APUS FORMAT: Term. 1.Time Period. (Be Specific) 2.Definition (bullet points can suffice) 3.

Significance (give a couple of arguments and tie it to the bigger picture) 4. Comparison (give like 2 or 3) Prince Henry the navigator p.11 1. Time: Mid 15th century, (Born: 1394: Died: 1460) 2. Definition: Prince Henry of Portugal was primarily interested in the exploration of the Western coast of Africa. He wanted to create a Christian empire there to aid his country in their battles against the Moors of North Africa and find gold as well. Significance: Prince Henry was largely unsuccessful in accomplishing this goal, but some of his mariners went as far South as Cape Verde. 3. Significance: Despite his overall failure, Prince Henry and the Portuguese were the first to conduct such voyages of exploration. No doubt these first attempts led to the rounding of the Southern tip of Africa by Bartholomeu Dias in 1486 and more. 4. Had led to exploration by Christopher Columbus, who had originally wanted to find a more efficient way of getting to Asia, than by the grueling journey around Africa. The voyage of Vasco de Gama around Africa to India (1497-1498). Coureurs de bois p.28 1. Time: Late 16th century-??? 2. Definition: French Adventurous fur traders and trappers who were able to create partnerships with the Native American tribes. This partnership included living in the Native American society and marrying Native American Women. 3. Significance: The French were able to create a larger effect on society in North America than their population would seem capable of because of the coureurs de bois. These people were able to penetrate into the heart of the continent through their relations with the Native Americans. And through the extensive trade that resulted from these individuals relations, the base of the French colonial economy was created. 4. Allowed the French in Quebec and Montreal to create an alliance with the Algonquin tribe and come to conflict with the Iroquois; the Algonquins oldest enemies. The close relationships between the Coureus de bois led to greater competition between the English and the French over the control of North America as well. No doubt, without the close ties between the French and Indians, the French would not have been a threat to the British control. Powhatan p.37 1. Time: Early 16th century 2. Definition: o Powhatan; Chief of the Powhatan Indians that was relentlessly attacked by Sir Thomas Dale in order to protect the Jamestown Venture for the Virginia Company in London. o In the process of these attacks the daughter of Powhatan, Pocahontas, was kidnapped. Powhatan refused to ransom her resulting in her conversion to Christianity and her marriage to John Rolfe in 1614. Rolfes agreement to the marriage was supported by what he considered the uplifting of her people, and the glorification of England through its doing so. 3. Significance: During Pocahontas absence in England Powhatan ceased attack upon Jamestown.

After Powhatans death, his brother, Opechancanough, resumed the attacks, which had devastating effects upon the colony and ultimately lead to its downfall. One uprising in 1622, led to the death of 347 colonists including John Rolfe. 4. Pocahontass presence in England led to greater support for the civilizing of the Native Americans, ideology. In 1624, the attacks by the Indian tribe added to the hardships of the venture ultimately causing the revocation of the companys charter by James I, and the exchanging of the colony to be under control of the crown. Starving Time p.34-35 1. Time: The winter of 1609-1610 2. Definition: o Was the Winter of horrors for the first Jamestown settlers. o Native Americans, antagonized by John Smiths raids, killed off live stock in the woods and barricaded the settlers in Jamestown. o The settlers were forced to live off of whatever they could find; Dogs, cats, rats, snakes, toadstools the corpses of dead men, one survivor is recorded to have said. 3. Significance: o Out of the original 500 residents the summer before starving time, only 60 remained o Discovering this, the migrants (who had departed with the original 500 but were blown off course to Bermuda) upon their arrival found little incentive to stay and departed with the survivors. o This would have been the end of Jamestown should the refugees had not run into an English ship near the Chesapeake Bay carrying supplies and settlers including Jamestowns first governor; Lord De La Warr. 4. Starving time no doubt led to the perception of the New World by the British as a horrid place and the Native Americans as savages despite the colonists being the first to strike out violently towards them. The relationship between French and Native Americans as opposed to the one between the British and Native Americans. Marylands Act Concerning Religion p.38 Time: 1648 Definition: Calverts (George Calvert, the Lord of Baltimore) invested heavily the St. Marys settlement and wanted to attract as many as possible to it in order to make the venture profitable. They then realized that in order to make profit they must attract Protestants as well as fellow English Catholics. To appease the protestant majority within the settlement, the Calverts an Act Concerning Religion, assuring the freedom to worship to all Christians. Significance: The declaration led to a rise in political and social tension as more Protestants moved to the settlement, swelling the protestant majority further. Protestants at one time repealed the tolerance act and even resorted to violence in 1655 as a civil war erupted resulting in the temporary unseating the proprietary government and replacing it with a Protestant dominated one. - The Maryland Act Concerning religion was the first settlement of its kind in America as before the founding of the St. Marys colony only exclusive territories run by businesses were settled by funded settlers, instead of those with

motives to leave their homes and start completely new lives. The act despite its limited success signified the starting of America as an open country for those with the will to start new lives, to settle. - Helped to attract settlers to America along with a new land grant procedure that, lead to the further European expansion in America as each male settler was given 100 acres as well as another hundred for a wife and each servant, and another 50 for each child. William and Mary p.61-62 1. Time: 1688 (year of the Glorious Revolution) 2. Definition: James II was a ruler who had lost all popular support by creating a single government in New England with the also unpopular Sir Edmund Andros as well as through the creation of autocratic rule over parliament. He appointed fellow Catholics to high office leading to fear that James II would re-establish Catholicism as the official religion. In 1688, James II had a son who he announced would be raised a Catholic alarming the Parliament to the point where they called upon the Kings protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to claim the throne. When William and Mary arrived in England with a small army, James II fled to France without bloodshed. This event became known as the Glorious Revolution. 3. Significance: Hearing of the revolution, Bostonians moved to unseat Andros. Andros was able to escape an angry mob but was arrested and imprisoned while trying to flee the city dressed as a woman. England chose not to contest the downfall of Andros and was tolerant of the colonists acts of dividing New England into its separate colonial governments as it was before which they had in effect already done without English approval. 4. This event was indeed the of very beginning of English troubles having negative effects on the colonies as when Andros was supervising New England, he had rigidly upheld the Navigation Acts and dismissed the colonists claims of the rights of Englishmen. Catholic and Protestant controversy was escalated in England because of the revolution as Catholicism was bound not to become well favored in politics as well as the strength of the Parliament was established as the decisions made by Parliament overcame the Kings will. Royal African Company p.73 1. Time: mid- 1600s 2. Definition: Were able to maintain a monopoly to the mainland colonies and as a result were able to keep their prices high and supplies limited. 3. Significance: Early American reliance of America upon African trade. Was not as large due to the limited nature of the company. In mid- 1990s the monopoly was broken resulting in free merchant trade and the reliance upon trade with Africa. 4. Growing reliance on slaver; cash crops and plantation life. Slave codes Slave ships George Whitefield p.92 1. Time: 1730s (Great Awakening)

2. Definition: Was a powerful open-air preacher who had many evangelizing tours through the colonies drawing formidable crowds and was for a time was an associate of the Wesleys. Whitefield succeeded John Wesley as the Calvinist Methodist leader. He played a large role in religious revivalism in England as well as the colonies. 3. Significance: George Whitefield was a significant figure as he proved the legitimacy of the Great Awakening to his peers. 4. By popularizing the Great Awakening, the enlightenment became larger as well. Contrary to the teachings of the Great Awakening though, the Enlightenment encouraged people to look to themselves for guidance as opposed to God, challenging traditional religious and social authority. This resulted in new reforming movements were promoted as well by these revivalist leaders as at the same time religion spread, education (primarily literacy) and science rose.

New Lights/Old Lights p.92 1. Time: 1730s-1740s (the Great Awakening) 2. Definition: The Great Awakening led to the formation of Old Light traditionalists and New Light revivalists within existing congregations. 3. Significance: These divisions affected more than merely religion as some revivalists denounced book learning claiming it a hindrance from salvation. Other revivalists though, saw education as a means to further expand religion through the teaching of religious views. This separation in ideology was one of the present within the enlightenment as well. 4. Led to the expanding of the enlightenment and through the enlightenment the rise of education. The different views led to the push for escape from life and the restarting of a new one as was a common motivating factor and ideology for the Great Awakening. Edward Braddock p. 105 1. Time: 1755 (French and Indian War) 2. Definition: A. The appointed commander in chief of the British army in America. B. Braddock failed in the summer of 1755 to retake the crucial site of Fort Necessity where Washington had lost. C. An Indian ambush after the loss a couple of miles away from the fort, resulted in Braddocks death. 3. Significance: Braddocks week force was another ineffectual British aid to the colonists during the war, resulting in a very sad first stage for the British and Colonists. 4. Braddocks failure increased colonial disdain towards the British as they failed to keep the French from landing many reinforcements in Canada as well. The weakness of the British and the seemingly poor future for the British in the beginning of the war, aided to the (British loyal) Native American fear to move against the French. Nearly all Native Americans were allied with the French. Paxton Boys p. 112 1. Time: 1763

2. Definition: A group of Western Pennsylvanians (known as the Paxton boys) descended on Philadelphia demanding relief from colonial taxes and money to use in their self defense against Indians. The colonial government had only the option of granting the protesters concessions the other being bloodshed. 3. Significance: Signified the discontent of the Paxton Boys and the major bothers for colonists. Also showed the weakness of the government as it could not have afforded bloodshed with the protested that were not militantly organized as anything but a mob. 4. Indeed the grievances of the colonists at this point in time werent accusing the British government, but this showed what things they were troubled over which the British had the audacity to limit. This revolution was the beginning of the American fight against restricting dictation. More specifically though the colonial grievances towards taxes were expressed during the event no doubt leading to the phrase, no taxation without representation, and what it means. Regulators p. 112 1. Time: 1771 2. Definition: The regulators were a group of North Carolinians who opposed the high taxes and sheriffs that were appointed by the colonial government. The Western states were extremely unrepresented in the colonial assembly until they armed themselves and began to enforce their views. 3. Significance: To suppress the regulator revolt, Governor William Tyson raised an army of mainly eastern militiamen, and defeated 2,000 regulators in the battle of Almanac. Nine were killed and many more were wounded. Six regulators were hung for treason. 4. Along with the Paxton Revolution this small scale civil war was the showing of colonist discontent with the government that controlled it. Postwar depression was the result of such extreme taxes as after the British had poured funds into the colonies to defend them, it sought to make the colonies pay for what wealth Britain had lost.

The Tea Boycott p. 118-119 1. Time: 1773 2. Definition: In 1773, the British passed the Tea Act which gave the rights to export its merchandise to the colonies without having to pay the navigation taxes to the East India Trading Company in order to save it from bankruptcy. Colonial merchants, upon whom the entire colonial economy was built, were enraged as the company would be able to create a monopoly over them. To Lord Norths surprise (for he thought people would welcome the acts as it made tea cheaper), resistance leaders in America saw this as another injustice committed unto them. A boycott began as the first large scale popular protest in America. 3. Significance: Women became major supporters being a large consumer audience for the product. Also the act united America with a single goal; to have the Tea Act repealed. 4. Boston Tea Party was a direct result as a group of Bostonians dressed as Mohawks

went upon three ships and dumped the tea into the harbor. The Boston Massacre was another event that led to the revolution. John Locke and revolutionary ideology Olive Branch Petition 1. Time: 1775 2. Definition: A last attempt to prove American Loyalty to the British Crown. The main creator was John Dickinson. Was directed to king George III personally and addressed the oppressions that the colonists fell subject to. It did not question American Loyalty. 3. Significance: King George III refused to receive the petition, especially since the Patriots had just launched an attack on Canada. The king declared the Patriots acts a rebellion, and sought to put the rebellion down. 4. Declaration of Independence The Tea Act Coercive Acts John Burgoyne p.136-138 1. Time: 1777 (Revolutionary War) 2. Definition: 1. He was a young British officer who controlled the Northern force of the involved in the strategy of dividing the United States in two. At least until Howe who had devised the plan and controlled the Southern force abandoned the plan after it started (to attack Philadelphia) leaving Burgoyne and his force to carry out the campaign alone. 2. Burgoyne advanced directly down the upper Hudson Valley to capture Fort Ticonderoga without difficulty, at the same time acquiring an enormous store of guns and powder. 3. Soon after this quick victory, Burgoyne faced two large defeats and after some more skirmishes retreated to Saratoga where, on October 17 with no provisions or support, he surrendered what was left of his army to Gates. 3. Significance: Was a turning point in the war perhaps because of its leading to the alliance between the United States and France. 4. French aid of supplies and troops. Iroquois division and overall fading was a result of the war and this stage of battles as they played a major role in Britains campaign of the North. When the British surrendered at Saratoga, it was a defeat for the Iroquois as well. Lord Cornwallis p. 140-142 1. Time: 1780 (Revolutionary War) 2. Definition: A. He was a British Commander of the South that was appointed by Sir Henry Clinton. B. Was attacked by Nathaniel Greene during his Carolina campaign, though succeeded when Greene retreated due to his losses, had also assumed such loss that he ended the campaign. C. After some time, Clinton ordered Cornwallis to wait for reinforcements, so Cornwallis retreated to Yorktown to build fortifications. D. Washington and Admiral Francois de Joseph Paul de Grasse organized an attack

that trapped Cornwallis between land and sea. After a few skirmishes, Cornwallis claimed to be ill and sent a deputy to formally surrender the British army of over 7,000 men. 3. Significance: For Britain this meant defeat and except for a few skirmishes the war was over. A tension was held for more than a year as it was possible for another war to break out. Cornwalliss defeat caused an outcry in England for the war to end though and the Americans Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and John Jay signed a preliminary treaty on November 30, 1782. 4. Treaty of Paris United States divided (Loyalists/Patriots) The Grid p.152-153 1. Time: 1785 2. Definition: Was established as part of the ordinances of 1785. The division of land into measured and evenly divided squares and rectangles. 3. Significance: This form of land distribution was used to divide up the Northwest. Has become the most common way for Americans to impose human ownership upon the landscape. 4. Northwest Ordinances Westernization Indians and the Western Lands

Society of the Cincinnati 1. Time: Was founded in 1783 2. Definition: Was created in order to preserve the patriotic ideology and fellowship of the Revolutionary War and to pressure the federal government to uphold their promises to those who had fought for American independence. 3. Significance: Gave veteran officers or officers who were still on duty (but were in the army or navy for three years at least), the strength to force the government to uphold their rights and give them their dues. 4. The Revolutionary War The Articles of Confederation France in the revolutionary war; the French were able to join as well Three Fifths Formula 1. Time: 1787 2. Definition: The Three-Fifths compromise was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. It was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman. 3. Significance: Was used as the value of a slave when distributing taxes and the number to appoint for a certain state in the House of Representatives. 4. Articles of Confederation; the idea of the three fifths formula was not new but it could not have passed before because of the need for unanimous support under the Articles of Confederation.

