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181
[ ()]
207

..
( ) [
]





210-211 ()















(. . )

..

()






()


..






(Chronology of Buddhism in World Civilization)
..

()

()

()

( )

.. - (.. 605-619)

.. (.. 605)

..

(=Kanauj)

..

(Timeline)

()

.. (; .. 600)

.. 600
..

.. (; .. 600)





.. -

..

.. (.. 617)

:
.. (; .. 600)

:
.





.

.
(
)

(

);


;
(
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()
.........................................................3
..................................................................7
- 24
......................................34
.................................................43
- ...............50
......................................58

) - ..........................................64
.......76
......................................78
)
1. ........................................90

2. .........................................98

) ..................................116
3. .......................................135
)
) ............................................154
)
.....................................197
......................................................218

.................................................80
1. -
......................97
2. -
.. - .. .......................112
........................................................124

.. - .. ........................154

()
624 .. ....................................................7
500 .. .................................................25
......................................43
141 .. .................................................54
.. - .. ...........................76

1 ...............................................183
2 ...............................................189
.. - .. ........................192
: - ...................................218
.. ........220

c. 2600-1500 BC [- ..]
(Indus civilization,
Harappan civilization)
Mohenjo-Daro (
) Harappa ( )

(Bronze Age)



--


1500-1200 BC [- ..]

Priest King -
-

( . . ) 3

624?-546? BC
(Thales)
(
623543 BC)


(Ionia
/Anatolia /Asia Minor
/Aegean Islands

623 BC ()

( -)


()

:
Anaximander, Thales,
Pythagoras, Heraclitus

)

1000 BC
800 BC
(Classical
Greek) 600-500 BC

(Anaximander) (Pythagoras)
(Heraclitus) (Parmenides)
(Anaxagoras)

( . . ) 7

--
... (= 623 BC; 563 BC)




... (= 594 BC)
()

... (= 588 BC)

( )

(

)

(
)

(

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:


:

( . . ) 9

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( . . ) 11




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( . . ) 13

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( . . ) 15

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(..//-)

( . . ) 17


(
)
(
)

( )


()

()
--
(

;

)

(

)

605-562 BC (Babylon
)
(Nebuchadnezzar II)

(..//
; Encyclopdia Britannica, 1994-2002
18

India)
(
2,000 BC
539
BC = .. =
..; 323 BC)

c.604 BC
(Lao-tze or Lao-tzu)
c.551?-479 BC (Confucius)

()

-

(
)
-
(

)

( . . ) 19

527 BC ()
() /

.. (= 543 BC; 483 BC )

...
(

)

.
.
.

.


(

)

Cyrus II the Great

20

: -

546 BC (
) Cyrus II the Great
()

Cyrus II 539
BC (Bactria
= + )

Ionians
Yauna ()

328 BC

University of Texas Libraries

( . . ) 21

( ..)




(
)

/

.. (


.. )

.. - (543-523 BC; = 483463 BC)

(

.. (471 BC; = 411 BC)

..

Map of the Maya area

www.yucatanadventure.com

24

500 BC ()
(
)
.. 300 ( .. )
.. 900 ( .. )
()

( . . ) 25

University of Texas Libraries

470?-399 BC (Socrates) -
Socratic dialogue dialectic

427-347 BC (Plato)
Academy


- (dialogue)

The Apology, Crito, Euthyphro

Phaedo The
Republic
384-322 BC (Aristotle)
Academy
Philip II
Macedonia

Lyceum

The School of Athens

(Athens)

479 BC
(=.. ; =.. )

(Socrates, 470?-399 BC) (Plato, 427-347
26

BC) (Aristotle, 384-322 BC)

(the great trio of ancient
Greeks)

387
BC
334 BC

(Macedonian Greeks)
133 BC (=.. )

.. 1458 (.. )

322 BC (=.. )

( . . ) 27


.. (443 BC; =381 BC)

()

/





..

