Unit 1: John Rolf- (Discovered tobacco as Jamestown s cash crop in 1611) - Since tobacco quickly drained the soil

of nutrients, it also caused rapid expansion - Virginians established farms some distance from each other - Married Pocahontas John Smith- (Saved Jamestown from collapse by imposing military discipline) - The colonists were ill suited to colonial life - Many colonists hated him Jamestown- (est. 1607, during a severe drought) - Located on a swampy peninsula near Chesapeake Bay - Colonists ill suited for survival - Many diseases killed off the colonists William Bradford- Elected gov of Plymouth after the winter - Primary writer of the Mayflower Compact John Winthrop- (Elected gov of the Massa. Bay Company in 1629) - Organized the initial segment of the great Puritan migration to America - Stressed communal nature to succeed in setting an example of a good colony - Saw Puritan America as a community in which each individual put the group ahead of himself Roger Williams- (Separatist who migrated to MA Bay and ran afoul of Puritan orthodoxy) - Told settlers that the king of England had no right to grant them Indian-occupied land, that church as state should be kept separate, and that Puritans shouldn t impose their beliefs on others. - In 1635 he was tried and convicted by the MA General Court for his dissenting beliefs - Banished, he founded the town of Providence which tolerated all religions, setting a precedence. Anne Hutchinson- (Puritan dissenter to MA Bay Colony) - Admired John Cotton s belief in the convent of grace - Started holding meetings in her house to spread her ideas - Officials saw her as a threat to religious orthodoxy and traditional gender roles - 1637 officials charged her for maligning the colony s ministers Separatists- Wanted to leave the Church of England Puritans- Wanted to purify the Church of England Both wanted a more restricted membership and no subordination to the state

Headright System- (Adopted by Virginia Co. in 1610s to attract more settlers to the colony) - Every new arrival paying his or another s own way was promised a land grant of 50 acres - Offered a powerful incentive to move to Virginia o Poor English farmers w/ no land were interested o Wealthy gentry were interested in establishing agricultural enterprises Indentured Servants- (First source of cheap labor for the tobacco farmers) (mostly men) - Received free passage in exchange for working 4-7 years for their masters - Received freedom when finished

House of Burgesses- (Est. 1619 by the Virginia Company) (Resembled Parliament) - Allowed landowning men of major Virginia settlements to elect reps to the assembly Chesapeake region- (Low women population) (Small families due to kids high mortality rate) - Focused on tobacco growing (tobacco was the cash crop) - Many sought to enlarge their land holdings - Few luxuries New England region- (migration ceased after the English Civil War) - Population continued to grow dramatically due to natural increase - Large population put pressure on available land - Settlements spread rapidly and many moved to other regions to find land Pequot War- (Clashes between Pequots and began before the establishment of settlements in the Connecticut valley but their founding tipped the balance towards war) - The Pequots tried without success to enlist other Indian tribes to resist English expansion - Pequots attacked the town of Wethersfield in Apr. 1637, MA Bay retaliated by burning the main Pequot town. Bacon s Rebellion- (1670s) (Turning point in Virginia s relationship with nearby Indians) - Land-hungry Virginians eyed Native American lands protected by treaties - Conflict erupted between the Natives and Virginians - Gov. Berkeley resisted starting a major war, angering many who wanted to fight back. o Angry colonists rallied behind Nathaniel Bacon o Bacon held the members of the House of Burgesses hostage until they authorized him to attack the Indians - Berkeley declared Bacon and his men to be in rebellion o Bacon burned Jamestown to the ground o The rebellion collapsed when Bacon died - A new treaty signed in 1677 opened the disputed territory to English settlement. King Phillip s War- (1670s) - King Phillip was troubled by the loss of territory and concerned about the impact of Europeans on his people - Other Algonquians and his own warriors attacked nearby European communities - Ended when the Indian coalition ran low of supplies and King Phillip was killed Dominion of New England- (Britain tried to imitate France/Spain; unite all colonies into one) - Convinced that New England was a smuggling hotbed and the Puritans insisted on practicing laws incompatible with English practice, the charters of all the colonies from New jersey to Maine were revoked and a Dominion of New Eng. was established - Andros became the gov. of the dominion, all political assemblies were dissolved - After hearing news of the Glorious Revolution in the 1680s, Andros was jailed and this ended New England Confederation- (Est. May 1643) (political and military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven) - Result of the Pequot War - Primary purpose was to unite the Puritan colonies against the Native Americans

Salem Witchcraft Trials- For 8 months in 1692, witchcraft accusations spread like wildfire through the communities of Essex Country, MA - Crisis began when several young women in Salem charged older female neighbors of witchcraft - Many were hanged and about 140 were jailed John Locke and his works- (enlightenment philosopher) - Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) asserted that knowledge derives from one s observation on the external world - Two Treatises of Government (1691) advocated the social compact theory John Peter Zenger- (Jailed newspaper editor who criticized the New York government s actions) - Zenger s lawyer, defending Zenger from seditious libel argued that the truth could not be defamatory, thus helping to establish a free- press principle now found in American law Great Awakening- (1730s-1760s) (Waves of religious revivalism that countered the enlightenment) - Economic and political uncertainty from King George s War made colonists receptive to evangelists spiritual messages. - Recent immigrants and backcountry residents provided potential converts - Challenged traditional thinking o Question clergy o Created egalitarian, democratic religious outlook o Emphasized emotion - Backcountry preachers claimed they understood God more than elite-college-educated clerics. New Lights- (Evangelicals and their converts from the Great Awakening) - Questioned orthodox social and political views - Defended the rights of groups and individuals to dissent from a community consensus - Egalitarian themes attracted ordinary folk and repelled the elite Old Lights- Traditional clerics and their followers Unit 2: Albany Congress- (1750s) (Delegates from 7 colonies gathered in Albany NY in response to the French threat) - Backed by London officials, the delegates sought to persuade the Iroquois to abandon their neutrality and help the colonies (the Iroquois didn t) - Then Congress adopted a Plan of Union (would have established an elected intercolonial legislature with the power to tax) but was rejected by the provincial governments. 7 Years War- (1756-1763) (Declared by Britain after Braddock s defeat at Fort Duquesne) - Initially Britain unsuccessfully tried to coerce colonists into supplying men and material - Also deported 12,000 French Nova Scotians Battle of Quebec- (1759) (Gen James Wolfe s forces defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham and took Quebec) - The Iroquois joined the British because they sensed a British victory and wanted postwar advantages - The British captured Montreal, the last French stronghold in America a year later