North/South differences; the North wanted slaves to count as more that the South but the Federal Government wanted to keep a nationally regulated tax system. Report on Manufacturers p. 169 1. Time: 1771 2. Definition: Hamiltons plan to stimulate the growth of the industry of the United States. In it he wrote of the advantages of a nation having a strong manufacturing base. 3. Significance: Described the necessary actions that the United States needed to take in order to achieve a strong economic base. Explained Hamiltons tax on distillers of alcoholic liquids as well as his tariff on imports. 4. Federalists; idealism and thoughts for the future of the United States. Bank of United States; part of Hamiltons plan for Americas economic future. Whiskey Rebellion p. 172 1. Time: 1794 2. Definition: Farmers of western Pennsylvania revolted against the taxation on whisky and started terrorizing the tax collectors. Seeing this as a challenge to the federal government (and at Hamiltons urgings), George Washington gathered an army of nearly 15,000 and led the mass to Pittsburg where upon the forces arrival, the revolt quickly collapsed. 3. Significance: This signifies the difference in the federal government with the power of the constitution and the power given to the president. 4. Articles of Confederation vs. Constitution Federalist idealism Shays Rebellion (militia men congregated by wealthy landowners were the ones to put it down. XYZ Affair p. 176 1. Time: 1797 2. Definition: Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall and Edward Gerry go to France to negotiate with the France of the capturing of American ships and at times capturing the crews. Upon their arrival, three agents of the French foreign minister, Prince Talleyrand, asked for a bribe before the negotiations started. 3. Significance: This was interpreted as an insult and when Adams heard of it, he sent to congress a letter denouncing it and urging for preparations for war. He also turned in the American agents report of the account replacing the names of the French agents with the letters X, Y and Z. This to the United States was the nations engagement in an undeclared war. 4. Quasi War; conflict on the seas in which United States vessels captured a total of eighty-five ships. VA/KY Resolutions 1. 1798-1799 2. Virginia + Kentucky against Alien/Sedition acts called them unconstitutional and maintained that they had the power to call them that (Nullification) written anonymously by Thomas Paine + Thomas Jefferson 3. Nullification -States Rights -Separation of Union (kinda)

-Helped push towards succession 4. Nullification Crisis, Tariff or 1828 (tried to nullify) Republican Mother 5. Late 1700s (?) 6. Mother's should raise children with republican ideals/added to American women' s education possibilities 7. New women's role/New roles in the home 8. Feminism Robert Fulton 9. Late 1700s 10. Steamboats he made them easier to build/less likely to explode/safer/faster/first one to make a commercially successful one (built off of old technologies of Watt) 11. Westward expansion Farmers -> lower prices + easier for goods to travel More Markets 12. Tesla, Wright brothers, Union Pacific RailR., Barbary States 13. 1801-1805 14. Barbary States of North Africa (Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli) were demanding money from all nations for them to not attack ships. Jefferson didnt like it moved towards war. 1801 pasha of Tripoli cut down American flagpole (symbolizing war) and Jefferson started moving ships into that area. 1805 an agreement was reached with the pasha that U.S. wouldnt have to pay tributes, get captured Americans back, but also pay $60,000 (which was humiliating) (also due in part to the First Barbary war) 15. Marines First battles on foreign soil U.S. is a threatening presence U.S. could win battles away from home 16. Second Barbary War, WWI/WWII (U.S. presence), Internment, Somali Pirates,

Non-Intercourse Act 17. 1810 18. An act, preceded by the Embargo (and force act) ((which were due to British impressment)), that stated the U.S. would embargo G.B. or France if either interfered with U.S. free trade. France said ok, but G.B. said no, so U.S. -> embargo. Later G.B. had to repeal attacks on U.S. ships because Econ. Was hurting. (Important to note that the Embargo was a failure b/c it prohibited U.S. ships from leaving the U.S. and hurt the Economy badly) 19. Avoided war with G.B. (peaceable coercion) Also helped lead to war (Rising tensions with G.B.) 20. Masons Bill no. 2 (came after Non-intercourse) , Embargo of 1807, Impressment Rocky Mountain Fur Co.

21. 1820s-1830s 22. A Company that dealt with fur. This new group consisted of mostly white men, unlike before where they traded with Indians. They didnt have a base, so they lived by themselves (mountain men) and met at rendezvous points. 23. Tensions with Native Americans (attacks on white trappers) Market Economy Westward expansion 24. Manifest Destiny, Tecumseh (Indian attacks), Indian Removal Act, Louisiana Purchase Dartmouth College vs. Woodward 25. 1819 26. New Hamp. Gov. wanted Dartmouth to become public university, and tried to revoke Dartmouths college charter granted by King George III in 1769. The court ruled in favor of Dartmouth, in addition to saying that the contract was valid and that their previous decision of Fletcher vs. Peck would be upheld (contracts are Inviolable). 27. Limited states rights regarding their ability to control corporations 28. Marshal Court (nationalistic w/ help towards a strong, unified, economically developed U.S.), Fletcher vs. Peck, McCulloch vs. Maryland (judicial review) The American System 5. 1830s 6. Spear headed by Henry Clay, the American system was a mercantilist policy that called for tariffs, a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements'. 7. Tariffs of 1828/1832 (tensions with south) Favored North Better roads, improved shipping of goods National Bank Re-chartered 1816 Mostly against Andrew Jackson 8. Lowell system , Contract with America, New Deal, Great Society, Fair Deal,

Black Hawk War 9. 1831-1832 10. Sauk and Fox Indians had been forced into a treaty with the U.S. that gave them tribal lands in Illinois, but they didnt really sign it (rival Indians did) and they were hungry and resentful so they crossed back into vacant lands in Illinois (under the aging warrior Black Hawk). White settlers feared invasion, and sent the Illinois state militia and federal troops to repel the invaders. The Sauk and Fox retreated across the Mississippi, but some bands of men perused them, and most were slaughtered. 11. Tensions with Indians Weakening Indian Resistance Westward Expansion 12. Manifest Destiny, Indian Removal Act, AIM, Five-Civilized Tribes, Trail of Tears, Seminole War,

Worcester vs. Georgia 13. 1832 14. Marshal Court ruled that Georgia had no right to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee country. They said that only the Federal Gov. could do that and he also stated that the tribes were a sovereign nation, the same way that Georgia was a sovereign entity. 15. Expanding rights of tribes to remain free from the authority of state governments. Expanded Federal Gov.s power (Control over states + tribes) 16. Marshal Court, Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia , Cherokee Removal, Indian Removal Act, 5civilized tribes, Westward expansion, Soft money/Hard money 17. 1830s 18. Soft-money people who wanted more currency in circulation and said that bank notes should be unsupported by Gold/Silver (Mostly State bankers + allies) Objected to the Bank of the U.S. Hard-money Gold + silver were the only basis for money -- condemned all banks that issued bank notes including bank of U.S. ((Andrew Jackson)) 19. Animosity towards the bank of the U.S. Helped push Jackson to not renew the charter Helped play a role in the Election of Jackson in 1832 20. Greenbackers, Bryans Cross of Gold, Populists (free silver/ Bryan) Lowell System 21. Mid-Early 1800s 22. A working place for women, often young and unmarried, went to Lowell factories, which had clean boarding houses and dorms. They were well fed and carefully supervised. Wages were low, but generous given the time. Later failed, in part due to recessions and in part to cheaper labor. 23. More rights for women More roles for women Women didnt have to rely on men for money Changing face of Industrialization Failed in part to Immigration 24. Feminism, Lowell in the later years (mostly all opposite), Womens Rights, Central Park 25. 1850s 26. Pioneered by Fredrick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux, it was built to create a public space that would look as little like the city as possible. The area became extremely popular and was a huge success 27. Changing Urban landscape New Leisure time for citizens to spend Urbanization 28. Coney Island, Theatres (Samuel j. Friedman theatre, for example), concerts, Arts, movies, City Beautiful Movement, the Black bay P.T. Barnum 29. Started in 1842

30. It was an American Museum a freak show with midgets, twins, magicians and ventriloquists. Held Lectures in the 40s to try and get people to come (which worked because it was popular at the time) 1870s Wild West show 31. 1840s helped educate people/ messages of social uplift/ popular among women 1870s Wild West show characterized standard cowboy (romance and adventure nstuff) 32. William Codys Wild west show (the more popular of the two), womens rights, new forms of entertainment (see central park) De Bows Review 33. 1846-1818 34. A magazine, published by James B.D. De Bow, promoting southern economic independence, in addition to southern commercial and agricultural expansion. Thought it was a colonial relationship (north and south). Even with its anti-north sayings it was printed in New York, and it was filled with northern ads. 35. Showed southern anxieties/fears/wanting to be separate/ econ. Dependency on north 36. Secession/planter class/ cult of honor/ Southern lady/slavery/ econ. Dependency on north Preston Books 1856 Directly as a result of Charles Sumners speech about bleeding Kansas (mostly aimed at the outspoken defender of slavery, Andrew P. Butler ) , Preston Brooks, a South Carolina representative (who was the nephew of Andrew P. Butler) was infuriated by this, and proceeded to beat Sumner with a cane. This was also due to the Southern cult of honor, and throughout the north, Sumner became a hero, while Brooks became a symbol to the savageness of the south. On the other hand, in the south, Brooks became a hero due to his heroic actions against the south. Southern/Northern differences Slavery issue Leading towards war Cult of Honor Kansas-Nebraska controversy, Bleeding Kansas, Civil war, secession, cult of honor, slavery

Gabriel Prosser 1800 Gabriel Prosser was slave who wanted to start a rebellion. Aptly named Prossers Rebellion, Prosser gathered 1000 slaves outside of Richmond to start a rebellion. Unfortunately for Prosser, two Africans gave away the plot and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin. Prosser and 35 others were executed. Fear of slave rebellions/uprisings in the south Slave Resistance Turners Rebellion, Stono Rebellion, Harriet Tubman (underground railroad), Slave patrols First half of the 1800s They came about in response to run-away slaves. They would stop wandering blacks on sight and ask for a travel permit. If there was no travel permit, then they were presumed run-aways

and immediately captured. Slave resistance Efforts to keep slavery in Controlling slave resistance Jim crow laws, Fugitive salve act, Emancipation Proclamation, Slave Resistance Hudson River School Early 1800s (1820s kinda) American Painters who painted spectacular vistas of the Hudson Valley. They considered nature the best source of wisdom and spiritual fulfillment. They portrayed America as a place of wild nature that still had greater promise. Later they moved west and painted scenes there Yosemite, Yellowstone, rocky mountains Romanticism Antebellum Culture Emphasis on nature Created a new American art style Romanticism, Walt Whitman (leaves of grass), James cooper, Herman Melville, Poe, Southern Romanticism, Ralph Emerson , Brook farm The Raven 1845 A poem written by Edgar Allen Poe. It related to the Gothic sense of Romanticism. He talked about individuals rising above the narrow confines of intellect and exploring the deeper world of the spirit and the emotions, yet that contained much more pain and horror. Gothic Romanticism Large effect on later poets/ society Bleak messages Human spirit was self-destructive Moby Dick, Romanticism, Hudson river, Whitman,

Owenites Antebellum America (1820s-1860s) Robert Owen, a utopian, founded a community in Indiana, 1825. It was called New Harmony. The village was to be a village of cooperation, but later flopped due to economic failure. However, the vision inspired many other Americans, and many tried very similar Owentie experiments. Utopian society Romanticism Wanting to escape from cities Brooks farm (came before), Emerson, Romanticism, Hawthorne, Dorthea Dix 1830s-1840s Dorthea helped to spur the rise of feminism. Women didnt like the way they were treated.

