APUSH Chapter 2

Gibran Le

The Rival Imperial Models of Spain, France, and Holland A. Spain in the Americas a) In the 1540s, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado searched in vain for the fabled seven golden cities of Cibola, but instead found the southern reaches of the Grand Canyon. Simultaneously, Hernan de Soto and his army cut a bloody swath across the Southeast. They both found no gold. b) 1560s Spanish officials give up on the search for Indian gold in the Americas and focused on the defense of their empire. Troops massacred members of the evil Luther sect and established a fort at St. Augustine. Raids by the Calusas and Timucuas destroyed Jesuit religious missions along the east coast. (Forts and missions in Florida and Nuevo Mexico) Franciscan Missions a) Military setbacks forced the Spanish crown to adopt a new policy towards the Indians, one of Christianization. The Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries placed responsibility for pacification of new lands primarily in the hands of missionaries, not Conquistadors. b) Friars set up many Missionaries and tried to convert Indians. Their methods were anything but peaceful. They would whip the Indians that still practiced polygamy, smash their religious idols, and severely punish those who worshiped the traditional gods. c) The Franciscans encouraged the Indians to talk, cook, dress, and walk like Spaniards. They ignored Spanish laws that protected the native peoples, and allowed privileged Spanish landowners to extract goods and forced labor from the native population. Pope and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 a) At first, the native peoples tolerated the Franciscans because they feared the Spanish military and were also hoping to learn some spiritual secrets. When their prayers didnt stop European diseases from spreading and the attacks from the Apaches and Pawnees, they retaliated. They exploded into open warfare in the Nuevo Mexico. b) Faced with the hostile Pueblo People of Nuevo Mexico, the Spanish Settlers left for a period of time and returned in 1610. They founded the town of Santa Fe and reestablished the system of missions and forced labor. Over the next two generation, the population of the Pueblos fell from 60,000 to just 17,000. c) Threatened by extinction, an Indian shaman, Pope (the shamans name), led two-dozen pueblos and killed more than 400 Spaniards. Forced the Spaniards to retreat to El Paso. Like other Indians leaders of resistance, Pope marched forward while looking backward hoping to restore the

tradition religion and way of life. d) A decade later was when the Spaniard would return to reassert control of the Pueblo People of Nuevo Mexico. In 1696 the Indians rebelled only to by subdued. They soon agreed to a compromise that allowed them to practice their own religion and ended the forced labor. e) Spain maintained their northern empire but it failed to convert the natives to Christianity. The situation in Florida was equally disappointing to Spanish officials. English raids in Carolina in the early 1700s destroyed most of the Spanish mission, and killed or enslaved most Catholic converts. New France: Furs, Souls, and Warfare a) Far to the northeast were the French who were also trying to convert the natives to Catholicism. 1530s Jacque Cartier had claimed the lands bordered by the Gulf of St. Lawrence for France. By 1580s, hundreds of ships from many nations were arriving annually off the coast of Newfoundland to catch fish, whales, and seals. b) However, the first permanent settlement came only in 1608 when Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec. Quebec was struggling so the French transferred control of region to the Company of One Hundred Associates. The company agreed to send out four thousand settlers but fell well short. King Louis XIV turned New France into a royal colony and began subsidizing the migration of indentured servants there. c) Those who signed indentures would serve a term of thirty-six months, and be paid a yearly salary, and eventually receive a leasehold farm. d) Even though there was famine in France, the French didnt migrate to New France. (Now Canada) State policies and laws discouraged migration. Louis XIV drafted tens of thousands of potential migrants into military service in order to expand borders of France. e) Most French thought of New France as a cold forbidding place, a country at the end of the world. Of the 27,000 migrants that migrated to New France, two- thirds eventually returned to France. 15,200 settlers in the French Settlement compared to the 100,000 of the English. f) Because of the small amount of settlers in New France, Jacques Marquette reached the Mississippi river in current day Wisconsin in order to trade for fur, which was on high demand in France to make hats and coats. g) La Salle also followed the river and reached the Gulf of Mexico. He traded as he traveled and named the region Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV. The Rise of the Iroquois a) From their strategic location in central New York, the Iroquois were able to obtain guns from the Dutch and quickly attack other Indian peoples by water. (The use of the rivers and lakes around the area to travel great distances.) b) Due to smallpox, which cut their number by a third, the Iroquois waged a

series of wars against the Hurons, Neutrals, Eries, and Susquehannocks. They killed the men and held the women and children captive. In some rituals, the Iroquois transferred to the captives the names of the Iroquois dead, along with their social role. c) These triumphs gave the Iroquois control of fur trade with the French in Quebec and the Dutch in New Amsterdam. By 1657, adopted prisoners mad up as much as half of the population of many Iroquois communities. The Iroquois made peace with the French and allowed Jesuit missionaries to live among them. This caused the Iroquois nation to split into two bitter religious factions. The Iroquois eventually pushed the Christian Indians north of the Ohio River. The victory came with a deadly cost: 2200 dead warriors. To end bloodshed, the Iroquois made treaties with the French and the English. The Jesuit Missions a) The French priests who sought, among the Hurons and the Iroquois were the Jesuits, a catholic religious order founded to combat the protestant reformation. b) They won converts by introducing the Virgin Mary and the chastity principle.