c ph thuc nhiu vo tng din tch b mt ca cc ht.
B mt ring ca ln hn 10cm
2
/g, ct 100-200cm
2
/g, bt 2000-3000cm
2
/g. V d,
trong 100g hn hp c 50% dm, 40% ct v 10% bt khong c kch thc nh hn
0.071mm th din tch b mt ca dm s l 500cm
2
, ct 8000 cm
2
v bt khong l
30000cm
2
. Nh vy bt khong c t din tch b mt ln nht v chim ti 80% nn
lc dnh bm trn b mt bt khong s nh hng n cu trc v tnh cht ca b tng
asphalt.
C th tnh ton b mt ca ct liu c bao bc bng bitum khi chp nhn mt
dng xc nh ca ht ct liu. Hveem tnh ton cc tr s t din tch b mt ca cc
c ht vi gi thit ht ct liu c dng hnh cu v c khi lng ring l 2.65 nh
Bng 5.1.
Bng 5.1. T din tch b mt in hnh
C ht (mm) T din tch b mt (m
2
/kg)
0.075
0.150
0.300
0.600
1.180
32.77
12.29
6.14
2.87
1.64

2.360
> 4.750
0.82
0.41
dy ca mng mng bitum khi c tnh theo cng thc l thuyt sau:

SAF
1
b

1
b 100
b
T

=

trong : T- dy ca mng bitum, mm

B
khi lng ring ca bitum, kg/m
3

SAF t din tch b mt ca ct liu, m
2
/kg
b - hm lng bitum, %
Din tch b mt ca ct liu c tnh bng cch nhn tng phn trm lng lt
qua l sng vi t din b mt tng ng. Khi ct liu gm cc kch c ht khc nhau
th c th tnh ring cho tng c ht.
V cu trc ca bitum trong lp mng trn b mt ca ht v bt c gii
thch theo nhiu l thuyt khc nhau. Theo tc gi I.A. Rbev cho rng c mt lc dnh
bm ca lp mng ny vi b mt ca . Theo tc gi Karolev lp bitum ny gm c
lp bitum t do, lp bitum cng v gia l lp bitum c trn vi bt (cht lin
kt asphalt). Theo cc tc gi M cho rng lp bitum trn b mt khong bao gm 2
vng, mt vng thm vo vt liu v mt vng hiu qu to nn lc lin kt
vi .
Cng , khi lng ring v do ca bitum trong lp ph trn b mt ca vt
liu khong s to nn kh nng dnh bm vi b mt ca ht. Chiu dy lp ph bitum
ph thuc vo ln ca cc ht. Theo I.B. Karolev trn cc ht c ng knh nh hn
0.071mm th chiu dy ca mng bitum khong 0.2um, cn trn cc ht dm th
chiu dy ca mng bitum t 10-20um. Trn b mt ca vt liu khong c tc ng
vic m ln th chiu dy ca mng bitum thng nh hn 10um.
Thnh phn bt phn tn mnh c th lm thay i cu trc bitum trong lp
mng bng cch s dng thm cc ph gia dng keo. n gin nht l h xi mng
nc.
Bitum c kt dnh tt i vi hu ht vt liu lm ng vi iu kin cc vt
liu phi sch, kh v khng c bi bm, lc dnh bm ph thuc vo nht ca
bitum. Khi nht ca bitum cng cao th thi gian lm t ct liu cng lu. Khi
bitum dnh kt tt vi cc ht ct liu th s dnh kt t b suy yu ngoi tr s can
thip ca nc. Khi c tc ng ca nc s gy hin tng khng kt dnh khi c
nc. Nu ct liu l cc axt a nc, nc c tc dng lm gim lc dnh kt v c
kh nng thm nhp vo gia mng bitum v ct liu, lm tch bitum ra khi ct liu.

CU HI N TP
1. Trnh by v cu trc ca vt liu khong trong b tng asphalt.
2. Trnh by v cu trc ca bitum trong b tng asphalt.
Chng 6
CC TNH CHT CA B TNG ASPHALT
6.1. KHI QUT
Cc tnh cht ca hn hp b tng asphalt v b tng asphalt m nn lm mt
ng bao gm tnh cht lin quan n c tnh th tch v tnh cht c hc.
c tnh th tch ca b tng asphalt bao gm cc ch tiu: rng d (VIM),
rng ct liu (VMA), rng lp y nha (VFA). Cc gi tr ny phi nm trong gii
hn quy nh m bo lp b tng asphalt c kh nng chng bin dng, chng chy
bitum di tc ng ca ti trng xe v yu t nhit mi trng, hn ch s xm
nhp ca nc vo hn hp trong qu trnh khai thc.
xc nh cc ch tiu c tnh th tch ca b tng asphalt, cn thit phi th
nghim v tnh ton cc ch tiu sau:
Cc ch tiu lin quan n t trng ca vt liu thnh phn: t trng ca ct liu
th ( dm), t trng ca ct liu mn (ct thin nhin, ct xay t ), t trng ca
bitum, t trng ca bt khong.
Cc ch tiu lin quan n t trng ca hn hp b tng asphalt: t trng biu
kin ca ct liu trong hn hp b tng asphalt, t trng khi ca hn hp b tng
asphalt trng thi ri (cha m), t trng khi ca hn hp b tng asphalt khi
c m nn, t trng ln nht ca hn hp b tng asphalt trng thi ri (cha
m).
Cc tnh cht c hc ca b tng asphalt: bao gm cc ch tiu lin quan n
cng ca hn hp b tng asphalt sau khi m nn nhm m bo cho kt cu lp
b tng asphalt c cng v bn sau khi xy dng v trong qu trnh khai thc
di tc ng ca ti trng xe chy v cc yu t mi trng.
Khi ti trng bnh xe tc dng xung mt ng, c hai ng sut c truyn ti
mt ng b tng asphalt: ng sut thng ng v ng sut nm ngang. Vi ng sut
thng ng sinh ra bin dng ln ca kt cu mt ng v gy ra ng sut ko ln nht
di y lp vt liu b tng asphalt. Hn hp b tng asphalt v vy cn phi bn chc
v kh nng n hi chng li ng sut nn v ngn khng cho xut hin bin
dng vnh cu.
B tng asphalt phi c cng ko chng li cc ng sut ko sinh ra
y lp b tng asphalt v c n hi chng li cc tc ng ca ti trng m
khng sinh ra hin tng nt mi.
Cng vi cc tc ng ca ti trng v mi trng, mt ng b tng asphalt s
dn dn b h hng theo ba hnh thc chnh di y ph thuc vo c ch chu ti
trng xe chy v iu kin mi trng, l:
Bin dng vnh cu;
Nt mi;
Nt do nhit thp.
xc nh cc tnh cht c hc ca b tng asphalt, trn th gii ty theo truyn
thng, ty theo phng php thit k b tng asphalt v ty theo iu kin pht trin ca
tng nc m c nhiu phng php th nghim khc nhau c p dng cho mi nc.
Trong qu trnh pht trin, nhiu phng php th nghim c hc ca b tng asphalt
c b sung cho ph hp vi iu kin lm vic ca mt ng b tng asphalt, v
cng c khng t phng php c loi b do t c p dng. Nhn chung cc phng
php th nghim c hc ca b tng asphalt hin nay thng s dng m hnh ti trng
trng phc, nhm m phng cc tc ng do ti trng v yu t mi trng (nhit ,
m) gy ra trn lp mt ng b tng asphalt.
Cc tnh cht c hc ca b tng c th phn theo cc nhm sau:
Cc tnh cht c hc phc v cho thit k hn hp b tng asphalt: c tin
hnh phc v vic thit k la chn hm lng nha ti u cho hn hp b tng asphalt.
Mu b tng asphalt thit k va phi tho mn cc tnh cht lin quan n c tnh th
tch, va phi tho mn cc tnh cht c hc c quy nh tng ng vi phng php
. Phng php thit k b tng asphalt c p dng kh ph bin trn th gii v
c bit nhiu Vit Nam c th k n l:
Phng php thit k Marshall;
Phng php thit k Hveem;
Phng php thit k theo Lin bang Nga (Lin x c);
Phng php thit k Super Pave.
Cc tnh cht c hc ca b tng asphalt phc v cho tnh tan kt cu: tu
thuc cc phng php tnh ton thit k kt cu mt ng khc nhau, trong quy
nh cc ch tiu c hc ca b tng asphalt cn thit phc v tnh ton xc nh chiu
dy cn thit ca lp b tng asphalt mt ng di tc dng ca ti trng xe chy v
cc yu t mi trng.
Phn nhm cc phng php th nghim c hc ca b tng asphalt theo phng
ca lc tc dng trn mu th c cc loi:
Th nghim vi lc tc ng theo phng ng knh ca mu hnh tr trn;
Th nghim vi lc tc ng dc trc mu hnh tr trn;
Th nghim vi lc tc ng 3 trc trn mu hnh tr trn;
Th nghim ct;
Th nghim ko;
Th nghim ko un trn mu hnh dm.
Phn nhm cc phng php th nghim c hc theo kiu tc dng ca lc th c
cc loi:
Th nghim vi lc gia ti tnh;
Th nghim vi lc gia ti ng, nhiu chu k gia ti.
Di y trnh by mt s tnh cht c hc ca b tng asphalt v cc phng
php th nghim lin quan c s dng kh ph bin trn th gii v Vit Nam hin
nay v nh hng cho tng lai.
6.2. CC TNH CHT C HC
6.2.1. N NH V DO MARSHALL (CC CH TIU C HC T CC
TNH CHT NY C S DNG CHO PHNG PHP THIT K
MARSHALL (22TCN 6284, AASHTO T245))
n nh Marshall: l gi tr lc ln nht tc dng ln mu ti thi im mu b
ph hoi (S).
do Marshall: l gi tr bin dng ln ca mu th nghim ti thi im mu b
ph hoi (F).
n nh v do Marshall ca mu b tng asphalt m nn l hai ch tiu
c hc chnh dng trong phng php thit k Marshall. Hai ch tiu ny c xc nh
thng qua th nghim Marshall.
Th nghim Marshall c thc hin trn mu b tng asphalt hnh tr trn c
ng knh D = 101,6mm; chiu cao H = 63mm, c ch to ti phng th nghim
hoc mu khoan t mt ng.
Mu b tng asphalt c trn nhit quy nh, c to mu trong khun
Marshall vi s chy m v nhit quy nh. Sau khi ngm mu trong nc c nhit
60
o
C trong khong thi gian 3040 pht, mu c ly ra v t vo thit b
Marshall th nghim (Hnh 6.1). Lc nn c tc 50,8mm/pht tc dng dc theo
phng ng sinh cho ti khi mu b
ph hoi.
















Hnh 6.1. Th nghim xc nh n nh, do Marshall
Trong trng hp mu th nghim c chiu cao khc vi chiu cao tiu chun,
n nh Marshall bng ln ca lc ph hoi mu nhn thm vi h s hiu chnh
chiu cao.
n nh, do Marshall cng c th c s dng xc nh gi tr m un
n hi ca b tng asphalt theo cng thc thc nghim ca Nijboer nh sau:

F
S
1.6 E
0
dh,60
= (kG/cm
2
) (6.1)
Trong : S: n nh Marshall (KN).
F: do Marshall (mm).
Hng dn thit k hn hp b tng asphalt theo Marshall ca Vin Asphalt, kt
qu thit k (v chn c hm lng bitum ti u) phi tho mn cc yu cu v c
tnh th tch v ch tiu c hc ( n nh, do) tng ng vi lng giao thng
theo quy nh Bng 6.1.
Bng 6.1. n nh, do vi b tng asphalt thit k theo Marshall
Giao thng nh Giao thng va Giao thng nng
Lp mt & Mng
trn
Lp mt & Mng
trn
Lp mt & Mng
trn
Cc ch tiu k
thut yu cu ca
hn hp b tng
asphalt theo
Marshall Min Max Min Max Min Max
S ln m nn 35 x 2 50 x 2 75 x 2
n nh
(Stability), KN
3,4 5,5 8,0
do, mm 3,2 7,2 3,2 6,4 2 4
6.2.2. N NH HVEEM (CH TIU C HC T TNH CHT NY C
S DNG CHO PHNG PHP THIT K HVEEM (ASPHALT
INSTITUTE))
n nh Hveem l mt ch tiu quan trng trong thit k hn hp b tng
asphalt theo phng php Hveem.
Th nghim xc nh n nh Hveem c thc hin trn mu hnh tr trn c
ng knh D = 101.6mm, chiu cao H=63.5mm ch b theo phng php Hveem, hoc
khoan t mt ng.
Mu sau khi c bo dng trong t sy nhit 603
o
C trong khong thi
gian t 34 gi, c ly ra v t vo v tr th nghim (Hnh 6.2).
Tin hnh gia ti cho mu to ra mt p lc hng ban u tc dng ln mu l
34.5kPa. Sau cho my nn hot ng, tc dng ti theo phng dc trc mu vi tc
khng i l 1.3 mm/pht. Ghi li ln ca p lc hng ng vi thi im ti trng
thng ng tc dng ln mu t 13.4 kN, 22.3kN v 26.7kN.
NGAY SAU , GIM TI TC DNG LN MU THEO PHNG
DC TRC XUNG CN 4.45KN, P LC HNG TC DNG LN MU
XUNG CN 34.5 KPA. DNG BM THU LC QUAY TAY TNG DN
P LC HNG TC DNG LN MU. M CHNH XC S VNG QUAY
P LC HNG TC DNG LN MU TNG T 34.5KPA N 690 KPA,
T TNH C CHUYN
V TNG NG.








Hnh 6.2. Th nghim n nh Hveem
n nh Hveem l mt gi tr khng c th nguyn v c xc nh theo
cng thc:

0.222
h
P
v
P
.D
h
P
22.2
S
+

=
(6.2)
Trong : D : Chuyn v tng ng vi s vng quay p lc hng tc dng
ln mu tng t 34.5 kPa n 690 kPa.
P
v
: p lc tc dng ln mu theo phng dc trc (thng ly
P
v
=2.76 MPa ng vi ti trng tc dng ln mu l 22.3kN).
P
h
: p lc hng tc dng ln mu ng vi thi im xc nh P
v
.
Theo quy nh ca Hveem, hn hp b tng asphalt khi thit k phi c n
nh ln hn cc gi tr 30, 35, 37 tng ng vi lng giao thng nh, trung bnh v
nng. Bng 6.2. a ra quy nh k thut tng ng vi cc loi b tng asphalt khi
thit k theo Hveem.
Bng 6.2. Yu cu k thut vi b tng asphalt thit k theo Hveem
Loi hn hp b tng atphalt Tiu chun thit k b
tng asphalt theo Hveem
A B E F G
n nh Hveem 37 35 35 35 35
dnh bm Hveem 100 100 100 50 100
rng d, % 24,5 24,5 24,5 24,5 24,5
.
6.2.3. CNG CHU NN, TNH N NH NC V N NH NHIT CA
B TNG ASPHALT (CC CH TIU C HC T CC TNH CHT NY
PHC V CHO PHNG PHP THIT K CA LIN BANG NGA,
22TCN 24998)
Tnh cht cng chu nn, tnh n nh nc v tnh n nh nhit ca b tng
asphalt c nh gi thng qua cc ch tiu:
Cng chu nn gii hn;
H s n nh nc;
H s n nh nhit.
Theo tiu chun 22TCN 6284 Quy trnh th nghim b tng nha, th nghim
c thc hin trn mu hnh tr trn c ng knh D bng chiu cao H (vi D =
50.5mm, 71.5mm hoc 101.6mm tu theo c ht ln nht ca b tng nha) c ch b
bng phng php p tnh hoc khoan v t hin trng.
Mt lc nn c tc 30.5mm/pht tc dng dc trc mu cho ti khi mu b
ph hoi (Hnh 6.3.), ln ca lc ph hoi mu c s dng tnh cng chu
nn gii hn.








Hnh 6.3. M hnh th nghim cng chu nn gii hn
Th nghim c thc hin 3 trng thi:
P
Tm gia ti
P
Tm gia ti
Mu th nghim
Mu kh (khng ngm nc) nhit 20
o
C, k hiu l R
n
k20
Mu bo ho (ngm nc) nhit 20
0
C, k hiu l R
n
bh20

Mu kh nhit 50
0
C, k hiu l R
n
k50
.
Cng chu nn gii hn ca b tng asphalt (R
n
) c tnh theo cng
thc (6.3):

F
P
R
n
= (daN/cm
2
) (6.3)
Trong : P: Ti trng ph hoi mu (daN).
F: Din tch mt ct ngang mu (cm
2
).
Cn c vo cng chu nn gii hn ba trng thi khc nhau nh gi
n nh nc v n nh nhit ca b tng asphalt thng qua h s n nh nc v
h s n nh nhit, v c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau:
H s n nh nc c tnh theo cng thc: Kn = R
n
bh20
/ R
n
k20

H s n nh nhit c tnh theo cng thc: Kt = R
n
k50
/ R
n
k20

Theo 22 TCN 24998, hn hp b tng atphalt cht khi thit k phi tho mn cc
yu cu v c tnh th tch ( rng d) v cc tnh cht c hc theo quy nh
(Bng 6.3).
Bng 6.3. Yu cu v cc ch tiu c l ca b tng asphalt cht
Yu cu i vi b tng nha loi
T
T
Cc ch tiu

I II
1 rng ct liu khong, % th tch 1519 1521
2 rng cn d, % th tch 36 36
3 ngm nc, % th tch 1,53,5 1,54,5
4 n, % th tch, khng ln hn 0,5 1,0
5
Cng chu nn, daN/cm
2
, nhit


+) 20
o
C khng nh hn 35 25
+)50
o
C khng nh hn 14 12
6 H s n nh nc, khng nh hn 0,90 0,85
7
H s n nh nc, khi cho ngm nc
trong 15 ngy m; khng nh hn
0,85 0,75
8
n, % th tch, khi cho ngm nc
trong 15 ngy m, khng ln hn
1,5 1,8

6.2.4. CNG CHU KO GIN TIP (P CH), CNG CHU CT
(CC CH TIU C HC T CC TNH CHT NY PHC V CHO
PHNG PHP THIT K SUPER PAVE)
Theo phng php Super Pave (M), cc ch tiu c hc phc v cho thit k hn
hp b tng asphalt bao gm cc ch tiu cng (kh nng lm vic) ca hn hp b
tng asphalt v d bo kh nng lm vic thc t ca mt ng b tng asphalt trn c
s k
t qu ca cc ch tiu s hc sau:
Ko gin tip (IDT) xc nh m un n hi v h s pot xng (22TCN
27401, ASTM D4123, AASHTO TP31);
Ct (SST), c s dng xc nh c tnh bin dng vnh cu (vt hn ln
bng xe) v nt do mi.
6.2.4.1. Th nghim ko gin tip
Bao gm cc th nghim sau:
Cng t bin, nt do nhit;
Cng , nt mi.
Trong th nghim ny p lc nn c t vo mu hnh tr theo mt phng ca
ng knh do vy gin tip gy ra ng sut ko theo phng ngang (Hnh 6.4; 6.5).
Th nghim c thc hin nhit 5
o
C, 30
o
C (hoc 25
o
C) v 40
o
C vi cc tn
s tc dng ti trng bng 0.33Hz, 0.5Hz v 1.0Hz. ln ca ti trng trng phc
c la chn sao cho gi tr t vo khong t 1050% gi tr ti trng ph hoi
nhit tng ng (thng s dng ln ti trng vi gi tr trong khong 1
35N/mm tnh theo chiu di ca mu).











Hnh 6.4. M hnh th nghim ko gin tip









Hnh 6.5. Thit b th nghim ko gin tip
Mu th nghim c ch to trn dng c m xoay, c th dng cc mu hnh
tr ch to theo Marshall hoc cc mu khoan trc tip t mt ng.
Cho ti trng tc dng lp mt s ln cho n khi thy biu cc bin dng ca
cc ln ti trng tc dng lp u nh nhau. y l giai on s b lm mu tip xc
tt vi tm truyn ti trng, c cc bin dng n nh.
Tip tc cho ti trng trng phc tc dng, khong t 50 n 200 ln, cho n khi
bin dng n hi ca nhng ln tc dng k nhau u n nh.
Sau khi cc bin dng n hi n nh di tc dng ca ti trng trng phc
k nhau th o v ghi li cc bin dng n hi ngang v ng tng ng vi t nht 3
chu k tc dng ti trng k nhau v ly tr s trung bnh.
Tnh ton m un n hi E v h s poisson ca mu b tng asphalt tng ng
vi nhit , thi gian tc dng, tn s tc dng lc theo cc cng thc sau:
( ) 0.27
H t.
P
E
RI
i
RI
+ = (6.4)
( ) 0.27
H t.
P
E
RT
T
RT
+ =

(6.5)
0.27
V
H 3.59
I
I
RI

u (6.6)
0.27
V
H 3.59
T
T
RT

u (6.7)
Trong : E
RI
: M un n hi tc thi, MPa.
E
RT
: M un n hi tng hp, MPa.
u
RI
: H s poisson tc thi.
u
RT
: H s poisson ton b.
P : Ti trng tc dng trng phc, N.
t : Chiu cao mu, mm.
H
I
: Bin dng ngang n hi tc thi ca mu, mm.
H
T
: Bin dng ngang ton b ca mu, mm.
V
I
: Bin dng ng n hi tc thi ca mu, mm.
V
T
: Bin dng ng ton b ca mu, mm.
Cc quy nh vi cc loi th nghim: cng t bin, nt do nhit v cng
, nt mi nh sau:
a). Th nghim cng t bin, nt do nhit
Nhit th nghim cho th nghim cng t bin nh gi kh nng
chu nt do nhit ca hn hp b tng asphalt nhit 0
o
C hoc thp hn.
Ba nhit in hnh c s dng tnh ton l: 0, 10 v 20
o
C, trong
t nht phi s dng 2 nhit th nghim. Gi tr nhit in hnh c s
dng l 5
o
C v 15
o
C.
Sau khi duy tr nhit th nghim khng i trong cc mu th nghim
thi gian, cn bng li ton b h thng o v tc dng mt lc tnh c cng
nh trc nhng khng tc ng ln mu.
Ti trng nh trc c s dng cho th nghim t bin phi to ra chuyn
v ngang gia 50 v 200 microstrains (um) trong 60 giy u tin. Nu gii
hn tri vi qui nh, cn phi dng ngay th nghim v hiu chnh ti
trng.
Theo di tt c cc bin dng ngang v bin dng thng ng trn cc hng
ca mu trong thi gian tc dng ti. Ti trng s c tc dng vi chu k
1000 giy.
Sau khi ti trng nh trc c tc dng qua chu k 1000 giy, phi tc
dng thm ti trng ln mu vi tc gia ti ca pttng 12.5mm/pht. Tt
c cc chuyn ng ngang, thng ng v ti trng phi c theo di cho
n khi ti trng bt u gim (gim 10% so vi gi tr ln nht).
b). Th nghim cng , nt mi
Nhit th nghim s dng cho th nghim phn tch nt mi khng vt
qu 20
o
C.
Sau khi duy tr nhit khng i trong cc mu th nghim trong khong
thi gian hp l, cn bng li ton b h thng o.
Tc dng mt lc ln mu mc 50mm chuyn ng thng ng /pht ca
pt tng Tt c cc chuyn ng ngang, thng ng v ti trng phi c
theo di cho n khi ti trng bt u gim. Th nghim s c dng li
cng nhanh cng tt khi ti trng bt u gim ngn khng cho h hng
thit b LVTD do s ph hoi bt ng ca mu.
6.2.4.2. Th nghim ct
Bao gm cc th nghim sau (Hnh 6.6):
Th nghim ct ti trng trng phc vi t l ng sut khng i.
Th nghim ct ti trng trng phc chiu cao khng i.
Th nghim ct n gin chiu cao khng i.
Mu c ng knh D=152mm, chiu cao H=50 mm, c ch b trong phng
bng phng php m xoay hoc khoan v t hin trng.
Mu th nghim c dnh lin 2 u vi 2 tm cao su trn b mt 2 tm gia ti
bng cht kt dnh (thng dng epoxy).
Vi nhng th nghim c thc hin nhit nh hn 40
o
C, trc khi th
nghim, mu c t vo trong t sy nhit th nghim trong khong thi gian 2
gi.
Vi nhng th nghim c thc hin nhit ln hn hoc bng 40
o
C, trc
khi th nghim, mu c t vo trong t sy nhit th nghim trong khong thi
gian t nht l 2 gi nhng khng vt qu 4 gi.
Mu th nghim
Lc tc dng
(duy tr mu chiu cao c nh)
Tm gia ti
Tm gia ti
Phn lc
Bin dng
ct tch lu
Lc tc dng
p lc hng
Mt bn
Mt ng
Mu th nghim
Cc tm cao su

