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Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion (AE 245)

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science


Ideal cycle analysis of turbojet engines
Cycle analysis Turbojet engine
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) (8) 1
1
2
1
1
2
(2) Eq. in (5) and (4) Eqs. Substitute
(7) 1 1
1
1 1 1 1
, Since
compressor the drive to required power turbine by the developed work of Rate
2
9
0
9
2
0
9
4
0
0
2
4
2
4
2
2 4
2 3 5 4
2 3 5 4

= =
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= =

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= >>
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t c r
r c
t c r b
c
r
t
r
t
t
t
t
c
t
t
t c t t t
t t t t fuel i
t t p i t t p fuel i
M
T
T
a
u
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T T
T T T T m m
T T C m T T C m m
t t t
t t
t

t t t t

t
t
t
t
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Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion (AE 245)
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
Ideal cycle analysis of turbojet engines
Cycle analysis Turbojet engine
( )
( )
( )
(10)
1
1
2

(9) 1
1
2

thrust specific
(8), Eq. Using
0 0
0
0 0 0
0
9
0
(

= =
(

=
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=
M a
T
Q
C
F
f
sfc
M a M
a
u
a F
t c r
r c
r c
R
p
s
t c r
r c
s
t t t
t t
t

t t t
t t t
t t
t

Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion (AE 245)


Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
Ideal cycle analysis of turbojet engines
Cycle analysis Turbojet engine
For a given M
o
, a
o
, and T

, the previous plot


shows that the specific thrust increases with
compressor pressure ratio, reaches a maximum
and then decreases.
Specific thrust is maximum at a particular
compressor pressure ratio.
Dashed line in the plot corresponds to the loci of
optimum compressor pressure ratio.
A lower compressor pressure ratio is desired at
high flight Mach number.
Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion (AE 245)
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
Ideal cycle analysis of turbojet engines
Cycle analysis Turbojet engine
For a given M
o
, a
o
, and T

, sfc decreases with


compressor pressure ratio. An increase in
compressor ratio means that the gas enters the
burner with higher temperature. This results in a
decrease in the amount of fuel needed to raise
the temperature of flowing gas.
Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion (AE 245)
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
Ideal cycle analysis of turbojet engines
Cycle analysis Turbojet engine
Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion (AE 245)
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
Ideal cycle analysis of turbojet engines
Cycle analysis Turbojet engine
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) (13) 1 1
1
2

(12) 1 1
1
2
(11) 0 1
1
2
0 0

ratio pressure compressor optimum find To . 1


1
2
maximum is when maximum is

, and given a For

thrust Specific
0
2
0 max
2
max
2
0
9
2
9
2
0
9
0
9
0
0
9
0
)
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=
(

=
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c

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M a F
a
u
a
u F
a
u
a
u
F a M
M
a
u
a F
r s
r
r
c t c r
r c c o c c
s
t c r
r c
s o o
s
t t

t t

t
t
t t t t
t t
t
t t t
t t t
t t
t

Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion (AE 245)


Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
Ideal cycle analysis of turbojet engines
Thrust augmentation
Requirement of an additional thrust for a shorter period of time is essential during
flight operation. Typical cases are: take-off, acceleration from subsonic to supersonic
speeds, combat operations, etc. Thrust augmentation is adopted in aircraft engines to
tackle such cases.
Two different methods are commonly used: Liquid injection and afterburning.
Liquid injection: Spraying water into the compressor inlet causes a reduction in
compressor inlet temperature. This effect increases the compressor pressure ratio
and thereby increases the thrust.
Afterburning: The temperature of gas exiting from the turbine is increased by burning
additional fuel in a duct (jet pipe). This provide a larger jet exit velocity and thereby
increases the thrust.
Due to the absence any rotary components, the gas temperature can reach closer to
stoichiometric temperature levels, around 2000 K levels.
Develops higher sfc. Therefore used for only shorter duration. An increase of 44%
increase in thrust results in an increase of 164% in sfc.
Size and weight penalties and additional pressure losses in the jet pipe during without
afterburning conditions.
Develops higher noise levels due to high temperature exhaust.
Concorde uses afterburning to accelerate from subsonic to supersonic conditions.
Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion (AE 245)
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
Ideal cycle analysis of turbojet engines
Cycle analysis Turbojet engine with afterburner
Without afterburning
With afterburning
Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion (AE 245)
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
Ideal cycle analysis of turbojet engines
Cycle analysis Turbojet engine with afterburner
The total temperature leaving the afterburner (T
9
) has a
higher limiting value than the total temperature leaving
the turbine. The value of T
4
is limited by the presence of
turbine.
Process 5-7 corresponds to the afterburner unit.
Subscript AB is used for indicate the parameters with
afterburner.
Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion (AE 245)
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
Ideal cycle analysis of turbojet engines
Cycle analysis Turbojet engine with afterburner
( )
(14) 1
2
1
2 2
1
1 nozzle For the
1
1
2
r afterburne out ojet with For turb
modified. gets term the r, afterburne with engine jet For turbo
1
9
9
9
2
9
9
9
9
2
9 2
9
9
9
2
0
9
2
0
9
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t t t
t t
t

t
t
p
t
p
t
t c r
r c
P
P
T
C
u
T
T
T
C
u
M
T
T
a
u
a
u
Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion (AE 245)
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
Ideal cycle analysis of turbojet engines
Cycle analysis Turbojet engine with afterburner
( )
(17)
16, and 14 Eqs. From
(16) 1
2
r afterburne ut jet witho For turbo
(15)
expansion. nozzle complete note Also . , isentropic are processes flow the Since
5
9
2
0
'
9
2
0
9
5
9
2
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9
9
1
5
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2
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t
t
AB
t
t
t
t
p
AB
t t
t t t
T
T
a
u
a
u
T
T
u
u
P
P
T
C
u
P
P
P
P
P P P

Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion (AE 245)


Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
Ideal cycle analysis of turbojet engines
Cycle analysis Turbojet engine with afterburner
( )
( )
( )
7
AB
0
9 7
7 0
9 AB
5 t
5 4
4 0
2
9 AB
AB
0 t
2
9
0
Define
2 2 1
1 1
1 1
1
We know 1 1
2
t
t t
t
t
t
t t
t
r c t
c r r c t
AB
r c
r
t c
AB
T
T
T T
T T
T
T
T T
T T
u
a
u
a


t
t
t t
t t
t t t t
t t t t t t t
t t t
t
t t
t t
=
| || |
| |
\ .\ .
= =
| || |
| |
\ .\ .
| | | | | |
= =
| | |

\ . \ . \ .

= =
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
AB
1 (18)
1 1
r c
r c

t
t t
t
t t t
| |
|
|


|
|
\ .

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