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Chemistry Laboratory
A chemistry laboratory is a place where you can perform in actual the different reactions that you had learnt in the books or heard in lectures. A good chemistry laboratory is fully equipped with the basic measuring and analytical chemistry laboratory apparatus that allows a good study of all the branches of chemistry. However all the different experiments should be performed under the supervision of the lab instructor only. Adhering to safety norms is of paramount importance in a chemistry lab. Chemistry lab equipment are used in school & college chemistry laboratories and chemical research laboratories. Chemistry laboratory equipment includes different types of chemistry apparatus.
Types of Chemistry Laboratory Equipments: A vast range of common chemistry laboratory equipment is discussed here under suitable categories.
Viscometer
Centrifuge
Thistle Tube
Burner Bunsen
Water Bath
Digital Thermometer
Thermometers
pH Meter
Infrared Thermometer
Dry Bath
Caring of Chemistry Lab Apparatus: In a chemistry laboratory the most common and widely used equipment are those made of glass. With glassware it is easy to spot what is happening inside. At the same time it is essential to ensure the proper & careful use of chemistry laboratory equipment. The chemistry lab apparatus usually deals with different sorts of chemicals and so they are prone to chemical attacks and breakge. Some of the very common chemistry lab equipment includes beakers, test tubes, bunsen burner etc. .
Wear Sensible Clothing: In the laboratory, sensible clothing includes shoes that fully cover the feet; sandals and clogs are not adequate. Shoes provide a great deal of initial protection in the case of dropped containers, spilled chemicals, and unseen hazards on the floor. Sensible clothing also includes old clothes, which are not too loose, especially at the sleeves. Laboratory coats or aprons are even more satisfactory. All extra clothing should be kept off the laboratory bench. Tie back long hair so that it will not fall into flames or chemicals. Do not wear synthetics if possible as they burn readily. Never Work Alone in the Laboratory: All work must be performed under the supervision of a laboratory instructor/demonstrator. The instructor should be aware of the exact nature of all work being done in the laboratory. Do not Perform any Unauthorized Experiments: Do only the experiment, which has been assigned by the laboratory instructor. Never do any unauthorized experiment in place of the one assigned by the instructor. Do not change the designated procedure without the advice of the instructor. Know Exactly What You are to Do: Occasionally incomplete directions or a misunderstanding of instruction causes accidents. Whenever you are in doubt, ask your instructor. Think About What You are Doing & Why You are Doing it at all Times: DO NOT start any experiment involving the use of an experimental set-up (apparatus) until it has been checked and approved by your laboratory instructor unless otherwise instructed. Do Not Eat, Drink Or Smoke In The Laboratory: For safety purposes, assume all chemicals to be poisonous either by themselves or because of impurities. Also avoid direct contact with organic chemicals. Many are absorbed directly through the skin. Keep the Laboratory Clean at all Times: Any chemical spilled on your skin or your clothing, should be washed immediately and thoroughly. If a solution, a solid, or liquid chemical is spilled on the bench or on the
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laboratory floor, clean up the spill immediately. Notify the laboratory instructor of the spill. When leaving the laboratory, wipe the bench top thoroughly. Make sure that your work area is clean and free of spilled chemicals or scraps of paper. Wash your hands with soap and water. Dispose of Waste & Excess Materials in the Proper Manner: Used matches, paper, broken glass, or porcelain ware should be placed in the appropriate containers but not in the sinks or cup sinks. If you have any questions concerning the waste disposal, ask your instructor for the proper procedure. Use the Fume Hood When Necessary: Use the fume hood when you are so directed by the laboratory instructor, or when it is indicated to do so on the experimental procedure. Fume hoods remove toxic vapors and irritating odors from the laboratory. The removal of these materials is essential for protecting the health and safety of those people working in the laboratory. Light Burners Only When Needed: Properly extinguish any flame not being used. Any open flame may ignite reagents being used by you or others near you. Many organic liquids are highly flammable and these liquids should be heated only on hot plates or heating mantles. Never Look Directly: Never look directly into the mouth of an open flask or test tube if it contains a reaction mixture. Avoid Touching Hot Objects: When heating a chemical in a container, the clamp holding the container and the burner will also become hot. Place the object on a piece of asbestos board or on wire gauze, which is not directly touching the bench top. Glass objects take a long time to cool, so allow plenty of time to cool before touching them. Use Extreme Caution When Inserting Glass into Stoppers: Be very careful when inserting glass tubing, glass rods, thermometers, funnels, or thistle tubes into rubber stoppers or corks. Protect your hands by holding the glass and stopper with
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a cloth towel or multiple layers of paper towels. Always lubricate the glass surface with water or glycerol. Use Only Equipment, Which is in Good Condition. a) Defective equipment is an important source of accidents.
b) Some defects to watch for include: Chipped tips on burets, pipets, and funnels. c) Chipped or broken rims on beakers, flasks, funnels, graduated cylinders and test
tubes.
d) Cracks in beakers, flasks, graduated cylinders, test tubes and crucibles. e) Star-shaped breaks in the bottom of test tubes or near the bottom edges of beakers and
flasks.
f) Severe scratches in the bottom of beakers, flasks, and test tubes. g) Sharp edges on glass tubing and glass rods. h) Inflexibility in rubber stoppers. i) Separations in the mercury column of thermometers. j) Non-working parts of screw clamps, buret clamps or rings.