Hnh 6.6. M hnh th nghim ct ca SuperPave
Trong qu trnh th nghim, mu th nghim c t trong bung nhit ca thit
b th nghim, bung nhit ny c kh nng to ra v duy tr nhit quy nh trong
sut qu trnh th nghim.
a). Th nghim ct chiu cao khng i
Tc dng ln mu mt ng sut ct c ln 7kPa vi s chu k l 100. Sau
tng ng sut ct tc dng ln mu vi tc l 70kPa/giy v gi trong khong thi
gian 10 giy. Sau 10 giy, gim ng sut ct xung cn 0 vi tc 21kPa/giy. Tip
tc ghi s liu thm 30 giy na sau khi ti trng v 0. Th nghim c thc hin
cc nhit 4
o
C, 20
o
C v 40
o
C.
Kt qu th nghim thu c l ng sut dc trc, ng sut ct v bin dng ct.
b). Th nghim ct ti trng lp vi t l ng sut khng i
Tc dng ln mu ng thi mt ng sut dc trc v ng sut ct c dng na
hnh sin c ln sao cho t l gia ng sut dc trc v ng sut ct l khng i v
bng t 1,2 n 1,5 ln.
Nhit chn th nghim l nhit trung bnh ca 7 ngy trong nm o
su mt ng l 50,8 mm.
Tc dng ln mu ng thi mt ng sut dc trc v ng sut ct c dng na
hnh sin vi s chu k l 100, thi gian tc dng 0.1 giy, ngh 0.6 giy vi ng sut tc
dng dc trc khng vt qu 7kPa. Tip theo, cho ti trng tc dng vi s chu k l
5000 chu k.
Kt qu th nghim thu c l ng sut dc trc, ng sut ct v bin dng ct.
c). Th nghim ct ti trng lp vi chiu cao khng i
Tc dng ln mu mt ng sut ct c dng na hnh sin vi s chu k l 100,
thi gian tc dng 0.1 giy, ngh 0.6 giy vi ng sut tc dng dc trc khng vt qu
7kPa. Tip theo, tc dng ln mu mt ng sut ct c dng na hnh sin c ln
70kPa vi s chu k l 5000, thi gian tc dng 0.1 giy, ngh 0.6 giy. Nhit th
nghim l nhit trung bnh ca 7 ngy trong nm o su 50, 8mm.
Kt qu th nghim thu c l ng sut dc trc, ng sut ct v bin dng ct.
6.2.5. CC CH TIU C HC PHC V THIT K KT CU
6.2.5.1. M un n hi (22TCN2112006)
M un n hi ca b tng asphalt c xc nh bng th nghim trn mu hnh
tr trn c chiu cao bng mt na hoc bng ng knh (thng s dng mu c kch
thc D = H = 10cm) theo m hnh nn dc trc n hng t do, gia ti bng ti trng
tnh v bo dng mu cc iu kin khc nhau tu theo yu cu th nghim, c th:
30
0
C khi tnh cng theo tiu chun ln n hi.
10
0
C (vi lp b tng asphalt c chiu dy di 6cm), 15
0
C (vi lp b tng
asphalt c chiu dy t 712cm) khi dng tnh ton cng theo tiu chun chu
ko un.
60
0
C khi dng tnh theo iu kin trt.
Mu c nn vi ch gia ti mt ln vi p lc p = 5daN/cm
2
v c gi
nguyn cho ti khi bin dng n nh (khi tc bin dng ch cn 0.01mm/pht). Sau
d ti v i bin dng hi phc cng t c n nh nh trn th c ng h o
bin dng xc nh tr s bin dng n hi.
M un n hi (E
h
) c xc nh theo cng thc (6.8):

l D
4pH
E
2
dh

= (daN/cm
2
) (6.8)
Trong : p : p lc nn mu (daN/cm
2
).
H: Chiu cao mu (cm).
D: ng knh mu (cm).
L: Bin dng n hi (cm).
6.2.5.2. Lc dnh n v v gc ni ma st (22TCN 2112006)
Th nghim c thc hin trn mu hnh tr trn ng knh 30 cm ch b bng
cch gia lc tnh hoc t mu khoan mt ng (Hnh 6.7).
Th nghim c thc hin nhit 1015
0
C trn my ct phng vi tc ct
0.1cm/pht trn t nht l 3 mu ging nhau tng ng vi nhng p lc thng ng (p)
khc nhau (ti trng ln nht khng vt qu ng sut c th xy ra trong kt cu mt
ng).
ng vi mi gi tr p lc p ta s thu c mt gi tr cng chng ct (), t
ta xc nh c tr s lc dnh n v (c) v gc ni ma st () theo phng trnh
sau:
= c + p.tg (daN/cm
2
) (6.9)
Trong : : Sc chng ct gii hn (daN/cm
2
).
p: p lc thng ng khi th nghim ct phng (daN/cm
2
).





Hnh 6.7. M hnh th nghim ct
tnh xc nh c,
6.2.5.3. Cng ko un gii hn (22TCN 21106)
Th nghim c thc hin trn mu dm c kch c khng nh hn 4x4x16 (cm),
ch b trong phng bng cch gia ti trng tnh c ln 300daN/cm
2
hoc ct mu
dm t mt ng (Hnh 6.8).
p

Trc khi th nghim, mu c bo dng trong b n nh nhit nhit
15
o
C trong khong thi gian 2 gi.
Th nghim un c thc hin bng cch t mu ln hai gi ta cch nhau
14cm (mt gi c nh, mt gi di ng), phn gi tip xc vi mu c dng mt tr vi
bn knh 5mm. Cht ti gia mu trn khp b ngang mu thng qua tm m bng
kim loi dng mt tr trn bn knh 10mm hoc c dng mt phng dy 8mm.
Hnh 6.8. M hnh th nghim cng ko un
Gia ti vi tc nn m bo to ra vng cho mu l 100200mm/pht cho
ti khi mu b ph hoi. Trong qu trnh gia ti, theo di vng ca dm bng cc
ng h o bin dng t y gia dm v c hai gi ( loi tr bin dng cc b
ca dm ti gi).
ln ca ti trng ti thi im mu b ph hoi c s dng tnh cng
ko un gii hn (R
ku
) theo cng thc (6.10):

2
ku
2bh
3Pl
R = (daN/cm
2
) (6.10)
Trong : P: Ti trng ph hoi mu (daN).
L: Khong cch gia hai gi ta (cm).
b, h : Chiu rng v chiu cao mu (cm).
6.2.5.4. Cng p ch (22TCN 21193, ASTM D4123, Tiu chun Trung Quc,
Tiu chun Lin Bang Nga)
Th nghim ny phc v cho tnh ton cng chu ko un gii hn ca b tng
asphalt theo cng thc R
ku
= KR
ech
(vi K l h s tng quan thc nghim) phc v
thit k kt cu mt ng theo 22TCN 21106.
Hin nay, quy trnh tnh ton thit k kt cu mt ng mm ca Trung Quc
JTJ 01497, ca Lin Bang Nga218.046.01 cng s dng cng p ch thay
cho cng ko un gii hn.
Theo tiu chun 22TCN 21106, th nghim c thc hin nhit 10
o
C hoc
15
o
C; theo tiu chun ASTM D4123, th nghim c thc hin nhit tng ng
P
h
b

vi nhit th nghim ko gin tip ti trng trng phc xc nh m un n hi v
h s poisson (5
o
C, 25
o
C, 30
o
C hoc 40
o
C).
M hnh th nghim c nu Hnh 6.9 v Hnh 6.10. Lc nn theo phng
ng sinh gy ra trn mu vi tc 50.8mm/pht cho n khi mu b ph hoi.
ln ca lc ti thi im mu b ph hoi (P) c s dng tnh ton cng p
ch theo cng thc (6.11):

dh
2P
R
ech

= (daN/cm
2
) (6.11)
Trong : P: Lc ph hoi mu (daN).
d, h: ng knh v chiu cao mu (cm).








Hnh 6.9. M hnh th nghim p ch









Hnh 6.10. Th nghim xc nh cng p ch

Tm gia ti
Tm gia ti
Mu th nghim
P
P
6.2.6. BIN DNG VNH CU VT HN LN BNH XE
Cc th nghim m phng c s dng th nghim cc c trng bin dng
vnh cu (vt hn bnh xe), nt mi v nt do nhit thp ca vt liu b tng asphalt.
Cc thit b th nghim m phng thng c kiu m phng vt bnh xe LWT
(Loaded wheel tester), v hin nay trn th gii c nhiu loi thit b th nghim m
phng, cc loi thit b ny c phn thnh 2 nhm:
Th nghim trong phng;
Th nghim ti hin trng.
Trong , cc th nghim m phng ngoi hin trng tng i phc tp, i hi
phi xy dng nhng on ng th nghim tn km, thi gian th nghim lu hn so
vi cc th nghim m phng trong phng. Do vy trong thc t hin nay thng s
dng cc th nghim m phng trong phng.
Trn th gii hin nay thng s dng cc loi thit b th nghim m phng trong
phng ch yu sau:
Thit b Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA);
Thit b Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device (HWTD);
Thit b French Rutting Tester (FRT).
u, nhc im ch yu ca 3 loi thit b k trn c th hin Bng 6.4.
Nhn chung, nguyn l lm vic v th nghim xc nh vt hn ln bnh xe
ca 3 thit b nu trn l tng ng. Thit b APA c p dng ph bin hin nay
M. Sau y nu chi tit v thit b v phng php th nghim ca APA.
6.2.6.1. Gii thiu v thit b APA
APA l thit b c thit k th nghim cc c trng vt hn ln, c trng
mi ca b tng asphalt. C ch hot ng ca thit b l m phng hot ng ca bnh
xe t tc ng ln mt ng thng qua cc bnh xe chuyn ng c chu k trn ng
cao su p lc tc ng ln b mt ca tp mu b tng asphalt
Bng 6.4. So snh u, nhc im ch yu ca thit b APA, HWTD v FRT
TT Thit b APA Thit b HWTD Thit b FRT
1 c s dng rng ri t c s dng, ch
yu c
Rt t c s dng,
ch yu Php
2 Thi gian th nghim ngn Thi gian th nghim
di
Thi gian th nghim
ngn
3 C th th nghim ng
thi t 3 n 6 mu
C th th nghim ng
thi 2 mu
C th th nghim ng
thi 2 mu
4 C th thc hin c 3
th nghim sau:
a. Th nghim vt hn ln
C th thc hin c
2 th nghim sau:
a. Th nghim vt hn
Ch thc hin c 1
th nghim sau:
a. Th nghim vt hn
bnh xe
b. Th nghim nh gi h
hng ca b tng nha
di tc dng ca m
c. Th nghim mi
ln bnh xe
b. Th nghim nh gi
h hng ca b tng
nha di tc dng
ca m
ln bnh xe
Cc thng s c bn ca thit b APA:
Kch thc: Di x Rng x Cao = 1800 x 1000 x 2000 mm
Khi lng: 1500 kg
in nng: 220V, 60Hz, 40A
B cha nc n nhit: 132 lt
Tnh nng k thut ca thit b APA:
Nhit ca bung cha mu v b cha nc t 472
o
C, c bc iu khin
l 1
o
C.
C kh nng gia ti c lp trn 3 bnh xe vi ti trng quy nh.
p lc trong ng cao su c th iu chnh v duy tr c mc quy nh.
C kh nng th nghim ng thi trn ba mu dm hoc 6 mu hnh tr.
C thit b m chu k, t ng dng th nghim khi t n s chu k th
nghim yu cu.
6.2.6.2. Th nghim vt hn bnh xe (AASHTO TP63)
Th nghim c thc hin iu kin:
Ti trng tc dng ca bnh xe th nghim l 578N; p lc trong ng cao su l
896kPa.
Nhit th nghim ly tng ng vi cp nha s dng (theo tiu chun phn
loi nha ca Superpave).
Th nghim c thc hin trn 6 mu hnh tr c ng knh D =150mm, chiu
cao H = 752mm hoc mu c ng knh D =150mm, chiu cao H =1152mm hoc
trn 3 mu hnh dm c chiu rng B =125mm, chiu cao H =752mm, chiu di
L = 300mm. Nu l mu hnh tr khoan v t hin trng, yu cu chiu cao ti thiu
H = 50mm ( Hnh 6.11, Hnh 6.12, Hnh 6.13).
i vi mu hnh tr ch b trong phng, c th m nn bng thit b m xoay
SGC (Superpave Gyratory Compactor) hoc thit b m rung (Vibratory Compactor),
mu ch b phi t rng d bng 4.00.5%.
i vi mu hnh dm ch b trong phng, m nn bng thit b m rung
(Vibratory Compactor), mu ch b phi t rng d bng 5.00.5%.








Hnh 6.11. Nguyn l th nghim vt hn bnh xe trn thit b APA
Trc khi th nghim, mu c t trong t nhit nhit th nghim trong
khong thi gian 6 gi. Sau t mu vo v tr th nghim, v cho thit b hot ng
vi s chu k bnh xe tc dng ln mu l 8000. Sau khi kt thc qu trnh th nghim,
thit b s t ng o xc nh chiu su vt hn bnh xe.







Hnh 6.12. B phn gia ti
ca thit b APA





H
Lc tc dng
Mu th nghim
ng cao su
p lc cao
nh 6.13. Mu sau khi th nghim vt hn bnh xe trn thit b APA
6.2.6.3. Th nghim nh gi bn ca b tng asphalt di tc ng ca m
Trc khi th nghim, mu c chun b theo trnh t sau:
Xc nh bo ho nc:
t cc mu th nghim vo trong bnh ht chn khng sau nc ct vo
ngp mu ti thiu l 25.4mm. Cho my ht chn khng hot ng cho n khi p sut
d cn li trong bnh t 1367kPa, gi trng thi ny trong khong thi gian 510
pht. Sau cho p sut trong bnh tr li trng thi bnh thng v tip tc ngm mu
trong bnh trong khong thi gian t 510 pht na.
Ly mu ra khi bnh ht chn khng, lau kh b mt v cn xc nh khi
lng mu bo ho b mt sau tnh th tch nc hp ph vo mu theo cng thc:
NHP = G
s
G
t
(cm
3
)
Trong : G
s
: l khi lng mu bo ho b mt sau khi ht chn khng (g).
G
t
: l khi lng mu bo ho b mt trc khi ht chn khng (g).
Tnh bo ho nc theo cng thc:
BHN = 100NHP/RD, (%) (6.12)
Trong : RD l tng th tch cc l rng trong mu, c tnh theo
rng d v th tch mu.
+ Mu t yu cu nu c bo ho nc nm trong phm vi t 5580%
+ Nu mu c bo ho nc <55% th phi t mu tr li bnh ht chn khng
v ht tip.
+ Nu mu c bo ho nc >80% th phi b mu i v s dng mu khc.
Dng mt mnh nilng mng bc kn mu, sau t mu bc kn nilng
vo trong mt ti nilng khc c cha 10ml nc v buc cht u li. t ti nilng
ng mu ny vo t bo dng c nhit khng kh l 183
o
C trong khong thi
gian t nht l 16 gi.
Sau ly mu ra khi t bo dng v t mu vo trong b bo dng cha
nc c nhit bng nhit th nghim trong khong thi gian 241 gi.
Trnh t th nghim hon ton ging vi trnh t th nghim vt hn bnh xe, ch
c mt s im khc bit sau y:
Ti trng tc dng ca bnh xe th nghim l 450N; p lc trong ng cao su l
830kPa.
Cc mu ch b trong phng phi c rng d bng 7.01.0%.
Nhit nc th nghim c ly bng nhit tng ng vi cp nha thp
hn cp nha PG ang s dng.
Kt qu th nghim l chiu su vt hn ln sau 8000 chu k tc dng ca bnh
xe.
6.2.6.4. Th nghim mi
Th nghim c thc hin vi ti trng bnh xe tc dng l 1113N. Trong th
nghim ny, cc bnh xe tc dng trc tip ln mu (khng s dng cc ng cao su)
(Hnh 6.14, Hnh 6.15, Hnh 6.16).
Th nghim c thc hin trn 3 mu hnh dm c chiu rng B=125mm, chiu
cao H=752mm, chiu di L=300mm c ch b trong phng th nghim bng cch s
dng thit b m rung (Vibratory Compactor); mu th nghim c m nn t
c rng d bng 71%.
Sau khi ch b, mu c ho gi theo trnh t sau:
t mu th nghim vo t sy nhit 855
o
C trong khong thi gian
1200.5 gi.
Sau ly mu ra khi t sy, ngui mu n nhit phng th nghim.
Sau khi mu c ho gi, tin hnh th nghim mi theo trnh t sau:
t mu vo trong t bo dng c nhit khng kh l 20
o
C trong khong
thi gian 4 gi.
Ly mu ra khi t bo dng v t vo v tr th nghim.
Cho thit b hot ng vi ti trng bnh xe tc dng ln mu l 1113N vi s
ln tc dng ca bnh xe l 50000 chu k; trong trng hp mu b ph hoi trc khi
t 50000 chu k gia ti th phi ghi li s chu k tc dng gy ph hoi mu.
Kt qu th nghim l s chu k tc dng ca bnh xe lm cho mu b ph hoi s
c s dng thit k kt cu mt ng hoc tnh ton tui th mi ca b tng
asphalt.





Hnh 6.14. M hnh
th nghim mi

Mu th nghim
1113 N




Hnh 6.15. B phn gia ti
th nghim mi trn thit
b APA





Hnh 6.16. Mu sau khi th nghim mi trn thit b APA
6.3. Cc tnh cht lin quan n c tnh th tch ca hn
hp b tng asphalt ri mt ng
6.3.1. Tng quan
Cc c tnh v th tch ca hn hp b tng asphalt ri mt ng nh rng
d, rng ct liu khong, rng lp y bitum v hm lng bitum hu ch th hin
kh nng phc v ca mt ng. Mc ch ca qu trnh m nn mu b tng asphalt
trong phng th nghim nhm m phng cht ca hn hp b tng asphalt ngay sau
khi ri hoc sau mt s nm phc v, v c th c xc nh bng cch so snh cc c
tnh ca mu nguyn dng ly v t hin trng vi cc c tnh ca mu c
trong phng.
Cn thit phi th hin r cc nh ngha v qu trnh phn tch c trnh by
c th a ra cc quyt nh th hin s hiu bit v vic la chn hn hp b tng
asphalt khi thit k. Nhng thng tin y c th c p dng cho hn hp b tng
asphalt c m nn trong phng hay c vi mu nguyn dng ly v t hin trng.
6.3.2. Cc nh ngha











Hnh 6.17. Cc nh ngha v cc loi t trng
Ct liu khong c cha cc l nh li ti v c kh nng thm nc cng nh thm
bitum vi cc mc khc nhau. T l phn trm v thm nc/ thm ca bitum
vo ct liu l khc nhau i vi tng loi ct liu. C 3 phng php xc nh t
trng ca ct liu c quan tm l: t trng khi ASTM, t trng biu kin ASTM
v t trng c hiu. S khc nhau gia cc t trng ny xut pht t nhng nh ngha
khc nhau v th tch ct liu.
Hnh 6.17. minh ho v t trng khi, t trng biu kin, t trng c hiu, rng
d, hm lng bitum c hiu trong hn hp b tng asphalt.
Cc nh ngha v cc loi t trng nh sau:
T trng khi (
Sb
) l t l gia khi lng cn trong khng kh ca mt n v
th tch ct liu c tnh thm nc (gm c cc l rng c tnh thm nc v cc l rng
khng c tnh thm nc) mt nhit xc nh chia cho khi lng cn trong khng
kh c cng mt ca mt th tch tng ng nc ct khng c bt kh mt nhit
xc nh.
T trng biu kin (
Sa
) l t l gia khi lng cn trong khng kh ca mt
n v th tch ct liu khng c tnh thm nc mt nhit xc nh chia cho khi
lng cn trong khng kh c cng mt ca mt th tch tng ng nc ct
khng c bt kh mt nhit xc nh.
T trng c hiu (
Sc
) l t l gia khi lng cn trong khng kh ca mt n
v th tch ct liu c tnh thm nc (loi tr cc l rng c tnh thm bitum) mt
nhit xc nh chia cho khi lng cn trong khng kh c cng mt ca mt th
tch tng ng vi nc ct khng c bt kh mt nhit xc nh.
Cc nh ngha v rng ct liu, hm lng bitum c hiu, rng d v lng
bitum lp ch rng (Hnh 6.18) nh sau:

L rng c kh nng thm nc
nhng khng c lp y bi nha
(Phn ct liu ca t trng ct liu)
L rng c kh nng thm nc
(Phn ct liu ca t trng khi,
khng ca t trng biu kin)
L rng c kh nng thm nha
(hp ph nha)
Nha c hiu
Ct liu
rng d
V
b
a
V
f
a
V
m
a
V
b
V
m
m V
m
b
V
s
c
V
s
b
C

t
l
i

u
k
h
o

n
g
N
h

a
Khng kh
V
b
a
V
f
a
V
m
a
V
b
V
m
m V
m
b
V
s
c
V
s
b
C

t
l
i

u
k
h
o

n
g
N
h

a
Khng kh
V
b
a
V
f
a
V
m
a
V
b
V
m
m V
m
b
V
s
c
V
s
b
C

t
l
i

u
k
h
o

n
g
N
h

a
Khng kh


.











