FundamentalsofFluidMechanics

InthispartofCourse1oftheWinterAcademy2011,thefundamentalsoffluidmechanicswillbe treatedby4presentationsandintensivediscussionsoftheircontents.Thetitlesandsummariesof thepresentationsaregivenbelow: 1.DiffusiveTransportofMass,HeatandMomentum Fluidmechanicsisoneofthebasissubjectsofengineeringscienceanditinvolvesinteresting applicationsofthebasiclawsofmechanics,i.e.mass,momentumandenergyconservation.These havetoconsidernotonlytheconvectivevelocitiesthatoccurintheflowbutalsothediffusive transportsofmass,momentumandheat.Basicconsiderationsareforwardedthatprovideagood insightintodiffusivetransportphenomenabyconsideringthetransportbymoleculesinagas.The basiclawsformomentumandheattransportaresummarized,takingflowsintoaccountthatposses nogradientsofthefluidproperties.Inthisway,massdiffusionwillturnouttobezerobuttermsfor momentumdiffusion,i.e.themoleculartransportofmomentum,willresult.Thesearediscussedin detailinthepresentation.Thederivationsareextendedtofluidflowswithgradientsofthefluid properties,suchasdensityandtemperatureorpressureandtemperature.Theextendedmomentum transportequationsresultundertheseconditions. 2.TheDerivationsoftheNavierStokesEquations Thefluidmechanicsequationsarederivedinthislecture.Itisassumedthatthefluidpropertiesare constantintheentireflowtoderivethecontinuityequation(equationformassconservation).When themomentumequationisderived,pressuregradientsareallowedbuttheirinfluenceonthe diffusivemasstransportisignored.Thesameprocessistakingpartwhenheattransportis considered.Theirtemperaturegradientsareintroducedtogettheconductiveheattransportbutthe effectofthetemperaturegradientonthediffusivemasstransportisignored.Withthisapproach,the conventionalNavierStokesequationswillbederivedandtheirphysicalbackgroundwillbe explained.Smallsimpleapplicationsoftheequationswillbeappliedinordertoseehowonecan obtainanalyticalsolutionsofflowproblems. 3.Laminar,TransitionalandTurbulentFlows Examplesofflowswillbeshownthatmakeclearthattherecanbedifferentstatesofaflow,i.e.a flowcaneitherbelaminar,transitionalorturbulent.Examplesofthesedifferentstatesofaflowwill beshown.Thereafter,thereasonsforaflowtostayinitslaminarstatewillbeexplained,followedup bythephysicalcauseoftransitionalflows.Finallyflowsthatareintheirturbulencestatewillbe shownandtheirtreatmentbytheReynoldsequationswillbeindicated.Inthisway,aclear understandingonwhatmethodsneedtobeappliedtosolvefluidflowproblemsindifferent Reynoldsnumberrangeswillbeexplained.Thelecturewillpointoutthattherearetheoreticaland numericalmethodsavailablethatallow,thesedays,laminar,transitionalandturbulentflowstobe treated,thelatterwithsufficientaccuracyformostengineeringapplications. 4.TheextendedNavierStokesEquations TheconventionalNavierStokesequations,astheyaretreatedinallbooksoffluidmechanicsare onlyvalidifthereisnomassdiffusionavailable.Thelecturestartsouttoshowthisandtotherefore introducelimitationsoftheexistingbasicequationsoffluidmechanics.Thisincompletenessofthe

equationsbynothavingthediffusiontermformassinthemshowsupforcertainflows.Theoretical andexperimentalresultsshowdiscrepanciessincethephysicsintheexperimentstakemassdiffusion intoaccountbutthebasicequationsoffluidmechanics,usedforthetheoreticaltreatment,donot. TheextendedNavierStokesequationsarederivedandaregivenintheformpresentedbyDurstet al.Comparisonoftheseequationswithextendedequationsderivedbyotherauthorsareprovided.It isshownthattheextendedequationsallowflowpredictionsinagreementwithexperimentsfor thoseflowcasesthatshowdifferencesbetweenexperimentsandnumericalsolutions.Itistherefore recommendedtoutilize,inthermofluidmechanicflowstudies,theextendedNavierStokes equations.