Pontiac s Uprising- (1763) (Chief Pontiac formed an alliance among several Indian tribes and laid siege to Fort Detroit while war parties attacked other British outposts in the Great Lakes) - Many forts fell (not including Detroit) - The Indians also raided Virginia and Pennsylvania frontiers - A major defeat by colonial militiamen and the abandonment of the siege of Fort Detroit stopped this - A treaty ending the war was negotiated 3 years later - Demonstrated that the huge acquired territory would be hard to govern Proclamation of 1763- (Issued by Britain) - Prevented settlement west of the Appalachians - Done to prevent colonists fighting with Indians for land - Infuriated colonists that had already settled west of the Appalachians and land speculation companies George Grenville- (Selected in 1763 to be Prime Minister by George III) - Believed that American colonies should be tightly administered - Wanted colonists to pay a share of the wartime debt - Believed in Virtual representation of the colonies in Parliament Virtual Representation- (Government theory where the colonists were virtually, but not actually, represented in Parliament) - Thus the colonists must consent to acts of Parliament - Parliament represented the entire nation, including the colonies Individual Representation- (Contrasted with virtual representation) - Believed in by the colonists - Men who understood America s needs and were voted in by colonists themselves could only represent the colonies properly. Mercantilism- (series of assumptions about the operations of the world s economic system) - Mercantilist theory view the economic world as a collection of national states, whose governments actively competed for shares of a finite amount of wealth - What one nation gained, another automatically lost - Each nation sought to become as economically self- sufficient as possible while exporting more than importing Navigation Laws- (1651-1673) (Laws parliament gave to America due to Mercantilist theory) - 3 main principles - Only English or colonial merchants and ships could engage in trade in the colonies - Certain valuable American products could be sold only in the mother country or in other English colonies - All foreign goods destined for sale in the colonies had to be shipped by way of England, paying English import duties - Later established a 4th principle: the colonies could not export items that competed with English products Stamp Act- (1765) (Required tax stamps on most printed materials) - Placed heaviest burden on merchants and other members of colonial elite who used printed material more than ordinary people

Quebec Act- (1774) (Passed shortly after the Coercive Acts) - Intended to ease strains that had arisen since the British conquest of the formerly French colony - Granted greater religious freedom to Catholics - Reinstated French civil law - Annexed to Quebec the area east of the Mississippi R. and north of the Ohio R. First Continental Congress- (Sept. 1774) (Philadelphia) (55 delegates attended) - 3 tasks o Defining American grievances o Developing a plan for resistance o Articulating their constitutional relationship with Great Britain - Worked out a compromise: the clauses in the Congress s Declaration of Rights and Grievances declared that Americas would obey Parliament, but only because that action was in everyone s best interest, asserted that colonists would resist all taxes in disguise Olive Branch Petition- (adopted by the Continental Congress in July 1775 in an attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain) - The petition was rejected, and in August 1775 the colonies were formally declared in rebellion - The petition was undermined due to a letter written by John Adams. - This confiscated letter arrived in Great Britain at about the same time as the Olive Branch petition. The British used Adams' letter to claim that the Olive Branch Petition was insincere. Common Sense- (Written by Thomas Paine in 1776) (Sold many copies) - Called for independence and advocated the establishment of a republic - Paine insisted that Britain was making America weaker - Written in enraged tones, everyday language - Converted many to the patriot side Declaration of Independence- (1776) (draft written by Thomas Jefferson) - Accused the king of attempting to destroy representative government in the colonies and of oppressing Americans through the unjustified use of excessive force - By adopting the Declaration, the delegates were committing treason Battles of Trenton and Princeton- (Turning point of the war, boosted moral) - Washington crossed the Delaware River Christmas night and attacked an anaware Hessian encampment - Washington s force captured and killed many while receiving minimal casualties - A few days later Washington attacked the British army s rear guard at Princeton Franco-American alliance- (After the British surrender at Saratoga, the French began to openly support the colonies) - They had been secretly supplying revolutionaries with supplies before - Due to Ben Franklin s diplomatic efforts, the French signed the Treaty of Amity and commerce in 1778 - France and U.S. promised that neither would negotiate peace with the enemy w/o consulting each other - France abandoned any claim to Canada and North American territory east of the Mississippi - France sent troops, naval ships, and military supplies, Britain now had to focus on two different countries, France and America