Hnh 6.18. Cc loi th tch trong mu b tng asphalt sau khi c m ln.
Trong : V
ma
th tch ca cc l rng trong ct liu khong
V
mb
th tch khi ca hn hp c m ln
V
mm
th tch ca hn hp ri mt ng khng k cc khe rng
V
fa
th tch bitum lp l rng (c hiu)
V
a
th tch cc khe rng
V
b
th tch bitum
V
ba
th tch bitum thm nhp vo ct liu
V
sb
th tch ct liu khong (theo t trng khi)
V
sc
th tch ct liu khong (theo t trng c hiu)
rng ct liu (VMA) l th tch cc khe rng ti gia cc ht ct liu trong
hn hp, n bao gm rng d v hm lng bitum c hiu. c xc nh
theo % ca tng th tch mu.
Hm lng bitum c hiu (P
bc
) l tng hm lng bitum c trong hn hp tr
i phn bitum b mt i do thm vo ct liu.
rng d (V
a
) l tng th tch ca cc ti kh nh nm gia cc ct liu
c bao bc bitum c trong hn hp sau khi lu ln. Xc nh theo % th
tch ca hn hp.
Hm lng bitum lp y l rng (V
Fa
) l phn th tch ca cc khe rng gia
cc ct liu c chim ch bi bitum.
Vin Asphalt khuyn rng tr s VMA nn tnh theo t trng khi ca ct liu v
t trng c hiu s l c s tnh rng d trong hn hp.
rng ct liu v rng d c tnh theo % ca hn hp. Hm lng bitum
lp l rng l phn trm ca rng ct liu c lp y bi bitum c hiu. Tu theo
hm lng bitum l bao nhiu m n c th c tnh l phn trm ca khi lng
bitum so vi tng khi lng ca hn hp hay l phn trm ca khi lng bitum so vi
tng khi lng ca ct liu c trong hn hp.
V rng d v rng ct liu th hin theo th tch, chng khng th xc nh
c bng cch cn, do hn hp b tng asphalt phi c thit k hoc phn tch
da trn c s th tch.
6.3.3. PHN TCH HN HP B TNG ASPHALT SAU KHI M NN
Nhng cng vic th nghim v nhng tnh ton cn thit cho phn tch hn hp
b tng asphalt nh sau:
6.3.3.1. Cc ch tiu xc nh qua th nghim
1. Xc nh t trng ca ct liu th (AASHTO T85 hoc ASTM C127) v ca
ct liu mn (AASHTO T84 hoc ASTM C128).
2. Xc nh t trng ca bitum (AASHTO T228 hoc ASTM D70) v ca bt
khong (AASHTO T100 hoc ASTM D854).
3. Tnh ton t trng biu kin ca ct liu trong hn hp.
4. Xc nh t trng khi ca hn hp trng thi ri.
5. Xc nh t trng khi ca hn hp khi c lu ln (theo ASTM hoc
ASTM D2726).
6.3.3.2. Cc ch tiu xc nh qua tnh ton
1. Tnh ton t trng c hiu ca hn hp ct liu vi cc hm lng bitum.
2. Tnh ton t trng ln nht ca hn hp cc hm lng bitum khc nhau.
3. Tnh ton kh nng hp ph bitum ca ct liu.
4. Tnh ton hm lng bitum c hiu trong hn hp.
5. Tnh ton rng trong vt liu khong.
6. Tnh ton % rng d trong hn hp sau khi lu ln.
7. Tnh ton rng lp y bitum.
6.3.4. CCH XC NH CC CH TIU
6.3.4.1. T trng (biu kin) ca ct liu AASHTO T85
Ct liu tng hp bao gm cc loi ct liu th, ct liu nh v bt khong.
Chng c cc t trng khc nhau v t trng biu kin ca ct liu tng hp c tnh
theo cng thc sau:

n
n
2
2
1
1
n 2 1
sb
G
P
...
G
P
G
P
P ... P P
G
+ + +
+ + +
= (6.13)
Trong : G
sb
t trng ca ct liu tng hp;
P
1
, P
2
, P
3
,..., P
n
phn trm ca cc loi ct liu, tnh theo khi lng;
G
1
, G
2
, G
3
,..., G
n
t trng ca cc loi ct liu c trong ct liu
tng hp.
6.3.4.2. T trng c hiu ca ct liu
Da trn t trng ln nht ca b tng asphalt, G
mn
c xc nh theo ASTM
D2041, t trng c hiu ca ct liu, G
se
bao gm tt c cc khe h gia cc ht ct liu
tr nhng khe h thm bitum, G
se
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

b
b
mn
mn
b mn
se
G
P
G
P
P P
G
+

= ( 6.14)
Trong : G
se
t trng c hiu ca ct liu
G
mn
t trng ln nht ca hn hp (khng c rng cn d)
P
mn
phn trm theo khi lng ca hn hp trng thi ri=100
P
b
hm lng bitum theo ASTM D2041 tnh bng % theo tng khi
lng ca hn hp.
G
b
t trng ca bitum
Ch : Lng bitum hp ph vo ct liu lun nh hn lng nc hp ph vo
ct liu. Do tr s ca t trng c hiu ca mt loi ct liu lun nm gia t trng
khi v t trng biu din.
6.4.4.3. T trng ln nht ca hn hp b tng asphalt ng vi cc hm lng
bitum khc nhau.
Trong thit k hn hp b tng asphalt vi cc ct liu bit trc th vic xc nh
t trng ln nht, G
mm
, ng vi cc hm lng bitum khc nhau l cn thit xc nh
rng d tng ng vi tng hm lng bitum . T trng ln nht ng vi mi hm
lng bitum khc nhau c xc nh theo ASTM D2041.
Sau khi tnh ton t trng c hiu ca ct liu t t trng ln nht v tr s trung
bnh ca G
se
, t trng ln nht ng vi mi hm lng bitum c th tnh ton c theo
cng thc sau:

b
b
se
s
mn
mn
G
P
G
P
P
G
+
= ( 6.15 )
Trong : G
mn
t trng ln nht ca hn hp ri mt ng (khng c rng
cn d)
P
mn
phn trm theo khi lng ca hn hp vt liu khong
P
s
hm lng ct liu, % theo trng lng hn hp .
P
b
hm lng bitum, % theo trng lng hn hp
G
se
t trng c hiu ca ct liu
G
b
t trng ca bitum
6.4.4.4. Lng bitum hp ph
Lng bitum hp ph thng c xc nh theo % trng lng ca ct liu hn
l theo tng trng lng ca hn hp. Lng bitum hp ph P
ba
c xc nh theo
cng thc sau:

sb
se sb
sb se
ba
.G
.G G
G G
100 P

= (6.16)
Trong : P
ba
lng bitum hp ph
G
se
t trng c hiu ca ct liu
G
sb
t trng khi lng ca ct liu
G
b
t trng ca bitum
6.4.4.5. Hm lng bitum c hiu trong hn hp b tng asphalt
Hm lng bitum c hiu ca hn hp b tng asphalt l tng hm lng bitum
tr i lng bitum mt i do hp ph vo ct liu. N l mt phn ca hm lng
bitum to nn lp ph bn ngoi ca cc ht ct liu v n l lng bitum chi phi cc
c tnh c l ca hn hp b tng asphalt v theo cng thc sau:

s
ba
b be
P
100
P
P P = (6.17)
Trong : P
be
hm lng bitum c hiu xc nh theo % trng lng hn hp
P
b
hm lng bitum xc nh theo % trng lng hn hp
P
ba
lng bitum hp ph xc nh theo % trng lng ct liu
P
s
hm lng ct liu xc nh theo % trng lng hn hp
6.4.4.6. rng ct liu trong hn hp, %
rng ct liu VMA c xc nh l rng gia cc ht ct liu trong hn
hp bao gm rng d v hm lng bitum c hiu, c xc nh theo % ca tng
th tch VMA v c tnh ton trn c s t trng khi ca ct liu v c xc nh
theo % th tch ca khi hn hp. Do VMA c th c tnh ton bng cch ly th
tch khi ca hn hp tr i th tch khi ca ct liu. Phng php tnh ton nh sau:
a. Nu xc nh theo % khi lng ca hn hp.

sb
s mb
G
P G
100 VMA

= (6.18)
Trong : VMA rng ct liu khong % ca th tch khi
G
sb
t trng biu kin ca ct liu hn hp
G
mb
t trng khi ca hn hp b tng asphalt
P
s
hm lng ct liu % ca tng trng lng hn hp
b. Nu xc nh l theo % khi lng ca ct liu.
100
P 100
100
G
G
100 VMA
b sb
mb

= (6.19)
Trong : P
b
hm lng bitum tnh theo % trng lng ca ct liu
6.4.4.7. rng d trong hn hp, %
rng d trong hn hp b tng asphalt c tnh theo cng thc sau:
100
G
G
1 V
mn
mb
a
= (6.20)
Trong : G
mm
t trng ln nht ca hn hp
G
mb
t trng khi ca hn hp
6.4.4.8. rng lp y bitum, %
rng lp y bitum VFA l % ca rng ct liu b bitum chim ch,
khng bao gm lng bitum b hp ph, c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

VMA
V VMA
100 VFA
a

= (6.21)
Trong : VMA rng ca ct liu
V
a
rng d

CU HI N TP
1. Trnh by khi qut chung v cc tnh cht ca b tng asphalt.
2. Cc tnh cht c hc ch yu ca b tng asphalt.
3. Trnh by cc tnh cht lin quan n c tnh th tch ca b tng asphalt.





Chng 7
THIT K HN HP B TNG ASPHALT THEO MARSHALL
7.1. MC CH CHUNG CA CNG TC THIT K HN HP B TNG
ASPHALT
Thit k hn hp b tng asphalt l la chn c cp phi ct liu hp l v hm
lng bitum ti u v mt kinh t m vn tho mn cc yu cu k thut. Hn hp b
tng asphalt la chn nhm tho mn cc tnh nng sau:
hm lng bitum nhm m bo cho mt ng b tng asphalt lm vic
lu di.
cng nhm tho mn cc yu cu giao thng m khng b bin dng.
rng d ca hn hp sau khi lu ln v cho php mt ng c m
nn thm nh ti trng ca cc phng tin giao thng chy trn ng, nh
s gin n ca bitum do nhit gia tng nhng mt ng khng b chy
bitum hay mt mt bn. rng d ln nht c gii hn nhm hn ch
kh nng thm ca khng kh c hi v m vo trong hn hp.
cng tc vic ri hn hp c hiu qu m khng lm phn tng vt
liu cng nh khng lm gim bn v kh nng lm vic ca kt cu.
i vi hn hp asphalt lm lp ph trn cng th ct liu phi c
nhm v cng to ra kh nng khng trt hp l trong nhng iu kin
thi tit bt li.
C th tm li l thit k b tng asphalt l qu trnh th nghim la chn ra
hm lng bitum ti u trong hn hp b tng asphalt nhm tho mn 2 yu t: tnh
cht lin quan n c tnh th tch v tnh cht c hc theo quy nh ca phng php
thit k. Cc phng php thit k b tng asphalt c s dng kh ph bin trn th
gii nh: phng php ca Nga, Marshall, Hveem, Superpave nhn chung u tun th
nguyn tc thit k trn. Nhn chung cc nguyn l xc nh c tnh th tch ca cc
phng php l ging nhau, khc nhau ch yu l tiu ch v cc ch tiu c hc c
th hin qua cc phng php th nghim (tham kho chng 6).
7.2. PHM VI P DNG CA PHNG PHP MARSHALL
Cc khi nim v phng php thit k hn hp b tng asphalt theo phng php
Marshall c Bruce Marshall a ra. Qua qu trnh nghin cu v pht trin, phng
php ny ngy cng hon thin v n c chun ho bi ASTM v c hng dn
bi Vin asphalt Hoa K.
Phng php Marshall nguyn bn ch c p dng i vi hn hp b tng
asphalt nng vi cp phi ct liu c ng knh ln nht (theo sng vung) 25mm
(ng knh ln nht danh nh 19mm). Phng php Marshall sau khi ci tin c
p dng cho c hn hp vi cp phi ct liu c ng knh ln nht n 38mm.
Phng php Marshall ci tin s dng khun ci v chy m ln hn so vi Marshall
nguyn bn.
Phng php Marshall c dng cho thit k trong phng cng nh kim sot ti
hin trng ca hn hp b tng asphalt c (cht) trn nng cp phi lin tc. Hm
lng bitum c la chn thng tng ng vi rng d nm trong khong t 3
5%. rng d 4% l tr s thng c s dng trong nh gi ban u. Tuy nhin
cng c th thay i cht t khi phn tch cc kt qu th nghim.
Phng php Marshall u tin c p dng kh ph bin M, v cc nc
ang pht trin cng nh Vit Nam hin nay do c nhng u im ni bt nh : gi
thnh trang thit b th nghim khng ln, trnh ca cc nhn vin ti nghim khng
i hi cao, kinh nghim v thit k hn hp c tch lu, cc ti liu hng dn v
thit k hn hp (ca Vin Asphalt M, AASHTO, ASTM) chi tit v c cp nht.
7.3. CC CH TIU K THUT QUY NH THEO MARSHALL
Theo hng dn thit k hn hp b tng asphalt theo phng php Marshall ca
Vin Asphalt, mu thit k (v chn c hm lng bitum ti u) phi tho mn cc
yu cu v c tnh th tch v ch tiu c hc ( n nh, do) tng ng vi lng
giao thng theo quy nh Bng 7.1.
Bng 7.1. Yu cu k thut vi b tng nha thit k theo Marshall
(Vin Asphalt)
Giao thng nh Giao thng va Giao thng nng
Lp mt & Mng
trn
Lp mt & Mng
trn
Lp mt & Mng
trn
Cc ch tiu k
thut yu cu ca
hn hp b tng
asphalt theo
Marshall Min Max Min Max Min Max
S ln m nn 35 x 2 50 x 2 75 x 2
n nh
(Stability), KN
3,4 5,5 8,0
Giao thng nh Giao thng va Giao thng nng
Lp mt & Mng
trn
Lp mt & Mng
trn
Lp mt & Mng
trn
Cc ch tiu k
thut yu cu ca
hn hp b tng
asphalt theo
Marshall Min Max Min Max Min Max
do, mm 3,2 7,2 3,2 6,4 2 4
rng d, % 3 5 3 5 3 5
rng lp y
nha,%
80 80 65 78 65 75
rng ct liu nh
nht, %
Theo Bng 8.2.
Bng 7.2. rng ct liu nh nht
C ht danh nh ln nht
rng ct liu nh nht, %
rng d thit k, %
mm in. 3.0 4.0 5.0
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1.18 No.16 21.5 22.5 23.5
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
2.36 No.8 19.0 20.0 21.0
4.75 No.4 16.0 17.0 18.0
9.5 3/8 14.0 15.0 16.0
12.5 1/ 2 13.0 14.0 15.0
19.0 3/ 4 12.0 13.0 14.0
25.0 1.0 11.0 12.0 13.0
37.5 1.5 10.0 11.0 12.0
50 2.0 9.5 10.5 11.5
63 2.5 9.0 10.0 11.0
Phng php Marshall nguyn bn s dng cc mu th nghim hnh tr trn tiu
chun c chiu cao 64mm, v ng knh 102mm. Cc mu ny c chun b theo
ng cc th tc tiu chun v lm mng, nho trn, v m nn hn hp ct liu
bitum. Hai nt c trng chnh ca phng php thit k hn hp theo Marshall cc
phn tch v cht rng v th nghim n nh do trn cc mu th nghim
sau khi c m cht.
Mt s Tiu chun thit k theo Marshall ca cc nc, v ca Vit Nam c sa
i quy nh ca Bng 7.1. theo hng lc b bt (v d b rng lp y nha)
hoc thm (v d ch tiu n nh cn li) ch tiu, hoc thay i thng s quy nh
tng ng vi ch tiu (v d tng gi tr n nh, thu nh hoc gim gi tr
do).
Vic m mu vi s chy 75x2 tng ng vi mt ng c lng giao thng
nng c p dng ph bin hin nay.
7.4. TM TT TRNH T THIT K HN HP THEO MARSHALL
Vic thit k theo phng php Marshall c tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
1. Kim tra cht lng cc vt liu thnh phn: tt c cc vt liu (ct liu ln,
ct liu nh, bt , bitum) s dng ch to b tng asphalt u phi tho
mn cc ch tiu c l theo quy nh ca cc Tiu chun p dng hoc ca ch
dn k thut ca d n (Chng 2).
2. Phi trn cc ct liu thnh phn a ra t nht mt hn hp ct liu (ct
liu ln, ct liu nh, bt ) c cp phi nm trong gii hn ca ng bao
cp phi hn hp ct liu quy nh theo quy nh ca cc Tiu chun p dng
hoc ca ch dn k thut ca d n (Chng 4).
3. Xc nh c tnh th tch ( rng d, rng lp y bitum, rng ct
liu) trn c s th nghim v tnh ton trn vt liu thnh phn, trn hn hp
b tng asphalt cha m nn, m nn vi cc hm lng bitum khc
nhau (Chng 6).
4. Xc nh n nh, do ca mu b tng asphalt m nn vi cc hm
lng bitum khc nhau (Chng 6).
5. Phn tch cc kt qu th nghim quyt nh la chn hm lng bitum ti
u tho mn tt c cc quy nh (Bng 7.1).
7.4.1. TRNH T TH NGHIM, TNH TON CC TNH CHT V C TNH
TH TCH
1. Xc nh t trng khi ca ct liu th (AASHTO T85 hoc ASTM C127) v
ca ct liu mn (AASHTO T84 hoc ASTM C128).
2. Xc nh t trng ca bitum (AASHTO T228 hoc ASTM D70) v ca bt
khong (AASHTO T100 hoc ASTM D854).
3. Tnh ton t trng khi ca ct liu.
4. Xc nh t trng ln nht ca hn hp b tng asphalt trng thi ri.
5. Xc nh t trng khi ca hn hp b tng asphalt m nn (theo ASTM
D1188 hoc ASTM D2726).
6. Tnh ton t trng c hiu ca ca ct liu.
7. Tnh ton t trng ln nht ca hn hp b tng asphalt cc hm lng
bitum khc nhau.
8. Tnh ton kh nng hp ph bitum ca ct liu.
9. Tnh ton hm lng bitum c hiu trong hn hp.
10. Tnh ton rng ct liu khong.
11. Tnh ton % rng d trong hn hp sau khi m nn.
12. Tnh ton rng lp y bitum.
7.4.2. TRNH T TH NGHIM XC NH N INH, DO MARSHALL
Cn phi chun b 6 (hoc t nht l 5) t mu th nghim (mi t mu gm 3
mu) ng vi cc hm lng bitum trnh lch nhau 0.5%, vi t nht hai t mu c hm
lng bitum ln hn v hai t mu c hm lng bitum nh hn gi tr hm lng
bitum thit k mong i. V th, mi mt hn hp thit k theo Marshall cn phi chun
b 18 mu (t nht 15 mu) th nghim.
Tin hnh trn, gia nhit, m nn hn hp trong khun Marshall. Gia nhit cho
mu n nhit th nghim 601
o
C bng cch ngm trong bn nc n nhit trong
thi gian 401 pht. Lau sch mt trong ca khun nn. Vt mu ra khi bn nc n
nhit v nhanh chng t vo khun nn, a khun nn vo v tr th nghim trn my
nn, g ng h o do v iu chnh kim ng h v 0.
Gia ti cho mu v quan st ng h o lc, o bin dng ca mu. Khi ng h
o lc t gi tr ln nht (v bt u c xu th gim) th ghi li gi tr lc ng thi
ghi li s c trn ng h o bin dng. Xc nh gi tr n nh, do Marshall
ca mu (Chng 6).
Thi gian th nghim t khi ly mu b tng asphalt ra khi bn n nhit n khi
c gi tr lc ln nht khng c vt qu 45 giy.
7.4.3. XC NH HM LNG BITUM TI U
Thng qua cc biu thit lp biu th quan h gia hm lng bitum vi:
rng d, rng lp y bitum, n nh, do (tnh trung bnh cho 3 mu). i
chiu vi quy nh (Bng 7.1) tm ra khong hm lng bitum tho mn tng ch
tiu. Sau xc nh min (khong) hm lng bitum tho mn tt c cc ch tiu v
la chn 1 gi tr hm lng bitum trong khong , l hm lng bitum ti u. Gi
tr hm lng bitum ti u c th c ly l trung bnh cng ca cc gi tr hm lng
bitum tho mn tng ch tiu. Minh ho v cch xc nh hm lng bi tum ti u qua
Th d 1.
Th d 1
Kt qu trung bnh ca cc t mu (3 mu) b tng asphalt m vi 75x2 chy,
vi 5 hm lng bitum phc v thit k b tng asphalt c thng k Bng 7.3.
Bng 7.3. Kt qu th nghim
STT
Hm
lng
nha (%
theo khi
lng hn
hp)
Khi
lng th
tch
(g/cm
3
)
rng
ct liu
VMA (%)
rng
d VA
(%)
n nh
Marshall
(kN)
do
Marshall
(mm)
Ct 1 Ct 2 Ct 3 Ct 4 Ct 5 Ct 6 Ct 7
1 4.0 2.380 15.2 6.5 8.1 2.8
2 4.5 2.395 14.9 5.0 8.7 3.0
3 5.0 2.410 14.8 4.0 9.0 3.5
4 5.5 2.406 15.6 3.2 8.5 3.8
5 6.0 2.400 16.1 2.8 7.5 4.4
Cn c cc gi tr trong Bng 7.3, tin hnh v cc biu quan h (Hnh 7.1)
nh sau:
Hm lng bi tum n nh Marshall (Ct 2 v Ct 6).
Hm lng bi tum do ( Ct 2 v Ct 7).
Hm lng bi tum rng d (Ct 2 v Ct 5).
Hm lng bi tum rng ct liu (Ct 2 v Ct 2).
Hm lng bi tum rng lp y bitum nh nht (Ct 1 v Ct 4).
Hm lng bi tum T trng khi ca b tng asphalt hoc khi lung th
tch (Ct 1 v Ct 3). (Quan h ny khng phc v cho thit k hn hp b
tng asphalt, m nhm xc nh gi tr T trng khi ca b tng asphalt
tng ng vi hm lng bitum thit k tnh ra cht m nn hin
trng).
Cn c th Hnh 7.1, da trn cc biu quan h gia hm lng bitum v
cc ch tiu k thut tng ng (Bng 7.1) xc nh hm lng bitum tho mn tng ch
tiu (Hnh 7.1), sau xc nh hm lng bitum ti u tho mn tt c cc ch tiu
(Bng 7.4) (l khong hm lng bitum).
Cn c iu kin thc t d n, chn 1 gi tr nm trong khong . l hm
lng bitum ti u.
Vi hm lng bi tum ti u xc nh, cn c biu quan h hm lng nhat
trng khi hn hp (hoc khi lng th tch), xc nh t trng khi tng ng lm
c s xc nh cht lu ln hin trng.
Hnh 8.1. Biu quan h gia hm lng bitum v cc ch tiu k thut
Bng 7.4.
Tn ch tiu
T trng khi
Khi lng th
tch

rng
ct liu
VMA
(%)

rng
d
VA
(%)
n
nh
Marshall
(kN)
do
Marshall
(mm)
Gi tr quy nh Khng quy nh 1517
3.0
6.0
Min. 8 24
Phm vi hm lng
bitum tha mn tng
ch tiu (% khi lng
hn hp)