Report all Accidents to Your Instructor Promptly! Report to the laboratory instructor immediately all accidents that cause injury, no matter how minor the injury might seem. Gloves: Glove Types and Removal Gloves should be selected on the basis of the material being handled and the particular hazard involved. Glove manufacturers and the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) accompanying products in use are good sources of specific glove selection information. PVC protects against mild corrosives and irritants. Latex provides light protection against irritants and limited protection against infectious agents. Natural Rubber protects against mild corrosive material and electric shock. Neoprene for working with solvents, oils, or mild corrosive material. Cotton absorbs perspiration, keeps objects clean, provides some limited fire retardant properties. Zetex when handling small burning objects. These are a good replacement for asbestos gloves.
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(Asbestos containing gloves may not be purchased or used in labs since asbestos is a known carcinogen.) When working with extremely corrosive material, wear thick gloves. Take extra precaution in checking for holes, punctures, and tears. Care should be taken when removing gloves. Peel the glove off the hand, starting at the wrist and working toward the fingers. Keep the working surface of the glove from contacting skin during removal. Contaminated disposable gloves should be discarded in designated containers (e.g., radioactive or biohazardous waste containers). Wash hands as soon as possible after removing protective gloves.
Pipetting: Liquids are drawn into the pipet by applying a slight vacuum at the top, using a small rubber suction bulb but NEVER THE MOUTH. Heating: Liquids in beakers and flasks can be heated by placing them on a ring stand on wire gauze with the container supported by a clamp. Liquid should never be heated in a graduated cylinder or in other columetric glassware. Disposal: Check with your laboratory instructor before disposing of any chemicals down the drain. If the liquid chemical can be disposed of in the skin, dispose of it by rinsing it down the sink with large quantities of water. Avoid unnecessary splashing during this process by pouring the chemical directly down the drain while the water is running vigorously.
If an Accident Occurs........ In spite of the best efforts of all concerned, accidents sometimes occur in the laboratory. Use good judgment and do not panic in case of an emergency.
CHEMICAL SPILLS
Locate spill cleanup materials. Laboratories should be equipped with spill cleanup kits. Wear the appropriate personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, goggles) when cleaning up spills. Acid Spills: Apply neutralizer (or sodium bicarbonate) to perimeter of spill. Mix thoroughly until fizzing and evolution of gas ceases. NOTE: It may be necessary to add water to the mixture to complete the reaction. Neutralizer has a tendency to absorb acid before fully neutralizing it. Check mixture with pH indicator paper to assure that the acid has been neutralized. Transfer the mixture to a plastic bag, tie shut, fill out a waste label, and place in the fume hood. Notify supervisor. Caustic Spills: Apply neutralizer to perimeter of spill. Mix thoroughly until fizzing and evolution of gas ceases. Check mixture with pH indicator paper to assure that the material has been completely neutralized. Transfer the mixture to a plastic bag, tie shut, fill out a waste label, and place in the fume hood. Notify supervisor. Solvent Spills: Apply activated charcoal to the perimeter of the spill. Mix thoroughly until material is dry and no evidence of liquid solvent remains. Transfer absorbed solvent to a plastic bag (if compatible), tie shut, fill out and attach a waste label, and place in the fume hood. Notify supervisor. Mercury Spills: Using a mercury vacuum, vacuum all areas where mercury was spilled with particular attention to corners, cracks, depressions and creases in flooring or table tops. Place the contaminated sponge in its plastic bag, tie shut, fill out and attach a waste label, and place in the fume hood. LARGE CHEMICAL SPILLS ON THE LABORATORY BENCH OR AREA.
In all cases, immediately alert your neighbors and the laboratory instructor of the spill. a. If the material is not particularly volatile, nor toxic, and poses no fire hazard: Liquid can be cleaned up by using an absorbent material which neutralizes them, for example, sodium bicarbonate solution or powder for acids, or sodium thiosulfate solution for bromine. Rubber or plastic gloves should be worn while using absorbent materials. A dustpan and brush should be used to remove the absorbent material. Then, the contaminated area should be cleaned with soap or detergent and water; and the area mopped dry. b. If the material is volatile, flammable or toxic: ALERT everyone in the laboratory to extinguish flames, disconnect spark-producing equipment, shut down all experiments, and evacuate the laboratory. The laboratory instructor will handle the clean up. CHEMICAL SPILLS ON A PERSON. 1. OVER A LARGE AREA: Within seconds, quickly remove all contaminated clothing while person is under safety shower. Flood the affected body area with cold water for at least fifteen minutes. If pain continues or resumes, flood with more water. Wash off chemicals with a mild detergent solution. Do not apply any materials such as neutralizing agents or salves, to the area. Obtain medical assistance immediately. 2. OVER A SMALL AREA: Immediately flush area thoroughly with cold water. Wash with a mild detergent solution. If there is no visible burn, scrub the area with warm water and soap.