Dorthea also led the U.S. sanitary commission, which mobilized large numbers of females to field hospitals. Later women were common in the professions, and it was almost entirely female. Also, she was a pioneering force in the movement to reform the treatment of the mentally ill in America. Reformed Prisons/Asylums U.S. sanitary commission new roles for women + To feminism Changing roles of females Susan B. Anthony, cult of domesticity, Feminism of 60s, National Womens loyal league, Seneca falls, Declaration of sentiments and resolutions, American Colonization Society Early 1800s They were a group who pushed the effort to send the slaves back to Africa. They challenged slavery without challenging property rights or southern sensibilities. They proposed the gradual manumission (freeing) of slaves, the masters receiving compensation, to which the slaves would be sent back to Africa. Some people did go back, (founded Liberia) failed though, because too many slaves were being born in the U.S. to ship them all out (also lack of funds). Early anti-slavery movement Not very violent Pacifistic Nothing really happened with them Abolitionists, Free-Soil, American Anti-slavery society, Fredrick Douglas, Civil War, Emancipation proclamation, 14th amendment, Uncle Toms Cabin, Frederick Douglass: (pg 332) 5. Early to mid 1800s (1838) 6. Frederick Douglass was one of the greatest African-American abolitionists of all time and one of the best speakers of the time. He escaped slavery and later wrote a narrative of his own life, which described his life and the evils of slavery. He also founded an antislavery newspaper, the North Star. 7. Douglasss speeches had a great impact on abolitionists, in the way that they inspired them to fight for freedom and equality for blacks. His experience as a former slave helped his gain sympathy for his cause. His narrative leaves a lasting legacy about his efforts and his hard work to bring freedom to African Americans. 8. Sojourner Truth, William Lloyd Garrison, Abolitionism 54-50 or Fight: (pg 346) 5. 1840s 6. This was a reference to where the Americans hoped to draw their part of Oregon. The British and the Americans were the ones debating about the border. 7. The British prime minister rejected a compromise Polk offered that would establish the United States-Canadian border at the 49th parallel. Polk again asserted the American claim to all of Oregon. Both country really wanted war, and finally the British accepted Polks original proposal. The slogan showed the expansionist-minded democrats in this time period. 8. James Polk, Texas Boundary DIspute Lewis Cass: (pg 351)

5. 1848 6. He was named the father of "popular sovereignty." Ran for president in 1848 because Polk declined to run again, but Gen. Zachary Taylor won. The north was against Cass because popular sovereignty made it possible for slavery to spread. 7. Lewis Cass was a senator of Michigan and diplomat of wide experience and many abilities. His popular sovereignty was the idea that issues should be decided upon by the people. Cass had a diverse vision of educational needs and he worked to provide education for all the people of the Michigan territory. The educational system of Michigan today could be in some way credited to Casss efforts. 8. Popular Sovereignty, US Presidential Election of 1948, Wilmot Proviso Forty-Niners: (pg.351) 1. Mid-1800s (1849) 2. The forty-niners were people who went to California to seek gold during the California Gold Rush. These people left their farms, job, homes, and families and traveled on the OregonCalifornia trail. 3. Most of these migrants traveled on covered wagons. There were nearly 100,000 migrants during the California Gold Rush. The majority of forty niners were men and they established claims all over Northern California. One sign of thier significance to present day could be their name used as the team name for a major sports team. The San Francisco 49ers are an NFL football team, whos name shows how the California Gold Rush impacted many aspects of the state. 4. California Gold Rush, Indian Slavery The Crime against Kansas: (pg 357) 5. 1856 6. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts delivered an impassioned speech to Congress, entitled The Crime against Kansas in which he personally insulted Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina. Butlers nephew, Representative Preston Brooks from South Carolina, responded by approaching Sumner on May 22, 1856, and beating him with a cane until it broke. 7. The sexual refrences and the general viciousness of the speech, is what caused Preston Brooks to react the way that he did. Sumner was unable to return to the Senate for four years. Brooks became extremely popular in the South and was reelected. The North was very angry about Brooks actions. 8. Bleeding Kansas, Pottawatomie Massacre Abraham Lincoln: 1. Mid-Late 1800s 2. The Republicans chose him to run against Senator Douglas in the senatorial elections of 1858. Although he lost, Lincoln came to be one of the most prominent northern politicians and emerged as a Republican nominee for president. Although he won the presidential elections of 1860. Lincoln was an important cause to the end of the Civil War and helped keep the United States unified. 3. He helped settle the battle between federal and state rights and kept state rights in check, especially in the South by appointing black governors. In his Gettysburg Address Lincoln invoked the principles of human equality by the Declaration of Independence and redefined the Civil War as a struggle not merely for the Union, but as "a new birth of freedom" that would bring true equality to all of its citizens, and that would also create a unified nation in which states' rights were no longer dominant. 4. Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address, Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 13th Amendment Blundering generation: (pg 373) 1. 1850s 2. "Blundering generation" was coined by historian James G. Randall to describe American

leaders prior to and during the Civil War. He said that the Civil War could have been avoided if America's leaders had acted more like statesman and less like professional patriots. 3. James Randall stated that Slavery was essentially a kind institution. He saw in the social and economic systems of the North and the South no differences so fundamental as to require a war. 4. Civil War, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan Copperheads: (pg 375) 5. 1863 6. Copperheads were also known as Peace Democrats because they were ready to make peace with the Confederacy. Copperheads were Northern democrats who opposed the war. 7. The copperheads were best known for inciting the violence that would become the New York City Draft riot. Over one hundred people died, and Irish immigrants were at the center of the violence. The riot mainly targeted blacks, as the rioters questioned why they were being conscripted to fight a war for these people. It required federal troops to end the violence. Lincoln believed that anti-war Northern Democrats harbored traitorous ideas and he labeled them "Copperheads", poisonous snakes waiting to get him. The Confiscation Act declared that all slaves in support of the Confederate military effort would be freed. This act was a success for the copperheads because their mission was to make peace with the Confederates and end the war and this was a stepping stone to their goal. 8. Draft Riots, Confiscation Acts Ex Parte Milligan: (pg 376,409) 5. 1866 6. The Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal in places where civil courts were functioning. This ruling was not true only if the civil courts were not working or the region was under Marshall law. 7. This decision seemed to threaten the system of military government the Radicals were planning for the South. As a result, the Radicals proposed many bills that would require two-thirds of the justices to support any decision overruling a law of Congress. The court refused to accept jurisdiction in any cases involving Reconstruction. 8. Ex Parte Quirin, Marbury vs. Madison King Cotton Diplomacy: (pg 387) 37. 1861-1865 38. The type of diplomacy the South used during the Civil war. Its basic idea was to use foreign dependence on southern cotton to convince them to recognize the confederacy as a nation and to provide assistance. 39. This tactic failed miserably. France and Britain both had enough surplus cotton, which was coupled with what they could import from Egypt. This enabled them to keep most of their factories going, and the workers laid off due to the lack of cotton still supported the North. If the south had had a much better plan for diplomacy during the war, perhaps they could have defeated the North. The Trent Affiar was the first major crisis with foreign powers during the Civil War and it dealed with American diplomatic relations with European powers as well. 40. Trent Affair, Civil War Thaddeus Stevens: 1. Time period of achievements (1833-1860), Life Span (1792-1868) 2. He was a radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. He was also the leader of the radical Republicans in Congress and he is known to be one of the most powerful members of the US House of Representatives. 3. Stevens was a man who wanted equality between the rich and poor, and the black and white. He donated the land of what is now Gettysburg College and in the state legislature he is most remembered for his defense of free public schools. As a Whig in Congress, he was an opponent

of extending slavery and satisfying the South in any way. 4. Civil War, Reconstruction, Ablolitionism 14th Amendment: 5. July 9, 1868 6. This amendment states that all people born in the United States are citizens of the country. It established state due process, which the legal principle that the government must respect all of the legal rights that are owed to a person according to the law. It applied Bill of Rights to the states and denied public office to anyone who has rebelled against the United States. 7. The 14th amendment overruled the Dred Scott vs. Sandford decision, which stated that blacks could not be citizens of the United States. It was part of the reconstruction amendments, which intended to enfranchise African Americans who had been held in bondage prior to and during the Civil War. This amendment was the most significant structural change to the United States since the Bill of Rights. 8. 13th Amendment, 15th Amendment Scalawag: (pg 409) 1. Late 1860s 2. Southern White Republicans who converted to the party immediately after the war. Scalawag is a name that meant that they were pirates who looked to steal from state governments to make a lot of money that is not fair for them to earn. 3. The scalawags enabled the Republicans to maintain control of southern politics. They came from all over, from poor farmers to rich or formerly rich planters and businessmen. They all shared a common thought that the Republican Party would do the best job of improving the economic situation. 4. Carpetbaggers, Freedmen, Reconstruction Credit Mobilier: (pg 415) 5. 1872, late 1800s 6. This was a scandal during Grants term in office. The heads of Credit Mobilier has used their position as Union Pacific stockholders to steer large fraudulent contracts to their construction company, taking millions of dollars away from the Union Pacific. 7. To prevent investigations, the directors had given Credit Mobilier stock to key members of Congress. Congress conducted an investigation, which revealed that some highly placed Republicans, had accepted stock. This was the first of a series of political scandals that would plague Grant and Republicans for years. 8. Whiskey Ring, U.S. Grant Redeemed: (pg 416) 4. Late 1800s 5. Redeemers were largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans. 6. By the time Grant left office, Democrats had taken back the governments of seven of the eleven former confederate states. In the states where whites were a majority, overthrowing aRepublican control was simple. By 1872, all but a handful of Southern whites had regained suffrage. 7. Ku Klux Klan Californios: (pg 437) 1. 1830s 2. The Hispanic residents in California who had little power to resist the onslaught by Englishspeaking immigrants. 3. The English-speaking immigrants organized to exclude them, sometimes violently from the

mines during the gold rush. They lost their lands though corrupt business deals or seizure. The courts would often help English-speaking immigrants to take the lands of californios and also simple occupation by squatters was often the case. 4. California Gold Rush, Rancheros Mark Twain: (pg 448) 5. Major success from 1872-1885 (late 1800s), Life Span (1835-1910) 6. Twain was one of the greatest American writers of the 19th century, and he gave voice to the romantic vision of the fronteir in a series of brilliant novels and memoirs. He is also known as the master of satire. 7. He gave his stories "local color" through dialects and detailed descriptions. His works include The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, "The Amazing Jumping Frog of Calaverus County," and stories about the American West. His books Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer responded to the new industrial civilzation by evoking an older, more natural world. His greatest works dealt with life on an earlier fronteir, which was the Mississippi Valley of his childhood. Twain also thought of the name, Gilded Age, to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the great lifestyles it allowed the very rich. 8. Frederic Remington, Gilded Age, Teddy Roosevelt, Frontier Idea Frederic Remington: (pg 448-449) 1. Late 1800s 2. Remington was a painter and scultor that captured the romance of the West and its image as an alternative to the settled civilization of the East. 3. He portrayed the cowboy as a natural aristocrat, living in a natural world in which all the normal supporting structures of civilization were missing. The quality of his work made him one of the most beloved and successful artists of the nineteenth century, and one whose work is still popular today. 4. Mark Twain, Teddy Roosevelt, Frontier Idea TR (Teddy Roosevelt) 5. Late 1890s, early 20th century (early 1900s) 6. Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th president of the United States and was a strong political figure of the Progressive Era. He strongly promoted the federal regulation of business and conservation. During his presidency there was an increase in the powers of the federal government, an increase in legislation that placed restrictions on companies previously free of federal oppression, and the initiation of many new government agencies that promoted conservation and the regulation of big businesses. 7. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Munroe Doctrine is the cornerstone of 20th century American foreign policy and established the US as an international police power. Roosevelt urged Congress to create US Forest Service, which could be credited for the creation of our national parks. His New Nationalism called for government to regulate business. As assistant secretary of the navy, he had rebuilt the navy and tried to start a war with Cuba. He formed the Rough Riders to fight in the Spanish-American War. 8. William McKinley, Spanish American War, Rough Riders, Roosevelt Corollary, Abraham Lincoln Wounded Knee: (pg 456,859) 5. December 29, 1890 (late 1800s) 6. The Seventh Cavalry tried to round up a group of about 350 cold and starving Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. Fighting broke out, which caused the deaths of many soldiers, families, and Indians. 7. The Sioux were convinced that they had been made incible by magic. What started the conflict

is not known, but an Indian may have fired the first shot. The white soldiers dominated the Indians with their new machine guns. The conflict started when Sioux left the reservation in protest because of the death of Sitting Bull. This was the last major incident in the Great Plains. 8. American Indian Movement, The Dawes Act, Addimilation Bessemer process: (pg 464) 1. 1870s and 1880s (late 1800s) 2. Henry Bessemer invented a process for removing air pockets from iron, and thus allowing steel to be made. This process involved blowing air through molten iron to burn out the impurities. 3. The process also made possible the production of steel in great quantities and large dimensions. Therefore, it made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction and many other things. 4. Open-Hearth Process, Pittsburgh Frederick Winslow Taylor: (pg 467) 29. Late 1800s 30. Frederick Winslow Taylor was the man who created Taylorism. This was the idea of reorganizing the production process by subdividing tasks. 31. His ideas were controversial during his lifetime and continue to be to this day. His Taylorism would speed up production and would make workers more interchangeable and therefore eliminate a managers dependence on a single employee. It would also reduce the need for highly trained skillful workers. If properly managed, this could increase productive efficiency and make working people less independent. 32. Henry Ford, Assembly Line, Railroad Expansion Ellis Island 1. 1892-1943, officially closed in 1954 2. Ellis Island is an island in New York Bay that was formerly the main immigration station for the United States. Immigrants were screened and processed here before coming to America. The island is currently a national monument, and a public museum. 3. New immigrants were either allowed to get into America, or they were sent back to where they came from. Based on the results of the screenings they would be given a decision. One of its purposes was to prevent new diseases from other countries to come into America. The island also served as a detention and deportation center after World War 2. Samuel Gompers 1850-1924 Samuel Gompers was an early labor leader, first in his own union and later as the first president of the American Federation of Labor. As its president nearly continuously between 1886 and 1924, Gompers led the labor movement in achieving solid gains for workers. He maintained a focused view of trade unionism, believing that unions should concentrate on better collective bargaining agreements and legislation affecting labor, while avoiding broad social issues. Labor Unions, CIO, Knights of Labor, workers unrest strikes, workers rights Eugene Debs

1855-1926 He was a huge leader of the labor movement. He was influential in organizing strikes such as the Pullman Strike, and led the American Railway Union against troops and strikebreakers. He then became an outspoken member of the Socialist Party. He ran in several presidential elections, most notably in 1912, getting 6%, or nearly a million votes. He later won an Indiana Congressional seat. He was against involvement in WWI. He was imprisoned after giving an anti-war speech. Unions, AFL, CIO strikes, Haymarket Square, Industrialization, Deb wanted to make it all better for the workers Workers Rights(conditions, work hours, etc.), third parties Columbian Exposition 1893 This was the worlds fair in Chicago. The Fair was immensely popular, drawing over 27 million visitors, including Frederick Douglass, Jane Addams,and several other influential icons. It was widely publicized both nationally and internationally, and people traveled from all over the world to see the spectacle. The fair showed the world that America was rapidly industrializing. Is was a chance for America to rebuild its image after violent strikes and the closing of the frontier. Homestead Strike, Pullman Strike, Frontier Closing, hurt Americas image