5.05
6.0
4.13
5.2
4.05.76 4.05.6
Phm vi hm lng
bitum tha mn tt c
cc ch tiu (% khi
lng hn hp)
Xc nh t trng
khi thit k
tng ng vi
hm lng bitum
ti u
5.055.2
7.5. KHUYNH HNG V QUAN H CA CC S LIU TH NGHIM
nhy ca cc tnh nng k thut hn hp b tng bitum theo hm lng bitum
trn cc biu c th theo cc khuynh hng sau:
ng cong n nh Marshall v ng cong T trng khi tng dn theo
hm lng bitum n gi tr ln nht v sau gim dn.
ng cong do Marshall tng theo hm lng bitum.
ng cong rng d gim khi hm lng bitum tng.
ng cong rng ct liu gm n gi tr nh nht sau tng theo hm
lng bitum
ng cong rng lp y bng bitum tng khi hm lng bitum tng.
7.6. LA CHN THIT K CUI CNG
Hn hp asphalt cui cng c la chn (vi hm lng bitum ti u) thng l
hn hp kinh t nht tho mn tt c cc yu cu k thut. Tuy nhin, hn hp asphalt
khng phi thit k tho mn ti u mt c tnh c bit no . Nhng hn hp c
n nh Marshall cao mt cch khng bnh thng th cn c xem xt bi v mt
ng s dng loi hn hp ny thng km bn v nt sm di tc dng ca lu
lng xe ln. Tnh hung ny c bit nghim trng nhng ni m vt liu lp mng
trn (base) v t nn (sugrade) bn di mt ng yu gy ra vng mt ng cao
di tc dng ca cc phng tin giao thng.
Hm lng bitum thit k c chn sao cho tho mn tt c cc c tnh ca hn
hp. Vic la chn hm lng bitum thit k c th c hiu chnh trong phm vi hp
ny m bo sao cho hn hp c cc c tnh ph hp vi cc yu cu k thut ca
d n. Cc c tnh khc c yu cu k thut khc i vi tng trng hp khc nhau,
ph thuc vo giao thng, kt cu, kh hu, thit b thi cng v cc nhn t khc. Do ,
qu trnh hiu chnh l khng ging nhau i vi cc mt ng v cc hn hp. Sau
y l mt s vn cn phi xem xt trc khi chnh thc ho hm lng nha thit k
cui cng:
nh hng ca ca rng ct liu. Nn trnh cc hm lng bitum nm
pha tng bn phi ca ng cong VMA m nn chn im ln cn pha
tri im thp nht ca ng cong trnh xu hng chy bitum do tha
lm gim cc tip xc gia cc ct liu v thm tr gy vt bnh xe b dn
ng. Tuy nhin nu la chn qu li v pha tri hn hp s qu kh c th
sy ra hin tng phn tng v rng d qu cao.
nh hng ca rng d. rng d t 36% l phm vi thch hp
c la chn theo kinh nghim nhiu nm. Phm vi rng d thng t
c trong thit k l khong 4% v rng d ngoi cng trng sau khi thi
cng xong khong 8%. Nu rng d cui cng nh hn 3% th mt ng
c th b ln hoc b dn ng. Nu rng d cui cng ln hn 5% trong
phng th nghim v ln hn 8% ngoi cng trng th c th xut hin gin,
nt sm, bong bt, trt. Nn la chn hm lng bitum ph hp vi phm vi
xp x v pha tri ca phm vi trung bnh cho php.
nh hng ca rng lp y bitum (VMA). Yu cu k thut VMA gip
ngi thit k trnh c hn hp c gi tr VMA nm phm vi bin cho
php. VMA cng hn ch rng d cho php ca hn hp.
nh hng ca rng lp y bitum (VFA). Tc dng chnh ca ch tiu
VFA l n gii hn tr s ln nht ca VFA v hm lng bitum, trnh c
nhng hn hp d b ln di tc dng ca giao thng nng.
nh hng ca mc m nn: cng mt hm lng bitum , c rng
d v rng ct liu u gim khi mc m nn tng ln. Trong phng
php thit k Marshall c ba mc m nn c dng m phng tnh
trng lm vic thc t ca hn hp b tng asphalt mt ng. Vic la chn
mc m nn s dng chn trong phng th nghim khi thit k hn hp l
rt quan trng. V do , hn hp b tng asphalt phi c thi cng m nn
ngoi hin trng vi cc thit b m nn tng ng t c cht ban
u tng ng vi mc m nn trong phng.
nh hng ca ma thi cng: Thi cng mt ng b tng asphalt vo ma
h thng cn hm lng bitum nh hn, trong khi thi cng mt ng b
tng nha vo ma xun hoc cc ma khc th cn hm lng bitum ln hn
m bo qu trnh lu ln c tt do vic lu ln c lin quan n nhit .
Bt k mt s thay i no v hm lng bitum trong hn hp cho d l rt
nh u phi m bo tho mn cc tiu chun k thut nh nu trn.
Chnh v vy, vic xc nh hm lng bitum theo khong (khng theo gi tr
trung bnh) c u im l d xc nh c gi tr hm lng bi tum thit k
cui cng bng cch dch v cn di hay cn trn ca khong .
nh hng ca lng xe lu thng: S lng v hot ng ca cc phng
tin giao thng c th nh hng n quyt nh cui cng nhm iu chnh
hm lng bitum thit k. Nu nh tnh hnh giao thng thc t vo cn
thp hoc cn cao ca bng phn loi giao thng dng la chn mc
m nn trong phng th nghim v yu cu k thut, th hm lng bitum c
th cn c hiu chnh l tng ng. Nhng khu vc c giao thng nng hn
cn mt hm lng nha nm trong phm vi cho php nh hn. Trong trng
hp hn hp c dng lm lp ph tng cng ti v tr ng vng, ni m
kt o ng chu tc ng tp trung ca cc phng tin giao thng (tnh
phn dng cao, tc rt chm, nhiu cp khc nhau) th phi ch thm
n tt c cc giai on trong qu trnh sn xut. Nn la chn hm lng
nha thit k t cn di ca phm vi yu cu k thut v cc yu cu m
nn ban u phi tho mn. Trong thi gian mt ng b tng asphalt ang
ngui, hn ch cc phng tin giao thng i ln mt ng.
7.7. PHNG PHP TH NGHIM MARSHALL CI TIN
c p dng vi loi b tng asphalt c c ht ln nht (theo sng vung) khng
vt qu 38mm. Th tc tin hnh theo cc trnh t nu i vi th nghim Marshall
nguyn bn, ngoi tr mt s iu chnh nh sau:
Khun c mu c ng knh trong 152,4 0,2mm.
Trng lng ba m l 10,2 0,02kg, ng knh mt m l
149,4 0,2mm, chiu cao ri ca ba l 4572mm.
Chiu cao tiu chun ca mu m l 95,2mm.
Thit b th nghim c ci tin ph hp vi th nghim mu kch
thc ln.
S c m tng 1,5 ln so vi th nghim Marshall nguyn bn (Bng 7.1).
Gi tr tiu chun thit k Marshall v n nh tng 2,25 ln, v do
tng 1,5 ln so vi quy nh ca th nghim Marshall nguyn bn.

CU HI N TP
1. Mc ch chung ca cng tc thit k hn hp b tng asphalt.
2. Ni dung thit k hn hp b tng asphalt theo phng php Marshall.
3. Cc ch tiu k thut ca b tng asphalt theo Marshall.
4. Phng php th nghim nh gi cc ch tiu k thut theo phng php
Marshall.



















Chng 8
THIT K HN HP B TNG ASPHALT
THEO CNG CHU NN LN NHT (TIU CHUN NGA)
8.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
Thit k thnh phn b tng asphalt nhm chn ra thnh phn theo khi lng ca
hn hp ct liu, bitum v ph gia tho mn cc yu cu k thut ca d n.
Thnh phn, cc tnh cht vt l c hc, tnh cht khai thc (cng v c)
tnh n nh nc, tnh n nh nhit, n nh trt, bn nc ca b tng asphalt
cn phi ph hp vi cc iu kin khai thc c th c qui nh trong tiu chun.
iu kin khai thc c th l ti trng hin ti, tng lai v iu kin kh hu.
Mt s khi nim c bn hng dn thit k thnh phn hn hp b tng asphalt
nh sau:
Lng dm trong hn hp cng ln th cng tng bn trt ca b tng
asphalt. Bin dng trt do pht trin cc vng mng v vy cc vng
mng khi chu ti trng nng m dng hn hp c lng dm cao.
Bitum c nht (dnh kt) cng thp th bn nn cng cao v vy nhng
vng kh hu n i (pha bc) s dng bitum c dnh kt thp, cc vng
nng (pha nam) s dng bitum c nht (tnh qunh) cao ( kim
ln thp).
c v cng b tng asphalt thay i theo s thay i hm lng bt
khong trong hn hp b tng asphalt.
Thnh phn b tng asphalt c th la chn theo hng dn ca cc tiu
chun ph hp vi cc iu kin khai thc thc t.
Lng bitum ti u trong hn hp c th xc nh theo hai phng php:
+ Phng php thc nghim: Th nghim trn cc mu th v thnh phn vi
lng bitum khc nhau. Xc nh lng bitum p ng yu cu cng ti a
v rng cn li ph hp vi yu cu ca tiu chun d n.
+ Phng php kt hp tnh ton v thc nghim xc nh lng bitum trong
hn hp tho mn rng cn li ca b tng asphalt v tiu chun thit k.
8.2. LA CHN DNG HN HP V THNH PHN HN HP
Khi la chn dng v mc ca hn hp cn xt n qui lut v kch thc ht vt
liu khong (chn ng knh ht ln nht thch hp ca ct liu). Khi ti trng ln v
ph hp vi ng cp I (s xe ngy m ln hn 7.000). Yu cu b tng asphalt c
n nh trt cao. Khi cn chn hn hp loi A (nhiu dm) mc I. Trn ng
(cp IV) c th chn hn hp loi B (t dm) mc II hoc III.
Ph hp vi lut ca c ht hay loi v mc ca hn hp c th chn theo
bng 8.1.
Bng 8.1. Loi v mc ca hn hp b tng asphalt theo cp ng
Cp ng Loi v mc ca hn hp
I, II
III
IV
A1, B1
B2, C2, G
G, , G1
Khi la chn loi v mc ca hn hp cn la chn thnh phn lng v bt
khong thch hp.
Hn hp b tng asphalt thng c chia lm 3 loi ph thuc vo yu cu s
dng: hn hp dng cho lp mt, lp chu lc, v lp mng.
Ct liu c kch c ln thng c dng lp mng, v lp mt s dng cc
ct liu nh. Cho d hn hp thit k l loi no th thit k, sn xut v xy dng vn
phi m bo to ra mt mt ng c kh nng lm vic hp l. Vic la chn loi hn
hp b tng asphalt cn ph thuc vo cp giao thng nng, va v nh. Cp giao thng
c phn theo lu lng xe/ngy m. Theo tiu chun Vit Nam c chia lm
nhng loi ng chnh nh sau:
ng cao tc, tc > 80km/h; lu lng xe bnh qun ngy m > 20.000 xe
ng cp I cp II, V > 100km/h; > 6.000 xe ngy m
ng cp III, V > 80km/h; > 3.000 xe ngy m
ng thnh ph, V> 80km/h; > 1.200 xe ngy m.
Cn c vo mc giao thng v cp ng c th chn cc tiu chun v thnh
phn hn hp b tng asphalt khc nhau. Hn hp dng cho lp mt cn m bo tnh
n nh v lu bn p ng c lu lng giao thng v chu c tc ng bt li ca
khng kh, nc v thay i nhit .
ng knh ln nht ca ct liu thng t 1020mm.
Hn hp lm cho lp chu lc c D = 2040mm. nhng ng c ti trng xe
ln v hay b ma nn s dng cp phi ht trung lm lp mt.
Hn hp dng cho lp mng thng s dng D ln.
Hn hp b tng ct thng s dng ct nghin hoc ct t nhin. Loi hn hp
ny c n nh khng ln, thng dng cho mt ng chu ti trng nh, va h,
khu gii tr v khng dng trong trng hp ng c lu lng xe ln.
ng cp IV c th s dng loi b tng nha ct hoc b tng nha ri ngui.
Th d: La chn thnh phn ca , ct v bt khong cho hn hp loi B, lng
dm 3552% v lng bt khong t 612% (lt qua sng 0.071mm) vi vt liu
c ghi bng 8.2.
Theo phng php la chn thnh phn vt liu khong trnh by Chng 6
Lng D =520mm l 50/95 = 47.5%, chn D = 45%.
Bt khong B = 9/75 = 12%
Ct: 100 4512 = 43%
Kim tra s ph hp vi thnh phn ht tiu chun ghi bng 8.2.
Thnh phn khong ca hn hp thit k ph hp vi thnh phn ht cho php
trong tiu chun
Bng 8.2. Thnh phn vt liu v kt qu tnh ton
Lng, %, lt qua sng kch thc, mm
Vt liu
20 10 5 2.5 1.25 0.63 0.31 0.14 0.071
dm 520mm 100 57 5
Ct sng 100 76 40 25 12 4 1
Bt khong 100 98 83 75
Hn hp theo
tiu chun
95
100
75
100
50
65
38
52
28
39
20
29
14
22
9
16
6 12
dm 45% 45 25.6 2.3
Ct sng 43% 43 43 43 43 24 10.7 5.1 1.72 0.43
Bt khong 12% 12 12 12 12 12 12 11.8 9.9 9.0
Thnh phn hn
hp chn
100 80.6 57.3 55 46 22.7 16.9 11.62 9.43
8.3. LA CHN PHNG PHP THIT K V YU CU K THUT
Phng php thit k v cc yu cu thit k l phn chnh trong yu cu k thut
ca d n ng. Cc hng sn xut hoc ch u t l nhng ngi c trch nhim v
quyn hn la chn phng php thit k v cc yu cu k thut. Khi cc yu t trn
c quyt nh th ngi k s thit k phi c trch nhim thc hin v tun th theo
ng cc yu cu v ch dn k thut. Tu theo loi d n c th la chn phng php
thit k v cc yu cu k thut theo tiu chun Vit Nam hoc tiu chun quc t
(thng l tiu chun ASTM hoc BS). Trn th gii thng s dng phng php
Marshall. Cc yu cu k thut ca b tng asphalt theo cc tiu chun c th xem
Chng 6 ca gio trnh ny. Nga thit k thnh phn b tng asphalt thng dng
tiu chun CH 912884.
8.4. XC NH LNG BITUM TI U
Lng bitum ti u l lng bitum trong hn hp ng vi cng b tng
asphalt ln nht v rng cn li khng vt qu cc gii hn qui nh (theo tiu
chun Nga) c xt n vng kh hu. Ngoi ra cn xem xt n cc quy nh v khi
lng ring ca b tng asphalt, rng ca hn hp vt liu khong ph hp vi cc
tr s yu cu. Cng ca b tng asphalt bin i theo mc tng khi lng ca
bitum trong hn hp cho n khi bitum lp y cc l rng ca vt liu khong iu
kin nhit v ch m cht nht nh. Lng bitum ti u gim khi p lc m
nn v nhit khi m nn hn hp tng ln. Lng bitum ti u c th tham kho cc
s liu ghi bng 8.3.
Lng bitum thng bin i tu thuc vo hn hp c hay rng, ct liu ln
hay nh.
xc nh chnh xc lng bitum ti u tin hnh ch to mt s hn hp t
thnh phn khong c la chn, lng bitum thay i theo mc 0.5%, xc nh
cc gi tr trung bnh trn cc mu th theo cc ch tiu qui nh, l c s xc nh
lng bitum ti u.
Bng 8.3. Lng bitum ti u cho cc loi hn hp b tng asphalt.
Dng ca hn hp Mc hn hp Loi b tng Lng bitum, %
Ht nh, ri nng A
B
B
B
c
c
rng
rt rng
56
5.56.5
4.56
2.53.5
B tng ct G, D

c
rt rng
79
46
xc nh lng bitum ti u cho b tng asphalt c t thnh phn vt liu
khong c la chn ch to 5 hn hp vi hm lng bitum l 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5 v 7%
v mi hn hp ch to 12 mu v th nghim xc nh cng chu nn dc trc
20
0
C, khi lng th tch, khi lng ring, rng ca hn hp vt liu khong.
Cng c xc nh khi nn cc mu th trn my.
Cc ch tiu vt l c xc nh theo phng php v cng thc Chng 6
Cng , rng ca hn hp vt liu khong v rng cn li l 3 ch tiu
chnh la chn hm lng bitum ti u.
Cc ch tiu trn ng vi cc hm lng bitum c v trn cc biu Hnh 8.1.
Trn biu ny cho thy ng vi mi ch tiu u c mt lng bitum ti u. Lng
bitum ti u tho mn 3 ch tiu trn l tr s trung bnh ca 3 lng bitum ti u cc b
(B1, B2, B3)
Ngoi ra, hm lng bitum ti u phi tho mn cc tnh cht khc hoc cc yu
cu khc m d n quy nh.
Th d v la chn thnh phn bitum ti u ph hp vi yu cu cng chu
nn 50
0
C l ln nht, rng ca hn hp vt liu khong t 1516%, khi lng
ring ca b tng asphalt t 2.602.61g/cm
3
, rng cn li l 3%
Cc kt qu th nghim c ghi bng 8.4.




Bng 8.4. Kt qu th nghim v tnh ton v cc tnh cht c hc v vt l
Cc tnh cht mu th vi hm lng bitum, %
Cc tnh cht c hc v vt l
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
rng ca hn hp vt liu
khong, %
rng cn li %
Khi lng ring, g/cm
3

Cng 50
0
C, MPa
Cng 20
0
C, MPa
n nh nc
ht nc
16.9

4.20
2.59
1.20
2.51
0.85
1.50
15.7

3.30
2.60
1.40
3.03
0.90
1.20
15.2

2.60
2.60
1.42
3.92
0.93
1.00
16.2

2.00
2.601
1.50
3.00
0.95
0.80
17.9

1.40
2.587
0.82
2.12
0.98
0.50



Hnh 8.1. Biu quan h gia lng bitum v cc ch tiu k thut
B
toi u
= (B1+B2+B3)/3
B
ti u
= (5.56+5.53+5.93)/3=5.67 %
Vi lng bitum ti u l 5.67 %, tra trn biu B4 tho mn rng cn li
ca b tng asphalt l 3%.
Nu nh rng cn li khng ph hp vi la chn th c th tnh gn ng
lng bitum theo cng thc sau:

B
oK
rd rK
V V
B

=
trong : B khi lng bitum %, tnh theo khi lng c ca ct liu
(100%);
V
rK
rng vt liu khong ca mu th nghim, %;
V
rd
tr s rng cn li (d) ca b tng asphalt;

B
khi lng ring ca bitum 20
o
C, g/cm
3
;

0K
khi lng th tch ca vt liu khong.
Khi lng bitum (%) tnh theo khi lng ton b ca b tng asphalt (100+B)
c k hiu l P
b
c tnh theo cng thc sau:
100
+
=
100 B
B
P
b
, %
trong : B khi lng ca bitum, % theo 100% l vt liu khong
Ch to 3 mu th v xc nh rng cn li ca b tng asphalt. Nu nh
rng cn li ph hp vi quy nh th c th s dng kt qu tnh trn.


CU HI N TP
1. Khi nim chung ca cng tc thit k hn hp b tng asphalt theo tiu chun
ca Nga.
2. Ni dung cng tc la chn thnh phn vt liu khong theo tiu chun ca Nga.
3. Ni dung cng tc la chn hm lng bitum ti u theo tiu chun ca Nga.






Chng 9
CH TO HN HP B TNG ASPHALT
9.1. KHI QUT V CNG NGH CH TO B TNG ASPHALT
Mc ch ca vic ch to l to ra mt hn hp b tng asphalt ng nht trong
cc ht ct liu ln c phn tn u v trn b mt ca cc ht c bc lp
bitum.
Cht lng ca vic ch to nh hng n cng , n nh nc ca b
tng asphalt. Cht lng ca lp bitum trn b mt ca ht khong c th lm tng hoc
gim cc tnh cht k thut ca b tng asphalt. Nu vic trn c cht lng thp th
cng c th gim n 2%. Nhit khi trn b tng asphalt thng t 120 160
0
C
tu theo lng v loi bitum c s dng. Trong hn hp b tng asphalt thng c
chia ra lm 3 pha: cng dm; lng bitum; kh khng kh. Lc dnh bm tt
nht ca bitum trn b mt xut hin trong iu kin sau:

k
>
b
+
bk

trong :
k
sc cng b mt ca

b
sc cng b mt ca bitum

bk
sc cng b mt ca vi bitum (25 40 epg/cm
2
)
Thi gian nho trn cng nh hng n cht lng ca hn hp b tng asphalt.
Cng ngh ch to b tng asphalt chia ra cc giai on sau:
Chun b;
Sy nng nguyn liu, trn kh, gia cng bitum;
Trn hn hp.
Cng ngh ch to b tng asphalt hon ton ph hp vi cc nguyn tc ca cng
ngh l thuyt c kt vt liu nhn to. Tuy nhin cng ngh ny c mt s im
khc nhau khi ch to cc dng b tng asphalt khc nhau.
9.2. CHUN B
Chun b v ct: v ct c lm sch bng nc (c th ra trong my
hoc ra trn bng truyn) v vn chuyn n kho cha. Ct v c gia nhit n
nhit t 140 160
0
C i vi hn hp b tng asphalt nng v 100 120
0
C i vi
hn hp b tng m. C 3 dng sy nng ct liu, gm: loi cc thng sy ngn cho
tng m; thng sy hnh tr quay; v thp sy. Sng phn loi ct liu thnh 4 loi theo
ng knh ht c cha cc thng cha ring.
Chun b bt : bt sau khi nghin nh c kim tra cht lng v sau
c cha xil ring, khng cn gia nhit.
Chun b bitum: bitum c gia nhit trong thit b c bit. i vi bitum qunh
nhit t 140 160
0
C, cn i vi bitum lng t 90 100
0
C. Qu trnh gia nhit
bitum m bo t ti nht c th nho trn v dnh bm tt vi vt liu khong.
9.3. TRN B TNG ASPHALT
9.3.1. PHN LOI TRM TRN
Theo tnh nng sn xut c th c 3 dng trm trn:
Trm trn chu k (theo tng m) sy nng gin tip;
Trm trn chu k sy nng trc tip;
Trm trn lin tc sy nng trc tip.
Cc loi trm ny c th c lp t c nh hoc lp t di ng trn cng
trng. Loi c nh thng l cc trm trn ln. Theo nng sut trn th c cc loi
trm trn: rt ln cng sut 200 400T/gi; loi ln 80 150T/gi; loi trung bnh
40 60T/gi; loi nh di 30T/gi.
9.3.2. TRM TRN CHU K SY NNG GIN TIP
Vi cc trm trn chu k sy nng gin tip, ct liu v bitum c chun b
trn thnh tng m t 300 5000kg, thi gian trn t 50 80 giy. Qu trnh hot ng
ca loi trm trn ny nh sau:













Hnh 9.1. Trm trn chu k sy nng gin tip
Vn chuyn ct liu bng xe hoc bng truyn n b phn rang sy l mt thng
quay ln bng kim loi c t nghing t 2 10
0
theo trc ca thng. u t bng
nhin liu gas hoc du phn thp nht ca thng to ra lung hn nng i qua thng
v thot ra u cao cui thng. Ct liu ngui i qua thng quay t ca trn c
chuyn dn qua lung kh nng v b nung nng khong gia v ra phn cui ca
thng trn cc gu nng. Nhit ca ct liu thng l 160
0
C. Vt liu c vn
chuyn thng ng n b sng ca thp, ct liu c phn chia thnh nhm theo
c ht xc nh v c lu tr trong cc thng gi nhit. Vt liu c ly ra t mi
thng c nh lng v np vo phu theo trnh t t c ht ln nht n c ht nh
nht. Mi loi ct liu c phn ring theo yu cu cho tng m trn theo cng thc
thit k.
Bitum sau khi c gia nhit c lu gi trong bn cha v c dn vo
my trn thng qua mt van nh lng.
Ct liu sau khi nh lng xong c vo my trn. My trn thng l mt
loi bn cu c hai trc quay c lp cnh trn xin gc vi trc.
Bitum s c cho vo trong qu trnh trn hn hp. Thi gian trn thng t
30 60 giy, thi gian ny m bo c cc ht ct liu bc u bitum v cc c
ht ct liu c phn b u trong hn hp. Hn hp trn xong c x trc tip vo
t chuyn dng vn chuyn ra cng trng.
Trm trn hot ng theo chu k (tng m) do ct liu c gia nhit trc khi
trn (cp nhit gin tip) nn d dng v iu chnh c cht lng ca hn hp. Loi
trm trn ny ph hp vi vic thi cng ng v sn bay. N c t c nh v c
cng sut t 100 400T/gi
Hnh 9.2. S cu to trm trn chu k sy nng gin tip
1 . Ct liu ngui; 2. nh lng ct liu ngui; 3 . Bng truyn;
4 . Nung ct liu; 5 . Ht bi ct liu; 6 . ng khi;
7 . Bng truyn; 8. Sng; 9 . thng cha;
10 . Cn; 11 . Thng trn;
12 . Thng cha bt khong t nhin;
13 . Thng cha bitum nng; 14 . nh lng bitum