3. IN THE EYES: You will need to assist the person who has chemicals spattered in the eyes. Immediately drench the eyes at the nearest emergency eyewash station. Force the eye or eyes open to get water into them. The speed of your response to this emergency is extremely important. Notify the laboratory instructor of the accident immediately. SWALLOWING CHEMICALS
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The laboratory instructor should determine what specific substance ingested. The individual should be forced to drink copious amounts of water while en route to medical assistance. The Health Center or Hospital should be notified while the individual is in transit as to what chemicals are involved. BURNS For burns by hot objects, flames or chemical, flush the affected area with cold water for several minutes. Notify the laboratory instructor of the burn and he will arrange transportation to the infirmary if necessary. FIRE Give assistance to people first. If the person clothes are on fire, guide him/her without running to the fire blanked station or to the safety shower and drench him. Do not hesitate because of such insignificant things as shrinking sweater, ruined hairstyles, or soggy discomfort. While the victims are being cared for other available people should try to shut off or reduce the fuel supply to the fire. Get a fire extinguisher and direct its spray toward the base of the fire. If the fire is too big to extinguish, have the laboratory instructor call the fire department and sound the fire alarm.When the fire is out, be sure all extinguishers used are tagged as empty and are replaced. INJURY OR ILLNESS Render assistance if necessary. For minor cuts, wash them thoroughly, apply a good antiseptic, and a band-aid. For major cuts, severe bleeding or serious illness, send someone for help and administer first aid. Only a physician is trained to treat serious injury or illness. Notify the instructor immediately.
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Toxic
Harmful or Irritant
Flammable
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1.
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Physical data: Appearance: colourless liquid Melting point: -124 C Boiling point: 20 C Specific gravity: 0.78 Vapour pressure: 755 mm Hg at 20 C Vapour density: 1.52 (air = 1) Flash point: -39 C Explosion limits: 4% - 57% Autoignition temperature: 185 C Water solubility: miscible in all proportions
FIRSTAID MEASURES
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Eyes: In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for a t least 15 minutes. Get medical aid immediately. Skin: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with soap and plenty of water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical aid if symptoms occur. Wash clothing before reuse. Ingestion: If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid. Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid. Notes to Physician: Persons with kidney disease, chronic respiratory disease, liver disease, or skin disease may be at increased risk from exposure to this substance. Treat symptomatically and supportively.
ACETIC ACID
Physical data Melting point: 16.7 C Boiling point: 118 C Specific gravity: 1.05 Vapour density 2.07 Vapour pressure 11 mm Hg at 20 C, 20 mm Hg at 30 C Flash point: 40 C Explosion limits: 4% - 16% Ignition temperature 426 C POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS Inhalation: Inhalation of concentrated vapors may cause serious damage to the lining of the nose, throat, and lungs. Breathing difficulties may occur. Neither odor nor degree of irritation are adequate to indicate vapor concentration.
Ingestion: Swallowing can cause severe injury leading to death. Symptoms include sore throat,
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vomiting, and diarrhea. Ingestion of as little as 1.0 ml has resulted in perforation of the esophagus. Skin Contact: Contact with concentrated solution may cause serious damage to the skin. Effects may include redness, pain, skin burns. High vapor concentrations may cause skin sensitization. Eye Contact: Eye contact with concentrated solutions may cause severe eye damage followed by loss of sight. Exposure to vapor may cause intense watering and irritation to eyes. Chronic Exposure: Repeated or prolonged exposures may cause darkening of the skin, erosion of exposed front teeth, and chronic inflammation of the nose, throat, and bronchial tubes. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance. FIRST AID MEASURES Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Call a physician. Ingestion: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! Give large quantities of water or milk if available. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately. Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Call a physician. Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
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ACETONE
Physical Properties
Physical state and appearance: Liquid. Odor: Fruity. Mint-like. Fragrant. Ethereal Taste: Pungent, Sweetish Color: Colorless. Clear pH (1% soln/water): Not available. Boiling Point: 56.2C (133.2F) Melting Point: -95.35 (-139.6F) Critical Temperature: 235C (455F) Specific Gravity: 0.79 (Water = 1)p. 4 Vapor Pressure: 24 kPa (@ 20C) Vapor Density: 2 (Air = 1) Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water, hot water.
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Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Use of alcoholic beverages enhances toxic effects. Exposure may increase the toxic potential of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as chloroform, trichloroethane.
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reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately. Note to Physician: DO NOT induce emesis, perform gastric lavage or attempt neutralization after ingestion. Dilution with milk or water may be of benefit. Endoscopic evaluation may be required.
