LIGHTING FOR RESIDENTIAL

Lebanese University Faculty of Engineering (III) Civil Department Semester VII

DESIGN

                           

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Ibrahim Elshar 3323 Joseph Hamad 3324

Synopsis
Lighting is the application of light. What we do with lights, where we place them, how much area we light with them, what color white light we choose, what shadows we cast, or which artwork we accentthe effects we createthis is lighting. As we get older we need more light, but it must be more shielded, balanced, and uniform light. Lighting that is the most effective for an application while using the least amount of energy can be considered energy-efficient. Lighting for universal design is lighting that grows and shrinks as we do; it lives with us, and adapts to our needs.

Electric Lighting
I
INTRODUCTION
Electric Lighting, illumination by means of any of a number of devices that convert electrical energy into light. The types of electric lighting devices most commonly used are the incandescent lamp, the fluorescent lamp, the various types of arc and electric-discharge vapor lamps, and light-emitting diodes. An important property of light fixture is the luminous efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen or watt. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficiency. Shading the light will normally decrease the efficiency but increase the directionality and visual comfort probability.

II

Lighting Designation:

Lighting designation differs with the aim functionality of the illuminated area. An intense lighting system may be required for recreational areas that involve task functionality operations which in turn inquire a good lighting system. On the other hand a general and localized lighting is required in places where a dim or weak lighting is best needed. 1) Intense lighting: is mainly functional and is usually the most concentrated, for purposes such as reading or inspection materials. 2) Ornamental lighting: is mainly for decorative purposes, intended to highlight pictures, plants or other elements of interior design. 3) General lighting: fills in between the two and is intended for general illumination of an area.

III

Methods of Lighting:

1) Direct lighting: is the most common, with fixtures on or recessed in the ceiling casting light downward. Although it is easy to design it, it has dramatic problems with glare and excess energy consumption due to large number of fitting 2) Indirect lighting: is less common, often used to bounce indirect light of the ceiling and back down. It is commonly used in lighting application that requires minimal glare and uniform general luminance levels. Indirect lighting can create a

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diffused and shadow free light effect. It can be regarded as uneconomical lighting principle. 3) Front lighting: it is also quite common, but tends to make the subject looks flat as it casts almost no visible shadows.

IVTYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS

This section describes the various types and components of lighting systems.

i. Incandescent (GLS) Lamps

An incandescent lamp acts as a grey body, selectively emitting radiation, with most of itoccurring in the visible region. The bulb contains a vacuum or gas filling. Although this stopsoxidation of the tungsten filament, it will not stop evaporation. The darkening of bulbs is due toevaporated tungsten condensing on the relatively cool bulb surface. With an inert gas filling, theevaporation will be suppressed, and the heavier the molecular weight, the more successful it willbe. For normal lamps an argon nitrogen mixture of ratio 9/1 is used because of its low cost.Krypton or Xenon is only used in specialized applications such as cycle lamps where the smallbulb size helps to offset the increased cost, and where performance is critical.Gas filling can conduct heat away from the filament, so low conductivity is important. Gas filledlamps normally incorporate fuses in the lead wires. A small break can cause an electricaldischarge, which can draw very high currents. As filament fracture is the normal end of lamp lifeit would not be convenient for sub circuits fuses to fail.
Features Efficacy 18 lumens/Watt Color Rendering Index 1A Color Temperature - Warm (2,500K 2,700K) Lamp Life 1-2,000 hours

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ii. Fluorescent Lamps

Fluorescent Lamps are about 3 to 5 times as efficient as standard incandescent lamps and can lastabout 10 to 20 times longer. Passing electricity through a gas or metallic vapour will causeelectromagnetic radiation at specific wavelengths according to the chemical constitution and thegas pressure. The fluorescent tube has a low pressure of mercury vapor, and will emit a smallamount of blue/green radiation, but the majority will be in the UV at 253.7nm and 185nm.The inside of the glass wall has a thin phosphor coating, selected to absorb the UV radiation andtransmit it in the visible region. This process is approx. 50% efficient. Fluorescent tubes are hotcathode lamps, since the cathodes are heated as part of the starting process. The cathodes aretungsten filaments with a layer of barium carbonate. When heated, this coating will provideadditional electrons to help start the discharge. This emissive coating must not be over-heated, aslamp life will be reduced. The lamps use a soda lime glass, which is a poor transmitter of UV.The amount of mercury is small, typically 12mg. The latest lamps are using a mercury amalgam,which enables doses closer to 5mg. This enables the optimum mercury pressure to be sustainedover a wider temperature range. This is useful for exterior lighting as well as compact recessedfittings.
Features Halophosphate

Efficacy 80 lumens/Watt (HF gear increases this by 10%) Color Rendering Index 2-3 Color Temperature Any Lamp Life 7-15,000 hours Tri-phosphor Efficacy 90 lumens/Watt Color Rendering Index 1A-1B Color Temperature Any Lamp Life 7-15,000 hours

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The following Table gives the performance characteristics of the commonly used luminaries: 1

VDESIGN OF LIGHTING SYSTEM

The prime objectives behind the design of a lighting system are as follows:

the safety and comfort of occupants the nature of a task or process performed in a space will dictate the illuminance level which must be provided by the lighting system (lx or lm/m2). Tasks involving high degrees of visual acuity will require higher lighting levels. theminimisation of energy consumption minimisation of energy consumption involves the development of the most energy efficient lighting systems which is suitable for the task, this can be achieved by selecting high efficiency equipment and making use of available daylight.