Hnh 9.3. Trm trn uc lp t phc v xy dng sn bay
9.3.3. TRM TRN CHU K CP NHIT TRC TIP
Loi trm trn ny, cp phi ct liu ngui c nh lng theo tng m t b
phn cp liu ngui v c vo thng sy rang kh v sy nng ri c x vo
my trn trn vi bitum. b phn cp liu ngui, cp phi ct liu ngui theo t l
nh sn c vo phu kim tra trng lng trc khi rang sy. T l ct liu
khng c thay i trong sut qu trnh v do vy vic iu khin cp liu ngui phi
rt chnh xc. T phu nh lng cc ct liu c cho vo thng sy tng m mt.
Thc t thi gian nung sy mt m kh ngn. Sau ct liu c cho vo my trn
thng thng trn vi bitum.
Loi trm trn ny l trm trn chu k cp nhit trc tip v hn hp ct liu
ngui c xc nh thnh phn trc khi gia nhit. Chng cho php thay i nhanh
chng cc ch tiu k thut hn hp v khng b hn ch bi dung lng thng cha ct
liu nng. Cng sut ca trm c th t t 50 200T/gi. Tuy nhin kho ct liu c
m ln hn 2% th dng trm trn ny s khng kinh t (vi yu cu sy kh vt liu).
Do vy loi trm trn ny thch hp vi cc loi vt liu yu cu nhit va v thp
nh dm trn bitum hn l nhng hn hp c hm lng ct cao nh b tng nha.
9.3.4. TRM TRN LIN TC CP NHIT TRC TIP
Cc trm trn ny cung cp cc hn hp vt liu khong bitum m khng dng
h thng cc thng cha ct liu nng, phu nh lng v thng trn. V nguyn tc h
thng cp ct liu ngui ging nh m t trn. Tuy nhin trm trn thng quay
trm trn lin tc cp nhit trc tip th ct liu c cp lin tc t cc thng cp ct
liu ngui. Thnh phn cp phi ct liu phi chnh xc bi bt k mt sai st no v t
l cp liu s ch c pht hin khi cc mu ca hn hp vt liu trn xong c phn
tch phng th nghim.
Cc thng cp liu ngui ct liu vo cc bng ti, cc bng ti ny ln lt
cc ct liu vo bng truyn ti. Vic phi cp liu c thc hin mi cu cn cho
php biu th tc ca dng ct liu (lm gim m ct liu) v do vy cho php
tnh ton c lng ct liu mn v bitum cn thm vo.
Thng quay y c dng khc vi thng quay cc trm trn chu k cp
nhit gin tip 2 im c bn l: 1) u t t u cui ca thng quay v do vy
ct liu chy vo theo ngn la; v 2) hnh dng ca cc bung bn trong thng quay
phc tp hn.

Hnh 9.4. Mt trm trn thng quay
Hnh 9.5. S trm trn lin tc theo cng ngh Turbin
1. Thng cha ct liu ngui; 2. Bng truyn; 3 . Thng cha bt ;
4. b phn cp bitum; 5. Vi phun; 6. ng khi;
7. Sil cha hn hp trn; A. Nung nng ct liu; B. Trn.
Bn trong thng quay c hai khu vc. Khu vc th nht rang sy v cp phi
ct liu. Khu vc th hai trn ct liu nng vi bitum. Khu vc trn c bo v
bng mn chn ngn la hoc thit b lm tng mt ca mn ct liu bo v ct
liu c bc nha ( trn xong) khi bc x nhit t l sy.
Bitum c phun vo thng quay ti im khi u ca khu vc hai. Tc ca
dng bitum t l vi dng ct liu v c khng ch hoc bng cc bm nh trc cc
tc khc nhau hoc bng cc van c m khc nhau.
So vi cc trm trn khc lng khi x ca trm trn loi ny ch bng 10%
lng bi thi ra ca cc loi trc y. iu ny t c l do lng bi kh sinh ra
vng rang sy c hp th bi hn hp cp liu bitum vng trn.
Cc trm trn ny gi l trm trn lin tc cp nhit trc tip v cc ct liu c
rang sy lin tc trc khi trn vi bitum. Loi trm trn ny kh s dng mt cch linh
hot v i hi nhng thay i ln nu mun thay i dng hn hp cn nho trn. Tuy
nhin vic t ng ho iu khin bng my tnh bc u khc phc c nhng
vn ny. Loi trm trn ny tng i n gin v cc b phn kh nh. V vy n
kh l tng cho nhng gi thu nh ni cn lp t trm trn tm thi, c th di
chuyn c. S n gin ca chng cng lm gim chi ph bo dng v ci tin
tin cy. Tuy nhin u im vt tri hn c trm trn thng quay l cng sut ca
chng. Cng sut ca cc trm ny c th t 100 500T/gi. Chng l thit b l tng
cho nhng gi thu xy dng yu cu vt liu nha cng chng loi vi khi lng
ln v trong mt thi gian di.
9.4. KIM TRA K THUT
Cn xy dng cc phng th nghim ti cc trm trn kim tra cht lng ca
b tng asphalt sau khi sn xut nhm m bo tnh ph hp ca sn phm so vi tiu
chun.
Hai ch tiu k thut ch yu l cp phi v hm lng nha c xc nh trn
cc mu i din c ly theo tiu chun quy nh. C th s dng tiu chun Vit
Nam, tiu chun BS 598, hay tiu chun ASTM D4125. Phi ly mt s mu th vt
liu mt s v tr khc nhau: sau my trn, trn phung tin vn ti, ti my ri, ti
mt ng trc v sau khi m nn. Th nghim cc mu th ny c trnh by ti
Chng 6 ca cun sch ny. Cn c vo cc kt qu th nghim nh gi v iu
chnh qu trnh sn xut.
9.5. TI CH B TNG ASPHALT
Ti ch b tng asphalt c l cn thit nhm tn dng li cc vt liu. Vic ti ch
b tng asphalt c c th chia ra lm 2 nhm: ti ch ti hin trng v ti ch trong
nh my.
9.5.1. TI CH TI HIN TRNG
C 3 hnh thc ti ch mt ng b tng asphalt c ti hin trng, gm: ri
li; trn li; v x l li.
Phng php ri li: Nung nng v co xi mt ng c vi chiu su khong
20mm sau b tng nha nng c ri ln trn v lu ln. Qu trnh ny c hon
thnh theo tng vt di chuyn theo tng t hp my lm li mt ng m bo cht
v gn tt gia vt liu mi v vt liu c.
Phng php trn li: Mt ng c nung nng v co xi sau c trn
vi b tng asphalt mi trong mt my trn. Hn hp c trn xong, ri v m cht
ngay trn b mt ng c.
Phng php x l ngui: Co xi mt ng c vi chiu su n 75mm.
Nghin v vt liu xi ln n kch c yu cu. Ti 2 n 3 ln nh tng bitum,
phay u hn hp v lu bng lu t 8 10T. Cui cng ri mt lp lng mt. Phng
php ny thng c p dng cho mt ng khng nhiu xe chy.












Hnh 9.6. Qu trnh ri li mt ng
9.5.2. TI CH TRONG NH MY (TRM TRN)
Theo cng ngh ny vt liu c bc ra khi mt ng sau c vn chuyn
n trm trn. trm trn chng c nghin nh, rang sy v trn vi mt phn cc
ct liu mi. Phng php ny m bo trong qu trnh sn xut khng to kh thi,
khi v c cht lng ging nh b tng asphalt s dng cc vt liu khng ti ch.
Vic ti ch trong trm trn chu k c thc hin nhit cao. Vt liu ti ch v
ct liu mi c trn ngay trong my trn nn s trao i nhit gia vt liu mi v c
c thc hin trong sut chu k trn. Ngc li, vic ti ch bng trm trn lin tc
gn lin vi cng ngh x l vt liu ngay chnh trong thng quay. Phng php ny
khng sch nn t c dng. Vic nghin cu vt liu ti ch cn c tip tc.
Phng php ti ch b tng asphalt c trong nh my theo cng ngh Nga: Vic
ti s dng b tng asphalt c, nhng loi c khai thc mt s nm sau khi c
nhng ph hoi do bin dng ln, c th tin hnh theo cc hng sau:
Ph hoi lp ph c vn chuyn n my chuyn dng ABZ gia cng li.
Lp ph c c bc i 40 50mm sau ri ln lp mi.
Nung sy b tng asphalt c sau trn vi cc cht do ri ri v m cht.
Nung sy b tng asphalt c, s dng lm ph gia cho b tng asphalt mi ri ri
v m chc.
Nung sy b tng asphalt c, lm ti, ri lp b tng asphalt mi v m cht.
Thng thng lp mt ng b tng asphalt c tui th t 15 20 nm. Tuy
nhin, do nhiu tc ng nh nh sng mt tri, xy ho, ti trng giao thng v.v. lm
gim kh nng chu lc, ph hoi lp ph. Trong qu trnh s dng thng thng lng
bitum chim khong 5 8% b gi i v v vy cn tch lng bitum ra khi hn hp
gia cng li hoc gia cng ngay trong hn hp c. C th s dng cc ph gia, hoc cho
thm lng bitum mi.
Ti ch b tng asphalt trong nh my c th theo cng ngh trn my DC154 nh
c m t hnh 9.7.
Khi bt u gia cng, nhit trong l gn n 600
0
C, nhit cui ca l
khong 160 180
0
C, trong cng ngh ny cn phi a vo cc cht ph gia vi hm
lng hp l. S ca l gia cng xem hnh 9.8.
Hnh 9.7. S cng ngh trm trn DC154 ti ch b tng asphalt c
1. Np liu; 2. My nghin; 3. Thit b ra;
4. Cabin iu khin; 5. Sil cha bt khong; 6. dm, ct;
7. Thng cha b tng asphalt c; 8. L nung;
9. ng cp
bitum; 10. Thng cha b
tng asphalt mi.










Hnh 9.8. L nung hn hp b tng asphalt s dng ph gia l b tng asphalt c
a. S gia cng hn hp vi ph gia l 30 50% b tng asphalt c;
b. S gia nhit cho hn hp b tng c vi hn hp b tng mi;
c. S gia nhit trong cng ngh thng quay.

CU HI N TP
1. Trnh by khi qut v cng ngh ch to b tng asphalt.
2. Cc loi trm trn v cng ngh trn hn hp b tng asphalt.
3. Ti ch mt ng b tng asphalt c v cc cng ngh ti ch.












Chng 10
VN CHUYN, RI V M HN HP B TNG ASPHALT
10.1. VN CHUYN
B tng asphalt c vn chuyn n cng trng trong iu kin c che chn
tt, cc xe ti c bt che phng s gim nhit qu mc hoc s to lp v cng
trn mt trong thi gian trn, x vo phu ca my ri. Cc xe thng c ph bt hai
lp trong thi tit lnh.
d vt liu nng c d dng ngi ta ri mt t ct hoc bi y thng xe
trc khi cht ti. Tuyt i khng c dng du diezel cho mc ch ny v du c xu
hng ng li mt sn xe v b hn hp nng hp th. Du ny s lm mm bitum v
n khng c phn tn u khi ri do vy lm cho vt liu ri b nhng ch mm cc
b. iu c bit c hi nu vt liu c dng lm lp mt.
10.2. RI HN HP B TNG ASPHALT
Hnh 10.1 cho thy s cu to ca mt my ri kiu bn gt ni. My ri bao
gm hai b phn: u ko v b san gt.
u ko c 3 chc nng:
Cung cp nng lng c hc, in v thy lc;
Tip nhn vt liu t xe ti, chuyn v phn phi vt liu ti mt bn san;
Ko b phn san gt.
B san gt cng c 3 chc nng:
Ri lp vt liu mt cch chnh xc theo hnh dng v cao quy nh;
m s b lp ri;
To lp thm b tng asphalt c b mt mn phng.
Vt liu t xe ti c cho vo phu ca b phn ko. Hai h thng cp liu c
lp chuyn vt liu qua c cu bng chuyn xch. Dng vt liu t phu c khng ch
bi tc ca bng ti hoc iu chnh bi ca ra vt liu pha sau phu. Khi vt liu
c tho ra t pha sau ca b phn ko, n c phn phi theo phng ngang vi tc
ca bng ti tri v phi.
C mt s b san gt khc nhau, to kh nng c th san ri cho cc ng c
b rng khc nhau, cc bn san cng c ni rng. iu ny c th t c bng trc
bulng lin kt thanh tng cng vi bn gt cng hoc c cu thy lc. Bn gt cng
c th c ch to vi b rng n 12,5m. Tuy nhin cc bn gt thy lc c u im
l chng cho php thay i b rng vt ri bng cng tc iu khin ngay trong lc my
ri ang di chuyn. Chiu rng vt ri cc my kiu Anh thng thay i t 2,5m n
4,75m v b phn ni rng bng trc bulng c th cho php ri vi b rng ln ti
6,5m. Cc my ri kiu Nga c chiu rng vt ri 3 3.5m, vi cc my ri lin hp c
th ri mt vt ti 7.5m (DC110). Hin nay Anh v Nga thng s dng cc my ri
v san t ng c th khng ch chnh xc chiu dy ca lp b tng asphalt (hnh
10.1). Cng sut ca my ri c th t 25 35T/gi. Chiu di ca vt ri ph thuc vo
nhit khng kh. Nhit khng kh t 10 15
0
C th chiu di vt ri t 60 100m,
nhit khng kh t 15 25
0
C th chiu di vt ri t 100 150m. Nhit ca hn
hp khi ri ph thuc vo dng hn hp v mc ca bitum, vi b tng nng nhit ri
ti thiu l 120
0
C, i vi b tng m l 70
0
C, i vi b tng ngui khng nh hn
50
0
C. Chiu dy lp ri ln hn chiu dy thit k t 20 30%.















Hnh 10.1. My ri b tng asphalt
10.3. M NN HN HP B TNG ASPHALT
10.3.1. Tng qut
m cht l qu trnh nn hn hp b tng asphalt n th tch nh
nht c th, iu chnh phi hp ca cc ht lm gim rng khi.
m nn l giai on quyt nh nht trong vic thi cng bt k lp
vt liu no ca kt cu mt ng. S m nn lm cho cc ht cu trc
ca vt liu tip xc cht ch vi nhau v gim thiu l rng d. S m
nn c nh hng quyt nh n cht lng lp ph mt ng v tui th ca n.
Nhng lp ph c m nn km thng gim kh nng n nh nc v gim thi
gian khai thc n 2 ln. Khi tng cc lc m nn cu trc ca b tng asphalt c
thay i, cc tnh cht vt l v c hc cng thay i (xem bng 10.1).
Bng 10.1. Quan h gia cc tnh cht vt l v c hc ca b tng asphalt vi ti
trng m nn
Ti trng m chc
Tnh cht vt l v c hc
10MPa 30MPa 50MPa
Khi lng ring, g/cm
3

rng ca vt liu khong, %
rng d, %
ht nc theo th tch, %
Th tch khng kh, %
Cng chu nn, MPa 20
0
C
H s bo ho nc,
2.31
17.4
6.4
5
0.91
4.67
0.92
2.36
15.4
4.2
3.24
0.26
6.04
0.98
2.39
14.5
2.9
2.27
0.21
7.3
0.98
Vic m s b vt liu ri c thc hin bng thit b m, thit b chn ng
hoc c hai. Thit b m c ni vi c cu truyn ng thy lc lin kt vi trc lch
tm trn khung ca bn san. Khung m c gn cht vi trc truyn. Nhng trc lch
tm ny chuyn i chuyn ng quay ca trc truyn thnh chuyn ng thng ng
khung m m s b vt liu. Mt bn rung cng lin kt vi b phn truyn ng
thy lc t trn khung bn san. Tuy nhin bn rung trc lch tm c thay bng mt
gi trong gn lch tm vo trc truyn do vy khi trc truyn quay th bn san rung
ng. Bn san chn ng lm cho vt liu c ri rt nhanh, trong khi tm m to nn
mt b mt tt hn v ni chung hiu qu m s b cao hn, nhng vic m ln s b
cng lm cho tc ri chm. Vic kt hp bn m v rung khi san ri ni chung cho
kh nng m nn tt hn nhng lm chm tc ri.
Vic m nn b tng asphalt c xc nh bi cc yu t sau:
Chiu dy lp ri;
Nhit ti thiu ca vt liu ra khi thng trn;
Nhit lu ln ti thiu;
Loi lu v trng lng lu.
Vic lu ln bt u tin hnh cng nhanh cng tt (ngay sau khi ri) m khng lm
vt liu b dn y nhiu qu (vt liu cng nng th cng mm) v tip tc cho n lc
khng cn vt di s di chuyn ca bnh lu. Mc ch m nn l t c cao yu
cu v cc ch tiu k thut mt ng theo quy nh. Tc chuyn ng ca cc my
lu nh khng vc qu 0.5km/gi, cn cc my lu nng khng vt qu 1.5
2.5km/gi.
S la chn cng sut m nn thch hp c th ko di tui th mt ng ti
30%. Cc th nghim v nhit lu, s ln lu cho cc loi ct liu khc nhau cng thu
c kt qu tng t. S tng cng ng hc cng lm gim ng sut ko pht sinh
do ti trng y lp mng ng, kt qu l lm tng ng k kh nng chu mi ca
vt liu. S bin dng ca cc lp b tng asphalt trong kt cu mt ng gp phn
ng k kh nng chu mi ca vt liu. S bin dng ca cc lp b tng asphalt trong
kt cu mt ng gp phn ng k vo s bin dng chung (ca kt cu nn mt
ng) o c trn mt ng (di ti trng xe chy). xc nh kh nng chng
bin dng ca lp mng bitum, TRRL tin hnh cc th nghim m phng vt
bnh xe trn vt liu nhit 30oC vi lp xe c t ti 20kN, cho thy bin
dng o c sau 1000 chu k ti trng gim i nhanh chng nh ci thin cng tc
m nn, gim 3% rng trong ct liu khong v kt qu l gim bin dng ti 50%.
Ci thin cht lng m nn lm ci thin ng k kh nng phn b ti trng,
kh nng chng li ni bin dng ca b tng asphalt v r rng lm tng tui th ca
mt ng.
10.3.2. CC PHNG PHP M NN
Cng tc m nn c th c ci thin bng cch:
Tng chiu dy lp ri;
Tng cng m nn.
10.3.2.1. Tng chiu dy lp vt liu
Lp vt liu dy hn s gi nhit lu hn v do vy cho php tng thi gian m
nn c hiu qu sau khi ri. Thi gian ngui dn ca lp b tng asphalt t khi bt u
ri n nhit cui cng (c th m nn hiu qu) l mt hm s ca chiu dy lp:
t = k d (10.1)
trong : t thi gian ngui dn ca hn hp t thi im bt u ri n kt
thc lu;
d chiu dy lp ri;
k l mt hng s, c ln ty thuc vo iu kin mi trng,
nhit lc bt u ri v khi kt thc lu ln.
Nh vy khi tng chiu dy lp ri ln 25% c th ko di thi gian ngui (thi
gian m) 50%. Bng 10.2. cho thy ngha tng i ca chiu dy lp ri vi mt s
yu t khng ch c v khng khng ch c. Trong cc yu t nu th tc gi
nh hng ln hn bin nhit khng kh nhng hiu ng ca c 2 yu t khch quan
ny nh hn cc yu t khng ch c l chiu dy lp ri v nhit hn hp lc bt
u ri.
Bng 10.2. Quan h gia cc yu t khc nhau v thi gian m nn

Cc yu t Khong bin thin
S thay i thi
gian m nn, (%)
Tc gi
Nhit khng kh
Bc x nhit ca mt tri
Chiu dy lp ri
Nhit vt liu khi bt u ri
Nhit ti thiu cho php m nn
c
0 n 20km/h
0 n 20
o
C
+ 10
o
C
35mm n 45mm
140
o
C n 160
o
C
100
o
n 90
o
C
26
+19
+15
+57
+40
+30
Lu :
Gi tr +10
o
C do bc x nhit ca mt tri l gi tr chnh lch nhit gia b
mt ng vi nhit khng kh;
S thay i thi gian m nn bi s tng nhit khi bt u lu ln c tnh
ton trn c s nhit kt thc m nn l 100
o
C;
S thay i thi gian m nn bi s gim nhit m ti thiu cho php tnh
ton trn c s ly nhit bt u m nn l 150
o
C.
Tuy vy tng chiu dy lp ri khng phi l gii php vn nng cho cng vic
m nn. Vi lp vt liu dy ri nng do tc dng ca thi tit, mt lp v b mt
tng i lnh to nn lp vt liu cng trn mt khi vt liu mm c th to nn s
rn nt lp v cng b mt dy lp vt liu c ri, ngi ta thy rng khi lp ri c
chiu dy qu 200 mm th cc ch tiu cht lng b mt khng cn t yu cu qui
nh.
10.3.2.2. Cng tc m nn
Yu cu chnh ca mt my lu l bo m m lp vt liu ri mt
cch c hiu qu v m bo mt b mt bng phng ng u. Trc y
yu cu ny vn c p ng bng lu bnh cng 3 bnh trng lng tnh 8
10 tn. Tuy nhin, t cui nhng nm 70 vic s dng lu chn ng tr nn ph
bin.
Cc lu tnh nh loi 2 bnh, 3 bnh (Hnh 10.2) c trng lng t 5 12 tn.
Ngoi khi lng c nh ca lu, trng lng tnh ca lu c iu chnh
bng cch thm vo hoc bt i cc khi gia trng trn lu. Lc m nn
c nh gi qua i lng p sut tnh, tc l tr s ca ti trng tnh
chia cho din tch tip xc ca bnh lu vi b mt vt liu. Vi cc my lu
c trng lng tnh cho trc, chng cn c din tch vt tip xc nh nht
v vt liu s c tip xc vi p sut ln nht, do vy s cho hiu qu
m nn cao. i vi hn hp ht nh th bt u s dng lu nh lu 5 6
ln sau lu t 6 8 ln bng cc lu bnh hi, cui cng lu t 6 8 ln
bng cc lu nng. i vi lu u tin s gim chiu dy l Z1, ln th hai
gim Z2, cn ln th ba th gim i Z3.














Hnh 10.2. Lu bnh thp tnh
Nh vy chiu dy mt ng sau lu h = H Z1 Z2 Z3. Nu
ng knh ca bnh lu l 104cm th p lc bng 1.2 p lc bnh lu c
ng knh 175cm. Cc my lu bnh lp ca Nga c k hiu DI55 nng
20T, lu rung c k hiu DI47B. Cc my lu lin hp c k hiu DI55 c
khi lng t 9 12T. Cc loi lu c th xem cc Hnh t 10.2 n 10.4.