MethodsandtheirApplicationsinFluidMechanics
ThesetoflecturesinthissessionofCourse1oftheWinterAcademy2011indicatesthatthe developmentsofmethodsforsolutionsoffluidflowproblemshavedominatedtheresearchand developmentworkinthefieldforthelastfewdecades.Analytical,numericalandexperimental methodsresultedoutofthisworkand,whatisalsonewforresearchmainlycarriedoutatthe universitytheybecamefastcommerciallyavailableandwerethereforeatthedisposalofallfluid mechanicsresearchers.Thishelpedtopushfluidmechanicsresearchbeyondtheachievementsthat becameavailableinotherfieldsofengineeringsciences. 5.AnalyticalMethodsandtheirApplications Inspiteofthefactthatthenumericalandexperimentalmethodsareavailabletosolvefluidflow problems,itisessentialtoknowtheavailableanalyticalmethodsinordertoassuretheirapplications inparalleltonumericalsimulationsand/orexperimentalinvestigations.Itisthecombinationof applicationsofmethodsthatyieldsfastresultstofluidflowproblems.Thelecturewilltreat: ThereductionofthecomplexityoftheNavierStokesEquationsbyreducingthedimensionality oftheflowequationsandtheboundaryconditions Similarityanalysistofluidflowinvestigations(generalizationofresults) Similaritysolutionstofluidmechanicsofflowproblems

Toeachoftheabovepoints,asolutionexampleisgiveninthelectureandthefinalresultsare discussedfromaphysicspointofview. 6.NumericalMethodsinFluidMechanics Thedevelopmentofnumericalmethodshasadvancedtremendouslyoverthelastdecades.Together withtheincreasingcomputerpower,inconnectionwiththeincreaseofcomputationalspeedsdueto newnumericalmethods,allowsnowadaysfluidflowproblemstobetreatedextensivelynumerically. Methodsbasedonfinitedifferences,finiteelementsandfinitevolumeswillbeexplainedina summaryway.Particulartreatmentwillbegiventothefinitevolumemethodbecauseofits importancetonumericalfluidmechanics.Smallexampleswillmakeclear,howfinitemethodswork andhowtheyareappliedinnumericalfluidmechanics.

7.NumericalComputationsofFluidFlows Numericalcomputercodeshavebeenwrittenbasedonfinitevolumemethods,tosolvefluidflow problemsonlargecomputers.ComputercodessuchasCFXANSYS,STARCD,FLUENT,etc.have becomecommerciallyavailable.Toapplythesecodesandespeciallytointroduceoneselfintotheir handlingrequiresabasicunderstandingofthestructurethecomputercodesarewritten.Thelecture providesanintroductionintonumericalcomputercodesforfluidflows.Oneoftheabovementioned programsispickedtoexplainthestructure.Withitsunderstanding,anintroductionintothe utilizationoftheavailablecomputercodesissimple.Examplesofcomputationswillbeshownthat demonstratethepowerofnumericalcomputercodesinfluidmechanics. 8.ExperimentalMethodsinFluidMechanics Fluidflowinvestigationscanbecarriedoutbywellsetupexperimentalinvestigations.Similaritylaws fortheexperimentsareexplainedinordertoshowhowtheobtainedresults,inasmalltestrig,can betransferredtoalargersetup.TheReynoldsnumberisoutlinedanditsmeaningexplained. Toobtainquantitativeinformation,measuringtechniquesareemployed,suchaspitottubes,hot wireanemometry,laserdoppleranemometry,particleimagevelocity,etc.Thesemethodsare introducedinthelectureandtheirapplicationrangesareoutlined.Suggestionsaremadewhenand howtousetheintroducedmeasuringtechniquesforfluidflowstudies.

TurbulenceanditsTreatment
Oneoftheunsolvedproblemsoffluidmechanicsisturbulence.Thetheoreticaltreatmentof turbulentflowsisstillnotpossibleinarigorousway.Nevertheless,treatmentsarepossibleandthey willbepresentedintwoofthelecturesinCourse1oftheWinterAcademy. 9.TurbulentFlowsandtheirtheoreticalTreatments AnalyticaltreatmentsofturbulentflowsarenotpossiblebydirectlysolvingtheNavierStokes equations.Thereasonsforthisaregivenanditwillbeshownthatevenonthelargestcomputersof thisworld,solutionsoftheequationsforturbulentflowswithsomecomplexitiesintheirboundary conditions,numericaltreatmentscannotbeobtained.Atreatment,originallysuggestedbyReynolds, willbepresentedinthelecture.Timemeansandfluctuatingvelocitycomponentsareintroducedinto theNavierStokesequationsand,byaverageintheseequations,theReynoldsequationsresult.They areapplicabletoturbulentflowsbuttheycontainmoreunknownsthanequationsareavailable. Becauseofthis,turbulencemodelingneedstobeintroduced.Twoofthesimplestmodelswillbe treatedinthelecturetomakeclearhowturbulencemodelingworks.Morecomplexmodelswillbe mentioned.Limitationsofturbulencemodelingwillbeindicated. 10.TurbulenceModelsandtheirApplications WhenthemeanvelocityandturbulencefluctuationsareintroducedtoderivetheReynolds equationsforturbulentflows,thesocalledturbulentshearstressesturnupintheequations.These