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colour rendering or the creation of a specific atmosphere the colour characteristics of a lighting scheme will affects tasks performed when the lighting system is on. For example tasks which require the accurate representation of colour require a light with the spectral characteristics of daylight. Alternatively,.to create a warm atmosphere in a restaurant requires the selection of lights skewed to the red end of the spectrum. A lighting design has several stages. These are as follows: 1) Identification of the requirements for the lighting system, illuminance levels, colour requirements, available space, etc; 2) Selection of equipment, lamps, luminaires: lighting systems consist of numerous components, the two most important of which are: lamps, which influence the lighting level, colour characteristics and efficiency of the lighting system; luminaires affect the efficiency with which the light is distributed and so affect lighting efficiency and uniformity 3) Design of the lighting system: lighting systems are designed to achieve a reasonably uniform distribution of light on a particular plane (usually horizontal), avoidance of glare with a minimum expenditure of energy. The most rudimentary form of lighting design is done using a manual calculation the lumen method. 4) System control: once a lighting system has been designed it can be controlled in such a way as to make maximum use of available daylight, through selection of appropriate switching mechanisms and daylight responsive controls. Method Of Calculation:
A simple means of designing lighting systems is achieved by means of the lumen method; this is a simplified design approach to enable the designer to achieve an even light distribution in spaces of reasonably simple geometry (i.e. rectangular). The basis of the lumen method is the following equation:

J lum !

Ev A YvQ (1)

E - is the required luminance (lux) its value is related to the place to be lit; A - is the area to be lit; (%)-MF is known as the maintenance factor, which is a combination of three factors;. Its values are between 0.65 and 0.85. (%)- UF is the utilisation and is a function of the luminaire properties and room geometry. It is the efficiency

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Special tables are used in order to determine the utilization factor which requires us to find the following parameters: (%): it represents the average factor of reflection of any surface (wall or ceiling).it mainly depends on the color of the surface and its intensity. K:Room Index. It can be determined by the following formula:

K!

0.2 L v 0.8W

h


W=width of surface L=length of surface hsis the height of luminaire above the working plane;

u=

E x S (lum)

J lu !

v .....(lu ) YvQ

The First Floor Salon (Living) will be studied as an example: y y y y y y y y y y y y Length L = 9.95m, width W = 4.83m Surface area of kitchen=48m2 E (kitchen) =65 lux hs= 3-0.9 = 2.1m K= (0.8*4.83 + 0.2*9.95)/ 2.1 =2.79 =0.75 (ceiling)=70 % & (walls)=50 % Method of lighting: direct. Form of lighting: incandescence. From given table we read = 0.39 u=E*S=75*23.5=3123.8lum =10679 lum= ( E.S)/ ( . )

Use2 incandescent lamps of 200W & 2 of 100W of =18 (lum/watt) (2x200+2x100) x18 =10800 ( lum ) 10800>10679 OK

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Installation
Circuit Breaker panel Calculation Method Design Procedure for the Lamps Wiring
For a given lighting circuit in each floor the loads of the lamps are calculated as follows: P = power of the lamps in a given circuit I = Power/ (220x0.8) = Load in A. I x Diminishing Factor (0.75) = Diminished Load A. LGF circuit # 1 3 5 11 GF circuit # 1 3 5 7 FF circuit # 1 9 11 13 Power w 100 1240 1148 618 Power w 846 1200 1370 2000

Power w 1246 1210 520 350

Load A 7.079545 6.875 2.954545 1.988636 Load A 4.806818 6.818182 7.784091 11.36364 Load A 0.568182 7.045455 6.522727 3.511364

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ALL Floors circuit # 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 power 2192 2410 1890 2000 1240 1498 618 load in A 12.45455 13.69318 10.73864 11.36364 7.045455 8.511364 3.511364 Diminishing Diminished circuit wire size factor Load A Breaker mm2 0.75 9.34 10A 2.5 0.7 9.58 10A 2.5 0.75 8.05 10A 2.5 0.75 8.52 10A 2.5 0.7 4.93 6A 1.5 0.7 5.95 6A 1.5 0.75 2.63 6A 1.5

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Circuit Breaker panel Calculation Method Design Procedure for the SocketWiring
For a given Socket circuit in each floor the loads of the Sockets are calculated as follows: P = power on the sockets in a given circuit I = Power/ (220x0.8) = Load in A. I x Diminishing Factor (0.75) = Diminished Load A. LGF Circuit # 0 2 4 6 10 12 14 20 GF Power Circuit Power watt # watt 5000 2 1000 6030 4 1850 1450 6 1450 2230 8 5950 1000 22 2000 500 630 1000 FF Circuit Power # watt 10 1650 12 2250 14 2000 16 1650 22 600 18 1000

ALLFLS Circuit # 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 18 22 Power watt 5000 7030 3300 3680 5950 2650 2750 2630 1650 1000 1000 2600 Diminishing Diminished circuit wire Load A Breaker sizemm2 Load in A factor 28.40909 0.3 8.522727 10 4 39.94318 0.25 9.985795 10 4 18.75 0.3 5.625 5 2.5 20.90909 0.3 6.272727 5 2.5 33.80682 0.25 8.451705 10 4 15.05682 0.3 4.517045 5 2.5 15.625 0.3 4.6875 5 2.5 14.94318 0.3 4.482955 5 2.5 9.375 0.3 2.8125 5 2.5 5.681818 0.8 4.545455 5 2.5 5.681818 0.8 4.545455 5 2.5 14.77273 0.3 4.431818 5 2.5

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A main circuit breaker of 50A will be used.

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