Hnh 10.3. Lu chn ng DV 90 TV trng lng 8885 kg









Hnh 10.4. Lu bnh lp GRW18 (14680kg)
Cc lu 2 bnh v 3 bnh c coi l tng ng nhau v hiu qu lu ln mc d
lu 2 bnh c chiu rng bnh san, ng knh bnh san nh hn vi lu 3 bnh nhng p
lc trn mt n v b rng vt lu ca 2 loi l nh nhau. Lu 3 bnh c u chung
hn do cu to 3 bnh nn c n dnh hn, c bit khi lu cc vt st mp nn ng
hoc nh mui luyn ni m lu 2 bnh thng b ung a v lm cho b mt km u
n. Lu 3 bnh cng c coi l hiu qu hn cho nhng ln lu cui cng hon thin
mt ng.
Nhiu th nghim nh gi hiu qu ca lu chn ng (lu rung) c tin hnh
trn th gii trong vng 17 nm gn y. Kt lun chnh t nhng th nghim ny l vi
cc c trng chn ng v trng lng tnh thch hp lu rung c th:
t c hiu qu m nn nh lu tnh vi s ln lu t hn;
t c cht ch ln hn lu tnh;
t c bin dng b mt nh lu tnh;
Cc lu chn ng hu ht l loi 2 bnh (Hnh 10.3.)
Thm vo hiu qu m nn do trng lng tnh ca my lu, c mt gia lc c
sn sinh do c cu rung ng, vi bin v tn s rung ng c th c iu chnh
cho ph hp vi yu cu m nn cc vt liu khc nhau. B gy chn ng thng
c nh v trong tang lu, l ra khi khung chnh ca b phn treo mm gim thiu
cc chn ng truyn n thn m, m ch truyn ti bnh lu. Thng thng b phn
gy rung l mt khi quay lch tm, n xc nh tn s rung ng. Bin rung ng
c khng ch bi trng lng ca khi lch tm v khong cch t n ti tm quay.
Hiu qu ca cc my m rung dng lc m nn ng hc ty thuc vo mi
quan h tng h phc tp ca my v vt liu c rung ng. Yu t quan trng nht
nh hng ti s lm vic ca my l khi lng ca b phn chn ng, tn s, bin
rung v tc lu.
Bng 10.3 so snh kt qu cc th nghim m nn ca 8 loi m rung khi s
dng cc bin , tn s khc nhau vi cht t c khi dng lu tnh 8 tn cho cng
mt loi vt liu. Kt qu th nghim cho thy cht t c bng lu rung cao hn
ti 4% so vi dng lu tnh. Cng trnh ny c khng nh tim nng ca cc lu
chn ng nhng cc kt qu khng cho thy bt k mi quan h tng hp no gia
cc c trng chn ng, ti trng tnh v kch thc m vi cht t c vt
liu nha m ln xong. Do vy m bo rng ring lu chn ng c kh nng
t c hiu qu m nn yu cu cn phi tin hnh cc th nghim thch ng.
Bng 10.3. Mi quan h gia m nn t c vi cc lu rung khc nhau
cht t c bng lu rung
cht t c bng lu tnh 8 tn
m
chn
ng
Khi
lng
(tn)
Khi lng trung
bnh trn 1 n v
chiu rng (tn/m) Bin cao,
tn s thp
Bin thp,
tn s cao.
A 8.9 3.23 1.03 1.02
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
9.5
8.9
7.0
6.8
6.8
6.6
7.0
2.81
2.71
2.52
2.45
2.44
2.37
2.33
1.01
1.01
1.04
1.00
1.00
1.03
1.01
1.02
1.01
1.02
1.01
1.03
1.03
1.00
Lu tnh 8.0 3.35 1.00 1.00
10.3.3. PHNG HNG CI TIN K THUT M NN
Nhit ca vt liu bi tum v s ln lu ln l cc tham s quan trng
nh hng n cht m nn. Gn cnh vt bnh xe rng c th cao
hn 5% so vi vt liu trung tm vt ri. TRRL xem xt cc yu t
nh hng n mc m nn t c v xut mt quy trnh cng
ngh mi c thit k tng s ln m nn vt bnh xe, Phng php ny cho
php tng cht thc t v tr gii hn ny ln 1 2%
10.4. CC CH TIU K THUT KIM TRA M NN B TNG ASPHALT
C hai vn i vi ch tiu m nn:
Cch thc m nn (quy trnh cng ngh m nn);
H s m cht.
Quan im chung trong lnh vc cng nghip ch to vt liu c s dng bitum v
xem xt cc kha cnh khc nhau xc nh cc ch tiu yu cu nh gi kt qu m
nn t c hiu qu lu ln cao. Hin thi cn tn ti 3 ch tiu nh gi kt qu m
cht khc nhau:
T l Marshall: so snh cht t c hin trng vi kt qu m cht tiu
chun trong phng th nghim, phng php ny c p dng rng ri M v rt
nhiu nc Chu u v trong cng ngh thi cng sn bay Vng quc Anh;
rng: so snh cng dung trng vt liu sau m cht ti hin trng vi dung
trng vt liu theo l thuyt;
H s m cht (PRD): so snh cht vt liu sau m cht ti hin trng vi
cht ca vt liu m cht trong phng th nghim.
10.4.1. CH TIU RNG
Trong nhiu nm nay cc nh qun l ng a ra ch tiu rng ti thiu
vi ti a vo cc quy trnh ca h nh mt phng thc qun l cht lng lu ln, c
bit i vi lp mt ng bng asphalt ri nng. Tuy nhin cng nn tha nhn rng
vic s dng rng nh mt i lng o cht c mt s hn ch:
Vic tnh ton rng i hi phi xc nh chnh xc c v thnh phn ca cc
mu v khi lng ring tt c cc thnh phn ca hn hp. Khi lng ring ca ct
liu thng rt sai khc so vi khi lng ring ca ct liu c kch c tiu chun, do
vy cn xc nh ring r cho cc loi kch c ht ct liu khc nhau, v th i hi chi
ph v cng sc cho cng tc lm th nghim cao;
Cc ct liu c c tnh d hp th do cho kt qu th nghim d b sai lch;
Hnh dng ht ct liu, cc c trng cu trc v hp th lm nh hng ti
rng. V th, vi mt mu kch c ct liu nht nh rng s rt khc vi rng ca
ct liu c dng v ch tiu rng c quy nh t c lu ti.
10.4.2. H S M CHT
Xu hng c chp nhn l thit lp mi quan h gia cht t c hin
trng vi kt qu m nn ti a t c bng th nghim cht trong phng
th nghim.
Th nghim xc nh t l cht/ cht (PRD) c thc hin trn cc mu th
ly t lp vt liu mt ng m nn xong. cht ban u ( cht thc t) c
th hin nh mt t l phn trm so vi cht o c sau khi m nn mu ti
chi (trong phng th nghim). chnh xc cho cng vic th nghim mu c khoan
trc tip t mt ng. Bng th nghim ngi ta thy rng chi t c thp hn
1.5 3% so vi chi t c khi th nghim vi cng loi vt liu trn mu vt
liu lu ln xong. iu chng t s sp xp cc thnh phn ct liu khi m nn
hin trng khng ging nh khi m vt liu ri trong phng th nghim.
Hn ch chnh ca th nghim PRD l mt nhiu thi gian. hon thnh mt th
nghim PRD y phi mt 3 4 ngy cng th nghim trong phng th nghim hay
7 gi cho 6 mu th. Nh vy, khng p ng kp thi cho th nghim kim tra vt liu
ti hin trng (dn ti nguy c vt liu thi cng km phm cht m khng kp thi pht
hin c khc phc). Tuy nhin khi dng kt ni vi thit b o cht bng phng
x ht nhn th th nghim PRD tiu tn thi gian t hn so vi vic p dng y cc
quy phm xc nh nhanh rng.
Sau mt th nghim ton din v PRD, DTP n hnh tiu chun ngnh v thi
cng ng (ln th 6). Cc th nghim chnh xc cho thy lch tiu chun ca cc
cp mu n vt liu bitum lm mng ng l 1,5%. t c m nn ng
u vi 95% PRD th PRD thc t ti thiu phi t c 93%.
Theo tiu chun Vit Nam v tiu chun Nga, m cht c xc nh theo
cng thc sau:

KT
BC
t
K

=
trong :
BC
cht (khi lng ring) ca b tng asphalt ly t lp ph
ca mt ng;

BT
cht ca mu th th nghim.
Yu cu i vi b tng nng asphalt v m loi A v B th K
t
ln hn 0.99;
i vi hn hp b tng asphalt loi C, D, E th K
t
ln hn 0.98;
i vi hn hp b tng asphalt ngui th K
t
ln hn 0.96.
Khi thi cng khng t cht th thi hn phc v ca lp ph s b gim.
10.5. TNH CNG TC CA B TNG ASPHALT
Thut ng tnh cng tc c dng m t s d dng trong cc qu trnh
trn, ri, m nn b tng asphalt. Cc hn hp c tnh cng tc thp thng kh ri v
m nn. iu ny c th nh hng ti chiu cao ca bn san, chiu cao ny b gii
hn c bit khi ci to cc lp o ng c. Cc vt rch hoc ko trn b mt ca
thm vt liu cng chnh l biu hin c trng ca cc hn hp vt liu kh thi cng.
Trong qu trnh m nn, cc hn hp vt liu kh thi cng dch chuyn t di
bnh lu. Sc khng ni chuyn dch ny l ng lu nht, c bit khi m lp mt
asphalt ri nng c lp gm, khi phi ng thi lu gm cht lp vo mt
ng. Vi hn hp asphalt ri nng khng d thi cng th kh nng gm cht lp
cy vo b mt lp vt liu l kh kh khn do khng kh nng m nn. Nh vy,
lp vt liu c lu ln km ny s b gm mn loang l v cui cng hng mt lp
gm. Do yu cu tng nhm v m dn n tng t l dm ( nhit mi trng)
trong khi lng va bao quanh ht gm khng , iu ny s dn n kt qu
bong mt lp dm.













Hnh 10.5. Ton cnh ri v m nn lp mt bng asphalt ri nng
i vi b tng asphalt ri nng, hnh dng v rp ca ct rt c ngha lm
cho hn hp c d thi cng khc nhau. Dng nhiu ct xay th c kh nng chng
bin dng ca hn hp tt hn nhng iu ny s ko theo gim d thi cng khi m
nn v lm tng kh nng bong bt nhanh chng lp gm b mt.
Sc khng ni chuyn dch ca hn hp bitum, yu t xc nh d thi cng ca
n li chu nh hng bi cc thuc tnh vt l ca ct liu nh hnh dng, t l b mt,
nhm b mt, t l ct liu ln trong hn hp, thnh phn cp phi ht v cc thuc
tnh lu bin ca bitum.
Ba yu t to nn sc khng ni dch chuyn l:
S dnh bm ct liu ca bitum, yu t ny chu nh hng bi khi lng v loi
bt khong thm vo hn hp;
Ni ma st trong ct liu khong, yu t ny chu nh hng bi cp phi ht,
hnh dng ct liu, t din v nhm b mt ct liu;
nht ca hn hp, yu t ny chu nh hng bi nht ca bitum v ni ma
st do bt khong v ct liu gy ra.
S dnh bm v ni ma st to nn sc khng chuyn dnh ban u ca hn hp v
do n quan h vi s ngng m nn. nht ca hn hp cng lin quan ti s
dch chuyn ban u ca hn hp.
10.6. NHM B MT
Vi vt liu lp ph b mt, nhm b mt rt quan trng m bo s khng
trt khi xe chy tc cao trong iu kin m t. nhm b mt ca ng gm 2
phn, chng gp phn vo kh nng khng trt ca mt ng.
Thnh phn th nht l nhm vi m, l rp ca phn mt ht ct liu nh
ra trn mt ng. Kh nng duy tr nhm vi m ca ct liu di tc dng ca xe c
ty thuc ch yu vo thuc tnh chu mi mn ca ct liu. Thuc tnh ny c th nh
lng bng th nghim mi mn ca tng ng (PSV). nhm vi m l yu t u
th trong vic cung cp kh nng khng trt khi xe chy vi tc thp, ti 50km/h
trn mt ng m t v n lm cho lp xe n su vo mng nc trn b mt rp ca
ct liu. iu ct li l lc cng b mt ca nc b trit gim, mng nc b phn tn
v lp xe duy tr c dnh bm vi mt ng.
Thnh phn th 2 ca nhm b mt l nhm v m. nhm ny c to
nn bi th nm, kch c v hnh dng ca cc ht ct liu b mt ng. Bng 10.4
gii thiu cc tr s nhm v m (xc nh bng chiu su rc ct) ca b mt vt liu
bitum khc nhau. Chc nng ca nhm v m l to cc khe thot nc, n cho php
phn tn mt nc pha trc v xung quanh lp xe ln. Cng dng ca nhm v
m cao l m bo cho sc khng trt c duy tr k c khi xe chy vi tc cao.
Trc y, nhm v m c xc nh bng phng php rc ct. Mc d th nghim
rc ct c thc hin kh n gin nhng r rng l tin cy ph thuc rt nhiu vo
ngi thc hin th nghim.
Mt phng php mi c TRRL nu ra da trn cng ngh laze. Mt xung
ng cc nhanh ca laze bn dn phng tia sng ln b mt ng, tia sng phn x
t mt ng c hi t bi mt thu knh i ti mt mng angten gm 256 mt cm
quang. V tr tip nhn nh sng th nht cho bit ngay tr s khong cch ti mt
ng. Chiu su cu trc ( nhm v m) c tnh ton t mt lot gi tr o nh
vy. Thit b laze c lp trn mt xe th nghim hay cn gi l o nhm tc
nhanh (HSTM) dng tc nghip trn cc ng cng cng tc giao thng bnh
thng. Ngoi ra cn c my o nhm dng mini (MTM) l mt thit b c hai bnh
xe t song song c iu khin bng tay. Dng cc thit b ny c th nhn c cc
kt qu o nhm nhanh v ng tin cy hn phng php thng thng (rc ct).
Bng 10.4. nhm v m ( su rc ct) ca b mt b tng asphalt mi thi
cng
Vt liu lp mt
nhm v m
(bng phng php rc ct), mm
B tng asphalt
nha cht
Asphalt ri nng (t dm)
Asphalt ri nng (nhiu dm)
nha thm nc
Lp lng mt
0.4 0.6
0.6 1.2
0.5 1.2
1.2 2.5
1.5 3.5
2.0 3.5
Ghi ch: Vi nha cht nhm v m ph thuc kch c ht tiu chun v cp
phi ct liu;
Vi asphalt ri nng nhm v m ph thuc vo c ht tiu chun, lng
dm v mc gn bm ca dm.
TRRL cng xc lp mi quan h gia nhm theo phng php rc ct v
theo HSTM, MTM nh sau:
nhm o theo HSTM = 0.12 + 0.59d
nhm o theo MTM = 0.41+ 0.41d, trong d l chiu su rc ct.
Mi quan h trn ch c p dng cho asphalt ri nng v chiu su rc ct nm
trong gii hn t 1.0 2.0mm. Khi p dng quan h trn cn c s hiu chnh hp l v
chiu su vt ct l s o nhm trn mt din tch th nghim cn s o bng laze p
dng trn mt ng th nghim. Thm na mt cu hi t ra l chiu su vt ct hoc
k thut laze c o c kh nng thot nc b mt ca ng hay khng? V khng
c cng ngh no o c ht cc khe thot nc chng cht trn mt ng.
Chiu su rc ct ti thiu 1.5mm tng ng vi chiu su cu trc ( nhm)
1.03mm o bng MTM. Cc quy cch o theo tng phng php c nu chi tit trong
tiu chun k thut cho cng trnh ng.
T nm 1978, cc hp ng xy dng lp mt ng bng asphalt ri nng trn
ng c tc xe chy cao u yu cu mt nhm ti thiu 1.5mm o bng phng
php rc ct. t c iu ngi ta ri lp gm vi liu lng ln hn v
dng asphalt c cng tng i ngn khng cho dm cm qu su vo trong b
mt vt liu nha.
C mt s lng ng k cc yu t nh hng n mc bm cht ca lp
gm, gm:
Liu lng gm c ri;
cng ca hn hp asphalt;
iu kin thi tit khi thi cng;
Nhit lu ln;
Kch c lu v cng ngh m nn.
R rng c mt quan h qua li c thit lp gia cc yu cu, gm:
t c nhm yu cu;
Bo m tt s bm cht ca lp gm;
Bo m ln cht h va vt liu xung quanh gm;
Bo m ln cht yu cu trn ton b lp thm nha.
t c mt s hi ha gia cc i hi ny, yu cu phi c s tinh thng
ng k v cng tc thi cng. Ngay c khi bn i hi trn u t c, thot u mt
t gm dng nh b bong ra khi lp asphalt ri nng ni nhm rc ct ti thiu
1.5mm c xc nh. Mt t l mt mt nh hn 5% trn ton b lp gm c th
c chp nhn. Do , cn lu rng cc chiu su cu trc nh vy ch c xc
nh cho ng c xe chy vi tc cao (p sut ng thp) v nhm v m l yu
t c ngha cho ng c thit k trn 50km/h v khng hu dng khi xc nh
nhm ny nhng ni c tc thp nh cc nt giao thng. Kinh nghim cho thy
rng nhng ch chu p lc ln nh th, dng lp mt c chiu su cu trc ( nhm
v m) cao th gn nh khng trnh khi mt s bong bt gm nghim trng.


CU HI N TP
1. Ni dung cng tc vn chuyn v ri hn hp b tng asphalt.
2. Ni dung cng tc m nn v kim tra cht lng cng tc m nn.
3. Tnh cng tc ca hn hp b tng asphalt.
4. Trnh by v nhm v cc gii php m bo nhm ca b tng asphalt.
5.
















Chng 11
B TNG ASPHALT RI NGUI
11.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
B tng asphalt ri ngui (ri lnh) l loi b tng asphalt c thi cng nhit
mi trng v khng nh hn 5
o
C. B tng asphalt ri ngui c th s dng lm cc lp
trn ca kt cu mt ng cho cc loi mt ng cp 3 v cp 4 hay ng c lu
lng giao thng va v thp [theo tiu chun ca Nga, CHu205.02-85].
ch to hn hp b tng asphalt ri ngui, cht kt dnh bitum s dng c th
l cc loi bitum lng mc C 70/130 hoc M 70/130 theo tiu chun ca Nga, cc
loi bitum lng c nht thp (20 giy 40
o
C) theo tiu chun ca Anh, hay cc loi
nh tng bitum ng c va MS theo tiu chun ca M.
Ct liu s dng trong b tng asphalt ri ngui c th l hn hp ct liu mi
ging nh cc hn hp b tng asphalt truyn thng hoc ct liu ti s dng t mt
ng c hoc cc loi vt liu thi.
Hn hp ri ngui c th c trn bng cc loi my trn thng thng ging
nh i vi hn hp b tng asphalt nng. Nhit trn, ri v m nn hn hp b
tng asphalt ri ngui c ch ra trong bng 11.1.
Bng 11.1. Nhit thi cng b tng asphalt ri ngui
Nhit hn hp,
o
C Mc bitum
Khi trn hn hp Khi ri lp mt
C 130/200
M & MO 130/200
C 70/130
M & MO 70/130
90-110
100-120
80-100
90-100

70

5
Hn hp sau khi nho trn c th c bo qun sau t 3 n 6 thng nhit
mi trng m khng b rn chc v mt tnh d thi cng.
11.2. THNH PHN CA B TNG ASPHALT RI NGUI
Thnh phn ca b tng asphalt ri ngui cn p ng c cc tiu chun ca
quc gia v quc t. Chng bao gm hn hp ca cc ct liu v cht kt dnh
gc bitum.
11.2.1. HN HP CT LIU
Ct liu cho b tng asphalt ri ngui c th s dng cc loi nghin ging nh
cc loi b tng asphalt truyn thng khc. Ct liu t kt cu mt ng c hay ct liu
thi nh x l cao cng c th c s dng c hiu qu trong b tng asphalt ri ngui.
Thnh phn cp phi ct liu cho b tng asphalt ri ngui theo tiu chun ca
Nga 9128-84 c th bao gm 2 loi, hn hp ht nh, v ct, nh c ch ra
bng 11.2.
Bng 11.2. Thnh phn ht cho hn hp b tng asphalt ri ngui theo tiu chun
Nga (CHu205.02-85)
Lng lt sng, %. theo khi lng ti cc c sng, mm
Loi hn hp
20 10 5 2.5 1.25 0.63 0.314 0.145 0.071
Hn hp ht
nh

B
Hn hp ct
,


95-100
95-100

-


70-100
80-100

-


50-65
65-80

95-100


33-50
50-60

66-82


21-39
39-49

46-68


14-29
29-38

26-54


10-22
22-31

18-43


9-16
16-22

14-30


8-12
12-17

12-20
Theo tiu chun ca Anh, b tng asphalt ri ngui thng c s dng lm lp
ph mt ng c yu cu nhm thp. Do , hn hp ct liu thng l hn hp ht
mn c thnh phn cp phi tho mn yu cu theo Bng 11.3.
Bng 11.3. Thnh phn ht cho hn hp b tng asphalt ri ngui theo tiu chun
Anh
C sng, in (mm) Lng lt sng theo khi lng, %
1/4 (6.35)
No.7 (2.83)
No.25 (0.707)
No.100 (0.15)
No.200 (0.075)
100
75-100
35-60
15-30
5-15
Theo tiu chun ca M, hn hp ct liu cho b tng asphalt ri ngui c th
c chia lm 3 loi:
Hn hp ct liu tn dng ct liu t mt ng b tng asphalt c (RAP): Khi
, hn hp ct liu cn tho mn tiu chun sau:
C sng, in (mm) Lng lt sng theo khi lng, %
1.5 (37.5)
1.0 (25)
100
90-100
Hn hp ct liu t mt ng c nu trn c th c trn thm ti 20% ct liu
mi m bo tiu chun thit k ra.
Cp phi ct liu c: Hn hp ct liu cho loi ny c sn xut t ct liu mi
v tho mn cc yu cu theo bng 11.4.
Bng 11.4. Thnh phn ht cho hn hp b tng asphalt ri ngui cp phi c
theo tiu chun M.
C sng, in (mm)
Dng 1
Lng lt sng, %
Dng 2
Lng lt sng, %
1 (25)
0.5 (12.5)
0.25 (6.3)
No.8 (2.36)
No.20 (0.85)
No.40 (0.425)
No.80 (0.180)
No.200 (0.075)
100
90-100
20-70
15-70
10-40
5-22
1-7
0-3

100
90-100
30-70
10-40
5-22
1-11
0-3
Cp phi ct liu h: Hn hp ct liu cho loi ny c sn xut t ct liu mi
v tho mn cc yu cu theo Bng 11.5.
Bng 11.5. Thnh phn ht cho hn hp b tng asphalt ri ngui cp phi h
theo tiu chun M.
C sng,
in (mm)
Dng 1
Lng lt sng, %
Dng 2
Lng lt sng, %
Dng 2
Lng lt sng, %
2 (50)
1.5 (37.5)
1.0 (25)
0.5 (12.5)
0.25 (6.3)
No.8 (2.36)
No.200 (0.075)