Similar to the Sedation Act, he was jailed because he spoke out against the gov. during war. Jacob Riis 1849-1914 Famous for writing How the Other Half Lives, which outlined the horrible conditions in Tenement Housing. He published it with vivid pictures that clearly outlined the poverty. It shocked many Americans who did not realize that conditions were so awful. Riis was a big social reformer. He wanted simple things like lighting and sanitation in tenements. He encouraged the upper classes to help with community actions and to create things like parks and playgrounds. Big on the idea Nurture, Not Nature and that poverty was not the fault of that individual. Helping the poor, horrible tenements for immigrants Immigration, New York, cheap labor, little pay

William Tweed(Boss Tweed) 1823-1878 He was a corrupt politician in New York. He was elected Grand Sachem of Tammany Hall. The Society of Tammany was a meeting place for the Democratic party.Although he held minor elective offices, Tweed primarily exercised power through his control of patronage, the ability to appoint supporters to jobs in New York City government. He often gave the best jobs to his supporters. He also profited personally from business conducted by the city of New York. For a company to receive business contracts with the city, it had to inflate its prices and kick back a portion of its income to Tweed and his closest associates in local government. This coterie of corrupt politicians enriching themselves at the publics expense was known at the time as the Tweed Ring. Tweed and his friends ensured that Irish-American supporters received jobs and other assistance from the city government and from companies doing business with the city. Boss rule, Immigrant help in exchange for votes Immigrant poverty, corruption Sears Roebuck 1886- present Started as a mail order catalog. This was a huge innovation, especially for rural farmers, who had low wages. Farmers could order specific items that their local general store did not own and Sears was much cheaper. Sears started with only watches and jewelry but expanded to sell literally everything. Sears later started to build bigger department stores that put General Stores out of business. Retail was expanding all over the country, rise of big business Departments stores, catalogs Yellow Journalism Late 1800s- early1900s In 1898, newspapers provided the major source of news in America. At this time, it was common practice for a newspaper to report the editor's interpretation of the news rather than objective journalism. If the information reported was inaccurate or biased, the American public had little means for verification. With this sort of influence, the newspapers wielded much political power. In order to increase circulation, the publishers of these papers often exploited their position by sponsoring a flamboyant and irresponsible approach to news reporting that became known as "yellow journalism." Though the term was originally coined to describe the journalistic practices of Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst proved himself worthy of the title. Today, it is his name that is synonymous with "yellow journalism." Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, "yellow journalism." swayed politics

Sort of like Muckracking James Blaine 1830-1893 A member of the Republican Party he was elected to the 38th Congress and took his seat in March, 1863. A supporter of African American suffrage, Blaine was a strong opponent of President Andrew Johnson and voted for his impeachment in 1868. Ran for president in 1884 but Barely lost to Cleveland. Failure of reconstruction and Jackson African American rights Pendleton Act 1883 Public reaction to the assassination of President Garfield forced Congress to pass the Civil Service Reform Act. The law established a three-person, bi-partisan panel to develop exams to hire federal employees based on merit. The act initially covered 10% of federal employees, but became the basis for most of the Civil Service of today. Reformers had long been calling for an end to the "spoils system" in civil service appointments. However, the assassination of President Garfield provided the needed push to make the change. President Arthur, who himself had been a product of the spoils system, surprised his critics by becoming a vocal supporter of the reform. A bi-partisan, three-person commission was created to oversee the newly-established Civil Service System. Arthur appointed three individuals long identified with civil service reform to serve as its commissioners. The new law called for open competitive exams for all jobs classified as civil service jobs. End of spoils system, jobs open to the public Less corruption Mary Lease 1853-1953 Mary Lease became involved in politics and was an active supporter of prohibition and women's suffrage, but also urging the popular election of Senators, the setting up of postal savings banks, government control of railroads, federal supervision of corporations, woman suffrage, free silver, prohibition, and other reforms. She joined the Women's Temperance Union, the Farmers' Alliance and the Populist Party. She obtained a national reputation as an outstanding orator and between 1890 and 1896 she toured the country making speeches.

Lots of activism, many activists were part of several groups Christian Beliefs and the Church

Coxeys Rebellion 1896 In 1894, Jacob S. Coxey, an owner of a sand quarry in Massillon, Ohio, faced difficult financial times as the Panic of 1893 gripped the United States. In protest of the federal government's failure to assist the American populace during this economic downturn, Coxey formed a protest march that became known as "Coxey's Army." The group left Massillon, numbering one hundred men, on Easter Sunday, with the intention of marching to Washington, DC, to demand that the United States government assist the American worker. As the group marched to Washington, hundreds more workers joined it along the route. Coxey claimed that his army would eventually number more than 100,000 men. By the time that the army reached Washington, it numbered only five hundred men. President Cleveland refused them. "Coxey's Army" illustrates the harsh financial situation gripping the United States during the Panic of 1893. It also shows a growing desire among Americans for their government to play a more active role in solving the people's problems. Bonus Army

Rough Riders 1898 The most famous of all the units fighting in Cuba, the "Rough Riders" was the name given to the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt resigned his position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in May 1898 to join the volunteer cavalry. The original plan for this unit called for filling it with men from the Indian Territory, New Mexico, Arizona, and Oklahoma. The Rough Riders saw battle at Las Gusimas when General Samuel B. M. Young was ordered to attack at this village, three miles north of Siboney on the way to Santiago. Although it was not important to the outcome of the war, news of the action quickly made the papers. They also made headlines for their role in the Battle of San Juan Hill, which became the stuff of legend thanks to Roosevelt's writing ability and reenactments filmed long after. Fought in Span.-Am. War, gave T.R. fame Imperialism

Emilio Aguiando 1869-1964 Philippine leader. In the insurrection against Spain in 1896 he took command After the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines and led a Philippine insurrection in concert with U.S. attacking forces. He established a republic with its capital at Malolos and himself as president. Dissatisfied with the peace treaty that ended the Spanish-American War, he headed a rebellion against U.S. occupying forces from 1899 until he was captured by in 1901 Led the Philippines against US Similar fighting as in Vietnam Boxer Rebellion 1900 By late 1899, bands of the Boxers(cChinese Rebels) were massacring Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians. By May 1900, the Boxer Rebellion had come out of the countryside and was being waged in theBeijing.The Boxers wanted to get rid of all foreign influence. To help their fellow countrymen and to protect their interests in China, an international force of 2,100 American, British, Russian, French, Italian, and Japanese soldiers were sent to subdue the "rebellion."On June 18, 1900, the Empress Dowager ordered all foreigners to be killed. Several foreign ministers and their families were killed before the international force could protect them. On August 14, 1900, the international force took Beijing and subdued the rebellion. Open door policy, American Imperialism Philippines kicking out Americans Ida Tarbell 1857-1944 Tarbell was a muckraking yellow journalist. Few woman had jobs like her.Tarbell worked for 12 years doing a biographical series on Abraham Lincoln. From November 1902 to October 1904 a magazine printed her most important work, a 19-part series that became The History of the Standard Oil Company. These two volumes, still one of the most thorough investigations ever written of how a business monopoly exploits the public by using unfair tactics.. From November 1902 to October 1904

the magazine printed her most important work, a 19-part series that became The History of the Standard Oil Company. These two Showed the problems with monopoly Feminism, big business, like Steffens

Lincoln Steffens 1866-1936 Lincoln was a muckraker and yellow journalist. He did a lot to expose the corruption in New York and other major cities. Over the course of his career, Steffen's muckraking led to the indictment of eighteen municipal legislators in St. Louis and the ouster of twenty corrupt city councilman in Chicago. Through the journalistic ideology of muckraking, Steffens challenged the way in which city business was done and set a standard many others would follow. Exposed problems Like Tarbell Robert La Follette 1855-1925 Elected governor of Wisconsin by acclamation in 1891, he proposed and implemented his "Wisconsin Idea." This became the foundation of the Progressive Movement; it included opposition to political bosses, employment of technical experts for public service, direct primary nomination, railroad regulation, and tax reform. Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1905, he worked for progressive reforms on a national level, including the direct election of senators. He championed the conservation movement and led the opposition to the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. In 1912 he lost the Republican presidential nomination to Theodore Roosevelt. To make his progressive ideas better known he founded La Follette's Weekly Magazine in 1909 and the National Progressive Republican League in 1911. He opposed American involvement in World War I and President Wilson's foreign policy. He wrote the resolution authorizing the Senate investigation of the Teapot Dome scandal. In 1924 he ran unsuccessfully for president on the Progressive ticket. He died on June 18, 1925, in Washington, D.C. Progressive movement third parties

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 1911

A fire started in a shirt factory in New York. All the doors were locked to ensure that the woman could not leave early. When the fire broke out countless woman died because they could not leave or had jumped from the building. This caused an uproar over working conditions. It led to countless new safety regulations. It also helped to create stronger workers unions. It also gave government more control over business. working conditions and laws were improved Unions louise Brandeis 1856-1941 Brandeis advised President Woodrow Wilson on policy and influenced his New Freedom economic doctrine. Brandies also published two important books during this period, Other People's Money (1914) and Business - A Profession (1914). A supporter of trade union rights, Brandeis argued in these two books that the retailer should make sure that " the goods which he sold were manufactured under conditions which were fair to the workers - fair as to wages, hours of work, and sanitary conditions." He went on to claim that if the business community considered moral issues when producing and selling goods then 'big business' will then mean "business big not in bulk or power but great in service and grand in manner. Big business will then mean professionalized business, as distinguished from the occupation of petty trafficking or more moneymaking." Very pro workers and woman's rights. Helped create fair business and workers rights Unions, trade Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 The purpose was to protect the public against adulteration of food and from products identified as healthful without scientific support and was to ensure that the food was not going to kill people like that one factory we read about in class. It set rules in order to keep the food cleaner and safer. It also made it harder to get medicine. Now someone needed to get a prescription from a doctor. There was also the creation of the Food and Drug Administration, which was entrusted with the responsibility of testing all foods and drugs destined for human consumption.

made food safer and streamlined the med. system Like,Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, brought change Sierra Club

1892-present Founded by John Muir, a good friend of Theodore Roosevelt.The goal of the Sierra Club was to preserve nature. They have chapters all over the country. They often try to influence politics and legislature in pro-environmental ways. Their reach extends from protecting our national resources to green energy. Conservation Similar to TR goals Bull Moose Party 1912-1914 TR wanted to run for the republican nomination instead of Taft, but the party stuck with Taft. TR then created the Bull Moose Party. True to Roosevelt's progressive beliefs, the platform of the party called for major reforms including women's suffrage, social welfare assistance for women and children, farm relief, revisions in banking, health insurance in industries, and worker's compensation. The party also wanted an easier method to amend the constitution. The divided repubs. let Wilson win Third Party Great White Fleet 1907-1909 TR sent out a fleet of American battleships on a world tour. The fourteen-month long voyage was a grand pageant of American sea power. The squadrons were manned by 14,000 sailors. They covered some 43,000 miles and made twenty port calls on six continents. They tried to change the way other nations viewed America, the Great White Fleet visited the other nations of the world on a diplomatic mission of peace. Militarism Building up arms before WWII Lusitania 1. May 7, 1915, Early 20th century 2. During WWI (during US neutrality) the Germans started attacking British ships w/ their submarines. They ended up a attacking the Lusitania, they killed a bunch of Brits (almost 1200) and 128 Americans that were also aboard. The US made the Germans promise to stop, and they agreed. But then in 1916 the Allies said they were arming ships to sink submarines, so the Germans went right back to attackin errybody. 3. US being pushed toward war, Sentiments against Germany

4. Mustard gas, US trading w/ allies during neutrality Mustard gas 1. First used by Germans in 1917, WWI, early 20th century 2. One of the most lethal chemicals used during the war. It was odorless and remained active for hours. The Germans used it to kill lots of people in the war. But, the brits did use it in the last days of the war 3. More anti-German sentiments 4. The sinking of the Lusitania and all that stuff, US trading w/ allies during neutrality Marcus Garvey 1. Early 1900s, WWI time 2. Marcus Garvey was a black, Jamaican Author. During the war time, he gained a large followed (mostly poor, urban black Americans). He encouraged them to be proud of their culture, and refuse to lose it through assimilation into white American society. He also tried to organize a huge group of people to move back to Africa with him and make a new society there. 3. Embracing black heritage, culture 4. Harlem Renaissance, china towns etc. (grouping with people of same culture) Sacco-Vanzetti trial 1. August 23, 1927, Early 20th century 2. During the red scare, two Italian immigrants (Sacco and Vanzetti) were accused of the murder of a paymaster in Massachusetts. They were both confessed anarchists. Their trial was pretty much just unfair (biased judge etc.), they were found guilty and were sentenced to death. There were many protests all over the world meant to free the two men, but none of them were successful. They were both killed by electric chair, still proclaiming their innocence. 3. Red scare and communism, corruption in govt (unfair trial) 4. Alger Hiss trial, HUAC (widely publicized communist trial people), red scare, raidsfor communist literature, get rid of it Brotherhood of the Sleeping Car Porters 1. Founded in 1925, early 20th century 2. Led by A. Phillip Randolph, this was a workers union pretty much all made up of black people with jobs not commonly accepted by other work unions (dishwashers, garbage collector, etc.). Randolph made some progress for the members by getting them higher wages and shorter work hours. 3. Labor unions, equal right for blacks, progress made in work force for all 4. AFL (labor rights), civil rights, blacks moving up in society (or the prospect of moving up) The Jazz Singer 1. 1927, early 20th century 2. Movies were becoming a more popular form of communication; this was the first full-length movie with sound. It created lots and lots of buzzzzzzzzzzz 3. cleaning up Hollywood (scandals and stuff were goin on) 4. ... Charles Lindbergh 1. Early 20th century 2. LINDBERGH WAS THE FIRST AVIATOR TO FLY SOLO ACROSS THE ATLANTIC. This was during the decline of the self-made man, so he was pretty much a national hero for being so masculine and awesome. He was kind of grouped with Thomas Edison and Henry Ford in terms of famously