Unit 3: View of slavery and debate- (Slaves were seen as property) - Some considered slavery immoral and wanted to end it - Argued that Britain ended slavery, so should the US - South called it a necessary evil - Some northern states began to abolish slavery Articles of Confederation- (1777) (Sent by Congress to the states for ratification) - Wrote into law the unplanned arrangements of the Continental Congress. - The chief organ of national government was a unicameral legislature where each state had 1 vote. y Powers included conducting foreign relations, mediating state disputes, controlling maritime affairs, regulating Indian trade, and valuing currency. y Did not give the natl. govt. the ability to raise revenue effectively or to enforce a uniform commercial policy. y The U.S.A was basically a league of friendship where each state retained their powers. - The unicameral legislature was too inefficient and not powerful enough to govern effectively as the Articles authors did not give enough power to the central govt. - The legislature had no independent income and no authority to compel the states to accept its rulings. Northwest Ordinances-(1787) (Most important of three land policies) - Contained a bill of rights guaranteeing settlers freedom of religion, right to a jury trial, forbidding cruel and unusual punishments, and nominally prohibiting slavery (little effect). - Contained a provision allowing slave owners to lawfully reclaim runaway slaves that took refuge in the territory. - Specified process where territory residents could organize state govts and be admitted into the Union. - Purely theoretical; Indians in the territory refused to acknowledge American sovereignty. Annapolis Conference- (1786) - After a successful meeting between Virginia and Maryland reps @ Mt. Vernon to negotiate Potomac River trade. - An invitation to other states to discuss general trade policy at a convention in Annapolis, Maryland was sent. y Only 9 states named representatives, only 5 delegates attended. y Those present realized that the lack of people could not have any significant impact on the political system and issued a call for another convention to be held in Philly 9 months later to revise the constitution. Shays Rebellion-(Convinced doubters that reform was needed) (1787) - Farmers from the western part of Massachusetts violently opposed the high taxes levied by the easterndominated legislature to pay war debts while courts began to foreclose on the lands of tax defaulters. - Daniel Shays (Former Revolution officer) assumed leadership of the farmers attacked the federal armory at Springfield to capture arms. They were driven back by militiamen. - Rebels linked their rebellion to the American Revolution, seeing Massachusetts as tyrannical. Virginia Plan- (introduced by Edmund Randolph) was influenced by Madison s national govt. conception. - Provided for a two-house legislature, the lower house elected directly by the people and the upper house by the lower - Representation in both houses would be proportional to property or population - An executive would be elected by Congress, a national judiciary, and congressional veto over state laws. - Congress can legislate in all cases where separate states are incompetent.

Had this been adopted, central govt. power would be far greater than state govt. power and large states would be given a dominant voice in the national govt.

New Jersey Plan- (introduced by William Paterson) was an alternative plan. - Called for strengthening the Articles instead of completely overhauling the govt. - Proposed retaining a unicameral Congress where ea. state had equal vote. - Congress would be given powers of taxation and trade regulation. Anti-federalists-(Feared a too-powerful central government) - Saw the states as the protectors of individuals rights. y Therefore, weakening the states would weaken individual rights. y Used Real Whig ideology: stressed the need for constant vigilance to avoid oppression. y Included small farmers, backcountry Baptists and Presbyterians, and ambitious, mobile men. y Focused on the Constitution s lack of bill of rights. Federalists- (Supporters of the proposed Constitution) (Supported classic Republican theory) - Held forth a vision of a virtuous republic led by a manly aristocracy of talent. - Claimed the nation did not need to fear central authority when good, elite men were in charge. Constitutional Convention-(May 1787) (Shays rebellion showed that the Articles needed to be changed) for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation - 55 men representing all states but Rhode Island assembled in Philly, all wanting reform The Constitution- James Madison of VA, Father of the Constitution - Madison set forth the principle of Checks and Balances - Bicameral legislature - 3/5 Clause, 3/5 of the number of slaves in a state were to be counted in the population - Promised aid in putting down revolts - Needed a Bill of Rights before it was ratified by all states Bill of Rights-(First 10 amendments) - 1st amendment prohibited Congress from passing any law restricting the right to freedom of religion, speech, press, peaceable assembly, or petition. - The 2nd amendment guaranteed the rights to keep and bear arms. - The 3rd amendment listed the conditions under which troops could be quartered in private homes. - The 4th amendment prohibited unreasonable searches and seizures. - The 5th and 6th established the rights of accused persons. - The 7th specified the conditions for jury trials in civil cases. - The 8th forbade cruel and unusual punishments. - The 9th and 10th amendment reserved other unspecified rights and powers to the states and ppl. Alexander Hamilton-(Appointed Secretary of Treasury by Washington) (Federalist) - Displayed extreme loyalty to the nation as a whole and showed little sympathy for local autonomy. - The aim of his fiscal policies was always to consolidate power at the national level y He never feared the exercise of centralized authority y He was not afraid of maintaining close ties w/ Britain. y Believed people to be primarily motivated by economic self interest and placed no reliance on people s capacity for virtuous and self-sacrificing behavior.