(
)
(
)

.. (=403 BC; = c. 343 BC)

.. (=381 BC; =321 BC)

( )

400 BC ( .. 400
.. - )

(

) ,-

(
) ( )
()





:

-
425 BC ()
Torah
Pentateuch (
Old Testament Bible/ Genesis
Exodus )

28

( . . ) 29

--

.. - ( =332-325 BC)

Alexandria

Herat
(=Alexandria of the Arians), Kandahar
Kabul
-



(Menander)

.. (=381 BC; =321 BC)

(Seleucus I)
Kandahar
(=302 BC)
(Megasthenes) ()

( Palimbothra, Patna/)
Indica
(
Sandrocottus)
( Megasthenes
)

30

325 BC

336-323 BC (=.. -;
=.. -)
(Alexander the Great)

.. -
(/Bactria)

323 BC (=.. ; =383

BC)


(=)
(Seleucus I Nicator)

.. (=357 BC; =297 BC)

( . . ) 31

323 BC

332 BC
(Ptolemy)

32

.. (=329 BC; =268 BC)

.. (=325 BC; =265 BC)

(: -)

300 BC (; .. )
()
- (=
)


()

(

)

(Cleopatra) (Ptolemy XV,

Caesarion) 30 BC (.. )

(Ptolemy II
Philadelphus) (
)

( . . ) 33




(=..
=321 BC =261 BC)

() ,

Ptolemy II
Alexander Antiochus II
Antigonus II ()

34

(=.. )

:-

...

()

(freedom of religion
tolerance)

(
)

(

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?

--

(

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?

...
?



...

(=.. )
(-
)



()

..

( . . ) 35

 ()

(=.. )

( )
()

272 BC (=.. )

(Macedonia) Antiochus III (

)
146 BC

36

264 BC
(gladiator)

(Coliseum)
256 BC (=.. ..
)
(
1122-256 BC)

( . . ) 37

3
9

..

,




(
)

?
. -
.
. ()
. ()
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( =;
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.. (=247 BC)
(.. -)
()

( ,
)


38

240 BC (; =..
=.. )
(Khotan =
Hotan )
(
217 BC)
(
.. /.. 65)

( . . ) 39


185
BC (.. )

(Bhopal)
.

(Vidisha/Bhilsa) .
( .)

(=Ujjain)

40

221 BC (=.. =..
)
256 BC



(Chin Shih huang-ti Shi Huangdi)

214 BC (=.. =.. )

(Great Wall of China
) , . (

4 BC)
(Hsiung-nu)
206 BC (=.. =.. )

210-209 BC
206
BC
(Han)
(206 BC
-.. 220=.. -)

( . . ) 41


185 BC ( =245 BC =..
) (
) -
..


()

.. (73 BC)

(-)

150 BC ( .. )

(
5 .. )

42

160-135 BC (=.. -;
=.. - .. =43 BC)
Menander
Indo-Greek king
(= )
(Sialkot)

.. (= 43 BC; =160-135 BC
=.. -= .. )

()

128 BC (=.. =.. )

..

190-180 BC (=.. - =
.. )

(Demetrius) -



167 BC (.. )

100 BC ( .. )

( . . ) 43

.. (=88 BC; =28 BC

.. )

(

)

(Pandya )
(Cola Chola
)
(Cera, Chera Kerala




)

Mihintale

44

(Tamil Nadu)

(Kerala)

( ..
=207 BC; =267 BC)
.. (=177 =237 BC)

..
()

.. (
)

( ..
= 77 137 BC)

..

( . . ) 45

--

(.. -)
(

;
)

(
2 .. 4
.. -)

/
(
Ionian)
.. (
)
(Madras Chennai) The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (.. 90)
men of the sea

46

(
Matale
. /
Kandy)
(
)

..