areadditionalunknownsandrequirerelationshipstoallowtheReynoldsequationstobeusedfor turbulentflowpredictions.Thederivationsoftheseequationsareusuallyreferredtoasturbulence modeling.Variousmodelsareavailableandthepresentlectureprovidesinformationhowtheycan becategorizedinfirstorderandsecondorderturbulencemodels.Firstordermodelsaretreatedin detailandsecondordermodelsarebrieflyintroduced.Examplesofflowpredictionsusingturbulence modelsarepresentedinthepaper.

FluidFlowswithHeatTransfer
Veryoften,fluidflowsareusedtotransportheatfromaheatsourcetoaparticularsurfaceinorder toheatupthebodybehindthesurface.Hence,coupledmass,momentumandheattransportoccurs inmanyindustrialapplications.Tounderstandhowthesecouplingsofthevariousequations describingthesetransportphenomenaoccur,twolecturesofCourse1oftheWinterAcademytreat fluidflowswithheattransfer.Onelectureisdealingwithsinglephaseflowsandasecondonewith multiphaseflows. 11.FluidFlowswithHeatTransfer Whenfluidflowswithheattransferoccurandneedtobetreated,thecontinuityandmomentum equationsareextendedbythetransportequationforenergy.Thisequationisderivedanditisadded tothecontinuityandmomentumequations.Theequationissimplifiedtobeabletotreatfluidflows withheattransferwithsimpleboundaryconditions.Analyticalmethodswillbeusedforthispurpose. Inasecondpartofthelecture,numericaltreatmentsoffluidflowswithheattransferwillbe explainedandacomputercodeisintroducedthatallowsflowsofthiskindtobetreated.Thelecture referstocommercialcodesandpointsoutthatthesearereadilyavailabletotreatlaminarand turbulentflowswithheattransfer,yieldingsufficientgoodresultsforengineeringpurposes. 12.MultiPhaseFlowsandtheirTreatments Liquidflows,athightemperatures,starttoboilandbecauseofthis,multiphaseflowsresult.These canbeclassifiedaccordingtotheirapparentpatternstheyforminparticularflowgeometry. Subdivisionofliquidvaporflowsintovariousflowregimesaregivenandareexplained.Heattransfer willbeexplainedforbubblyflowswherethebubblesareproducedbyagasfirstandlateronbythe vaporofthefluidthatisheateduptotheboilingconditions.Itisindicatedthatthereisstillplacefor alotofresearchinthisfield.

ApplicationsofFundamentalKnowledgeaboutFluidFlows
Thepresentationofthefundamentalsoffluidmechanics,thatwilltakeplaceinthelectures1,2and 12havetheaimtoprovidetheinformationonhowtoapplyfundamentalfluidmechanicsknowledge forpracticalapplications.Thelastsessionofcourse1ofthe10thWinterAcademy2011inDelhiaims for4to5presentationsinthefieldofapplications.Thetitlesofthepresentationsandthesummary oftheircontentsaregivenbelow.