Whiskey Rebellion- (1794) (Congress levied a tax on whiskey produced in the US in 1789) - Protests were set off in the PA frontier as farmers refused to follow. - First major opposition to the govt. - About 7000 rebels convened. y Washington called on the insurgents to disperse and summoned nearly 13000 militiamen. y By the time federal forces reached the location of the disturbances, they had ceased and no resistance was met. y 20 suspects were arrested and 2 were convicted of treason (Washington pardoned both). - Demonstrated the national govt. wouldn t allow violent resistance and was capable of enforcing laws. Jay Treaty-(1790s) - Chief Justice Jay went to Britain in 1794 to negotiate unresolved questions in Anglo-American relations. y British seizure of American merchant ships in the French West Indies y Britain not evacuating its posts in the American NW (violating the 1783 peace treaty) y A commercial treaty y Compensation for the slaves who left w/ the British army at the end of the war. - Negotiations were difficult since Jay had little to offer. - Jay got the British to agree to evacuate the western forts and ease restrictions on American trade to England and the West Indies. - Also, two arbitration commissions were established, one to deal w/ prewar debts owed to British creditors by Americans and the others to hear claims for capture American merchant ships. - Britain refused slave owners compensation however. - Jay did remarkably well and averted war with England at a time when the U.S. lacked an effective navy. Pinckney s Treaty- (1795) - Thomas Pinckney of SC negotiated a treaty w/ Spain giving the U.S. navigation privileges on the Mississippi River, an economic boost to the West and South. - The popularity of this treaty (unanimously ratified by the Senate) helped overcome opposition to Jay s treaty. Farewell Address- Washington decided to retire in 1796 and published his Farewell Address (most of it written by Hamilton). - Advised America to maintain commercial but not political ties to other nations, especially permanent alliances. - Stressed America s need for independent action in foreign affairs. - Guided American foreign policy until 1940s. - Advocated unity behind the Federalists, which he viewed as the only proper political stance. XYZ Affair-(1798) - The Jay treaty improved American relations w/ Britain but provoked the French govt. into ordering its ships to ship American ships carrying British goods. - President Adams sent 3 commissioners to Paris to negotiate a settlement. y For months, the American commissioners sought talks w/ Talleyrand but Talleyrand s agents demanded a bribe of $250,000 just to talk to him. y The Americans refused and reported the incident to the president who informed Congress. y Congressional Democratic Republicans demanded that the dispatches should be turned over to Congress. y Adams agreed but withheld only the names of the French agents, referring them as X,Y,and Z. - A wave of anti-French sentiment swept the U.S. and Congress formally abrogated the Treaty of Alliance and authorized American ships to seize French ships.

Quasi War-(1798-99) (The XYZ began an undeclared war with France) - The US navy and French privateers fought in Carribean waters. - The US Navy established its superiority in the West Indies by capturing many French ships. Alien and Sedition Acts- (1798) - Federalists saw the anti-Democratic-Republican feelings as a chance to deal a deathblow to their opponents. - The Federalist controlled Congress adopted these laws intended to suppress dissent and to prevent further growth of the Democratic Republicans. y Naturalization Act: The residency period required for citizenship was lengthened and all resident aliens were to register w/ the federal govt. (Many immigrants supported DR). y Alien Acts: Enemy aliens could be held in detention in times of war and the president was given the power to deport any alien he thought dangerous to national security. y Sedition Act: Outlawed conspiracies to prevent the enforcement of federal laws and malicious writing and statements. This arrested many Democratic-Republicans. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions- (Opposition to A and S Acts) - Jefferson and Madison each secretly drafted somewhat different sets of resolutions that were introduced in each state in 1798. - Contended that citizens can judge the constitutionality of federal action and that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. - They rallied Democratic Republican opinion and raised the question of how far could states go in opposing the national govt. - Used later to justify nullification/secession Unit 4: Marbury v Madison- (1803) - William Marbury, one of Adams s midnight appointees had been named a justice of the peace in D.C. - James Madison, secretary of state, refused to certify Marbury s appointment so the president could instead appoint a Democratic-Republican. - Marbury sued, requesting a writ of mandamus, which would force the president to appoint him. - If the SC ruled in favor of Marbury, the president would probably not comply with the issued writ and the SC had no way to enforce him to do so - If the SC ruled in favor of Madison, it would be handing the Democratic Republicans a victory. - Avoiding both pitfalls, Marshall ruled that Marbury had a right to his appointment but that the Supreme Court did not have the power to issue a writ of mandamus to compel Madison to honor the appointment. y Denied itself the power to issue writs of mandamus. y Established far greater power to judge the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. (Judicial Review) Louisiana Purchase- (1803) - In secret pacts to France, Spain ceded Louisiana to France. y Napoleon seemed poised to build an empire on the New World. y This was a threat to national security and trade. - To relieve pressure for war against France and to win western farm support, Jefferson prepared for war while sending James Monroe to join Robert Livingston in France. y They were to buy New Orleans and as much of the Mississippi valley as possible y France offered to sell all of Louisiana to the U.S. for merely $15 million. y Napoleon lost interest in the New World

y He also needed money to fight against Britain. y Livingston and Monroe signed the treaty Jefferson was faced with a dilemma; Was the purchase constitutional?

Embargo Act- (1807) intended to avoid war - Thought of as a short-term measure to put pressure on France and Britain while avoiding conflict. - Forbade all exports from U.S. to any country and was very unpopular and unsuccessful. - Smugglers and U.S. manufacturers received a boost however. Tecumseh- (1800) He and Prophet, were promoting unified Indian resistance against the U.S. - Tecumseh adhered to old Indian principles and culture. - He initially preached spiritual renewal but later preached resisting Americans. - He sought to unify northern and southern Indians by traveling widely and preaching resistance. - In 1811, when Tecumseh was recruiting support in the South, Harrison defeated the Prophet s and Tecumseh s supporters and their movement began to unravel. Battle of Fallen Timbers- (Aug. 1794) - Little Turtle was the leader of the Miami Confederacy, wanted the Ohio R. as the NW boundary - Gen. Anthony defeated the Miami Confederacy - Peace negotiations began after the victory Battle of Tippecanoe- (Nov. 1811) - Harrison attacked the Prophet and his followers near Tippecanoe - Dispersed Tecumseh and the Prophet s followers. The movement initiated by the brothers began to unravel - Burned down Prophetstown - Served as a catalyst to the War of 1812 War of 1812- (1812-1814) - Some saw this war as an opportunity to conquer and annex British Canada. (Canadian invasion was a disaster) - Federalists opposed war while DR supported it. - The experience strengthened America s will to steer clear of European politics. y Desire to improve roads and the army was established. y Stimulated economic growth by helping to establish factories in America. y Sealed the fate of the Federalists. Battle of Thames- (William Henry Harrison led one of the most successful land campaigns in the War of 1812) - Defeated the British, Shawnees, and Chippewa forces on Oct. 5 1813 - U.S. regained control of the Old Northwest - Tecumseh died in this battle, so did Native American unity Fort McHenry- (During War of 1812) - British failed to take the fort - Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner during this skirmish Battle of New Orleans- (Last campaign of the war) - The British fleet landed east of NO hoping to seize the mouth of the Mississippi. - After playing cat-and-mouse for three weeks, the two forces engaged ea. other.