successful men of the time, but he was the biggest. 3. self-made man (teddy roosevelts philosophy) 4. Women in workplace (when w/o men) Langston Hughes 1. Early 20th century 2. An author who was part of the Harlem Renaissance. They wrote things with strong African roots in order to maintain/celebrate their culture and indirectly prove to whites that they are worthy of respect. I am a Negro, and beautiful Hughes 3. Harlem renaissance (black writers), black empowerment 4. marcus garvey, rise of black culture The Birth of a Nation 1. Early 20th century 2. A movie by D.W. Griffith that glorified the old Klan. This was about the time the new Klan was forming, so it kind of inspired many northerners to join the new one. The new Klan was extended WAY past blacks. Now they hated Catholics, Jews, foreigners, and blacks too (just not as much as before). 3. nativism still present, extended to more people, civil rights 4. New Klan vs. Old, limiting immigration, literacy tests for black voters Okies 1. 1930s, early 20th century 2. Families that moved away from the dustbowl area during that huge drought in search of new land and opportunities. They were called Okies because they were from around Oklahoma. They often were forced to travel from city to city, picking fruit/harvesting crops on extremely low salaries. So yeah, not great for the Okies. 3. surplus of goods, during the depression, no one could buy 4. Poverty b/c natural issues (adapting to new climate in west to begin with, first settlements dyeing out because they didnt know how to work the land) Scottsboro case 1. 1931, early 20th century 2. 9 black boys were found on a freight train and convicted of vagrancy (homelessness) and disorder. Then later, 2 white girls accused them of rape. There were massive amounts of evidence that the girls had not been raped, they were probably just saying that so they wouldnt be convicted too. They were sentenced to death, but the Supreme Court overturned everything. Then there was a whole nother group of trials, but none of the boys were ever acquitted. 4 got the charges on them dropped, 4 got early paroles. And 1 escaped. 3. Racism, before civil rights act, so segregation, false assumptions etc. 4. Littlerock 5 (racism) John Steinbeck 1. 1930s? early 20th century 2. Depression time author. During this time people discovered the poverty and injustice of the nation, so they wrote things to expose it. Stienbecks books from this time were mainly about the hardships of workers and migrants of California. 3. people realizing what was wrong with the country. Many were oblivious of the poverty and hardship before it was shown to them through writing. 4. how the other half lives (poverty), the jungle (gross meatpacking), muckracking, yellow

newspapers? Popular Front 1. 1930s, early 20th century 2. A broad coalition of antifascist, liberal groups. Most noteable was the American Communist party; they were harsh critics of American Capitalism. The emergence of this front took a main part in the political literature of the time becoming much more optimistic, although not less radical. 3. Communism in America, labor unions, bourgeois class in America, anti facism 4. .... sorry but I really dont know Hooverville 1. 1930s, early 20th century 2. President Hoover began losing support, many held him personally responsible. Unemployed people made a bunch of shantytowns on the outskirts of the cities, and called them Hoovervilles. The president was urged to support more vigorous relief programs, but he stuck to his own plans because there was some slight relief. 3. Releif from the depression was not widely helpful during Hoovers presidency. There was still widespread poverty and bad stuff 4. international finance panic (economic crisis isnt ending after all), affects of the depression, RFC created in 1932 (provided funding to banks, railroads, and other businesses in trouble, usuccessful) Reconstruction Finance Corporation 1. 1930s, early 20th century 2. RFC, provided funding to troubled banks, railroads, and other businesses. Operated on a large scale, unlike many other Hoover programs. Didnt produce significant recovery, didnt really attack the sources of trouble hard enough. 3. Had a huge budget, so it could actually do some good. Helped to keep necessary businesses afloat in order to help the country bounce back from the depression. 4. effects of the depression, hoovervilles, hoovers mild and usually unsuccessful relief efforts Bank Holiday 1. 1930s, 20th century 2. Roosevelt closed banks for four days after claiming presidency so he could figure stuff out. Passed Emergency Banking Act, which helped protect larger banks from the weakness of smaller ones. All banks were to be inspected by the Treasury Department before the reopened. 3. the governments efforts to fix up economy and country after depression 4. depression stuff, poverty exposed in country, (the jungle, how the other half lived), WPA, NYA, stock market crash, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (garunteed all bank deposits up to $2,500) Federal arts/Music/Theater Projects 1. 1930s?, early 20th century 2. The WPA gave monetary support to those not covered by the typical programs, so artists, musicians, and actors. They funded plays, provided opportunities to get a govt salary 3. Govt recognizing some people arent being help by current programs, trying to help everyone, supporting the arts 4. WPA, beatniks all of their stuff is artsy, NYA (national youth association) work/scholarship assistance to college age people Frances Perkins

1. 1930s, early 20th century 2. First female cabinet member, secretary of labor. Gesture more symbolic than anything. No huge strides made in womens rights, didnt fall back though wither during this time. Lobbied for system that provided insurance to elderly and unemployed (became known as the social security act when passed) 3. Women becoming part of politics, just as they had become part of the workforce earlier. Working their way up to be involved in manly things 4. Social Security Act, Rosie the riveter? Pink-collar jobs. Womens activism of 1920s (sexual equality), voting rights, Molly Dewson (head of womens division of the democratic party national committee, appointed many women, influential) Social Security Act 1. 1930s, early 20th century 2. Provides insurance to the elderly and unemployed. For the unemployed, employers funded it so people could get money for a while after theyre laid off. Later, the program expanded to also help those with disabilities and dependant children. 3. Government program to help those that need it. Brought about by a woman, so it shows the emerging presence of women in politics. 4. Frances Perkins, mediacre/medicade FDIC 1. Created in 1933, Early 20th century 2. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Created to insure bank deposits up to $2.500 if the bank were to crash. There were thousands of bank failures before its creation. 3. Government taking step to repair economy and help the public feel safe/confident with their money. 4. SEC, Bank Holiday SEC 1. 1930s, new deal, early 20th century 2. created to police the stock market. 3. Showed how the stock market had become corrupt. In earlier times, the huge financial people could have kept the govt out of their business. Now that they couldnt anymore, all of their bad things were coming to light, lots of larceny and fraud. 4. Truth in Securities Act (corporations must create new securities to provide accurate info about them to the public), Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) 1. 1933 (New Deal) - Big electric companies had been able to keep a certain dam from being opened (opening it would drive down the price of power, which would suck for them) 2. description - Collapse of a big electric company weakened the monopoly the utility companies had over their industry - TVA gained strength after this event - Successfully built the dam which significantly lowered the prices of power for those in the Tennessee Valley. 3. Significant because it represents the reforms happening in the US during the New Deal. Its goal was to meet the needs of the people and not allow the monopoly to continue. 4. comparison - Could be related to environmentalist movements because its use of hydroelectric power

- Monopoly related to the power middle eastern countries have over all the oil and shit - this is a horrible one, just hope we dont get this one CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) 1. 1933 - 1942 (New Deal) 2. description - Public work relief program that targeted mainly younger, unemployed, unmarried men - Jobs: manual, unskilled labor related to the conservation and development of natural resources in federal lands. - Most popular of the New Deal programs - Camps were laborers lived and worked were segregated by race (most jobs reserved for whites) 3. Represents that there were many reforms going on during the New Deal, yet there were still some things that were backwards such as the segregation going on in the camps. 4. comparison - other government agencies designed to help unemployed / lower class - medicaid / medicare - money given to help the unemployed, etc. 1. 2. 3. 4. Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 definition Prohibited the use of war as an instrument of national policy, except in matters of self defense There was no way of enforcing this act, yet it was still widely celebrated (and did not work- WW2) 52 nations signed the pact Between Kellogg (American sec. of state) and Briand (French foreign minister) significance Remains a binding international treaty to this day and had also become a part of federal law. It also formed the basis of the idea of crime against peace (Justified the Nuremberg trials). Technically made war illegal. comparison United Nations League of Nations (important idea, but completely ineffective)

Nye Investigations (Gerald Nye) 1. 1934 - 1936 2. description - headed an investigation of the munitions industry to try to find the true cause of WW1 - investigated profiteering in the munitions and banking industry and the possibility that greed was a significant factor in leading us into the war 3. Brought to light the corruption involved in the war and how the country killed thousands of american soldiers for the sake of making a profit 4. comparison - Watergate (corruption... blah blah blah) - Bush invading Iraq even though there was no proof of WMDs 1. 2. Panay Incident 1937 (Sino-Japanese War) Japan sunk a US gunboat on the Yangtze River while the nations were not at war. Japanese claimed to not have seen the US flag painted on the deck and apologized paid an indemnity.

3. 4. -

significance Caused US opinion to turn against Japan. Showed the growing strength of the Japanese Navy and Military (foreshadowed WW2) comparison Germany sinking US ships (i.e. Lusitania) Pearl Harbor

America First Committee 1. 1940- 1941 (ended after Pearl Harbor) 2. definition - Non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into WW2 - peaked at 800,000 members making it possibly the largest anti-war organization in American history - launched a petition aimed at enforcing the 1939 Neutrality Act and forcing FDR to keep his pledge to keep America out of war. 3. Represents that there was a large faction of Americans that wanted nothing to do with the war. 4. comparison - Anti-Vietnam war movement in the 60s - Protest agains war in Iraq - Progressive party during the Cold War also became a home for the peace movement Wendell Willkie 1. 1930s - 1944 2. definition - Dark horse republican nominee in the 1940 election - crusaded against the domestic policies of the New Deal which he believed were inefficient and - anti-business - Attempted to get votes from the large, isolationist faction (people who did not want to be involved in the war in any way) but still lost by a landslide to FDR - After the election, FDR recruited him as an informal ambassador-at-large with the vision of one world freed from imperialism and colonialism - and then he died in 1944...... 3. significance - embodied a non-partisan spirit of cooperation during wartime - refused to criticize FDRs foreign policy during wartime 4. Siege of Stalingrad 1. 1942 2. definition - Nazi Germany fought Soviet Russia for control of the city - Marked for the disregard of civilian and military casualties making it amongst the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare (nearly 2 million deaths) - The city was almost completely destroyed by warfare - Soviets were somehow able to defeat the Germans in the end (lack of food and supplies when winter began) 3. significance - incredible victory for the Soviets - Decline of the German military 4. comparisons

- invasion of Poland - D-Day........ Ultra and Magic 1. WW2: 1939 - 1945 2. code names for the information gathered from code breaking systems - Ultra: Information gathered from German sources - Magic: Information gathered from Japanese sources 3. The advances in cryptography allowed the Allies to read important parts of German radio traffic networks and was an invaluable source of military intelligence throughout the war 4. - Enigma: machine used for the encryption and decryption of secret messages during the war (used by Germans) - Purple: encryption machine used by the Japanese A. Phillip Randolph 1. 1889 - 1979 2. Asa Philip Randolph a prominent twentieth-century African-American civil rights leader and the founder of both the March on Washington Movement and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a landmark for labor and particularly for African-American labor organizing. 3. Randolph emerged as one of the most visible spokesmen for African-American civil rights. In 1941, he, Bayard Rustin, and A. J. Muste proposed a march on Washington to protest racial discrimination in war industries and to propose the desegregation of the American Armed forces. The march was cancelled after President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt issued or the Fair Employment Act. Some militants felt betrayed because Roosevelt's order applied only to banning discrimination within war industries and not the armed forces. The Fair Employment Act is generally perceived as a success for African-American labor rights. In 1942, an estimated 18,000 blacks gathered at Madison Square Garden to hear Randolph kick off a campaign against discrimination in the military, in war industries, in government agencies, and in labor unions. Following the act, during the Philadelphia Transit Strike of 1944, the government backed African-American workers' striking to gain positions formerly limited to white employees. 4. comparison - Malcolm X - MLK - Other civil rights leaders.......... Baby Boom (1940-1960s) 1. 1940-1950s 2. definition - Began after WW2, and peaked in 1957. - The nations population grew almost 20% in one decade. - Many people could not afford to have children during the depression, so couples were making up for lost time 3. Swell in the workforce increased economy; housing, consumption, and labor boom. Helped the US keep its economy up after wartime spending ended. 4. comparison - G.I. Bill of rights: good benefits for returning veterans made it easier for them to start families FDR

1. President from 1933 - 1945 2. definition - Led the New Deal during the depression (Aimed to bring back economy, help the unemployed, and reform wall street and banks) - Brought the US into WW2 after the attack on Pearl Harbor - Worked closely with Churchill and Stalin in leading the Allies against Germany 3. significance - social security (and other new deal programs) - brought America into war - Good neighbor policy (non-intervention in the domestic affairs of Latin American countries) - one of the most admired presidents........................ 4. comparisons - social security, medicare ---> Obama health care plan - other relief programs..... Strategic Bombing 1. Used somewhat in WW1, but never fully understood or put into practice until WW2 (1940) 2. Military strategy used in total war with the goal of defeating an enemy nation-state by destroying its economic ability and public will to wage war rather than destroy its land or naval forces. 3. Used heavily in WW2 which is why the war was so devastating and unlike anything anyone had ever seen prior to that point. 4. comparison - firebombing in Japan - hiroshima and nagasaki - D-Day Manhattan Project 1. 1942 - 1946 2. The effort led by the US to build nuclear weapons to use in WW2 after it was discovered that the Nazis may have already been trying to build one. 3. significance - The project was obviously successful and brought into the world incredible weapons that could cause unimaginable damage - The secrecy involved in the creation of these weapons later fueled tensions between the Americans and the Soviets (Cold War) 4. comparison - Teller-Ulam design (Hydrogen bomb- 1951) George Kennan Mid 1900s (Cold War) definition Creator of the idea of containment of communism US ambassador to the Soviet Union Argued that the Soviet regime was inherently expansionist significance Truman Doctrine based off of his works (stated that US would work to contain communism and help nations in danger of falling to the communists) - America responded to the Cold War in this manner 4. comparison 1. 2. 3. -