100
90-100
15-45
0-10
0-1

100
90-100
15-45
0-10

0-1
100
75-100
50-80
0-15


0-1
11.2.2. CHT KT DNH GC BITUM
Cht kt dnh bitum ch to hn hp b tng asphalt ri ngui thng l cc
loi c nht thp.
Theo tiu chun ca Nga, cht kt dnh dng cho b tng asphalt ri ngui thng
l cc loi bitum lng v ho lng c mc C 70/130 v M 70/130. Loi bitum c
dng ph bin l C v lp mt ng s hnh thnh cng nhanh hn so vi loi
bitum M. Hm lng cht kt dnh bitum dao ng trong khong t 5 n 9 % tu
thuc vo loi hn hp cn ch to.
Trong trng hp cc loi bitum lng khng sn c th c th sn xut bng cch
trn cc loi bitum nht mc H 40/60 hoc H 60/90 vi du ho to ra cc
loi bitum lng mc C, v vi nhin liu diesel to ra cc loi bitum lng mc M.
Hm lng cht ha lng dao ng trong khong t 15-25%.
ch to cc loi mt ng t b tng asphalt ri ngui ht mn, theo tiu
chun Anh th cht kt dnh bitum thng l cc loi t bitum lng c nht thp (20
giy 40
o
C) n loi bitum qunh mc 200 . Tuy nhin, khi s dng bitum qunh
mc 200 th hn hp cn c ri m.
Vi cc loi hn hp b tng asphalt ri ngui theo tiu chun ca M th cht kt
dnh bitum s dng s l cc loi nh tng bitum ng c va c mc v hm lng
tng i theo hng dn Bng 11.6.
Bng 11.6. Loi nh tng bitum v hm lng cho cc loi b tng asphalt ri
ngui theo tiu chun ca M
Loi hn hp Mc nh tng bitum
Hm lng, % theo khi
lng ca hn hp
RAP
Cp phi c
Loi 1
Loi 2
Cp phi h
Loi 1
Loi 2
Loi 3
HFMS-2, HFMS-2h
MS-2, HFMS-2,
HFMS-2h, CMS-2,
CMS-2h

MS-2, HFMS-2,
HFMS-2h, CMS-2,
CMS-2h
1

6.2-7.5
6.5-7.8

4.7-7.0
4.0-6.0
3.5-5.5
Bng 11.7 so snh thnh phn ca cc loi b tng asphalt ri ngui vi cc loi
b tng asphalt ri nng v m theo tiu chun ca Nga.
Bng 11.7. So snh thnh phn ca cc loi b tng asphalt ngui, nng v m
B tng asphalt ri ngui B tng asphalt ri nng & m
Loi vt liu
Loi hn hp T l, % Loi hn hp T l, %
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
dm (si)


Bt khong


-

x

B
x

x

B
x

x

-
50-35
35-20
8-12
12-17
12-20
A

B
A

B
65-50
50-35
35-20
4-10
6-12
8-14


Bitum

x

B
x

x
,
x


12-20
3.5-5.5
4-5

4.5-6.5


A

B

8-16
10-16
5-6
5.5-6.5
6-7
7-9
11.3. CC TNH CHT CA B TNG ASPHALT RI NGUI
Tng t nh cc loi b tng asphalt truyn thng dng cho cc kt cu mt
ng (xem Chng 6), cc tnh cht ca b tng asphalt ri ngui cng cn tho mn
cc yu cu k thut nh cng nn; h s bn nc; rng ca hn hp sau khi
m nn; rng ca hn hp vt liu khong; rng d; bo ho nc; v dai
khi chu va chm.
Bng 11.8 di dy cp cc yu cu k thut ca cc loi b tng asphalt ri
ngui theo tiu chun ca Nga.
Bng 11.8. Yu cu k thut ca b tng asphalt ri ngui theo tiu chun
ca Nga
Yu cu cho b tng asphalt s
dng hn hp loi Ch tiu
I II
1. Cng khi nn 20
o
C, MPa, khng
di:
a. Trc gia nhit:
x
B
x


x


x

b. Sau gia nhit:
x
B
x


x


x

2. H s bn nc, khng thp hn:
a. Trc gia nhit
b. Sau gia nhit
3. Th tch khng kh, khng ln hn:

1.5
1.7
-
1.8
2.0
-


0.75
0.90
1.2

1.0
-
1.2
1.3
-
1.5


0.60
0.80
2.0
4. rng ca hn hp vt liu khong, %,
khng ln hn:

x

B
x

x
,
x

5. rng d, %
6. Mc bo ho nc, %
7. dai va chm


18
20
21
6-10
5-9
khng nh hn 10
B tng asphalt ri ngui c cc u im ni tri sau:
Sau khi trn, hn hp b tng asphalt ri ngui duy tr c xp trong mt thi
gian di trc khi thi cng m khng b kt khi. V vy, cng tc lp k hoch sn xut
v thi cng d dng.
S dng cht kt dnh bitum lng nn gim c ng k chi ph nhin liu nung
nng vt liu.
Kh nng vn chuyn hn hp i xa cho php t chc ch to hn hp tp trung
vi mc c gii ha cao ti cc trm trn. V vy, cht lng ca hn hp c
m bo.
B mt ca b tng asphalt ri ngui mn, phng v khng c vt nt.
Ngoi ra, khi so snh vi b tng asphalt ri nng, b tng asphalt ri ngui c
mt s c im sau:
Vic s dng cht kt dnh bitum lng lm gim bn ca b tng asphalt ri
ngui i gn 2 ln so vi b tng asphalt nng.
nht thp ca bitum dn n yu cu tng thm hm lng bt khong
nng cao cc tnh cht ca cht kt dnh bitum.
Hm lng bitum trong hn hp gim t 25-30 %.
rng ca b tng asphalt ri ngui ln hn 2-2.5 ln so vi b tng
asphalt nng.
Nhit hn hp khi trn thp hn 40-45 %.
Hn hp b tng asphalt ri ngui s dng nhiu dm (si) hn.
bn ca dm (si) s dng cho hn hp b tng asphalt ri ngui cho php
thp hn so vi hn hp b tng asphalt nng.
Bng 11.8. So snh cc tnh cht ca cc loi b tng asphalt ri ngui, nng
v m
Loi b tng asphalt
Tnh cht
Nng m Lnh
Cng , MPa, 50
o
C,
khng nh hn i vi hn
hp ca mi loi
A - 0.9
, B - 1.1
- 1.3
-
0.9
1.0
-
-
-
Cng , MPa, 20
o
C,
khng nh hn i vi tt c
cc loi

2.5

2.3

x
,B
x
- 1.5/1.8

x
- 1.7/ 2.0
H s bn nc
H s dn n khi bo ho
nc
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.75/ 0.90
0.50/ 0.75
11.4. THI CNG LP MT S DNG B TNG ASPHALT RI NGUI
Qu trnh thi cng lp mt s dng b tng asphalt ri ngui thng c tin
hnh nh sau:
Hon thin cc lp kt cu pha di m bo cc yu cu k thut v chu lc,
bng phng, v.v...
Ri lp hn hp b tng asphalt ngui theo chiu dy nh sn v m s b
bng lu nh. Giai on ny vic m cht ph thuc vo nhit ca hn hp. Nhit
cng cao th vic m cht cng d dng.
Cho thng xe. Dui p lc bnh xe ca cc phng tin vn ti trn cng trng
v cc phng tin giao thng, lp mt tip tc c lm cht v tng bn. Thng
thng sau khong 2 n 3 tun th mt ng t c n nh. Tuy nhin trong
giai on ny cn khng ch tc xe chy khng qu 30 km/h m bo cc ht ct
liu khng b bong trc v vng ra khi phm vi mt ng, ng thi lp mt cng
mi hnh thnh khng b ph v.
Qu trnh hnh thnh cng ca lp mt b tng asphalt ri ngui thc cht l
do qu trnh ln cht cc ht vt liu trong hn hp v s kt dnh ca bitum lng. Qu
trnh hnh thnh lin kt ca bitum lng trong b tng asphalt ri ngui ch yu ph
thuc vo qu trnh bay hi cc thnh phn du nh v dung mi pha long di tc
dng ca nng lng mt tri. iu ny khc vi cc hn hp b tng asphalt nng s
dng cc loi bitum qunh, vic hnh thnh cng ph thuc vo qu trnh cng li
ca bitum sau khi ngui.
Khi mi ri xong, hn hp b tng asphalt ri ngui thng khng c m nn
100%, nn c rng cao v d b nh hng ca nc. Do vy, hn hp ct liu cn
c la chn c c thch hp. rng ca kt cu mt ng s dng hn hp
b tng asphalt ri ngui s gim dn di ti trng m ln ca xe c v hn hp tr
nn kn nc hn.



CU HI N TP
1. Khi qut chung v hn hp b tng asphalt ri ngui.
2. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca b tng asphalt ri ngui.
3. Cng ngh thi cng b tng asphalt ri ngui.











Chng 12
CC DNG HN HP VT LIU KHONG BITUM
12.1. NH NGHA V PHN LOI
Cc hn hp vt liu khong bitum ( nha) rt a dng, t loi dm ng
u kch c trn nha ( dm en) n Mastic Asphalt. Tuy nhin, c th phn loi cc
hn hp vt liu khong bitum Anh thnh 2 loi, gm: hn hp asphalt v hn hp
nha (Stone Mastic Asphalt).
Cp phi ct liu trong asphalt thng bao gm ct liu ln tng i ng u
kch c vi mt t l ln ct liu mn v rt t ct liu c va. Nh vy cp phi ht ca
hn hp asphalt l cp phi gin on. Trong hn hp nha cp phi ct liu l cp
phi lin tc.
Bng 12.1 cho thy t dm en n va nha cng ca bitum tng dn, hm
lng bt , ct tng cn lng ht ln gim.
Bng 12.1. Cc thnh phn c trng ca cc hn hp vt liu bitum khc nhau
Thnh phn
dm
en
Cp phi lin
tc nha
Cp phi
gin on
Va nha
Mastic
Ct liu ln (% khi lng)
Ct liu nh (%khi lng)
Bt (% khi lng)
Bitum (% khi lng)
86.0
7.0
3.0
4.0
52.0
38.0
5.0
5.0
30.0
53.0
9.0
8.0
30.0
26.0
32.0
12.0
Ct liu ln (% th tch)
Ct liu nh (% th tch)
Bt (% th tch)
Bitum (% th tch)
64.5
5.1
2.1
8.3
44.1
32.2
4.2
11.5
25.7
46.0
7.8
17.5
27.5
18.9
27.0
26.6
rng (% th tch)
kim ln ca nha ng
20.0
100300
8.0
100200
3.0
35100
<1.0
1525
12.1.1. HN HP ASPHALT
Asphalt hay asphalt ri nng l hn hp ct liu khong, bt v bitum c thi
cng nhit ti 230
o
C. Trong qu trnh lm vic, asphalt phn b p lc ti trng
ch yu qua hn hp va gm ct liu nh, ct, bt khong v bitum. Do vy chng
li bin dng di p lc ca ti trng, hn hp phi c cng ln, iu t c
nh s dng bitum tng i c qunh v hm lng bt khong kh cao. Trong sut
qu trnh lm vic asphalt l vt liu kn nc v bn lu. Hai loi asphalt c dng
Anh quc l asphalt ri nng v Mastic asphalt. Asphalt ri nng c s dng rng ri
trong vic ph lp mt ng ca cc tuyn l chnh.
12.1.2. MASTIC ASPHALT
Mastic Asphalt l hn hp va ca bitum, ct liu ht nh v mt phn ct liu
ln. Trong Tiu chun Anh BS1447, ct liu nh l vi c tm thy trong t nhin
vi lng lt sng 75 um l 40% 55% v lng st trn sng 2.36 mm khng vt qu
3%. T l ct liu ln v cc ht khc c la chn ty thuc yu cu ng dng.
Thng thng ct liu c trn vi bitum c kim ln 1525 pen. Nhit thi cng
t 175 230
o
C cho ti khi va nha cng kt li. Chiu dy lp Mastic asphalt c th
thay i t 20 mm n 50 mm ty thuc mc ch s dng. Mastic asphalt c kh nng
chng thm nc cao, rng ca n ni chung cha ti 1%. S i hi kht khe nh
vy c p ng trong phm vi tng i nh. Vic ri hn hp Mastic asphalt c th
thc hin bng my hoc ri hoc bng th cng.
T l ht ct liu nh cao to cho mt ng nhn mn nhng c nhm km.
c im c bit ca Mastic Asphalt (MA) l s dng tha cht lin kt. MA
nhng l rng cn li ca ct liu lun lun c chn y bng cht lin kt v
trng thi nng quan st thy rt r rt lng cht lin kt tha, c ngha l tt c cc ht
khong cht bi chm chp trong cht lin kt.
MA nng c tnh do hay c s di ng rt cao, n khng cn phi m nn sau
khi ri nhng cn phi san trn lp mng t c chiu dy mong mun v sau khi
ngui th mt ng hon ton dng c.
MA c th xem l loi mt ng nha cng nht, c bn cao nht v MA khi
xy dng khng cn m nn cho nn c th loi b c nhng h hng m nhng
loi mt ng khc hay gp phi do m nn thiu. MA c bit thch hp khi lm cc
lp mng ph mt cu, lp mt trn ca o ng, lp ph sn cng nghip, lp phng
nc cho hm. MA c cc nc tin tin trn th gii nh c, H Lan, Anh,
Php, M, i Loan, Hng Cng,... v ang nghin cu, pht trin, s dng v cho
cc kt qu rt tt.
Nhng u im ca n cng gy ra mt s kh khn khi vn chuyn v khi ri.
c bit hay gp phi hin tng tha cht lin kt trn b mt ca MA khi ri v trong
qu trnh MA ngui i (bi v cht lin kt nh hn vt liu khong).
12.1.3. ASPHALT LU NNG (HOT ROLLED ASPHALTHRA)
c tnh quan trng nht ca HRA l cp phi ct liu gin on, iu c
ngha l n cha rt t c ht trung gian (2.36 10 mm). Nh vy, thnh phn hn hp
s gm ct, cht n khong (bt khong mn) v bitum vi ct liu ln (kch c thng
l 14 mm). Mc d ct liu ln lm tng cng ca vt liu nhng vai tr ca n l
cn lm tng khi lng hn hp v nh vy tng tnh kinh t ca vt liu. Chnh cp
phi ct liu gin on to cho lp o ng bng HRA (b tng asphalt nng) cc
c tch chu ng lu bn trc tc ng ca thi tit v ti trng nng m khng b t
gy. BS EN 131084:2006 ch r hm lng ct liu ln khc nhau ca cc hn hp
asphalt lm lp mt ng v cc lp mng. Hn hp cho lp mng trn v mng di
thng cha 60% ct liu th. mc nh vy p lc c phn b bao hm c ma
st gia ct liu v va bitum. Hm lng bitum trong hn hp cho lp mng ng
thp hn lp mt v hm lng ht mn, bt khong trong lp mng thp hn v kch c
ht thch hp vi chiu dy lp mng trn khng nh hn 150 mm.
12.2. HN HP LU NNG THEO TIU CHUN CHU U (EN) (HOT
ROLLED ASPHALT)
12.2.1. THNH PHN CP PHI CT LIU
Thnh phn cp phi c xc nh bng phn trm theo tng khi lng ct liu,
s dng loi cp phi theo b sng loi 1 hoc loi 2 (tiu chun EN 13043). Bitum v
cht ph gia c tnh theo phn trm tng khi lng hn hp. Phn trm ht lt qua
sng, ngoi tr c sng 0,063mm, c xc nh chnh xc n 1%, lng bitum, ht lt
qua sng 0,063mm v ph gia c xc nh chnh xc n 0,1%.
Gia c ht D v 2mm nn la chn thm cc loi mt sng trung gian, gm:
Vi loi cp phi 1: 4mm; 5,6mm; 8mm; 11,2mm; 16mm; 22.4mm; 31.5mm.
Vi loi cp phi 2: 4mm; 6,3mm; 8mm; 10mm; 12,5mm; 14mm; 16mm; 20mm;
31.5mm.
Ct liu mn ti u nn la chn cc c sng: 1mm; 0,5mm; 0,25mm v
0,125mm.
Thnh phn hn hp cho HRA nn chn trong s cc ng cong cp phi c
trnh by trong cc Bng 12.1, 12.2, 12.3 v 12.4 di y:
Bng 12.2. Gii hn ca hn hp theo b sng tiu chun 1 cho hn hp lp
mng v mt mt ng.
D 50/11 50/16 50/22 60/22 60/32
C sng (mm) % Lt sng theo khi lng
45 100
31.5 100 100 97
22 100 95 97 5971
16 100 95 74 91 3956 3956
11 95 76 93 44 66
2 35 45 35 45 35 45 32 32
0.5 17 45 17 45 18 44 1332 13 32
0.25 17 27 10 27 11 26 9 21 9 21
0,063 5.5 5.5 4.5 4.0 4.0
. nhn
Bng 12.3. Gii hn ca hn hp theo b sng tiu chun 2 cho hn hp lp
mng v mt mt ng.
D 50/10 50/14 50/20 60/20 60/32
C sng (mm) % Lt sng theo khi lng
40 100(1.4D)
31.5 100(1.4D) 100(1.4D) 97(D)
20 100(1.4D) 99100 97 5971
14 100 (1.4D) 98100 (D) 74 91 3956
a
3956
10 98100 (D) 72 93 4466
2
b
4050 4050 4050 37 37
0.5 (CFS) 1751 1751 1850 1339 1339
0.25 (OFS) 1431 1431 1530 1025 1025
0,063 36 36 45 4.0 4.0
trong :
a
Gi tr ph hp trn 65 (yu cu+FPC) c th m rng n 85 v
bng chng cho rng hn hp ny cng ph hp. V m bo rng vi
hn hp cho n khi kt thc vic ri v c cung cp bng bt k
ngun no cng c kh nng iu chnh c vi gi tr gii hn
trn chn.

b
i vi hn hp dng ct liu mn nghin, trong mt vi loi ct lm
v d, hay hn hp thch hp ca nghin mn, lng cht kt dnh
nh nht c th gim xung 0.5%, kinh nghim cho thy rng tha
ng lm cho hn hp tng rng. Mt la chn l c th gim
sng 2mm i 5%.
12.2.2. HM LNG BITUM V NHIT HN HP
Nhit hn hp c th hin nh Bng 12.4, theo tiu chun EN 1269713.
Bng 12.4. Gii hn nhit ca hn hp (nhit ln nht m bo trm trn
v nhit nh nht ni ri).
Loi nha s dng Nhit (
0
C)
30/45; 35/50 160 200
40/60 150 190
50 /70 145 185
70/100 140 180
100/150 130 170
Khi s dng bitum ci tin hay ph gia khc th nhit trn cng c th p dng
c. Nhng nn phi c thc nghim th v iu chnh.
Hm lng bitum ti thiu c th hin bng 12.5
Bng 12.5. Hm lng bitum ti thiu
Hm lng bitum ti thiu (%) Loi hm lng bitum (B
min
)
(1) (2)
4.6 B
min4.6
4.8 B
min4.8
5.0 B
min5.0
5.2 B
min5.2
5.4 B
min5.4
5.6 B
min5.6
5.8 B
min5.8
6,0 B
min6,0
6.2 B
min6,2
6.4 B
min6,4
6.6 B
min6,6
6.8 B
min6,8
7.0 B
min7,0
7.2 B
min7,2
7.4 B
min7,4
7.6 B
min7,6
7.8 B
min7,8
8.0 B
min8,0
8.2 B
min8,2
8.4 B
min8,4
8.6 B
min8,6
8.8 B
min8,8
9.0 B
min9,0
(1) (2)
9.2 B
min9,2
9.4 B
min9,4
9.6 B
min9,6
9.8 B
min9,8
10.0 B
min10.0
10.2 B
min10.2
10.4 B
min10.4
10.6 B
min10.6
10.8 B
min10.8
11.0 B
min11.0
Thnh phn ca asphalt lu nng (HRA) c ch ra trn ton hnh 12.1. Chc
nng ca 4 thnh t c th tm lc nh sau:
Ct liu ln: tng khi lng hn hp lm tng tnh kinh t v n nh
ca HRA;
Ct liu nh: to thnh phn chnh ca va asphalt v l yu t quan trng
nht nh hng n kh nng lm vic v phm vi ng dng ca vt liu b
tng nha;
Bt khong: l ct liu mn c vai tr lm thay i t l ct liu nh, do vy
to nn hn hp c hn, tng t din b mt ca cc ct liu thnh phn. Bt
khong cng vi bitum to nn cht va dnh kt va bi trn b mt ct liu
trong qu trnh lm cht hn hp to nn hn hp va asphalt. Tnh cht ca
va asphalt s ph thuc vo ngun gc ca hn hp vt liu mn v nht
ca bitum;
Bitum: c vai tr nh cht bi trn trong qu trnh m nn v nh mt cht
kt dnh do nht c nht cao trong qu trnh lm vic. Nm cp ca
bitum c dng tng ng vi km ln l: 35, 40, 50, 70, 100 (pen).
Bitum c kim ln 35 v 40 ch c dng ch yu vi ng c lng
giao thng cao; bitum c kim ln 70 v 100 thng c dng cho ng
c lng giao thng thp hn; cn bitum c kim ln 50 c dng cho cc
ng giao thng khc.
Asphalt ri nng l mt loi vt liu c cht lng cao c dng ch yu cho cc
ng c lng giao thng cao nh ng cao tc, ng lin lc a v thp hn l
cc ng ph. Theo truyn thng, cc ch tiu thnh phn HRA xc nh cht lng, t
l ca ct liu v bitum c s dng tu thuc iu kin kh hu v ti trng. Bng
cch thay i cc phng n khc nhau, lp mt bitum c thit k nh th nghim
Mashall.