13.MicroChannelandMicroCapillaryFlows Microchannelandmicrocapillaryflowsshowstrongdiffusivemassdiffusioneffectsand,sincethese arenotincludedintotheconventionalNavierStokesequations,requiretheextendedNavierStokes equationstobeapplied.Thepresentationshowsthisapplicationandpointsoutthatorderof magnitudeconsiderationscanbecarriedoutinordertoreducethethreedimensionalformofthe extendedNavierStokesequationstoasimpleonedimensionalform.Thiscanbeintegratedand providetheinformationonthevelocityprofilevariationsalongtheaxisofthemicrochannelsinthe flowdirection.Apressureequationisderivedandthisallowsthepressurealsotobededuced,ifthe inletandoutletpressuresareknown.Inthisway,detailsoftheflowinmicrochannelsandmicro capillariescanbeprovided.Thefinalequationscanalsobeusedtolayouttestsectionstoobtain resultsintheflowregimeswherethepressurediffusiveeffectsdominateor,atleast,showeffects thatdocumentthestrongdeviationsofmicrochannelsandmicrocapillaryflowsincomparisonto normallaminarchannelandpipeflows. 14.FlowsinthinFilmCoating Mostsurfacesofmaterialssuchaspaper,plastics,wood,metal,etc.arecoatedthesedaysinorder toprovidethemwithsurfacepropertiesthatdifferfromthepropertiesofthemainmaterial.Itis commonpracticetoputthinliquidfilmsontothesurfacesofthematerialswherethesefilmscontain dissolvedsolidsthatstayonascoatingswhenthesolventofthefilmisremovedbydrying.Hence, coatinganddryingofthinfilmsaretwoprocessesthatarewidelyspreadinindustry.Fluidmechanics investigationsofflowsinthinfilmcoatingprocessesisanewfieldoffluidmechanicsthatreceives moreandmoreattentionatuniversities,nationalresearchstationsandthecoatingindustry.The lecturewillpointouttheimportanceofthinfilmfluidcoatingsandwillclassifythecoatingprocesses inthosethatareselfmeteringandothersthatarepremetered.Thedipcoatingprocessoffilm coatingwillbetreatedanalyticallyandnumericallyandsowillthebeadcoatingmodeofaslotcoater inordertodemonstratealsoacoatingprocessthatbelongstothegroupofpremeteredcoatings. Computationalresultswillbepresentedandengineeringformulawillbededucedtolayoutcoating processesinanengineeringmanner. 15.PorousMediumFlowsandApplications Flowsofporousmediaarewidelyspreadinfieldssuchasengineering,medicineandalsoinnature. Theirfluidmechanictreatmentisofimportanceandtherefore,alotofattentionhasbeenpaidto suchkindoftreatments.ThelecturesummarizesthetreatmentcarriedoutinbookssuchasBird, Stewart&LightfoodTransportPhenomenaandpointsoutthatthetreatmentcapturesthe essentialfeaturesofthesteadystateflow.However,theassumptioninvolvedthererequiresthearea oftheporousmedia,perpendiculartotheflowtobelargeincomparisontothespheresizeofthe elementsoftheporousbody.Detailedinvestigationsareneededbynumericalprogramstoyielda deeperinsightintothephysicsofflowsthroughporous.LatticeBoltzmannmethodsallowsuch computations.AsummaryofLatticeBoltzmannsstudiesisprovidedanddetailedresultsdeduced fromthepredictionsarepresented.

16.ConvectionandDiffusionDryers Oneofthefieldsoffluidmechanicsthatisusuallyconsideredtoberathercomplex,isthefieldof drying.Inthepresentation,thedryingofthinliquidfilmsistreatedanditispointedoutthatdryers forthisapplicationworkasconvectiondryers.Itispointedoutthattheycannotworkefficientlydue tothewaytheyoperate.Theyareveryenergyconsumingandthereforeinefficient.Thereasonsfor thisareexplainedinthepresentation.Asamuchbetterwaytodrythinliquidfilms,diffusiondryers aresuggestedanditispointedouttheirtreatment,bytheexistingNavierStokesequations,isnot possiblebecausethesedonotcontainthetermsforselfdiffusionofmass.Thelecturetreats theoreticallydiffusiondryersandutilizestheresultsofsomenumericalcomputationstoshowthe advantagesofdiffusiondrying.Suggestionsaremadetoutilizesuchdryersinthefieldofthecoating industry. 17.DynamicBubbleFormation Inmanyengineeringprocesses,bubblesareformedonorificessurroundedbyflatsurfaces.Through theorifice,airissuppliedtoabubbleregionabovetheorificeandinthisway,thebubbleforms. Afterithasreachedsomemaximumvolume,thebubbledetachesandleavesthenozzlearea. Thereafter,anewbubbleisformedandthisprocessrepeatswithacorrectfrequencygivenbythe nozzledimensions,thenozzlegeometryandalsotheflowratethroughthenozzle. Thelecturewillstartoutwiththepresentationofthestaticbubbleformationinordertointroduce theparticipantsincourse1intothebasicfeaturesofbubblesformingonnozzles.Itisthenpointed outthatthereisacharacteristictimeforthegasfluidsystemthatindicateshowfastaninterphase canreacttotheirformationsimposedbyexternalinfluences.Hydrostaticscannotbeusedtoexplain bubbleformationifthestagnationpressureofflowsthroughthenozzlebecomescomparabletothe hydrostaticpressureofthebubble.Thenundersuchconditions,thedynamicformationofbubbles hastobeconsidered.Reasonablyatreatmentofthisdynamicshasbecomeavailablethroughthe workofProf.Biswasandcoworkers.Thepresentationofthisworkwillmakeoutamajorpartofthis presentation.