- US supporting Greece and Turkey - Korean War - Vietnam War Warsaw Pact 1. 1955 - 1991 2. Mutual defense treaty subscribed to by 8 communist states in Eastern Europe; the communist counterpart to NATO 3. significance - solidified the iron curtain in Europe between the Eastern communist countries, and the Western noncommunist (mostly democratic) countries - Increased tensions in the Cold War 4. comparison - NATO (both served the same purpose) - Allies (triple entente) v. Central Powers (Triple Alliance) in WW1 NSC-68 1950 Also known as National Security Council. It outlined a shift in the American position. The first statement made at least some distinctions between areas of vital interest to the United States and areas of less importance to the foreign policy. It also stated that the U.S. could no longer rely on other nations to begin resisting communism around the world, but that the U.S. had to be the first. It called for a major expansion of military power and a defense budget 4 times greater than the previous projected figure. 3. significance - America as a world power - Marked the beginning of the Cold War 4. comparison - Containment of communist - The Iron Curtain 1. 2. GI Bill of Rights 1. 1944 2. Provided returning WW2 vets with college or vocational education and 1 year of unemployment education. It also provided them with easy access to loans to buy homes and start businesses 3. significance - helped spur the baby boom - act still survives today but with even more benefits 4. comparison - medicare / medicaid - social security Taft-Hartley Act 1. 1947 2. Law that monitors the activities and powers of labor unions. Added a list of prohibited actions such as unfair labor practices on the part of the unions, jurisdictional strikes, political strikes, secondary boycotts, mass picketing, closed shop, and monetary donations to political parties. 3. significance - Limited free speech within the union (which is bad)

- president can (and has) intervened in strikes because of this bill 4. comparison - George W. Bush invoked law when dealing with International Longshore and Warehouse Shipping during negotiations with West Coast Shipping in 2002 Dixiecrats 1. 1948 2. definition - Short lived, socially conservative, segregationist political party - Originated as a breakaway faction of the Democratic Party, determined to protect the Southern way of life from an oppressive federal government - opposed integration and wanted to retain the Jim Crow Laws 3. significance - Weakened the Democratic Partys total control of presidential elections in the Deep South - Also represents the ever present racism in the South 4. comparison - Populist Party (another extinct faction of the Democratic Party) HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee) 1. 1938 - 1975 2. definition - Investigated parts of the government to weed out alleged communists - Goal was to prove that even under democratic rule, the government had tolerated (if not actually encouraged) communist subversion - Widely publicized findings - First attacked the Hollywood movie industry arguing that it had tainted America with propaganda - Writers and producers were called to testify, some were later jailed 3. significance - represents the anti-communist furor going on at the time - Showed how republicans were using the hysteria to attack Democrats 4. comparison - McCarthy - Alger Hiss (Whittaker Chambers accuses him of being a communist, Hiss sues him for slander, Chambers provides proof, and with help from Nixon, Hiss is convicted of perjury) Hollywood Blacklist 1. Late 1940s - late 1950s 2. List of screenwriters, actors, directors, musicians, and other US entertainment professionals who were denied employment in the field because they either were or suspected to be a communist 3. significance - Shows how craycray peeps were about them commies (Ben Corson) - Shows the extent of the fear of communism in the country 4. comparison - HUAC - McCarthy - Alger Hiss 1. McCarran International Security Act 1950

2.

Required communist organizations to register with the government and to publish their records and created other restrictions on subversive activity. Truman vetoed the bill, but congress easily overrode his veto. 3. PEOPLE WERE SCARED OF COMMUNISTS 4. comparison - Rosenberg case (the people who gave info to the Soviets about how to build a nuclear bomb) - HUAC - Alger Hiss - McCarthy Term: Richard Milhous Nixon 1. 1960s, 1969-1974 2. United States President that whose legacy includes Vietnam, Diplomacy with China, and Watergate. 3. Change of nature of Vietnam War (Vietnamization, secret bombing campaigns), China (start of relations, counterbalance Soviets), Nixon Doctrine (less involved support - people in question fight for freedom), SALT I (deescalation of Cold War), Watergate (paranoia, controversy, resignation, impact on legacy) 4. 1968 (his presidency was more or less the reaction to the events in this year), JFK Term: Salk Vaccine 1. 1950s, 1955 2. Jonas Salk created a vaccine for Polio (worst post-war disease) and released it for free. 3. Polio (biggest fear besides the Atomic bomb, FDR had it), Widespread use (gave away for free, eradicated the disease), Scientific Development (progressive nature of technology and science in the era), 4. Manhattan Project (This breakthrough for peace, Manhattan for war) Term: Echo Park 1. 1950s 2. Environmentalists fought to prevent the government to build a dam in Echo Valley. 3. Reinvigorated Environmentalism (Prior to this mainly dormant due to earlier defeat), Sierra Club reborn ("Shall We Let Them Ruin Our National Parks?" essay, led to Sierra Club gaining public prominence and becoming the leading environmental organization), Popularization (Public awareness, activism) 4. Silent Spring Term: "Beatniks" 1. 1950s 2. Generation of young writers and poets that criticized the conformity of American society. 3. Restless Youth (limitless possibilities but declining freedom), Rebelliousness ("Juvenile Delinquency, violence, drugs, crime), Changing face of Youth of America (Rock n Roll, automobile culture, EX: Rebel Without a Cause) 4. Lost Generation, Hippies Term: Elvis Presley 1. 1950s 2. Greatest star of Rock n Roll and symbol of youthful determination to push at the borders of the conventional and acceptable.

3. Black Roots (Very influenced from black rhythm and blues, rising trend of white musicians with "black sound"), Popularity with Youth (Represented rebellion and youthfulness), Innovation in music distribution (Innovations in Radio and television, First music that was popular to the new consumer age) 4. Hippies, Woodstock Term: Jackie Robinson 1. 1947, 1950s 2. First African American to play Major League Baseball. 3. Desegregation of professional sports (end of negro league), Significance of Robinson (Unquestionable talent and character, first black MVP and Rookie of the Year), Civil Rights Movement (Next logical step of desegregating society, schools, public places) 4. Little Rock Nine, MLK Jr Term: U-2 Crisis 1. May 1,1960, 1960s 2. Incident during the Cold War where a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down over the USSR airspace. Coming just two weeks before the scheduled East-West Germany summit in Paris, came as great embarrassment to the US and caused deterioration in relations with Soviet Union 3. Paris Conference (Khrushchev agreed to meet with Eisenhower to discuss NATO's policy with West Berlin), Rising Tensions (Both sides very antagonistic, leads to Cuba Missile Crisis), Cold War (both sides rivaled each other in nearly everything 4. Cuba Missile Crisis Term: "Military-industrial complex" 1. January 1961, 1960s 2. In Eisenhower's farewell address, he warned of the "unwarranted inluence" of a vast "militaryindustrial complex." 3. What it means (relationship between legislators, armed forces and the industrial sector to promote each other through war profiteering), Vietnam War (fueled in part of the military-industrial complex), Origin (WWII, most industries developed weapons for war, stimulated economy, large industrial powerhouse) 4. None Term: Barry Goldwater 1. 1960's 2. Prominent Republican senator who was also the presidential nominee in 1964 3. Opposition to the New Deal and Great Society, Failure leads into new era of Republicans (Reagan), Leader of Conservative minority 4. Newt Gringrich Term: Sit-in 1. 1960s 2. Nonviolent protest method in which African-Americans sat in the segregated restaurants and areas. 3. Civil Rights, Nonviolent Protests, SNCC, MLK Jr. 4. None Term: SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) 1. 1960s

2. Student organization that worked to keep the spirit of resistance and nonviolent protests alive. 3. Civil Rights, Nonviolent Protests, MLK Jr. 4. Contrast with Black Panthers Term: Black Panthers 1. 1960s 2. Organization that promised to defend black rights even if that required violence. 3. More radical shift in Civil Rights, Civil Rights Movement, Malcolm X, younger face of civil rights, 4. Contrast with more peaceful organizations/figures Term: Peace Corps 1. 1960s 2. American Volunteer program that act as "missionaries" of democracy. 3. Humanitarianism as a weapon of democracy against communism, combat stereotypes of American imperialism, 4. None Term: Viet Cong 1. 1959-1975, 1960s 2. Viet Cong or National Liberation Front was an organization that was closely allied with the North Vietnamese government that was committed to overthrowing the "puppet regime" of Diem. 3. American involvement in Vietnam War, Spread of Communism, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 4. None Term: Gulf of Tonkin 1. August 2, 1964, 1960s 2. Disputed incident in the Gulf of Tonkin where American destroyers on patrol had been attacked by North Vietnamese. 3. Incident used as an excuse to declare war on North Vietnam, American involvement in Vietnam, Spread of Communism, Probably distorted to justify escalation 4. The Maine Term: "Silent Majority" 1. 1960s 2. Conservative, middle class people that wanted to reduce federal "interference in local affairs" that Nixon considered to be his consituency. 3. Dismantling the Great Society, Conservative response to extremely liberal era preceding it, Shift from helping the poor to helping the middle/upper class (Reagan takes even farther) 4. New Right Term: SDS (Students for a Democratic Society) 1. 1962, 1960s 2. Group of students that expressed their disillusionment with the society that they had inherited and their determination to build a new politics. 3. Student Radicalism, Demonstrations at Universities, Free Speech Movement (incident at Berkeley), Youth Culture 4. People's Park

Term: People's Park 1. 1969, 1960s 2. Violent conflict at Berkely that came to be when students wanted to build a People's Park on a vacant lot where the University planned to use to build a parking garage. 3. Student Radicalism, Demonstrations at Universities, Liberation vs Oppression, Youth Culture 4. Free Speech Movement, SDS Term: Weathermen 1. 1960s 2. Especially dogmatic radicals that were a violent offshoot of the SDS that were responsible for a few cases and bombings. 3. Student Radicalism, Demonstrations at Universities, Youth Culture, Militant mobilization 4. SDS, Black Panthers Term: AIM 1. 1961, 1960s 2. American Indian Movement was a Native American activist organization that called for Indian unity and fighting for civil rights 3. Indian Civil Rights Movement, Younger face of civil rights, More militant nature, Reform movements of 1960s 4. None Term: Cesar Chavez 1. 1965, 1960s 2. Mexican American farm worker that created an effective union (UFW) and demanded equal workers' rights for Mexican Americans. 3. Latino Activism, Union reforms, Rising Latino population, Migrant Workers 4. None Term: "Stonewall Riot" 1. June 27, 1969, 1960s 2. Incident in which police had raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay nightclub and started arresting people. Gay onlookers taunted and attacked the police and even started a fire. Rioting continued throughout much of the night. 3. Beginning of the gay liberation movement, militant nature of civil rights, younger face of reform, Gay rights today 4. None Term: Roe V. Wade 1. 1973, 1970s 2. Supreme Court decision on the issue of abortion, it decided that there is a right to privacy and invalidated all laws prohibiting abortion during the "first trimester". 3. Abortion Controversy, Religious opposition, Evolution of Science in society 4. Scopes Trial

My Lai March 16, 1968 On the date above United States troops under the command of Lieutenant William Calley massacred over 300 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians. Two years after the event LT Calley was charged with overseeing the massacre. Coverage of the event made many believe that this was not an isolated incident and that it showed how the war was dehumanizing the troops. This event was new for the people of America many were against the war but no one had believed that some were actively killing the people that we were trying to protect. It can be seen through this event that the war had become something to detest even for those troops who were serving willingly and not been drafted. The war had truly turned a corner as almost all of the United States including the troops were obviously opposed to or were at least very unhappy with the war. (?) (America had really started losing the war) Pol Pot 1975ish Pol Pot (real name Saloth Sar) was a Cambodian Chinese teacher, revolutionary, and politician who led the Cambodian communist movement whose followers were called the Khmer Rouge. After the Vietnam War he was the dictator of Cambodia (Kampuchea) until 1979 when Cambodia was invaded by neighboring Vietnam during the Cambodian-Vietnamese War. He was a ruthless dictator having from 750,000-3,000,000 people killed due to malnutrition and forced labor. But the US did not involve themselves in these killings because they had just lost very badly in Vietnam. It was not until Vietnam invaded Cambodia that he left his seat of power. He would eventually die while under house arrest by a faction of the Khmer Rouge. The Khmer Rouge would eventually be charged with crimes against humanity. Bakke v. Board of Regents of California 1978 This Supreme Court decision declared that quotas in schools based on race was unconstitutional. This was one of several decisions made when racism was openly accepted within schools and students of different races were only allowed in in accordance with set quotas regarding the number of students of their race. This decision was significant because it helped to desegregate schools in the United States. It was among some of the Supreme Courts recent acts that also promoted forced integration. The case was an example of how the country had begun to accept people for being who they were and not just pushing them off to one side because their skin was a different color. It was passed during this time period most likely because many other minority and cultural revolutions were occurring around the same time. (not much info. about the case/unsure of real sig.) Panama Canal Treaty 1977 Two treaties that were signed by the United States and Panama they said that Panama would gain full control of the canal after 1999. This would end the control of the canal that the United States had had since 1901. This treaty showed that the United States was now beginning to concern itself in the foreign politics of Latin America and the surrounding countries. The treaty was also made in order to establish foreign connections with Panama as a riot a few years earlier caused panama to end foreign ties with the United States. The agreeing to give control of the canal to Panama was actually viewed very negatively by Washington politicians as many felt that the US rightly owned and should keep the canal. But the treaty was primarily made to prevent the sabotage of the canal by Panamanians angry at the US for keeping the canal and not giving it to Panama. Camp David Accords 1978