Jackson s poorly trained men held fortified positions against frontal assaults of a larger British force. y Jackson inflicted large casualties while barreling suffering any himself. y He emerged a national hero. This actually took place after the war. y

Hartford Convention-(1814-1815) - Delegates from New England met here to discuss revising the national compact or pulling out of the republic. - Moderates prevented a resolution of secession but the other delegates condemned the war and embargo and endorsed radical changes in the Constitution. y Reduce presidency to 1 term. y Require a 2/3 congressional vote to admit new states. - Delegates plotted preserving NE Federalist political power as electoral strength was shifting to the S and W. - The timing of this convention was bad for the Federalists. y The victory @ NO and the peace treaty made the convention look ridiculous. y Rather than harassing a wartime administration the Federalists found themselves in retreat before a rising tide of nationalism. Rush-Bagot Treaty- (1817) (Between US and Britain) - Limited their naval forces on the Great Lakes. - First disarmament treaty of modern times - Led to the demilitarization of the border between the U.S. and Canada. Adams-Onis Treaty- (1819) - The Spanish agreed to ceded Florida to the US w/o payment while the US renounced its dubious claims to Mexico (Texas) and to assume $5 million of claims by American citizens against Spain. - Defined the SW boundary of the LO Purchase and the southern border of Oregon. Monroe Doctrine-(presented by Monroe to Congress in 1823) - Called for non-colonization of the Western Hemisphere by European nations and non-intervention by Europe in the affairs of independent New World Nations. - Promised noninterference by the US in European affairs. - Addressed national anxiety of Latin America and Russian expansion beyond Alaska. - Popular at home and became the foundation of American policy in the Western hemisphere. - However, it carried no force and the policy depended on the support of the British, who wanted to keep other European nations out of the hemisphere to protect their dominance in Atlantic trade. Missouri Compromise- (Proposed by Henry Clay in 1820 to solve the Tallmadge predicament) - Maine was to carved out of MA and would become a free state balancing Missouri. - In the rest of the Louisiana territory, slavery would be prohibited forever above the 36, 30 line The compromise carried but the agreement almost unraveled when Missouri submitted a constitution that barred free blacks from entering the state. - Opponents stated that this would violate the federal constitutional provision that the citizens of each state would be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in several States. - Clay later produced a second compromise: Missouri guaranteed that none of its laws would discriminate against citizens of other states.

Unit 5: Eli Whitney- (Invented cotton gin in 1793) - Expanded cotton production - Transformed southern agriculture, revived and expanded slavery, and boosted export of both cotton and cloth Erie CanalThe Canal of a visionary enterprise that was 363 miles long, far longer than the other canals of the time. - It cost $7 million (mostly borrowed from the British) and shortened the journey between Buffalo and NYC while heavily reducing freight charges. - Had to be expanded in 1835. - Its success triggered an explosion of canal building. However the canal era had ended in the 1830s. DeWitt Clinton- (NY governor Dewitt Clinton vigorously promoted the canal) - Many were initially skeptical of Clinton s big ditch Removal Act- (1830) (Jackson refused to comply with the SC cases and favored expelling the Indians) - Congress provided Jackson with the funds he needed to negotiate new treaties and resettle the resistant tribes west of the Mississippi. - Many Indian tribes were forced off their land on a forced march. Trail of Tears- (1831) - Most Cherokees did not want to move and lobbied the Senate against the treaty ratification. (They lost) - When the time for evacuation came in 1838, the Cherokees refused to move and President Van Buren had to send troops to round them up. - 20,000 Cherokees were evicted, held in detention camps, and marched to Indian Territory in presentday Oklahoma. - Nearly of them died on the march. Mormons- (Most successful communitarian experiment) - In NY 1820s, Joseph Smith claimed an angel visited him and published his revelations in The Book of Mormons and organized a church in 1830 - Angry mobs and opponents drove the Mormons from Ohio to Miss. and then to Illinois. - The Illinois state legislature gave them a charter that made them self-governing and authorized a local militia. - Smith and his brother were jailed then murdered and the Mormons fled to Utah where they established a community of saints . - Lead by Brigham young, they achieved religious freedom and political autonomy. o Land was distributed according to family size. o AN extensive irrigation system transformed the arid land into a rich oasis. o The church elders gained control of water, trade, industry, and the territorial govt. of Utah as the colony developed. - Mormons offered community and salvation as well as fellowship and religious certainty within a tightknit society and cooperative economic system. Shakers- (Largest communal utopian experiments that reached their peak between 1820 and 1860) - Communities emphasized agriculture and handcrafts - Essentially a spiritual community that was founded in 1736 in England by Mother Ann Lee. o Lived communally and abolished individual families. o Leadership tended to be in the hands of women.

o Settlements relied on constant recruit enlistment because of their practice of celibacy Many settlements became temporary refuges for the unfortunate during hard times as people would come and go. In the middle of the 19th century, Shaker community began a slow decline.