ANILINE
Physical data: Appearance: colourless liquid Melting point: -6 C Boiling point: 184 C Vapour density: 3.22 at 185 C Vapour pressure: 0.7 mm Hg at 25C Specific gravity: 1.082 Flash point: 70 C Explosion limits: 1.3 - 11% Autoignition temperature: 615 C
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Eye Contact: Vapor is an eye irritant. May cause tearing, blurred vision. Splashes may cause corneal damage. Chronic Exposure: Aniline is a blood toxin, causing hemoglobin to convert to methemoglobin, resulting in cyanosis. Lengthy or repeated exposures may result in decreased appetite, anemia, weight loss, nervous system affects, and kidney, liver and bone marrow damage. Any exposure may cause an allergic skin reaction. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired liver or kidney function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance. A NIOSH study reported an excess bladder cancer risk in workers exposed to aniline in combination with other dyestuffs and intermediates, although it is not clear which of these materials, or combinations, were responsible for the higher incidence of bladder cancer. Based on the results of this study, historical epidemiology evidence which shows no correlation of pure aniline with bladder cancer, and experimental test results, it was concluded that aniline, most likely, is not responsible for the increased incidence of bladder tumors in the NIOSH study.
Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
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AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Physical Properties
Physical state and appearance: Solid. (Solid crystalline powder.) Odor: Odorless. (Slight.) Taste: Cooling, Saline. Molecular Weight: 53.49 g/mole Color: White. pH (1% soln/water): 5.5 [Acidic.] Boiling Point: 520C (968F) Melting Point: Decomposition temperature: 338C (640.4F) Critical Temperature: Not available. Specific Gravity: 1.53 (Water = 1) Vapor Pressure: Not applicable. Vapor Density: Not available. Volatility: Not available. . Solubility: Soluble in cold water, hot water, methanol. Insoluble in diethyl ether, acetone. Almost insoluble in ethyl acetate. Very slightly soluble in Ethanol; Solubility in Ethanol: 0.6 g/100 ml water at 19 deg. C. Solubility in Water: 29.7 g/100ml water at O deg. C 75.8 g/100 ml water at 100 deg. C 37.8 lbs./100 lbs. water at 70 deg. F 28.3% (w/w) in water at 25 deg. C Soluble in liquid ammonia.
Ingestion: Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Skin Contact: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. Eye Contact: Causes irritation, redness, and pain.
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disorientation, blurred vision, lung congestion, blood disorders, paralysis, convulsion, coma. May cause hearing loss, visual disturbances, reproductive effects, brain damage, cancer in long term exposure. Eye contact : Irritation. Skin contact : Irritation, blisters. May cause tingling sensation in long term exposure. Ingestion : Nausea, vomiting, chest pain, headache, drowsiness, symptoms of drunkenness, disorientation, visual disturbances, lung congestion, paralysis, convulsion, coma. May cause impotence, cancer in long term exposure.
BROMINE
Physical Properties
Physical state and appearance: Liquid. Odor: Pungent. Suffocating. (Strong.) Taste: Not available. Molecular Weight: 159.808 g/mole Color: Red-Brown (Dark.) pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
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Boiling Point: 58.78C (137.8F) Melting Point: -7.25C (18.9F) Critical Temperature: 315C (599F) Specific Gravity: 3.11 (Water = 1) Vapor Pressure: 23.3 kPa (@ 20C) Vapor Density: 7.1 (Air = 1) Volatility: Not available. Solubility: Easily soluble in diethyl ether. Very slightly soluble in cold water. Freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, concentrated hydrochloric acid, and aqueous solution of bromides
reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
2. BENZALDEHYDE
Physical data Appearance: colourless to yellow liquid with an almond-like odour Melting point: -56 C Boiling point: 179 C Vapour density: 3.6 (air = 1) Vapour pressure: 1 mm Hg at 26 C Density (g cm-3): 1.04 Flash point: 63 C (closed cup) Explosion limits: 2.1 - 13.5 % Autoignition temperature: 192 C Water solubility: slight
3. BENZYL CHLORIDE
Physical data Appearance: colourless liquid with a pungent odour Melting point: -45 C Boiling point: 179 C Vapour density: 4.36 (air=1)
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Vapour pressure: 1 mm Hg at 20 C Density (g cm-3): 1.1 Flash point: 67 C (closed cup) Explosion limits: 1.1% (lower), 7.1% (upper) Autoignition temperature: Viscosity: 1.3 centistokes at 25 C Critical temperature: 411 C
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing neurological disorders, liver or kidney problems may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
Ingestion: If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately. Skin Contact: Wipe off excess material from skin then immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately
CHLOROFORM
Physical data Appearance: clear colourless liquid with a sweet odors Melting point: -63 C Boiling point: 61 C Vapour density: 4.1 Vapour pressure: 159 mm Hg at 20 C Specific gravity: 1.48 g cm3 Flash point: none Explosion limits: Autoignition temperature: Water solubility: 8 g/l at 20 C Refractive index: 1.4459 at 20 C, 589 nm
Ingestion: Causes severe burning in mouth and throat, pain in the chest and vomiting. Large quantities may cause symptoms similar to inhalation. Skin Contact: Causes skin irritation resulting in redness and pain. Removes natural oils. May be absorbed through skin. Eye Contact: Vapors causes pain and irritation to eyes. Splashes may cause severe irritation and possible eye damage. Chronic Exposure: Prolonged or repeated exposure to vapors may cause damage to the nervous system, the heart and the liver and kidneys. Contact with liquid has defatting effect and may cause chronic irritation of skin with cracking and drying, and corresponding dermatitis. Chloroform is a suspected human carcinogen. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired liver, kidney or respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
hr. Administration of fluids may help to prevent kidney failure. Obtain blood glucose, urinalysis, liver function tests, chest x-ray, and monitor cardiac function and fluid/electrolyte status. Monitor liver and kidney function for 4 to 5 days after exposure. Disulfiram, its metabolites, and a high carbohydrate diet appear to protect somewhat against chloroform toxicity. Do not give adrenalin! Tests may show increased bilirubin, ketosis, lowered blood prothombin, and fibrogen.