A meeting that occurred in the US at Camp David a retreat for the then President Jimmy Carter. During the meeting Israeli Prime minister Menachim Begin and Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat signed the first peace agreement between an Arab country and Israel. This was a huge landmark in world relations as an Arab nation had never before had peace with the small country of Israel. And it had been the US who had brought about the agreement the US had been the neutral mediator who helped bring the agreement around. This agreement also had the US give money and military equipment to both countries, this put the US in the good books of both Egypt and Israel. The aid that the US had given to both countries is also felt today as President Sadat used the military equipment to try and stop a public uprising. Christian Coalition 1990s A group of bible thumpers (really really evangelical Christians) who feared what was happening in America like the femi-nazis (feminists) and their threat to the traditional family. And the book learners with their satanic (secular) teachings. They were basically scared that the country would become a secular nation without any religious ties. -if anyone receiving this is a devout Christian who agrees with the Christian coalition please excuse my language regarding the movements beliefs I just happen to think that this movement and its followers were just real morons who could learn a thing or two from book learnin. This movement marked the beginning of religious importance in modern politics. Many political positions in the US are only attainable through political knowledge and open religious faith. It was seen in the 2000, 2004 elections, bush probably would not have won election if it had not been for all of the evangelical Christians who voted for him (many of whom stated to reporters that they knew almost nothing about politics but would vote for bush because of his faith) [that is some powerful stupid there]. But bush was elected twice because of his faith and since this movement over 60% of Americans feel that any presidential elect needs to have a strong religious faith, almost the polar opposite of when this country was first created. As when the US was first made almost all of the founding fathers were opposed to the country becoming bound to religion as they felt it was detrimental to the future of the nation. Teflon President 1980-1988 (Reagan presidency) Teflon is a nickname given to a person or political party to whom criticism does not stick. For Reagan when scandals regarding members of his staff arose his popularity was not affected at all. (Teflon a non-stick chemical used on cookware) This nickname showed just how popular a man Ronald Reagan was. Nothing affected his image not even scandals within his own political circle. The charisma of Reagan and his ability to stay clear of any sort of political shame enabled him to successfully control both the Republican and Democratic parties. The control that he had was something that had never before been achieved not since the early founding fathers and other war time presidents. (? sig.) Star Wars (SDI) 1984 A system of ground and space based defense system that would protect the US from ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles). Although never actually functional it helped spread rumors through the USSR that the US was protected from any possible nuclear strike. Although the idea may seem farfetched as even today we do not have the technology to protect ourselves from nuclear missiles the idea at the time was considered to possibly be an acceptable one. It was due to the extremely high tensions that were running during the cold war. The stress of the war caused people to turn to solutions that were impossible. The program also gave the possibility of space warfare between nations but in later treaties the world agreed that space was to remain a neutral area with no nation holding supremacy within space over other nations.

Sandinistas 1979 In Nicaragua a pro-American government was overthrown by the Sandinistas. The new government became increasingly more Marxist and anti-American as the years went by causing Reagan to help give support to rebel forces who were unsuccessfully attempting to topple the Sandinistas. This group showed that the US was losing the cold war battles close to home as Nicaragua had decided to move forward with a Marxist government rather than an American capitalist government. It can also be seen as part of the growing American involvement within south and Central America. The Sandinistas takeover would eventually be a factor in the Iran-Contra affair as the US was interested in both countries it sold arms to Iran in an attempt to secure American hostages but due to split interest some of the arms and money was also sent to fund anti-Sandinista groups in Nicaragua. (?) Savings and Loan Crisis 1980s-1990s This was an event where 747 of 3,234 savings and loan associations in the US failed. The industry was thrown into chaos and the government had to step in to prevent complete collapse. The resulting bailout totaled over half a billion dollars and helped run up the deficit. This event showed how the banks had begun acting recklessly. Many of them with new freedoms granted by Reagan began expanding rapidly and often times very recklessly. The numerous debts that arose from this event cause construction of new homes to fall from 1.8 million per year to 1 million which was at the time the lowest rate since WWII. Many of the same factors that caused this crisis would happen again a few years later as both times banks became reckless and did things that their business could not support thus causing the failure of their company. NAFTA 1994 The North American Free Trade Agreement was signed by the US, Canada, and Mexico. The agreement stated that created a trade bloc between the three nations. This trade bloc eliminated most trade barriers between the three countries lowering tariffs and other trade costs. This agreement showed how different the three nations were from each other as the US had already industrialized and had become a consumer economy while Mexico is still industrializing and is a producer economy. The agreement also united the three North American countries together in a common goal of sharing money by trade. It was also one of the first major agreements that the US and Mexico had made together. Sloboden Milosevic 1990s-ish He was the President of the socialist Republic of Serbia and the President of Yugoslavia multiple times. He would later be brought up as a war criminal and tried for crimes against humanity during the Kosovo war. His actions during the ethnic cleansing of Yugoslavian countries caused the US to convince the UN to send in troops in to stop the genocides (this was difficult as the US had just had the failed operation in Mogadishu Somalia at the same time and many did not want to fall into a similar problem). But the US was instrumental in stopping Milosevics genocidal rule and attempting to bring him to justice as a war criminal. (but he would die in his cell waiting for a verdict that was never finally decided). Enron Corporation 2001 The Enron corporation was a major energy company that was a model corporation for many other businesses filed for bankruptcy. This shocked the financial world and the public as it was revealed that the corporation was in fact highly corrupt and had been manipulating energy prices to create an artificial crisis. This was a shock to the American public as the media had widespread coverage of the story and

revealed that the corporation was highly corrupt. This caused the government to start making stricter guidelines that corporations had to follow. Because of this scandal multiple other corporations were revealed to have also been corrupt as well. It caused multiple other companies to closely examine their own actions to avoid a similar scandal. Corporations were no longer allowed to operate free from regulation as the government quickly stepped in and set regulations that companies now needed to follow. Timothy McVeigh 1995 A combat veteran who had become angry with the government and created a huge homemade IED (improvised explosive device) which he placed in front of a federal building (and daycare center). When the bomb was detonated 168 people were killed and 450 injured. This was the largest terrorist attack on the US in history prior to 9/11. His bombing of the federal building caused fear in the US. Many felt that he had help but he laughed at the thought saying that people could not handle the truth that one man brought about such destruction. This event scared many as it was the largest terrorist attack in the countrys history up to that point. It was also a wakeup call for many that an attack on the country did not have to be a traditional war but could be an act of terrorism. The Underclass 1961 Term coined to describe a society within and at the base of the working class. The term underclass refers to a group of the working class that do not "assimilate" and is identified in four main groups: the long term welfare recipients, the hostile street criminal, the hustlers, and the drunks. The underclass is made up of mostly minorities so some contemporary critics blame lingering racist attitudes for this phenomenon. Others argue that the underclass was caused when African-Americans had migrated from inner cities and left the urban minority population relatively young causing a weak attachment to the labor force, making them very susceptible to unemployment and recessions Bush v. Gore 2000 A Supreme Court decision that resolved the 2000 presidential election. The court ruled in favor of George Bush and enabled him to win the presidency. This decision was brought about because of a discrepancy with the votes in the states of Florida. Voting machines had screwed up the number of votes for Gore and Bush once showing that Bush won than that Gore won and so on. In the end the Court ruled that Floridas recounting the votes was unconstitutional and that Bush had in fact won the election. This decision gave bush the number of votes he needed to defeat Gore and gave him the presidency for a second term. Everything that he then did as president is because the court ruled in his favor. (wasnt the supreme court supposed to be full of smart people?) Abu Ghraib scandal 2004 In 2004 it was revealed that there had been widespread abuse and torture of prisoners in the Abu Ghraib prison, Iraq. This was a huge controversy Iraqis and Americans alike were shocked to learn about the abuse that the prison guards were permitting and taking part in. The event caused people to have even less faith in the war in Iraq. It also caused people to look at what it was that military personal were actually doing in the prisons and Iraq. Since the scandal the prison has been handed over to the Iraqis who now have complete control of it.

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 This treaty set boundaries for any new lands discovered by explorers outside of Europe. It split the world along a meridian 370 leagues west of Cape Verde. The lands east of this line would belong to Portugal and the land west would belong to Spain. (Papal decree) This treaty set some basic guidelines for explorers and established Spain and Portugal as the leading nations in sea power and exploration. This line is also the reason the in Brazil the national language is Portuguese and not Spanish because it fell to the east of the line that the pope had drawn. The line also allowed the Spanish to settle in what was a much larger territory than the Portuguese and enabled their empire to grow much larger and permanently set their culture in many of the now Latin and south American countries. Sons and daughters of liberty 1760s-70s They were a group of American patriots who opposed the British rule in the colonies. They are well known for their involvement in the Boston Tea party and the rallying of people who would go on to fight for independence in the Revolutionary War. They were a group of patriots who felt that the British had no right to rule over a nation so far from their own. So they fought back with actions that were in direct opposition to British authority the most notable of which was the Boston Tea Party. These patriots were also some of the first to begin fighting the British when the revolutionary war broke out. Had people like the sons and daughters of liberty not been around the colonies might never have won independence. Salutary neglect 1607-1763 An undocumented British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of British laws in the colonies. The policy allowed lenient trade laws to be set in place for the colonies. But this policy would eventually be forgotten with the enforcement of the Stamp and Sugar acts (intolerable acts) This policy would have made for much better relations between the colonies and England but instead England abandoned this policy and began to strictly enforce any act made by parliament. With the end of this policy the American Revolution broke out and Britain lost all control of its colonies. Free Soil Party 1848-1852 A political party that focused on a single issue stopping the expansion of slavery. Most of the party were anti-slavery activists, former Whigs, and Democrats. (the party was eventually absorbed by the Republicans) This party showed that the issue of slavery was important enough to some people to base and entire party off of it. This anti-slavery movement eventually gave rise to the civil rights movement once President Lincoln ended slavery. This was one of the first major movements for human equality in the US. Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 This was an agreement between the US and Spain. It gave Florida to the US and set a new boundary between the US and New Spain. This was part of the US gaining strength enough to increase its own size and deal with other world powers. The US was establishing itself as a power in the west that was independent from Europe and would be able to pull its own weight. With the acquisition of Florida the US would also be able to continue on its genocidal quest to move the Native Americans out of the white occupied land. (?) George Custer 1876 He was an American army officer and cavalry commander who is famous for losing the battle of little

bighorn (now known as Custers last stand) He was a very successful soldier with many victories during the civil war before being sent off to fight in the Indian wars. There he had an overwhelming defeat at Little Bighorn where his cavalry unit was met with a coalition of Native American Tribes that greatly outnumbered Custers unit. In the end all of Custers men died himself included. This was the greatest Native American victory against the colonists and gave hope to the remaining nations but the flow of whites was too much and the Natives eventually lost almost all of their land to the settlers. Great White Fleet Time: Early 1900s (1907-1909) Definition: The Great White Fleet was a United States Navy battle fleet that circumnavigated the globe in the early 1900s. The voyage took place as a result of orders from President Teddy Roosevelt. The 16 battleships sailed around the world mostly to demonstrate American Naval Power and that the United States had become a major seapower. It was used as a goodwill campaign in the many countries it visited, but was also was a message to the world that the U.S. would be able to defend its interests in distant parts of the world. Significance: The Great White Fleet was a tactic used by President Roosevelt and the United States to flex its muscles. Countries had been doing for centuries, and the Great White Fleet was just one of the United States many attempts to demonstrate our power to other counties. Events such as the Manhattan Project, which was attempting to build an atomic bomb, were also done in large part to show the strength of the United States on a global scale. Niagara Movement Time: Early 1900s (Founded in 1905) Definition: The Niagara Movement was a black civil rights movement led by W.E.B. Du Bois and William Trotter. The purpose of the movement was to put an end to racial segregation and disenfranchisement. Leaders of the movement met for the first time in 1905 to establish the movement in Ontario, Canada at Niagara Falls. In this same year, the movement drafted the Declaration of Principles, a document outlining concerns for African Americans, which was largely written by Du Bois. However, without sufficient funding, as well as resistance from opposing black movements led by Booker T. Washington, the movement was never able accomplish much. After the 1908 Springfield Race Riots, members of the movement joined causes with white progressives to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which turned out to be much more successful. Significance: This movement was just one of many organized efforts to end racial segregation, and it was a very important. The Niagara movement, while not highly successful, led to the creation of the NAACP, which was extremely successful. The NAACP would go on to be one of the most important African American desegregation movements and win important victories for blacks, such as those in Guinn v. United States (voting rights in Oklahoma) and Buchanan v. Worley (no residential segregation in Kentucky). Also, this movement is another example of how Du Bois and Booker T. Washington hurt each other. Du Bois wanted desegregation by law while Washington pushed for assimilation into white culture, and their opposing views separated blacks, weakening their power. Populist Party Time: Late 1800s (1892) Definition: The Populist Party was a short-lived third party in the United States that was established in 1892. While the partys goal was to build a broad political coalition that included many groups, the partys policies almost always favored small rural farmers. The populist party appealed to those farmers that were losing their purpose in a growing commercial economy, and where therefore able to