Gabriel Prosser s Revolt- (Enslaved blacksmith that planned a large-scale revolt) - Recruited other skilled African Americans who lived in semifreedom under minimal supervision (like himself) and rural slaves. - Planned to attack Richmond in 1800, set fire to the city, seize the state capitol and capture governor James Monroe. - He then believed other slaves and poor whites would join in. - Planters learned of the plan and eventually caught Gabriel and hanged him and other conspirators. Nat Turner- (Became a famous preacher and rebelled in Virginia) - After several years of planning he led a band of rebels from farm to farm in the predawn darkness in 1831. - Before alarmed planters stoped them, Nat Turner and his followers had slaughtered sixty whites in 48 hours. - The rebellion soon was put down and whites killed random slaves all over the region in retaliation. - Turner was caught and hanged. - A book (The Confessions of Nat Turner) became a bestseller as it interviewed Turner. - A shocked Virginia legislature debated a gradual emancipation plan to rid itself of slavery and blacks. The House of Delegates voted it down Immigration (patterns, motives, ect.)- Competed for work with Americans. Usually hired because they were willing to work for less. - Most disliked by Americans especially the Irish - Caused political animosity, religious persecution - Nativism expanded among Americans Unit 6: William Lloyd Garrison- (Immediatist) (Talented, radical abolitionist) - Began publishing The Liberator (1831) which became his main weapon against slavery. - Refused to work with anyone who tolerated delaying emancipation. - Helped push antislavery into the national agenda though he had no specific plan for abolishing slavery. - Called for was conversion of slaveholders and proslaveryites. Seneca Falls Convention- (1848) (Womens Rights Convention in NY) - 300 women and men reformers gathered to demand political, social, and economic equality for women. - Protested womens legal and social restrictions. - Their Declaration of Sentiments (modeled after the Declaration of Independence) broadcast the injustices suffered by women and launched the women s rights movement. - Not everyone at Seneca Falls signed the resolution on women s suffrage. Spoils System- (Rewarding of followers, that supported Jackson, with office positions) - Used patronage to strengthen party organization and loyalty. - Rotated officeholders (claimed it made govt. more responsive to the public will) - Opponents claimed that this corrupted the govt. because appointments were based on political loyalty, not competency.

Doctrine of Nullification- (SC s leaders rejected the high tariff of 1828) - A state had the right to overrule (nullify) federal legislation. - Based on the idea expressed in the VA and KT Resolutions that the states can judge the constitutionality of federal actions. Force Act- (Passed by Congress at Jackson s request during the nullification crisis in 1832) - Authorized the president to call up troops but offered a way to avoid force by collecting duties before foreign ships reached Charleston s harbor. Second Bank of the U.S.- (Resembled predecessor in form and function) - Its 20 yr charter was set to expire in 1836. - Circulated currency and refused to accept bank notes of any state bank lacking sufficient gold in reserve. - Most state banks resented the central bank s power of easily ruining a state bank and found themselves unable to compete on an equal footing with the bank because they had less money in reserve. - Many state government regarded the natl. bank as unresponsive to local needs because, as a private, profit-making institution, its policies reflected the interest of its owners especially Biddle. Dorothea Dix- (asylum reform lady) - Advanced nursing profession for women Charles Finney- (NY lawyer) (Led the revival movement in the north) (Part of the 2nd Great Awakening) - Outstanding orator, later abandoned the law to preach - Said salvation could be achieved through spontaneous conversion - Used everyday language (like Thomas Paine) - Preached in the Burnt-Over District in NY Oregon Boundary Question- (1840s) (Oregon was jointly occupied by British and U.S.) - Polk dropped the demand for a boundary at 54 40 and pressured the British to accept the 49th parallel. - Britain agreed in 1846 and the U.S. gained all of the territory. - Set off a new area of land acquisition and conquest. Mexican War- (1840s) (Polk desired California but failed to buy it from Mexico) - Polk waited for war and sent troops under Zachary Taylor to defend the contested border of the Rio Grande. - After a Mexican cavalry ambushed U.S. forces on the north side of the river, Polk drafted a war message to Congress, withholding key facts. o Polk declared that Mexico invaded the U.S. and killed U.S. troops. o Congress overwhelmingly voted for war. o Americans were enthusiastic because of manifest destiny. - Spawned an outpouring of poetry, song, drama, literature, lithographs, and patriotism. - Progress was steady. o Kearny took Santa Fe without opposition and joined forces with rebellious American settlers led by Fremont in California. o Zachary Taylor s forces attacked and occupied Monterrey, securing NE Mexico. o Americans established dominion over California. o Winfield Scott, outnumbered and facing dire obstacles, captured the Mexican capital Wilmot Proviso- (Proposed by PA Democrat David Wilmot in 1846) - Amendment to a bill that would ban slavery from any of the territory gained from Mexico. - Never passed in both houses of Congresses.