Appearance: Colourless gas Melting point: -205 C Critical temperature -140 C Boiling point: -192 C Specific gravity: n/a Vapour pressure:n/a Explosion limits: 12.5 - 74 vol% in air Autoignition temperature 620 C
13.
Physical data
Appearance: light greenish-yellow gas with an irritating odour Melting point: -101 C Boiling point: -34 C Vapour density: 2.98 g/l Vapour pressure: 5.8 bar at 20 C
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Specific gravity: 1.47 g/ml at 0C Critical temperature: 144 C Flash point: Explosion limits: Autoignition temperature: n/a
exposed to time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of between 0.006 and 1.42 ppm (0.15 ppm average) for an average of 10.9 years. No relationship was found between exposure to chlorine and the occurrence of colds, breathing difficulties, and abnormal heartbeat or chest pain. Significant effects on lung function were not observed. Studies of workers who have had experienced one or more exposures to chlorine which produced short-term health effects tend to show long-term lung dysfunction. Carcinogenicity: Chlorine is not classified as carcinogenic by ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) or IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), not regulated as carcinogens by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), and not listed as carcinogens by NTP (National Toxicology Program).
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Physical data
Physical State: Crystals Appearance: blue Odor: Odorless pH: Not available. Vapor Pressure: 7.3 mm Hg @ 25 deg C Vapor Density: Not available. Boiling Point: 150 deg C (dec) Freezing/Melting Point:110 deg C (dec) . Solubility: Soluble. Specific Gravity/Density:2.2840g/cm3 Molecular Formula:CuO4S.5H2O Molecular Weight:249.68
Skin Contact: May cause irritation and itching. Eye Contact: Dust may cause irritation. Contact may cause conjunctivitis, ulceration, or clouding of the cornea. Chronic Exposure: Prolonged or repeated skin exposure may cause dermatitis. Prolonged or repeated exposure to dusts of copper salts may cause discoloration of the skin or hair, blood and liver damage, ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum, runny nose, metallic taste, and atrophic changes and irritation of the mucous membranes. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders, impaired liver, kidney, or pulmonary function, glucose 6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency, or pre-existing Wilson's disease may be more susceptible to the effects of this material.
15.
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Physical data Appearance: colourless liquid Melting point: -116 C Boiling point: 34.6 C Specific gravity: 0.71 Vapour pressure: 400 mm Hg at 18 C Flash point: -40 C Explosion limits: 1.7% - 48% Autoignition temperature: 170 C Water solubility: 6.9% (20 C)
Chronic Exposure: Repeated exposures may be habit forming. Prolonged exposures may result in headache, drowsiness, excitation, and psychic disturbances. Teratogenic effects are possible. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired liver, kidney or respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance. Alcoholic beverage consumption can enhance the toxic effects of this substance.
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Appearance: colourless oily liquid Melting point: -24 C Boiling point: 208 C Vapour density: Vapour pressure: 0.29 mm Hg at 25 C Density (g cm-3): 1.177 Flash point: 104 C Water solubility: insoluble
tract, eyes, and skin. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasms, inflammation and edema of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may include cough, swelling of tongue, lips, larynx, and lungs (later), shortness of breath, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Lethal concentrations as low as 97 ppm/10 minutes have been reported in humans. Ingestion: Extremely toxic if swallowed. Corrosive to tissues. Symptoms of exposure parallel those of inhalation. Skin Contact: Extremely toxic. Is absorbed through the skin; contact can be fatal. Causes blistering of the skin with symptoms paralleling those of inhalation. Eye Contact: Extremely toxic and corrosive. Eye contact will cause severe eye damage with toxic effects from absorption. Chronic Exposure: Suspected carcinogen. Positive animal studies showed local tumors after inhalation or subcutaneous injection, and tumors of the nervous system after prenatal exposure. May cause damage to kidneys, liver and lungs. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: No information found.