attract significant support. The party called for many things including the integration of silver as a basis of currency, the abolition of national banks, direct election of senators, and other systems that gave people more influence on the political process. The party nominated James B. Weaver for President in 1892 and he received more than 1 million votes and 22 electoral votes. Three governors, five senators, and ten congressmen were elected to office in those same elections. Significance: The establishment and the relative success of the Populist Party is a sign of how America was growing. The creation of the party was a response to the growing and modernizing of the economy. This growth was leaving some Americans behind (usually farmers), and those were the groups that supported the Populist movement. The party is also significant because of the success it had, being one of the most successful third-party movements in the history of the U.S. It had its biggest political impact, to no surprise, in the Plains states. Tammany Hall Time: Mid-Late 1800s Definition: Tammany Hall was a New York political organization that controlled the Democratic Party in the state since its creation in 1789. More famously, Tammany Hall was the site of the most corrupt political machines. This efficient yet corrupt political machine was run by boss William M. Tweed, who finally was put in jail in 1872. Tweed gave government contracts to certain companies in exchange for kickbacks, which is money given return for a favor. Significance: Tammany Hall was one of the most corrupt political machines. It showed how corrupt cities such as New York were becoming and how corrupt the government was becoming as well. This led to the rise of reform in city government as people saw how corrupt their local governments were becoming. Schneck v. United States Time: Early 1900s (1919) Definition: Schneck v. United States was a Supreme Court case that upheld the Espionage Act of 1917, which prohibited attempts to interfere with U.S. military operations, support U.S. enemies, or hinder military recruitment. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the conviction of Charles Schneck for promoting resistance to the draft was constitutional. Schneck was responsible for the printing, distributing, and mailing of thousands of leaflets to prospective military draftees that promoted resistance to being drafted. He was convicted for violating the Espionage Act, and when he appealed to the Supreme Court, they backed the decision and asserted that a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to freedom of speech against the draft during WWI. Significance: This case is significant mainly because of the controversial ruling in support of the Espionage Act of 1917. The Espionage Act violated the First Amendment, the freedom of speech, a basic principle that many Americans cherish. This case declared that the governments interest in promoting national security superseded its interest in the publics rights, specifically that of free speech. Volsted Act Time: Early 1900s (1919) Definition: The Volsted Act, or the National Prohibition Act, was the enabling legislation for the Eighteenth Amendment establishing prohibition. The three purposes of the act were to prohibit intoxicating beverages, to regulate the manufacture and production of those beverages, and to ensure an ample supply of alcohol for scientific purposes. The bill was originally vetoed by President Woodrow Wilson, but the veto was overridden by the House and Senate later. In essence, the Volsted Act defined the intoxicating liquors the Eighteenth amendment mentioned and defined legal use of alcohol. Significance: Prohibition was one of the most controversial movements in the history of the United States, and the Volsted Act added to that. Many people disregarded the new illegality of alcohol, and

decided to drink anyway. The illegal dealing of alcohol also became a big underground business, which involved many gangs and mafias. If there was a flaw in the Eighteenth Amendment it was that it did not define intoxicating liquors and did not outline how to prevent the consumption of them. This is what the Volsted Act attempted to fix, but it did not permanently contain the problem, and prohibition was later repealed. National Origins Act Time: Early 1900s (1924) Definition: The National Origins Act was an immigration restriction act that was passed in 1924, a time when there was immigrants were associated with radicalism. The National Origins Act officially banned immigration from east Asia entirely. Because immigration from China had been illegal since 1882, this act was basically directed at the Japanese. This deeply angered Japan as they were the principle target. The law also reduced the quota for Europeans from three percent to two percent. Significance: The National Origins Act is only another example of the the growing tension of the time between Natives and immigrants. Society grew harsher on immigrants every day and the national immigration policies reflected that. However, restrictions on immigrations was not the full extent of nativism in the early 1900s; groups such as Ku Klux Klan gained prominence and power again and were very discriminant against immigrants. Executive Order 9066 Time: Mid 1900s (1942) Definition: Executive Order 9066 was a United States presidential executive order issued during World War II by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The order authorized the Secretary of War to designate certain areas as military zones. However, EO 9066 led to the relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps. This is because the areas were designated for those of Foreign Enemy Ancestry. Significance: Executive Order 9066 greatly affected all of the Japanese living in America, and even some Italians and Germans. About 120,000 Japanese were held in internment camps for the duration of the war. It greatly affected Japanese attitude, making it more hostile, towards America. It also backed how many Americans felt about immigrants in the country: threatened. First Hundred Days Time: Early 1900s - Present Definition: The First Hundred Days of each new Presidency is treated as a judgement time, as the actions the new President takes are judged against those of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. President Roosevelt had one of the most active and society-changing First Hundred Days ever, as he attempted to lift the American economy from ruins by implementing the New Deal. Because of this, every new president is compared to Roosevelt on his First Hundred Days in office. Significance: The First Hundred Days is a common way to judge how a new President is doing, and has been since President Franklin D. Roosevelt left office. It has become very important that a President do well in his First Hundred Days, as it often is a sign for how the rest of the term will go. The new President will try to take advantage of the good vibes from his victory and make his First Hundred Days successful. Four Freedoms: 3. FDR stated them in 1941 4. These were goals that President Franklin D. Roosevelt articulated in his Four Freedoms Speech (technically the 1941 State of the Union Address). He said that everyone in the world ought

to enjoy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear (reduction in armaments) 5. Significance: FDR gave the speech stating these freedoms in the midst of World War 2. FDR stated these freedoms to show the American people what they were fighting for. FDR was telling the American people that the goal of the war was to close down regimes such as the Nazis that violated these freedoms and spread the 4 freedoms to the world. The four freedoms also promoted national unity and support for the war. One thing they did was inspire the painter Norman Rockwell, who translated the abstract concepts of the 4 freedoms scenes of everyday life, both informing the American people and also uniting them. Also, the inclusion of the last 2 freedoms went beyond traditional rights protected in the Constitution and endorsed an internationalist view of foreign policy, Island Hopping: 6. This occurred during WW II in the 1940s 7. This was the Allies strategy in the Pacific Theater in World War II, mainly against the Japanese. In this strategy, the US military would bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended by capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan. 8. By this time, the American military had been pretty depleted fighting in Europe. Therefore, resources were limited. General MacArthur and Nimmitz wanted to fight as efficiently as possible with the limited amount of resources. By bypassing and cutting of certain strongholds, the Allies were often able to keep these places from being re-supplied. Therefore, the large numbers of troops in these areas would not even be used in the effort or anywhere else. This strategy was also used expedite the war in the Pacific. The US didnt want to have a prolonged war because they didnt want to lose more lives and also (as many believe) they didnt want the Soviet Union to join in because if this happened they believed that the Soviets would establish Communist strongholds.

Alger Hiss: 9. His trial occurred in the 1940s 10. Alger Hiss was a former high-ranking member of the State Department. In 1948, Whittaker Chambers told the House Un-American Activities Committee that Hiss had passed classified State Department documents through him to the Soviet Union in 1937 and 1938. When Hiss sued him for slander, Chambers produced microfilms of the documents. Hiss couldnt be tried for espionage because of the statue of limitations but was convicted of perjury due to the relentless efforts of Richard Nixon, a Republican congressman and member of the HUAC. 11. Alger Hiss conviction really helped show the extent of the crusade against subversion that was going on in America in the 1950s. This hysteria was caused by communism and many setbacks in Americas battle against it: the Korean stalemate, the loss of China, and the Soviet development

of an atomic bomb. Searching for people to blame, many were attracted to the idea of a communist conspiracy in America. Alger Hiss case is similar to the Rosenberg case, in which a couple was convicted of delivering details of the atomic bomb to the Soviets. Cuban Missile Crisis: 12. It occurred in the 1960s 13. Aerial photos produced clear evidence that the Soviets were constructing sites on Cuba for offensive nuclear weapons. To the Soviets, this seemed a reasonable and cheap way to counter the presence of American missiles in Turkey. But to Kennedy and Americans, this represented an act of aggression. Kennedy ordered a naval and air blockade around Cuba. Soon, Kennedy received a message from Khruschev implying that the Soviets would remove the missile bases in exchange for an American pledge not to invade Cuba. 14. Significance: This was one of the rising tensions in the Cold War between the US and the Soviets. For one, the Soviets had established an alliance with Cuba, and the US disliked this because it kept the fear of communist spread alive. Also, nuclear weapons were a scary threat. This represented both sides fears of nuclear weapons. However much both sides were building up their nuclear arsenals, in the end they both knew the disastrous consequences of nuclear war and backed away from it. This event can be compared to the U-2 crisis, the difference being that in the U-2 it was the Americans were interpreted as committing an act of aggression by flying a spy plane over Soviet territory. This shows that both sides were creating tensions.

Port Huron Statement: 15. Occurred in 1960s 16. In 1962, a group of students gathered in Michigan to form an organization to give voice to their demands: Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). Their declaration of beliefs, the Port Huron Statement, expressed their disillusionment with the society they had inherited and their determination to build a new politics. It showed that they would begin to protest the unfair aspects of their society. 17. This represented the Youth culture of the 1960s and 1970s. At the time, the youth were giving vent to the impulse to create a community of the people, which would rise up to break the power of elites and force the nation to end the war; to the vision of liberation of certain ethnic groups; and to create a culture that would allow them to escape the pressures of the modern technocracy, which allowed no freedom. They were coming together in college campuses to protest and create movements and groups. Many of these people were also part of the New Left, which held these radical beliefs. The Port Huron Statement inspired other protests and movements, such as the Free Speech Movement at UC-Berkeley, which dealt immediately with the issue of the right of students to pass out literature and recruit volunteers for causes. Three Mile Island:

18.

Occurred in the late 1970s

19. The Three Mile Island accident was a core meltdown in Unit 2 of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station in Dauphin County, PA near Harrisburg. It was the most significant accident in the history of US nuclear power generating industry, resulting in the release of up to 13 million curies of radioactive gases. 20. This nuclear disaster had many effects. For one, the health effects were large. Wildlife an ecosystems suffered, manifested through the decline in reproduction of horses and cows. Also, higher infant mortality rates were observed. Also, this affected the nuclear industry. After it, the production of nuclear reactors decreased. Also, federal requirements for production became much more stringent, and construction times were lengthened to correct safety issues. This incident is similar to the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, as both led to the release of radioactive gases and both caused a decline in nuclear reactor production. The Feminine Mystique: 21. It was published in 1963 22. This was a book written by Betty Friedan in 1962; it is often cited as the first event of contemporary womens liberation. Friedman had traveled around the country interviewing the women who had graduated with her from Smith College and gathering their thoughts which were mainly frustrations of living in a society that was defined for them and not what they really wanted. 23. This book is often credited for sparking contemporary womens liberation, or the secondwave of the feminist movement in the US. Many women were caught up in domesticity, housewives living in affluence in suburbs. But this feminine mystique was conflicting with the reality of many women, who were being to enter the workplace and encountering discrimination. Feminine Mystique helped unite women and led to the creation of the National Organization of Women. It also led to more radical demands. This new burst of feminism was going with the counterculture and New Left movements of the 1960s and 1970s. All these movements were attacking traditional beliefs and were disillusioned with these traditional beliefs. They all advocated freedom and liberation. Bay of Pigs: 24. This occurred in 1961 25. This a failure of an attempt of the Us to spark an anti-Castro Cuban revolt. The Eisenhower administration started this, and it occurred during the Kennedy administration. 2000 armed exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba, expecting first American air support and then a spontaneous uprising by Cubans. They received neither because at the last minute, Kennedy withdrew air support as he realized the operation wouldnt work. 26. This was one of the rising tensions in the Cold War between the US and Soviets. The US wanted to topple the Cuban regime of Fidel Castro because it was a communist regime. The US believed that if the Cubans remained Communist, they could potentially cause other regimes to

become Communist. This event is similar to the U-2 invasion because both were American acts of aggression during the Cold War. Both led to increased tensions between the US and the Soviets. Freedom Summer: 27. This occurred in the 1960s 28. During the summer of 1964, thousands of civil rights workers, black and white, spread out through the South, but primarily in Mississippi, to work on behalf of black voter registration and participation. The campaign was known as freedom summer and it produced a violent response from some southern whites. Three of the first to arrive were brutally murdered by Ku Klux Klan members. 29. This helped show the growing power of the Civil Rights movement in America. Right before the Freedom Summer, the most comprehensive civil rights bill had been passed. Thus the impulse shifted towards voting rights. The growing radicalism of the Civil Rights movement as portrayed by the Freedom Summer also went along with the New Left and Counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s. These groups resented the power of elites and they supported the liberation of many groups of people, including blacks. Iran-Contra Scandal 30. Occurred in the 1980s 31. This is the scandal in which the White House conceded that it had sold weapons to the revolutionary government of Iran as part of a largely unsuccessful effort to secure the release of several Americans being held hostage by radical Islamic groups in the Middle East. Also, some of the money from the arms deal had been covertly and illegally funneled into a fund to aid the contras in Nicaragua. In the following months, reportings and series of congressional hearings exposed a widespread pattern of covert activities orchestrated by the White House and dedicated to advancing the administrations foreign policy aims through secret and at times illegal means. 32. This Scandal did serious damage to the Reagan presidency and led to the fading of the Reagan Revolution. Other scandals, including revelations of illegality, corruption, and ethical lapses in the EPA, CIA, Department of Defense, Department of Labor, Department of Justice, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development contributed as well. The savings and loan crisis, in which savings banks responded to deregulation by recklessly expanding was a big failure as well. For a while, the dramatic changes around the world such as the collapse of the USSR and Reagans personal popularity kept him in a good spot but soon these scandals caused him to fade. Malcolm X 33. Did most of his work during the 1960s 34. He was the most celebrated leader of the Nation of Islam. He was a former drug addict and pimp who had spent time in prison and had rebuilt his life after joining the movement. Malcolm insisted that black people had the right to defend themselves, even violently if necessary.

35. He was one of the most influential figures in the Civil Rights Movement. His autobiography attracted wide attention after its publication in 1965 and spread his reputation throughout the nation and led people know his ideas. He is comparable to Martin Luther King Jr. in his impact on the Civil Rights Movement. Both their opinions differed on how to achieve their goals. MLK advocated passive resistance, while Malcolm X wanted to use violence if it was necessary. Malcolm Xs ideas also showed how the Civil Rights Movement had changed. Initially, it was really passive. But soon many believed that the only way to achieve change was to militarism. War on Terror: 36. It came about in the early 21st century 37. President Bush launched the War on Terror after the 9/11 attacks. The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, government intelligence indicated, had been planned and orchestrated by Middle Eastern agents of a powerful terrorist network known as Al Qaeda. They were led by Osama bin Laden, and Bush organized an operation to catch him. 38. The War on Terror would define a big part of American foreign policy for years. In the State of the Union address in 2002, Bush spoke of an axis of evil, which included nations with antiAmerican regimes. He believed the terrorists that America would have to fight were from these regimes. This War on Terror would be a big part of the decision to invade Iraq. Bush said that Iraq was supporting terrorist groups that were hostile to the US. The War on Terror would also spark a lot of conflict and controversy in the US. Events that it sparked, such as the War in Iraq, would split Americans and create a hot climate.