Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 30
I. People
A) Woodrow Wilson
1) Professor
2) Governor of New Jersey
3) Was Democratic nominee and won election of 1912
4) Disliked “dollar diplomacy”, had a non-aggressive foreign policy,
favored small enterprise, and was against the “triple wall of
privilege”: the tariff, banks, and trusts
5) Won election of 1916
6.) attempted to avoid war and maintain profitable neutrality
7.) finally had to ask Congress to declare war on April 2, 1917,
breaking the long period of American isolationism
8.)"a war to end all wars" and "to make the world safe for democracy"
9.) President's ideals rallied citizens to strong support for war
10.) Fourteen Points Address on January 8, 1918
11.) October 1918- wanted peace based on the Fourteen Points to disarm
Germany
12.) popular until started making extreme fumbles, which frustrated the
Republican party
13.) attended Paris Conference
a. pushed for the League of Nations
b. helped conduct the Treaty of Versailles
B) Theodore Roosevelt
1) Progressive Party nominee for presidency in the election of 1912
2) Was for woman suffrage, social welfare, minimum wage laws,
and “socialistic” social insurance
3) Favored an aggressive foreign policy
4) Was known as the “bull moose”
C) William Taft
1) Republican nominee for election of 1912
2) Strong on “dollar diplomacy”
D) General Victoriano Huerta
1) Gained Mexican presidency in 1913 by murdering original
2) Regime filled with chaos and bloodshed
3) Regime ended in July 1914
E) Venustiano Carranzo
1) Took over Mexican presidency after rival General Victoriano
Huerta
2) Was reluctantly supported by Wilson
F) “Pancho” Villa
1) Rival to Carranzo
2) Bandit who killed 19 Americans in Northern America and 19 in
New Mexico
3) Was trying to get the Americans to attack Carranzo
G) Charles Evans Hughes
1.) Supreme Court Justice
2) Republican presidential nominee for election of 1916
3.) Harding’s brilliant Secretary of the State who led the Disarmament
Conference
II. Events
A) Election of 1912: The “Bull Moose Campaign”
1. Democratic nominee: Woodrow Wilson
2. Progressive nominee: Theodore Roosevelt
3. Republican nominee: William Taft
4. Called “Bull Moose Campaign” due to the fact that Roosevelt
likened himself to a “bull moose”
5. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote; Wilson won
B) Disruption with Mexico
1. 1913 Mexican president killed and replaced by General
Victoriano Huerta
2. In April, 1914, American soldiers captured in Tampico, but are quickly
released
3. Wilson demands 21 gun salute that they will not give, causing Wilson
to ask Congress the ability to use force against Mexico
4. Ordered navy to seize Vera Cruz, but due to the ABC powers
(Argentina, Brazil, Chile) intervening, no real fighting broke out
5. Huerta’s regime collapsed in July 1914
6. Venustiano Carranzo gained control
7. Soon “Pancho” Villa began killing Americans, hoping the US
government would go after Carranzo
8. General John J. Pershing sent in, but all troops removed in January of
1917 when a war with Germany became evident
C) Beginnings of WWI
1. 1914, Serb killed heir to Austrian-Hungarian throne
2. Due to alliances, soon most of Europe’s major powers involved
3. Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and later Turkey and Bulgaria
4. Allied Powers: France, Britain, Russia, and later Japan, and Italy
D) British Blockade and German U-Boats
1. Britain formed a blockade around ports forcing the United States to trade with
Britain
2. To retaliate against blockade, Germany announced sub-marine war around the
British Isles in February1915, but agreed not to attack neural ships
3. Lusitania, a passenger liner, was sunk on May 7, 1915
4. After British liner Arabic was sunk in 1915, Germans agreed to no longer
attack such shiips without warning
5. When Sussex was sunk, Germans once more agreed not to attack such ships
without warning on the condition that the Americans would try to get the
Allies to lessen the blockade
E) Presidential Campaign of 1916
1. Progressives nominate Theodore Roosevelt, but he declines, crippling the party
2. Republicans nominate Charles Evans Hughes
3. Democrats nominate Woodrow Wilson
4. Democratic platform focused on the fact that Wilson kept America out of the
war while the Republican campaign centered on a dislike for the assaults on trusts
and how Wilson was handling Mexico
5. Wilson won by a small margin
F. January 31, 1917
1. Germany begins unrestricted submarine warfare, which entailed all
ships were sunk if in the war zone
G. Zimmerman Note
1. March 1, 1917
2. German forces trying to make deal with Mexico
3. If Germans were victorious, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona would go
to Mexico
4. Outraged America and pushed towards war.
H. April 6, 1917
1. War declaration on Germany
I. Steel Strike
1. Biggest strike in American history
2. More than twelve dead
3. African-American strikebreakers
J. Women's Suffrage
1. state level in New York, Michigan, Oklahoma, and South Dakota in
1917
2. 19th Amendment in 1920
K. Rationing and Sacrifice for War Effort
1. Ration cards
2. wheatless Wednesday and meatless Tuesday
3. "victory gardens"
4. restricting use of food for production of alcohol
5. "lightless night", "heatless Mondays", "gasless Sundays"
6. efforts collected$21 billion for the war
L. Conscription
1. passed six weeks after war declaration
2. ages 18-45
3. no "draft dodging"
4. four million men assembled in months
5. lessened length of training due to short time available
B. Cars
1.Increased sales due to assembly line
2.Became the major form of transportation
3.By 1951 1,000,000 people dies due to the car
a) First Transcontinental airmail route established in 1920 from New York to San
Francisco
b) November 1920 first voice-carrying radio station broad casting President
Harding’s victory
c) Hollywood, CA became the hot spot for movie production
d) Fundamentalisms lost to Modernists who thought Cod was the “good guy”
C. Disarmament Conference (1921-1922)
1. declared a 10-year “holiday” on construction of battleships
2. parity on battleships and aircraft carries between USA, Britain, and
Japan at a ratio of 5:5:3, to which the Japanese disagreed.
2. Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922
a. The ship ratio from the Disarmament Conference is agreed upon.
b. Japan is compensated.
3. Four-Power Treaty
a. The USA, Britain, Japan, and France form an alliance.
4. Kellogg-Briand Pact
a. 62 nations signed.
b. Only defense wars are permitted.
D. Nine-Power Treaty
1. Open Door policy enforced in China
III. Legislature/Laws passed
A. Fourteen Points
1. inspired by Wilson
2. no secret treaties
3. freedom of the seas
4. no economic barriers
5. reducing of armament costs
6. change in colonial claims for the native peoples
7. League of Nations
B. Espionage and Sedition Act
1. 1917 and 1918
2. antiwar Americans and Germany
3. 1,900 persecutions
C. League Covenant
1. world diplomats agreed to make it on Feb. 1919
D. Emergency Quota Act of 1921
1. newcomers from Europe were restricted in any given year to a definite
quota
2. quota changed from 3 to 2%
E. Immigration Act of 1924
1. quota still 2%, rather than for 3%
th
F.18 Amendment
1. authorized in 1919
Chapter 33
I. People
A.) Albert B. Fall
1. Anticonservationist Secretary of the Interior
2. Involved in Teapot Dome Scandal
B.) Harry M. Daugherty
1. Part of the “Ohio Gang”
2. Became Attorney General under Harding
C.) Frank B. Kellogg
1. Coolidge’s Secretary of State
2. Kellogg-Briand Pact
3. Won Nobel Peace Prize
D.) Harry Sinclair and Edward Doheny
1. Oilmen who bribed Albert Fall in the Teapot Dome Scandal
E.) John W. Davis
1. Wealthy, conservative lawyer who ran against Coolidge in the Election
of 1924
F.) Senator La Follette
1. Presidential nominee supported by farmers and the Socialist party in
Election of 1924
G.) Alfred E. Smith
1. Democratic nominee in Election of 1928; lost to Hoover
II. Events
A. Teapot Dome Scandal
1. Harding signed a secret order to transfer valuable oil reserves to the
Interior Department
2. Albert Fall leased the lands to Sinclair and Doheny after receiving their
bribe money.
B. Harding dies in San Francisco on August 2, 1923 while still in office.
C. Calvin Coolidge becomes president.
D. Election of 1924
1. Coolidge wins.
E. By 1922, America rises from being in debt to loaning $10 billion to foreign
countries in aid.
F. America demands that they get their money back from European countries and
the Allies pressure Germany to give more money in reparations
G. Election of 1928
1. Hoover beat Al Smith by a landslide. A large number of Republicans were back
in the House of Representatives.
H. Creation of the Grain Stabilization Corporation and the Cotton stabilization
Corporation
1. goal was to boost sagging prices by buying up surpluses. didn’t work though,
as farm production increased and prices for crops such as wheat and
cotton dropped.
I. Black Tuesday
1. On October 29, 1929 the stock market crashed, sending America into a deep
and dark depression.
J. Great Depression
1. unhappiness and despair. Millions lost their jobs by 1930. People lost their
homes, and could no longer make enough money, if any, to support their families.
Fathers felt horrible for not being able to take care of their wives and children.
2. caused by the overproduction of both farm and factory, overexpansion of credit
through installment-plan buying which overstimulated production, as well as the
financial collapse in Europe as a result of upheaval still left from World War I.
K. Established Reconstruction Finance Corporation
1. It was an agency that became a government-lending bank. It was designed to
provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural
organizations, railroads, and even state and local governments. This agency was
too late for maximum usefulness, although it did benefit giant corporations.
L. Established Bonus Expeditionary Force
1. Made up of thousands of impoverished veterans, both of war
and of unemployment, that prepared to move on to Washington to
demand of Congress the immediate payment of their entire bonus.
They set up camps to intimidate Congress, while also creating a
menace to public health. The bonus bill failed in congress, but
Hoover managed to pay the return fare of about six thousand of the
marchers.
M. Difficulties Abroad
1. Japanese imperialists, knowing that the Western world was
weak from the Depression made their move and overran the
Chinese province of Manchuria. This violated the League of
Nations covenant and many other international agreements. It was
hard for the League of Nations to do something about Japan, as the
United States was not a member. Instead of cooperating with the
League of Nations, Washington and Henry L. Stimson created a so-
called Stimson doctrine in 1932, which declared that the United
Sates would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by
force.
2. This doctrine did not stop the Japanese, and they bombed
Shanghai in 1932. In response to bombing, Americans boycotted
Japanese goods.