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Tutorial presented at IEEE Transformers Committee Meetings on October 25, 2010 in Toronto, Canada.
By Dr.Tomasz Kalicki E-mail: tomasz.kalicki@HydroOne.com and & V. Sankar P.Eng. E-mail: powertransformer@hotmail.com
OBJECTIVES
To assist the users in procuring autotransformers which meet their system requirements at economical prices. To explain the effects of taps on cost and autotransformer design and reliability. To help users in preparing functional specifications that provide scope for development. To bring to the attention, that it may be dangerous when taps are used different to their functions stated in the specifications. To influence IEEE and IEC to conduct workshops on how to determine tap range, type of taps, taps location etc., To highlight the importance of interaction between users and manufacturers for mutual benefits.
TOPICS COVERED
Types of taps Specifications and standards Considerations for taps location Types of tap changers Tapping windings Conclusions
AUTOTRANSFORMER DESIGNATIONS
TYPE of TAPS
Autotransformer taps can be distinguished based on:
Function Type of Tap Changer Connections Electrical Location
Taps Functions
IEC definitions:
Constant flux taps If the voltage changes with each tap position in direct proportion to the turns then volts per turn is constant throughout the tap range. Such taps are known as constant flux taps Variable flux taps If the volts per turn changes with each tap position, then the taps are known as variable flux taps. With these taps flux density in the core changes when the taps are changed. Mixed regulation taps A portion of the taps act as constant flux taps and the remaining portion act as variable flux taps. Many autotransformers are purchased as constant flux taps or as variable flux taps but in service they are mostly used as mixed regulation taps.
Type of Connection
Linear taps Coarse / Fine taps Reversing taps
Electrical Connection
In Series Winging. In Common winding. In both Common and Series windings In LV line end.
D CV T C SV
DTC CV SV DTC
In general, from cost and performance point of view, it is not recommended to specify DTC taps if possible In case both LTC and DTC taps are required, extend LTC tap range and eliminate DTC taps.
CV
SV
DTC
Linear
Figure 20A
C O R E
TV
LTC
Reversing
CV
DTC
Linear
SV
Figure 20B
C O R E
TV
LTC
Reversing
CV
DTC
Reversing
SV
Figure 20C
C O R E
TV
CV
LTC
Reversing
DTC
Linear
SV
Figure 20D
C O R E
TV
CV
LTC
Reversing
DTC
Reversing
SV
Figure 20E
LTC
Tap-Location
Operation
LV Line
Step-down Step-up
Common
Step-down Step-up
1. 2. 3.
BURIED TERTIARY TERTIARY BROUGHT-OUT EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL LOCATION OF HV OR LV TAP WINDING ON TV IMPEDANCES.
1. 2.
INADEQUATE INFORMATION IN THE SPECIFICATIONS NO CORRELATION AMONG OVERLOADS, SPECIFICATIONS AND THE TAP RANGE SPECIFICATION MUCH DIFFERENT FROM THE REALISTIC CONDITIONS
3.
TAP WINDINGS
Types of tapping windings:
CONCLUSIONS
1. TAPS IN AUTOTRANSFORMERS POSE MORE DIFFICULTS IN DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING COMPARED TO TWO WINDING TRANSFORMERS AS IMPEDANCE VARIATION OVER THE TAP RANGE DEPENDS ON MANY FACTORS AND COULD VARY WIDELY, BASED ON THEIR SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS USERS SHOULD SPECIFY THE VALUES/LIMITS. STRONGLY RECOMMEND NOT TO SPECIFY DTC TAPS. AS THE ELECTRICAL LOCATION OF THE TAPS INFUENCES THE COSTS, THIS SHOULD BE CAREFULLY SELECTED.
2.
3. 4.
CONCLUSIONS
5. IEEE TRANSFORMERS COMMITTEE TO CONDUCT WORKSHOP ON HOW TO DETERMINE THE TAP RANGE AND SPECIFICATIONS WRITING. A TENDER REVIEW MEETING IS MORE ESSENTIAL THAN A DESIGN REVIEW MEETING. SPECIFICATIONS SHOULD ENCOURAGE INNOVATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN USERS AND MANUFACTURERS BENEFIT BOTH.
6. 7. 8.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1. FRANK DAVID, FD CONSULTING SERVICES. 2. PETER FRANZEN, MANITOBA HYDRO. 3. BERNHARD KURTZ, REINHAUSEN MFG. CO. 4. SHIVANANDA PRABHU, Retired professor of Electrical Engg, Ryerson University, Canada. 5. HYDRO ONE NETWORKS. 6. CG Power Systems Canada Inc.
Vallamkonda Sankar
E-mail: powertransformer@hotmail.com
TEL: 905-634-5926
THANK YOU