Hnh 12.1. Thnh phn ca hn hp asphalt lu nng (HRA).
12.3. HN HP VA NHA (STONE MASTIC ASPHALT)
Hn hp va nha c dng lm lp trn cng cho mt ng, chng li
nt gy v ln do bnh xe. Stone mastic asphalt (SMA) c ct liu ln l 100%
nghin. T l ct chim kh ln v dng ct nghin, v phi ra sch nu cha hm
lng ht mn ln. SMA c b khung c lp y bi hn hp mastic (bitum, ct v
ct liu mn). Mastic y giu bitum v dng lm lp mt c kh nng hn ch cc vt
nt. Lng mastic phi iu chnh cho cc ht ct liu ln khng c tip xc vi
nhau (vi cc ht nm trn sng 2mm). SMA ct liu ln (trn sng 2mm) chim 70
80% khi lng ct liu, c ht ln nht ca ct liu ln c th t 522mm, ph bin
khong t 1116mm. Cht n mn (lt sng 0.09mm) chim khong 813% khi
lng. Phn ct chim t (vi c ht t 0.09 n 2mm) khong 1217%. Khi lng
bitum trong SMA thng dng t 6.57.5 % khi lng ca hn hp. Cc dng si
xenlulo hay khong dng n nh SMA giu cht dnh kt ngn chn phn tng trong
qu trnh sn xut v ri vi hm lng chim khong 1.5 % hn hp. rng ca
SMA thng thit k l 3%. Vi tr s ny th cho php cng trng theo tiu chun
chu u lng khng kh cun vo nh hn 6%. Khung m bo lng mastic
Ct liu th nm trn
sng c 2.36mm
Ct liu mn lt qua
mt sng 2.36mm gi
li trn mt sng75um
Bt lt qua mt
sng 75um
Asphalt
Bitum35,50,70
hoc 100pen

gi cho cc im tip xc nhau. Bi vy cn iu chnh thnh phn cp phi, hm lng
bitum v hm lng bt . Bitum bao bc trn b mt ct nghin (c khong 13mm),
b mt vo khong 600900 g bitum trn mt mt vung.
12.4. ASPHALT RNG (POROUS ASPHALT)
Asphal rng (PA) l hn hp asphalt c thnh phn ct liu l cp phi h (open
graded) c quan tm nhiu chu u v M. PA c dng lm lp thot nc
b mt, lm gim ting n. Php v Thu in c tiu chun cho PA, Anh cng
c cc th nghim v ng dng PA nhng vn cha c tiu chun. c im chnh ca
lp PA l rng ln hn 20%, n c th cho rng h t nhin cn cho thot nc
v hn ch ting n. rng t c bng cch dng cp phi ct liu gin on hoc
c th gim t l dng ct liu nh v mn trong hn hp cp phi l 20%, lng dng
cht kt dnh l 5% hn hp. Mt s khuyn co nn s dng cht kt dnh ci tin
xenlulo vi si khong hoc polyme nh cao su SBS, ti phm cao su. Tuy nhin, cn
quan tm yu t bn v khi hn hp tip xc vi khng kh v nc ti cng
trng. m bo hiu qu th lp PA phi gn lin vi h thng thot nc.
12.5. HN HP BITUM (COATED MACADAM)
12.5.1. PHN LOI HN HP BITUM
Bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
Ct liu ln: to nn b khung ct chnh, chn mc gia cc ht ct liu nhm
phn b u p lc ti trng xung nn mng;
Ct liu nh: lp mt phn hoc y cc l rng gia cc ht ct liu ln;
Bt khong: lm tng nht ca cht dnh kt, do tng dnh bm ca
bitum, gp phn lp kn cc l rng nh;
Bitum: lm vic nh mt cht bi trn trong qu trnh m nn, cht chng thm,
cht dnh kt, gp phn lp rng nh trong hn hp c, lm tng cng ca hn
hp.
Ch tiu thnh phn ca hn hp nha nh hm lng bitum, cp phi ct liu
c nu trong BS 4987:1998. C th n c cc loi hnh vt liu nh:
Lp mng di bng bitum c
Lp mng trn bng bitum c
Lp mng c cp phi h
Mt ng bitum khng c lp mng
Lp mt bitum cp phi h
Lp mt bitum cp phi kn
Lp mt bitum m cht
Lp mt bitum ht va
Lp mt bitum ht mn
Lp mt h (cho php thm nc)
12.5.2. HN HP BITUM HT VA V RNG.
Hn hp bitum ht va v rng c dng cho c lp mt v lp mng. c
im ca vt liu ny l chng c hm lng ht nh thp, c kh nng lm vic tt
trong qu trnh thi cng, vi rng sau khi m nn t 15 20%. ngn nga nc
mt xm nhp vo kt cu o ng, cn thi cng mt lp mt c chc nng nh mt
mng chng thm nc.
c tnh thm nc ca loi vt liu ny c coi l mt li th khi dng lm
ng bng sn bay v ng giao thng nng ngn nga nc mt v gim s te
nc (di bnh xe). Chng c dng ph bin lm lp to ma st ng bng sn
bay v ng cao tc. Hn hp bitum h c gii thiu trong tiu chun Anh quc
BS 4987:1988.
12.5.3. HN HP BITUM CNG CAO
Lp mng c sc bn v cng cao l bitum cng cao (HDM), c
ch to trn c s lp vt liu nha c nhng c hm lng bt khong cao hn
(8%) v dng bitum cng hn ( kim ln 50 pen.).
Hai thay i ny trong thnh phn hn hp bitum lm tng cng ng
hc ln 3 ln. iu cho php gim 1015% chiu dy khi dng lp mng vt liu
nha c kn m vn bo m kh nng lm vic nh nhau. Li th ny rt hp dn cho
cng tc nng cp ci to ng cho nhng cng trnh m cao b lp mt khng ch.
12.5.4. HN HP BITUM HT NH
Trc khi a vo tiu chun BS 4987:1988, loi vt liu ny c gi l asphalt
ngui ht nh. D c gi nh vy nhng vt liu ny vn thuc loai bitum
(macadam). i a s hn hp c gia cng vi bitum qunh c kim ln 200, 300
hoc bitum lng c chy 100 giy v do vy chng phi c ri v m nn nhit
80100
o
C. Tuy nhin, bitum lng cng c dng ch to lp bitum ri ngui
v d tr trong cc kho cha.
Khi mi ri xong, bitum ht nh c rng cao v th n d b nh hng ca
nc, do vy cn lu khi la chn ct liu. rng gim dn di ti trng m ln
ca xe c v hn hp m tr nn kn nc. Lp vt liu ny thng c chiu dy 15
25 mm. Khi s dng nh lp ph b mt khng nht thit phi phi tnh vo chiu dy
kt cu lm tng cao mt ng. Lp vt liu ny ch lm gia tng cht t cng
ca kt cu mt ng. Theo quan im nh vy, yu cu lp mng ng pha di
phi chu ti trng tt v tt nht l c kh nng khng thm nc. Hn na, lp b mt
phi u n (c chiu dy ng u) v nh vy lp pha di c tc dng b v v c
chiu dy thay i.
12.6. LP NHA TO NHM, THM NC
Cc con ng, sn bay thng b m t nhiu gi. Th d nhng con ng
trn nc Anh c th b t ti 50% thi gian trong nm. khc phc nc mt v s
trn trt trn ng bng sn bay, vo thp k 50 ca th k 19, B cng trnh hng
khng th nghin lp vt liu bitum h to nhm c ht 10 mm. Lp vt liu ny
c thit k cho php nc thm qua mt lng nht nh xung ti lp khng thm
nc pha di mt ng bng, sau theo cc rnh ngang chy vo cc rnh thot
c lp y bng cc ht ct liu. Cc th nghim chng t hiu qu tt ca lp ma
st/ thot nc.
Cc s liu thng k c tnh c n 10% tai nn trong ma ma l do nc te
ln t cc xe chy nhanh. Chi ph cho cc tai nn gy ra bi s te nc c th chim
ti 1/3 so vi cc tai nn do trn trt bi ng m t. Tip theo s thnh cng ca
lp to ma st 10mm cho sn bay, Phng nghin cu vn ti v ng (TRRL) pht
trin thnh cng vt liu bitum thm nc 20mm.
12.6.1. S PHT TRIN CA VT LIU NHA THM NC
T nm 1967, mt s lng ln cc th nghim c thc hin xc nh
mc ph hp ca lp vt liu nha thm nc i vi nhng con ng c lu
lng giao thng cao. Szatkowski v Brown cho rng lp vt liu nha c ch
to vi ct liu ln ni chung c rng, thm nc v nhm cao nht. Tuy vy,
vi mt s c ht ct liu, cc gi tr ny gim ng k trong mt t nm u sau khi ri.
Tuy nhin s gim te nc vn cn hiu qu trong mt thi gian di hn khi vt liu
c ch to vi ct liu c 20 mm; thi gian ko di t nht l 3 nm vi lng giao
trhng cao (>7000 xe/ngy m/ln xe) v ti 6 nm vi lng giao thng trung bnh
(2500 xe/ngy m/ln xe). D sao, lp mt ng dng nh vn cn tt cho nhiu
nm sau ngay c khi hiu qu ca thuc tnh gim te nc suy gim v cui cng
tui th ca n c th ko di ti 15 nm. Cc kt qu th nghim tip theo kt lun
rng kh nng khng trt ca lp vt liu ny vi ct liu 20 mm tng t nh cc lp
ri mt khc c sn xut cng vi loi ct liu. Mi quan h gia sc khng trt vi
tc xe, vi ct liu 20 mm tng hp vi nhm cng gn nh quan h thu c
ng vi lp mt asphalt ri nng.
V mt kt cu, 40 mm vt liu nha thm nc dng bitum c kim ln 100
hoc 200 th tng ng vi 16 mm HRA hoc 20 mm bitum c kn. Tuy nhin,
nu dng bitum epoxy thay cho bitum thng thng th cng ng hc ca
bitum tng ln mt cch ng k v cng ca n bng hoc ln hn HRA. Bitum
cha polyme nh etylen vinyl axetat, styrenbutadienstyren c cng ng hc nm
gia hai loi trn.
12.6.2. CH LI CA LP NHA THM NC
S gim te nc: S te nc lm hn ch tm nhn mt cch bt thng v nh
vy n tr nn rt nguy him. Nhng th nghim b sung cui cng chng t rng s
te nc c th gim i ng k nh lp nha thm nc. Vt liu nha thm
nc c rng cao (ti 25%). Mt lp ri dy 40 mm bng vt liu nha thm nc
c th hp thu mt lng ma 8 mm trc khi tr nn bo ha. Lp vt liu ny lm
vic nh mt lp thot nc, n c kh nng cho nc chy qua vt liu gn nh thot
ht nc b mt, gii quyt c tnh trng nc ng trn mt ng.
Kh nng gim ting n: Mt ng c ri bng vt liu cu trc th lm tng
tip xc gia lp xe chy vi tc cao vi b mt ng trong iu kin thi tit m
t, nh vy n gip duy tr sc khng trt tt. Mi quan h gia ting n v thuc
tnh ma st ca mt ng c TRRL nghin cu. Thuc tnh ma st c nh gi
bng chiu su rt ct (chiu su cu trc) v bng s thay i t l phn trm h s lc
hm bng th nghim hm phanh tc 130 km/h v 50 km/h. Cng trnh th nghin
ny kt lun rng, ting n ln nht do phng tin gy ra l mt hm s ca
nhm v m (chiu su rt ct) v l hm lgarit ca s thay i t l phn trm h s
hm phanh. iu c ngha l trn thc t vi mt ng thng thng khng th va
t c bm (kh nng chng trut) cao li va gim ting n.
Cc bo co ca mt s ln th nghim hin trng tip sau v ting n do xe
chy trn mt ng h to nhm c cng b: ... Ting n do xe chy trn mt
ng nha thm nc thp hn ng k so vi khi xe chy trn mt ng thng
thng c cng nhm (thp hn 3 4 dB(A) trong iu kin kh ro v thp hn 7 8
dB(A) trong iu kin m t ....
Thm na, mt li ch do thuc tnh b mt ca nha thm nc l s gim ma
st ln ca bnh xe.
12.6.3. NHC IM CA LP NHA THM NC
Sai s v hm lng bitum ca loi vt liu ny b khng ch rt kht khe. Nu
lng bitum qu thp th s khng bao bc ct liu, hoc mng bitum qu mng
n mc chng b xy ha nhanh chng dn n b h hng. Mt khc nu lng bitum
qu cao (hoc nhit ca hn hp qu cao), bitum c th chy ra khi ct liu trong
qu trnh vn chuyn.
Cho n nm 1984, vic xc nh hm lng bitum cho hn hp nha thm
nc mi c thc hin Anh quc. Th nghim ny xc nh lng bitum chy thot
thc hin trong phng th nghim nhm xc nh lng chy thot bitum trong thc t;
TRRL ang tin hnh cc kho cu v vn ny.
Hnh 12.2. Kt qu kim tra s chy bitum khi hn hp.
Vic cho thm bt vi vo hn hp lm tng ng k tnh nht ca bitum v do
vy gim c lng bitum chy ra khi ct liu. Lng bt vi cng lm tng lc
dnh. Lc ny r rng c ch cho vt liu rng ni b bo ha nc trong thi gian di.
V lp vt liu nha thm nc v lp to nhm theo nh ngha l vt liu h thm
nc, mng bitum trong vt liu sau khi m nn thng xuyn b tip xc vi oxy
trong khng kh. Thc t l bitum b oxy ha tng i nhanh.
Cc kt qu ban u cho thy rng bt vi v mt vi cht polyme c th lm
gim mc oxy ha ca bitum trn ng. Cc th nghim trong phng th nghim
ch ra rng s oxy ha nha ng s gim xung nu thm vo hn hp 0.5% 1% bt
vi.
12.6.4. LA CHN CC LP VT LIU NG TO NHM KHC NHAU
Nm 1975, TRRL tin hnh mt th nghim v ng kh y so snh
tnh nng lm vic ca cc lp mt bng bitum to nhm h, lp bitum thm
nc, asphalt ri nng, bitum c, Delugrip (mt vt liu mang tn ch nhn c
quyn s hu) v bng lp lng b mt. Mt s so snh n gin cc thuc tnh khc
nhau ca cc lp vt liu sau su nm lm vic c gii thiu Bng 12.6.
Bng 12.6. Quan h biu kin gia cc lp vt liu mt ng khc nhau sau 6
nm
Mc u nhc im (1= xu n 5= tt)

Cc yu t

bitum
to nhm
rng

bitum
thm
nc
Del
u
grip

bitum
c
asphalt
ri
nng
Lng
mt
Cng
Tui th
Khng trt ( tc thp)
Khng trt ( tc cao)
Cht lng vn hnh
Kh nng loi tr te nc
Gim n
D p dng
Din tch mt ng/1 n
v chi ph
3
3
5
4
4
3
4
3
2
3
2
5
5
3
5
4
3
2
4
3
5
3
5
2
4
3
1
4
2
5
4
5
1
3
3
2
4
4
4
4
3
2
2
2
1

3
5
5
1
3
1
4
5
Tng t, Bng 12.7 cho thy s so snh mc hiu dng ca cc loi vt liu:
bitum thm nc, asphalt ri nng, v lp lng mt trn mt lot cc yu t khc nhau.
Tuy nhin, chng cng cung cp cho cc k s cc d liu thc gip h la chn vt
liu ph hp nht vi iu kin thc t yu cu.
Bng 12.7. Mi quan h gia cc u im ca cc loi vt liu (lp lng mt,
nha thm nc v asphalt ri nng)

Mc hiu qu
Cc yu t
Lp lng mt
bitum
thm nc
Asphalt
ri nng
Khng trt
Chiu su rc ct ( nhm v m)
Tui th trung bnh
Cng
Cht lng xe chy
Gim n
Gim te nc
D thi cng
Din tch lp mt/1 n v chi ph
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
6
1
1
2
3
4
4
6
1
2
1
1
3
6
4
2
1
1
1
12.7. CC NG DNG KHC CA HN HP VT LIU KHONG BITUM
Khi lng ch yu ca hn hp vt liu khongbitum l xy dng ng, ngoi
ra c th ng dng n trong cc cng trnh thu cng, trong ngnh ng st, to mu
sc mt ng, trong cc ng ua v cc va h v.v...
12.7.1. CC NG DNG TRONG THU CNG
Tnh cht khng thm nc ca bitum v cc hn hp vt liu khongbitum
c ng dng rt hiu qu cho xy dng cc p ngn nc, h cha nc, knh o
v cc tng phng h ven bin v bin. Hin nay Anh c 200 cng trnh thu
cng s dng bitum. Cng trnh thu cng s dng bitum pht trin nhiu H Lan,
an Mch, Php v.v
Hai tnh cht ch yu p dng cho thu cng l: tnh khng thm nc, tnh n
nh vi nc v ho cht. c tnh bin dng ln cng ph hp vi tnh cht chu tc
ng c chu k ca ng hc nc. a s cc kt cu c s dng vt liu asphalt c
chng thm nc di p lc ln (p lc ct nc cao 200m). Mt u im ln ca
asphalt l to ra mt kt cu lin tc khng cn mi ni c chng thm nc cao.
12.7.2. ASPHALT TRONG XY DNG NG ST
M, Nht v nhiu nc chu u s dng hn hp bitum lm nn ng st
vi kt cu c truyn nh sau: (t nm 1950) l lp mng dy 150 mm, lp mt dy
30 mm.
Trong xy dng ng st cc hn hp vt liu khongbitum c s dng theo
4 hng sau: Lm n nh balt, lp asphalt nm di lp balt, lm mng trc tip
cho cc t vt, v lm mng trc tip cho cc ng ray. Vo nm 1974 Anh xy
dng tuyn ng st trn mng asphalt dy 230 mm.
12.7.3. MT NG T C MU
to mu sc cho cc con ng c th p dng mt s gii php nh sau: cho
cc cht to mu vo hn hp; s dng ct liu c mu; x l mu b mt; dng ct liu
c mu vi cht kt dnh trong (khng mu).
12.7.4. CC NG UA T
B mt hu ht ca cc vng ua t quc t c ri bng hn hp asphalt hoc
b tng nha mu. Do c tnh gia tc, p lc phanh, v ng sut ct dc cao nn mt
ng ua cn thit phi c thit k c bit m bo bn vng v dnh bm
tt.
10.7.5. VA H BNG VT LIU ASPHALT
Hn hp vt liu asphalt c th s dng lm cc khi b va bng
phng php c sn. Ngoi ra kt cu lp va h cng nn s dng bng
hn hp asphalt hoc asphalt mu. Va h xy dng bng vt liu asphalt c
tui th v tnh m thut cao hn cc va h truyn thng.
Hnh 12.1. ng b tng asphalt mu khu du lch.

CU HI N TP
1. nh ngha v phn loi cc loi hn hp vt liu khong bitum.
2. Cc tnh cht k thut ch yu ca cc loi hn hp vt liu khong bitum.
3. Cc ng dng ch yu ca cc loi hn hp vt liu khong bitum.








TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] PHNG VN L PHM DUY HU PHAN KHC TR
Vt liu xy dng, NXB GD 1977
[2] PHM DUY HU NG XUN QUNG
Vt liu xy dng, NXB GTVT 2006
[3] PHM DUY HU
La chn phng php thit k hp l b tng asphalt B95 17 60.
[4] PHM DUY HU NG XUN QUNG
Vt liu xy dng ng t v sn bay, NXBXD 2004
[5] Vin Asphalt institute Mix design methods asphalt concrete1994
[6] The Shell bitumen Handbook 9/1991
[7] Tiu chun Anh BS59885
[8] H.B. GORELSEV
B tng asphalt v vt liu khong bitum khc, Moskva 1995
[9] H.H. IVANOV

La chn hn hp c c ln nht cho nn ng t
Tp ch ng v t N
o
451930
[10] KENNETH. N. DERUCHER
Materials For Civil and HighWay Engineers, Caliphonia, 07458
[11] Tiu chun Vit Nam 7570 2006: Ct liu cho b tng
[12] Tiu chun Anh BS EN 13043 2002 Ct liu cho hn hp khong bitum
[13] Tiu chun Anh BS EN 13108 1: 2006 Vt liu b tng asphalt
[14] Tiu chun thi cng v nghim thu mt ng b tng bitum 22TCN249 98
sa cha 2007
[15] Tiu chun ASTM Hoa K
[16] Tiu chun AASHTO T245, T269, T176, T891997





MC LC
Trang
Li ni u
3
Chng 1. Khi nim v phn loi b tng asphalt 5
1.1. Khi nim 5
1.2. Phn loi b tng asphalt 6
1.3. Cc yu cu chung i vi b tng asphalt 7
1.4. Kt cu mt ng b tng asphalt 7
Chng 2. Cht kt dnh bitum 9
2.1. Khi nim v phn loi bitum lm ng 9
2.2. Thnh phn cu trc ca bitum 9
2.3. Cc tnh cht ca bitum qunh dng xy dng ng 14
2.4. Bitum lng lm ng 28
2.5. Cc loi bitum ci tin lm ng t v sn bay 31
2.6. Nh tng xy dng ng (22TCN 3542006) 39
Chng 3. Ct liu cho b tng asphalt 46
3.1. M u 46
3.2. Phn loi v phng php sn xut ct liu 46
3.3. Ct liu nhn to 50
3.4. S dng ct liu a phng 50
3.5. Nguyn l v ct liu ch to b tng asphalt 51
3.6. Cc tiu chun ASTM i vi ct liu 56
Chng 4. Hn hp vt liu khong 57
4.1. Khi qut v ct liu 57
4.2. Cp phi ca ct liu b tng asphalt 57
4.3. Quy tc cu to ca hn hp khong c
4.4. C s l thuyt ca cc phng php tnh ton thnh phn ht ca hn
hp vt liu khong
58

60
4.5. Thnh phn hn hp ct liu theo tiu chun AASHTO 65
4.6. Thit k hn hp cc ct liu ch to b tng asphalt theo phng
php Marshall

68
4.7. Thit k hn hp cc ct liu ch to b tng asphalt theo tiu
chun Nga.

73
4.8. Th d tnh ton thnh phn vt liu khong cho b tng asphalt
76
Chng 5. Cu trc ca b tng asphalt 78
5.1. Khi qut. 78
5.2. Cu trc ca vt liu khong trong b tng asphalt 78
5.3. Cu trc ca bitum trong b tng asphalt. 79
Chng 6. Cc tnh cht ca b tng asphalt 81
6.1. Khi qut 81
6.2. Cc tnh cht c hc 83
6.3. Cc tnh cht lin quan n c tnh th tch ca hn hp b tng
asphalt ri mt ng

101
Chng 7. Thit k hn hp b tng asphalt theo phng php
Marshall
108
7.1. Mc ch chung ca cng tc thit k hn hp b tng asphalt. 108
7.2. Phm vi p dng ca phng php Marshall 108
7.3. Cc ch tiu k thut quy nh theo Marshall 109
7.4. Tm tt trnh t thit k hn hp theo Marshall 110
7.5. Khuynh hng v quan h ca cc s liu th nghim 114
7.6. La chn thit k cui cng 114
7.7. Phng php th nghim Marshall ci tin 115
Chng 8. Thit k hn hp b tng asphalt theo cng chu nn ln
nht (tiu chun Nga)

117
8.1. Khi nim chung 117
8.2. La chn dng hn hp v thnh phn hn hp 117
8.3. La chn phng php thit k v yu cu k thut 119
8.4. Xc nh lng bitum ti u 119
Chng 9. Ch to hn hp b tng asphalt 123
9.1. Khi qut v cng ngh ch to b tng asphalt 123
9.2. Chun b 123
9.3. Trn b tng asphalt 124
9.4. Kim tra k thut 128
9.5. Ti ch b tng asphalt 128
Chng 10. Vn chuyn, ri v m hn hp b tng asphalt 132
10.1. Vn chuyn 132
10.2. Ri hn hp b tng asphalt 132
10.3. m nn hn hp b tng asphalt 133
10.4. Cc ch tiu k thut kim tra m nn b tng asphalt 139
10.5. Tnh cng tc ca b tng asphalt 140
10.6. nhm b mt 142
Chng 11. B tng asphalt ri ngui 144
11.1. Khi nim chung 144
11.2. Thnh phn ca b tng asphalt ri ngui 144
11.3. Cc tnh cht ca b tng asphalt ri ngui 148
11.4. Thi cng lp mt s dng b tng asphalt ri ngui 149
Chng 12. Cc dng hn hp vt liu khong bitum 151
10.1. nh ngha v phn loi 151
10.2. Hn hp lu nng theo tiu chun chu u (EN) Hot Rolled Asphalt 153
10.3. Hn hp va nha (Stone Mastic Asphalt) 157
10.4. Asphalt rng (Porous Asphalt) 157
10.5. Hn hp bitum (Coated Macadam) 158
10.6. Lp nha to nhm, thm nc 159
10.7. Cc ng dng khc ca hn hp vt liu bitum 163
Ti liu tham kho 165
Mc lc 166












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In 520 cun, kh 19x27cm, ti Xng in Trng i hc GTVT. Quyt nh xut bn
s:128/QGTVT, ngy28/8/2008.
S ng k k hoch xut bn s:5582008/CXB/1315179/GTVT. In
xong v np lu chiu qu IV nm 2008.