Increased friction between southerners and northerners. o Northern states began to endorse it. o Southern leaders began to demand future guarantees for slavery. Wilmot was not an abolitionist and did it only to defend the rights of white freemen.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-(1848) (Reps of U.S. and Mexico signed this) - U.S. gained California, New Mexico, and recognition of the Rio Grande as the southern boundary of Texas. - The American govt. agreed to settle the claims of its citizens against Mexico and to pay Mexico a mere $15 million. Popular sovereignty- (Devised by 1848 Democratic Pres. Candidate Cass) - Let residents in the western territories decide the question of slavery for themselves. - His platform declared that Congress lacked the power to interfere with slavery s expansion. Compromise of 1850- (Presented by Henry Clay) - Each of its 5 components was passed individually after passing the whole thing failed. o California became a free state. o Texas boundary set at its present limits o U.S. paid Texas $10 million in compensation for the loss of New Mexico territory.l o Organized territories of New Meixoc and Utah on a basis of popular sovereignty. o Fugitive slave law was strengthened. o Slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia. - Helped delay the Civil War and satisfied Northerners and Southerners for now. - Two major flaws. o Southerners and Northerners each had different views on the prohibition of slavery during the territorial stage. o Fugitive Slave Act angered many northerners. Uncle Tom s Cabin- (Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, published in 1852) - Portrayed the humanity and suffering of slaves and the evils of slavery and touched millions of northerners. - Sold over 3 million copies in 9 months. - Its popularity alarmed Southern whites, which saw it as a threat to slavery and their way of life. - Around 20 proslavery novels were published in response as Southern defense. Horace Greeley- (editor of the New York Tribune) - Opposed slavery Fugitive Slave Law- (Part of the Compromise of 1850) - Protected slavery - Slaveowners could go to court in their own state and present evidence that a slave they owned had escaped. Court officials would capture the slave based on the description and not whether he/she was actually an escaped slave. - It was a felony to harbor fugitives and the law stated that northern citizens could be summoned to hunt fugitives. - Many fugitive slaves went north to Canada or to Mexico to escape the act. - Some New England states began to pass personal-liberty laws, allowing local judges not to enforce the act.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates-

Stephen Douglas- (Known for compromise and did not view slavery as a fundamental problem) - Introduced Kansas-Nebraska Bill to promote the construction of a transcontinental railroad o Would encourage settlement of the Great Plains and stimulate Illinois economy o No company would build such a railroad before Congress organized the territories it would cross Bleeding Kansas-(1850s-Civil War) - Caused from hatred from Kansas-Nebraska Act. - Abolitionists and religious groups sent in armed Free-Soil settlers to Kansas while southerners sent slaveholders to establish slavery. - During the elections for a territorial legislature in 1855, thousands of proslavery Missourians (Border Ruffians) invaded the polls and voted for proslavery candidates. The resulting legislature legalized slavery. - The Free-Soilers set up their own government in response. John Brown- In 1856, proslaveryites sacked the free-soil town of Lawrence. - John Brown, radical abolitionist, murdered 5 proslaveryites in Pottawatomie Creek in revenge. - Set off further conflict Sumner-Brooks affair- (US Senate, 1856) - Charles Sumner of Massachusetts denounced the crime against Kansas . o He bitterly assailed the president, the South, and Senator Andrew Butler of SC o Butler s cousin, representative Preston Brooks approached Sumner and beat him unconscious in revenge. - Northerners were shocked on what they saw as another violent southern assault on free speech. - Southerners supported Butler s actions. Dred Scott case- (1857) - Missouri slave Dred Scott sued his owner for his freedom based on the claim that he had lived in free territory. - This case eventually moved to the Supreme Court. - Instead of sticking the precedence of an 1851 case that declared that state courts determined the status of Negroes who lived within their jurisdictions, the SC decided to take the case. - Chief Justice Taney delivered the majority opinion of a divided Court. o Declared that Scott was not a citizen of either the U.S. or Missouri. o Residence in free territory did not make Scot free. o Congress had no power to bar slavery from any states. - The decision overturned a sectional compromise and invalidated the basic ideas of the Wilmot Proviso. - Blacks contemplated whether they had any future in America given that they could not be citizens. - Northern whites rejected the decision and feared the Slave Power even more. - Republicans used these fears to strengthen their antislavery coalition. Lecompton Constitution- (1857) (Exposed Slave Power s influence over govt) - Kansans voted on a proslavery constitution drafted at Lecompton (Defeated by more than 10,000 votes in a referendum boycotted by most proslavery voters) - Kansans did not want slavery but Buchanan tried to force the Lecompton Constitution thru Congress.

Southerners demanded a proslavery outcome. Douglas through his weight against the Lecompton Constitution, infuriating southern Democrats, and the Constitution was rejected in 1858 again. Southerners began to think that their sectional rights and slavery would only be safe in a separate nation. Northern Democrats found it harder to support the territorial protection for slavery that southern Democrats believed in

Freeport Doctrine-(1861) (Douglas running against Lincoln for Illinois senate seat) - Lincoln asked Douglas Do you believe we can have both pop. sov. and the Dred Scott case? - Douglas said slavery could be prevented from any territory if the people living in that territory voted no to slavery. John Brown s Raid- (1859) - Led a small band of whites and blacks in an attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. - He hoped to trigger a slave rebellion and failed. o He was captured, put on trial, and executed. o North remembered him as martyr, South feared him. - Southerners became even angrier when they learned that northern abolitionists backed John and the North supported his actions. Crittenden Compromise- (1860-1861) - Senator Crittenden of Kentucky tried to craft a compromise. - Proposed that the two sections divide the territories between them at 36 30. - Southerners would agree only if the Republicans did too. - Lincoln ruled out concessions on the territorial issue and this compromise collapsed Fort Sumter- (1861) - A federal garrison there ran low on food and Lincoln notified the South Carolinians that he was sending a ship to resupply the fort. - The South Carolinians alternatives were to attack the fort or to abbey Lincoln s authority. - The Confederate secretary of war ordered local commanders to obtain surrender or attack the fort. - After 2 days of heavy bombardment, the fort finally surrendered. - Confederates permitted U.S. troops to sail away on unarmed vessels. Unit 7: Battle of Bull Run- (1861) (Manassas, VA) (Confed. victory) - Gen. McDowell s union troops attacked General Beauregard s southerners. - Federal forces began to gain ground until Stonewall Jackson s line held firm and Confederate reinforcements arrived. Defeated Union troops fled back to Washington, shocking many northerners. - The loss told the northerners that winning the war wouldn t be as easy as they expected. Anaconda Plan- Union war strategy - Consisted of 4 parts. y Naval blockade to stop southern trade and to cripple the southern economy y Take Mississippi R. to cut the food producing southern states from the rest of the confederacy y March through the confederacy, cutting it in half again y Capture Richmond