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Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
17.
Physical data Appearance: colourless liquid Melting point: -114 C Boiling point: 78 C Specific gravity: 0.789 Vapour pressure: 1.59 Flash point: 14 C (closed cup) Explosion limits: 3.3% - 24.5% Autoignition temperature: 363 C Water solubility: miscible in all proportions
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ETHYL ACETATE
narcotic effect and may cause liver and kidney damage. Ingestion: Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Skin Contact: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. Repeated or prolonged contact with the skin has a defatting effect and may cause dryness, cracking, and possibly dermatitis. Eye Contact: Causes irritation, redness, and pain. Chronic Exposure: Chronic overexposure may cause anemia with leukocytosis (transient increase in the white blood cell count) and damage to the liver and kidneys. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired liver, kidney or respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
19.
Physical data Appearance: colourless gas Melting point: -111 C Boiling point: 10.7 C Vapour density: 1.52 g/l Vapour pressure: Specific gravity: 0.882 Flash point: -20 C Explosion limits: no upper limit - burns in its own atmosphere
lower than hips to prevent aspiration. If person in unconscious, turn head to side. Get medical attention immediately. Inhalation : If adverse effects occur, remove to uncontaminated area. Give artificial respiration if not breathing. If breathing is difficult, oxygen should be administered by qualified personnel. Get immediate medical attention. Note to physicians : For inhalation, consider oxygen. For ingestion, consider gastric lavage and activated charcoal slurr
Appearance: light yellow liquid Melting point: -81 C Boiling point: 17 C Vapour density: Vapour pressure: Density (g cm-3): 0.689 Flash point: -17 C Explosion limits: 3.5 - 14% Autoignition temperature: 385 C Water solubility: high
occur. Skin Contact: Corrosive. Toxic. Causes severe irritation with redness, pain, possibly burns. May be absorbed through the skin. May cause allergic reaction in sensitive individuals. Eye Contact: Corrosive. Vapors irritate the eyes. Liquid causes burns. Chronic Exposure: Exposure may cause an allergic skin and respiratory reaction in some individuals. Liver, kidneys and lungs may be damaged from repeated exposure. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired liver, kidney or respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
21.
Physical data Appearance: colourless liquid Melting point: 8.5 C Boiling point: 100 - 101 C Specific gravity: 1.22
FORMIC ACID
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contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
FORMAMIDE
Appearance: colourless oily liquid with faint ammoniacal odour Melting point: 2 C Boiling point: ca. 210 C (decomposes) Vapour density: 1.55 (air = 1) Vapour pressure: 0.08 mm Hg at 20 C Density (g cm-3): 1.13 Flash point: 154 C (open cup) Explosion limits: Autoignition temperature: Water solubility: complete in all proportions
Skin Contact: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. May be absorbed through the skin; symptoms parallel ingestion. Eye Contact: Causes irritation, redness, and pain. Chronic Exposure: No information found. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: No information found.
Physical Properties
Appearance: Colorless, fuming liquid. Odor: Pungent odor of hydrogen chloride. Solubility: Infinite in water with slight evolution of heat. Density: 1.18 pH: For HCL solutions: 0.1 (1.0 N), 1.1 (0.1 N), 2.02 (0.01 N) % Volatiles by volume @ 21C (70F): 100 Boiling Point: 53C (127F) Azeotrope (20.2%) boils at 109C (228F)
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Melting Point: -74C (-101F) Vapor Density (Air=1): No information found. Vapor Pressure (mm Hg): 190 @ 25C (77F)
Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately. Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
24.
Physical data Appearance: Purple to black crystals Melting point: 113 - 114 C Boiling point: 183 C Specific gravity: 4.93
IODINE
Vapour pressure: 0.31 mm Hg at 25 C Vapour density: 9.0 (air = 1) Flash point: n/a Explosion limits: n/a
severely irritating to the skin. Eye Contact: Corrosive! Vapors are severely irritating and may cause damage to the eyes. Contact may cause severe burns and permanent eye damage. Chronic Exposure: Chronic exposure to iodine may cause insomnia, conjunctivitis, inflammation of the nasal mucous, bronchitis, tremor, rapid heart beat, diarrhea and weight loss. Allergic sensitization may occur. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders, eye problems, impaired respiratory function, or disease of the thyroid, lungs, or kidney may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
25.
