DCS System 1.DCS system is divided in 3 blocks 1. AUTOMATION 2. COMMUNICATION 3. BUS NETWORK. 1.Automation Automation Functions 1.

Modulating Control 2. Sequence Control 3. Signal Conditioning. 2. Communication Communication functions 1. Observation 2. Operation 3. System Configuration 4.Diagnostics and Data archiving 3. Bus Network Data transfer between the automation stations and communication stations takes place via the bus network. Automation Station Automation Station consists of:1. Central processing Unit 2.Peripheral Units & 3. Station Bus Structure of Automation Station Central Processing Unit The central unit processes signal conditioning,, modulating and sequence control functions and also makes the connections to the Bus network. The Control & computing tasks are solved with software modules or macros. Peripheral Units The peripheral Units form the connection to the process via transmitters and contacts. They also produce output signals for final control elements. INPUT Units are used to power and monitor analog/ binary plant transmitters , as well as carrying out basic signal conditioning before transferring their data to the CENTRAL Unit. Types of INPUT Units:a.)Analog Input Unit b.)Binary Input Unit c.)Temperature Input Unit The OUTPUT Units are built specifically for modulating and sequence control tasks. They process the Central Units commands for automatic and manual functions, and at the same time enable actuator related signals (limit switches etc.) to be Input to the Station. Types of OUTPUT Unit:a.)Analog Output Unit b.)Binary Output Unit c.)Drive Level Card, Binary/Analog Communication Station Communication Station also Consists of:1. Central Unit, 2. Peripheral Units & 3. Station Bus.

4. Service Station, Operator Station Central Unit The central unit of communication Station carries out specific signal processing tasks e.g. display, monitoring, logging and archiving. Peripheral Unit The peripheral units have special interfaces for V.D.U. and printers. Because of their special tasks , these stations have a clearly defined standardized structure. Operator station The Operator station forms the interface between the Bus network and the operator for process observation and operation and for data archiving.Any operator intervention is immediately transferred by the O.S. to the relevant modulating and sequence control functions which are processed in the automation Stations. Service Station Service station carries out the Configuration and parametrizing of Automation station. In addition , the station takes over system diagnostics and simulation. This station is also directly linked to the bus network. Bus Network Each process area has an automation bus for marshalling of data between the automation stations. Various process engineering areas are coupled with each other via the system automation bus. The data transfer between the operator stations and the automation stations is taken over by the Operating bus together with System Operator bus. Spontaneous Logs 1. System Error Log 2. Criteria Log 3. Sequence of Events (SOE) 4. Operator Intervention Log Cyclically Logs 1.Daily Log 2. Status Log 3. Disturbance Log Type of DCS systems available in India 1. ABB -CONTRONIC, Symphony Melody 2. BHEL- MAX DNA 3.Tata Honeywell -TDC3000 4.Toshiba -TOSDIC 5.Westing House -OVATION 6.Siemens -TELEPERM 7.YBL -CENTUM

Close Loop Control Control concept of CLC consists of actual signal conditioning, set point formation, communication and control elements. The three main application concern the W memory, the K ratio setter and the Y memory. The W memory and K ratio setter are constituents of the set point formation and of conditioning of actual value. The Y memorys are purely control elements. List of Important Modulating Control/Close Loop Controls

1.Furnace Pressure Control 2.Air Flow Control 3.Single/ Three Element Drum Level Control 4.Deaerator Level Control 5.Hotwell Level Control 6.HP/ LP Heaters Drip Level Control 7.SH/RH Temperature Control 8. Fuel Firing Rate Control 9.PA Header Pressure Control 10.Mill Coal Level Control 11.Mill Outlet Temperature Control 12.Co-ordinated Mode Control (CMC) Open Loop Control Open loop control functions are such logic functions as AND, OR , NEGATION, Memory, Counter, Delay, Pre-selection etc. Logic functions can be activated statically and dynamically. Some of functions can be operator control. Logic functions can be used for open loop control. They are mainly applied in suppressor circuit and in creating control signal combinations for individual drive control and group drive control functions. The individual drive control functions takes into account releases, operating commands, as well as control and protection signals for drives and using these for a combined switching signal. The resulting signal is then processed in the switching unit. Group control is used to control chains of steps. The step sequences involved are often used for OLC of several aggregates. Cont.. The OLC function changeover automatic controls aggregates that have an equal status. The automatic operation is not OLC function. Rather it is made up of OLC functions . Its aim is to provide both fully automatic and partially automatic. List of Important Sequential Controls / OLC 1.ID fan s 2.PA fans 3.FD fans 4.BFPs 5.CWPs 6.ACWPs 7.Mills Type of Controllers 1. P - Controller 2. PI - Controller 3. PID - Controller 4. PI + PI - Controller 5. PI Step - Controller P- Controller The P- Controller makes available at the Output Y, the Input Signal I x the factor Kp. The parameter Kp can be either set to a fix value or can be varried as a function of process dependent variable. PI - Controller The PI- Controller is a continuous controller with PI algorithm and Proportional disturbance compensation (PI+Z). Analog Input variables for The controller are the control error e and the disturbance compensation signal z. The parameter Kp/Tn/Kz can be either set to a fix value or can be varried as a function of process dependent variable. PID - Controller

The PID- Controller is a continuous controller with PID algorithm and Proportional disturbance compensation (PID+Z). Analog Input variables for The controller are the control error e and the proportional disturbance compensation signal z. The D action of the controller is based on the error signal e. The parameter Kp/Tn/Kz can be either set to a fix value or can be varried as a function of process dependent variable. PI Step - Controller The PI Step - Controller with PI algorithm and Proportional disturbance compensation (PI+Z) is used for driving final controlling element via actuating pulses. Analog Input variables for the controller are the control error e and the disturbance feed forward signal z.. The parameter Kp/Tn/Kz can be either set to a fix value or can be varried as a function of process dependent variable. Level ,Pressure and Flow Measured by Differential pressure transmitters for different fluids. Principle:- The Input differential pressure is changed into an electrostatic capacitance in the Detecting unit . The change proportional to the differential pressure undergoes operation and amplification in the transmission unit and is then Output as a current. Temperature Measurement Temperature is measured by:1. RTD (Resistance Temp. Detector) 2. Thermocouple.