Merrimack- (Union war ship) fought in the Merrimack v. Monitor naval skirmish - Merrimack and monitor were both iron clad ships - Ended in a tie - Began a new era of naval design - Union burned it down to prevent confederates from capturing it but the confederates took it anyways and rebuilt it. Antietam- (1862) Bloodiest day of the war - McClellan turned Lee back from Sharpsburg, Maryland after intercepting Confederate battle plans. - McClellan moved slowly, failing to use his larger forces in simultaneous attacks and allowed Lee s army to retreat to safety across the Potomac. - Lincoln removed McClellan from command. Morill Land Grant Act- (1862) - To promote public education, Congress grated each state 30,000 acres of federal land for each of its congressional districts. - The states could sell the land as long as they use the income for education - Fostered 69 colleges and universities and enriches a few prominent speculators Emancipation Proclamation- (1862) - Issued by Lincoln shortly after the Union victory at Antietam - Announced that on Jan 1, 1863, he would emancipate the slaves in the states in rebellion - Lincoln wanted the Southerners to put down their arms or else lose their slaves, however he had little expectation that southerners would give up - Lincoln did not liberate the staves in the Border States, only in the states where he had no power - Lincoln worried about the constitution of this act 13th Amendment- (1864) - Slavery was abolished and prohibited - The war to save the Union also became the war to free the slaves - Congress can enforce this with appropriate legislature Battle of Vicksburg- Vicksburg was the South s last major fortification on the Mississippi R. - Grant laid siege to Vicksburg - If Vicksburg fell the Union would control the Mississippi cutting the Confederacy in two and gaining an open path into it - Vicksburg fill in 1863 Battle of Gettysburg- Davis ordered an offensive into the North led by Lee to counter Grant s offensive, take the war out of Virginia, gain civilian support in Maryland, and get supplies - Lee s offensive ended at Gettysburg in a three day battle - Lee s defeat spelled the end of major southern offensives and the Confederacy was too weak to attack and stayed on the defensive because of Gettysburg. Sherman s March to the Sea- General Sherman brought total war to the Southern Heartland - Lived off the land instead of using supply trains - Wanted to ruin and humble the South with his specially selected force

Sherman defeated Hood and occupied Atlanta, buoying northern spirits and ensuring Lincoln s reelection After reaching Savannah, Sherman marched his armies north into the Carolinas, South Carolina being the root of secession y Cut a path of destruction y Many southerners had lost the will to continue the stuggle y Many slaves joined

Lincoln s 10% Plan- (Lincoln wanted a swift and moderate reconstruction) - Proposed to replace majority rule with loyal rule as means of reconstruction southern state govt. - Proposed pardons to all Confederates except the high-ranking officers - As soon as 10% of the voting population in the 1860 general election had taken an oath to the U.S. and established a govt., a new state would be recognized. - Lincoln did not consult with Congress with these terms - Congress responded with great hostility to this plan and wanted a longer, harsher reconstruction Wade Davis Bill- (1864) (Pocket vetoed by Lincoln) - Three specific conditions for southern readmission y Demanded a majority of white male citizens participating in the creation of a new government. y To vote or be a delegate to constitutional conventions, men had to declare they never aided the Confederate war effort y All officers above the rank of lieutenant and all civil officials in the Confederacy would be disfranchised and not considered a citizen of the U.S. - The Confederate states were to be defined as conquered enemies and the readmission was to be harsh and slow Freedmen s Bureau- (Established in 1865 by Congress) - In its 4 years of existence, it supplied food, medical services, shelter, education, and job opportunities to the newly freed blacks. - Whites in the South hated it while politicians were divided over its constitutionality - Similar to a welfare system Black Codes- (to define the freedmen s status, legislatures replaced the word blacks with freedmen) - These new black codes compelled the former slaves to carry passes, observe a curfew, live in housing provided by a landowner, and give up hope of entering many desirable occupations. - Freedpeople were bound to plantations and employers were punished for trying to lure black workers - State-supported schools and orphanages excluded blacks entirely 14th Amendment- (1868) (3 parts) - Requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons within their jurisdictions and guarantee African Americans civil rights - Declared the Confederate debt null and void and guaranteed the war debt of the U.S. - Barred Confederate leaders from holding state and federal office. Tenure of Office Act- Gave the Senate power to approve changes in the president s cabinet - Designed to protect Secretary of War, Stanton, a radical sympathizer - Violated the tradition that a president controlled appointments to his own cabinet

Passed with a 2/3 override of the veto

Johnson Impeachment Trial- (3 attempts) - After Johnson tried to remove Stanton, violating the Tenure of Office Act - Prosecution led by Radicals attempted to prove that Johnson was guilty of high crimes, misdemeanors, and bad performance (rejected by Senate) - The prosecution fell one vote short of the 2/3 majority and Johnson remained in office 15th Amendment- (1870) - Prohibits government from restricting one from voting based on his or her race - Women still can t vote KKK- (Secret veterans club that began in Tennessee in 1866) - Rapidly evolved and spread as a terrorist organization - Sought to frustrate Reconstruction and keep the freedmen to subjection using violence - Attacked and persecuted blacks and active Republicans