LEAD METAL
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Physical Properties Melting Point: 327.5c Boiling Point: 1740 Vapor Pressure: mmhg/70f (see supp) Vapor Density: Information not available Solubility in Water: insoluble Appearance and Odor: blue gray granules,odorless Flash Point: info not available
Skin Contact: Lead and lead compounds may be absorbed through the skin on prolonged exposure; the symptoms of lead poisoning described for ingestion exposure may occur. Contact over short periods may cause local irritation, redness and pain. Eye Contact: Absorption can occur through eye tissues but the more common hazards are local irritation or abrasion. Chronic Exposure: Lead is a cumulative poison and exposure even to small amounts can raise the body's content to toxic levels. The symptoms of chronic exposure are like those of ingestion poisoning; restlessness, irritability, visual disturbances, hypertension and gray facial color may also be noted. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
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Persons with pre-existing kidney, nerve or circulatory disorders or with skin or eye problems may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance.
26. METHANE
Physical Data Appearance: colourless odourless gas Melting point: -182 C Boiling point: -164 C Vapour density: Vapour pressure: Density: 0.717 g/l at 20 C. Flash point: -221 C Explosion limits: 5 - 15% Autoignition temperature: 537 C Water solubility: slight (35 ml/l at 20 C)
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27.
Physical data
METHYL ALCOHOL
Appearance: colourless liquid with a characteristic odour Melting point: -98 C Boiling point: 64.7 C Vapour density: 1.1 Vapour pressure: 97.7 mm at 20 C Specific gravity: 0.791 Flash point: 11 C Explosion limits: 6% - 36 % Autoignition temperature: 464 C
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Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired liver or kidney function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
28.
Physical data Appearance: silvery liquid metal Melting point: -39 C Boiling point: 357 C Vapour density:
MERCURY
Vapour pressure: 0.002 mm Hg at 20 C Density (g cm-3): 13.53 Flash point: Explosion limits: n/a Autoignition temperature: Water solubility: negligible
Causes irritaton and burns to skin. Symptoms include redness and pain. May cause skin allergy and sensitization. Can be absorbed through the skin with symptoms to parallel ingestion. Eye Contact: Causes irritation and burns to eyes. Symptoms include redness, pain, blurred vision; may cause serious and permanent eye damage. Chronic Exposure: Chronic exposure through any route can produce central nervous system damage. May cause muscle tremors, personality and behavior changes, memory loss, metallic taste, loosening of the teeth, digestive disorders, skin rashes, brain damage and kidney damage. Can cause skin allergies and accumulate in the body. Repeated skin contact can cause the skin to turn gray in color. A suspected reproductive hazard; may damage the developing fetus and decrease fertility in males and females. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with nervous disorders, or impaired kidney or respiratory function, or a history of allergies or a known sensitization to mercury may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
29.
Physical data
NITRIC ACID
Appearance: colourless liquid with a choking odour Melting point: -42 C Boiling point: 83 C (68% acid + 32% water, which is the constant boiling point mix for nitric acid, boils at 120.5 C) Specific gravity: 1.5 (pure), 1.41 (constant boiling point mix) Vapour pressure: 62 mm Hg at 20 C (68%) Flash point: not available Explosion limits: not available Autoignition temperature: not available
Chronic Exposure: Long-term exposure to concentrated vapors may cause erosion of teeth and lung damage. Long-term exposures seldom occur due to the corrosive properties of the acid. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders, eye disease, or cardiopulmonary diseases may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance.
30.
Physical data Appearance: white crystals Melting point: 104 - 106 C Boiling point:n/a Vapour density: 4.4
OXALIC ACID
Vapour pressure: < 0.01 mm Hg at 20 C Density (g cm-3): 1.65 Flash point: n/a
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before reuse. Call a physician immediately. Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with gentle but large stream of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Call a physician immediately.
31.
Physical data
POTASSIUM
Appearance: soft silvery metal, tarnishing upon exposure to air. Melting point: 63 C Boiling point: 765 C Vapour density: 1.4 (air=1) Vapour pressure: Specific gravity: 0.86
eyes, and may cause deep ulcers which heal slowly. May be absorbed through the skin, with symptoms similar to those noted for inhalation. Eye Contact: Corrosive. Symptoms may include redness, pain, blurred vision, and eye damage. Chronic Exposure: Prolonged or repeated skin exposure may cause a "cyanide" rash and nasal sores. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Workers using cyanides should have a preplacement and periodic medical exam. Those with history of central nervous system, thyroid, skin, heart or lung diseases may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance.
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Administer antidote kit and oxygen per preplanned instructions if symptoms occur. Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately. Note to Physician: If patient does not respond to amyl nitrite, inject intravenously with 10mL of a 3% solution of sodium nitrite at a rate of not more than 2.5 to 5 mL per minute.Once nitrite administration is complete, follow directly with 50 mL of a 25% solution of sodium thiosulfate at the same rate by the same route. Give victim oxygen and keep under observation. If exposure was severe, watch victim for 24-48 hours. If signs of cyanide poisoning persist or reappear, repeat nitrite and thiosulfate injections 1 hour later in 1/2 the original doses. Cyanocabalamin (B12), 1 mg intramuscularly, may speed recovery. Moderate cyanide exposures need be treated only by supportive measures such as bed rest and oxygen.
32.
Physical data
PHENOL
Appearance: colourless crystals with a characteristic odour Melting point: 40 - 42 C Boiling point: 182 C Specific gravity: 1.07 Vapour pressure: 0.35 mm Hg at 20 C Flash point: 79 C Explosion limits: 1.5 % - 8.6 % Autoignition temperature: 715 C
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33.
PYRIDINE
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Physical data Appearance: colourless liquid with a very unpleasant odour Melting point: -42 C Boiling point: 115 C Vapour density: 2.7 (air = 1) Vapour pressure: 16 mm Hg at 20 C Density (g cm-3): Flash point: 17 C (closed cup) Explosion limits: 1.8 % - 12.4 %
oxygen. Get medical attention immediately. Ingestion: If swallowed, give large quantities of water to drink and get medical attention immediately. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Skin Contact: Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
34.
Physical data
PHOSPHORIC ACID
Appearance: colourless odourless liquid Melting point: 21 C (pure) Boiling point: 158 C (pure) Typical concentration: see data for typical acids and bases Vapour density: 3.4 Vapour pressure: 2.2 mm Hg at 20 C Specific gravity: 1.685
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35.
Physical data
SULFURIC ACID
Appearance: Colourless oily liquid Melting point: -2 C Boiling point: 327 C Specific gravity: 1.84 Vapour pressure: <0.3 mm Hg at 20 C (vapour density 3.4) Flash point: Explosion limits: Autoignition temperature: Water solubility: miscible in all proportions
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
36.
Physical data
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Appearance: odourless white solid (often sold as pellets) Melting point: 318 C Boiling point: 1390 C Vapour pressure: 1 mm Hg at 739 C Specific gravity: 2.12 Flash point: n/a Explosion limits: n/a
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Autoignition temperature: Water solubility: High (Note: dissolution in water is highly exothermic)
Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately. Note to Physician: Perform endoscopy in all cases of suspected sodium hydroxide ingestion. In cases of severe esophageal corrosion, the use of therapeutic doses of steroids should be considered. General supportive measures with continual monitoring of gas exchange, acid-base balance, electrolytes, and fluid intake are also required.
37.
Physical Properties
SODIUM BICARBONATE
Appearance: White powder or granules. Odor: Odorless. Solubility: 45.5 g/100 ml water @ 100C (212F) Specific Gravity: 2.53 pH: 11.6 Aqueous solution % Volatiles by volume @ 21C (70F): 0 Boiling Point: Decomposes.
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Melting Point: 851C (1564F) Vapor Density (Air=1): No information found. Vapor Pressure (mm Hg): No information found.
38.
Physical data
TOLUENE
Appearance: Colourless liquid with a benzene-like odour (odour threshold 0.17 ppm) Melting point: -93 C Boiling point: 110.6 C Specific gravity: 0.865 Vapour pressure: 22 mm Hg at 20 C (vapour density 3.2) Flash point: 4 C
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In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Call a physician immediately. Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
39.
Physical Properties
UREA
Appearance: White crystals or white powder. Odor: Develops odor of ammonia. Solubility: Very soluble in water. Specific Gravity: 1.32 @ 20C/4C pH: 7.2 (10% in water) % Volatiles by volume @ 21C (70F): 0 Boiling Point: Decomposes. Melting Point: 132 - 135C (270 - 275F) Vapor Density (Air=1): No information found. Vapor Pressure (mm Hg): No information found. .
Eye Contact: Causes irritation, redness, and pain. Chronic Exposure: A study of 67 workers in an environment with high airborne concentrations of urea found a high incidence of protein metabolism disturbances, moderate emphysema, and chronic weight loss. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Supersensitive individuals with skin or eye problems, kidney impairment or asthmatic condition should have physician's approval before exposure to urea dust.
40.
Physical data Appearance: colourless liquid Melting point: -24 C Boiling point: 144 C Vapour density: 3.7
XYLENES
Flash point: 32 C (closed cup) Explosion limits: 1.1 % - 7 % Autoignition temperature: 463 C Water solubility: insoluble
Ingestion: Aspiration hazard. If swallowed, vomiting may occur spontaneously, but DO NOT INDUCE. If vomiting occurs, keep head below hips to prevent aspiration into lungs. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Call a physician immediately. Skin Contact: Immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
References:
1. http://delloyd.50megs.com/hazard/labsafety.html 2. http://grandprix.bsz-ellwangen.net/texte/Safety%20measures%20in%20the
%20lab.pdf
3. http://www.essortment.com/all/chemistrylabss_rbew.htm 4. http://www.articlesbase.com/college-and-university-articles/basic-chemistry-lab-
safety-3732368.html
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%20071504.pdf
9. http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/CuSO4-5H2O.htm 10. 11. 12.
13. http://specialtygasesofamerica.com/msds/methane-msds.pdf
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