( . . ) 47

/Hindustan

Deccan

/ (Narmada)
(=
=; Deccan
Daks in a/ )

50

/
(Vindhya Range)

()

(
Deccan

)


()//

()
()

(
/Godavari)
()
(=
) (=
)

150 BC (; =..
=.. )
Deccan /

(Ajanta;
) (Ellora;
)

( )
(= )

(

)
(
/)

( )

( -)

.. ( .. )
..


( , , ,
, , ;
..
)

( . . ) 51




.



3

. (
.)
(=Nagarjunas Hill/
) ( ..
-) (
)

52

128 BC (=.. =..
)

(
)


.. (73 BC)
/

(
. ;
)

( .. -
.. .. )

( . . ) 53


90 BC (=.. =.. )
48
BC (Julius Caesar)

(Octavian)

( Ptolemy XI)
31 BC ( Ptolemy XV
Ptolemy)

29 BC
(Augustus Caesar) 27 BC

Sextilis
August 8 BC
(
Quintilis July 44 BC
Julius Caesar)

(Roman Republic)
(Roman Empire)



Pax Romana

141-87 BC -

() ,
(, .)
106 BC (=.. )
54

(
/Khotan 300 BC/
.. 200
BC 100 BC
1,000 BC

/King David 10
BC)

( . . ) 55

:
Pompeii Street
Roman Road

(Roman Roads 312 BC)

(
, .


)


/




-
(

(=; )

,
.)

63 BC (=.. ; =..
) (Pompey,
Julius Caesar)

8-4 BC (=.. -)
=.. -)
(Bethlehem)

Jesus
Joshua Christ
() Messiah
()
(Baptism) John the Baptist
(
/Galilee
/Nazareth
) (12 Apostles
Saint Peter )

.. 25 29 (= .. )


(messianic pretender)

(Resurrection)

(
Saul; Saint Paul)

.. (.. 64; =.. )

(Nero)

..
(.. 177)
..
(.. 250)
martyr (saints) ..
(.. 303)

56

( . . ) 57

.. ( .. 78=.. )

(=Peshwar)
(= ==)
(
; .. =2002-78= 1924)

.. (
)

(




.. 78,

56 BC,


/400)

.. (=.. 100)

( = Jullundur
Lahore) ()

(


)

.. (.. 65)



(Khotan =Hotan
)


(= Loyang)

58

3 BC

.. (.. 105)
()

:
()
:
Dragon Gate Cave

.. (.. 78)

( )


, (
, )

( . . ) 59

(Bamian Bamiyan; /
Kabul .)





.. -
(
)

.. (
..)

(Sassanid)

.. (; ..
3)
Deccan (
)
(
/Nasik )




( .. =.. 540
)

.. - (.. 220-280)



()
()
()
(.. 220)

( )

60

(.. -)
-
(Kucha
, .
, .
)

( /
Khotan Hotan .)

.. (.. 265)

(.. 264)
(.. 280)
( )

.. (.. 286)

.. (.. 311)

( . . ) 61

.. (.. 320)
(
)



( .. -

.)

.. (.. 402)
(Fa-hsien)







(
)

62

.. (.. 313)
(Constantine I)

(Edict of Milan)

..

/Franks /Goths /Vandals

Record of Buddhist Kingdoms

(Constantinople; /
Istanbul )

.. - (.. 367-383)
(Gratian)
(persecution)
.. (.. 395)


(Byzantine Empire)
(Western Roman Empire)
(Milan)
(
.. -=.. 305-402

.. =.. 452
..
=.. 539 ..
1000

)

( . . ) 63


.. (.. 372)

(
)

) -

.. - ()





(

.. (.. 422)

Goguryeo

Silla
Baekjae Kaya

64

( .. )

.. (.. 401)
(Kucha)

.. (.. 421)

( . . ) 65

.. (.. 470)



( Valabhipur Gujarat)
()
( .. -= .. 605-619)
(
)

.. (; .. 475)

.. (.. 434)



.. (Attila)

()
.



66

.. (.. 490)
..

()


( )
..
..

..

(
;
.) .. -
..

(
) (Goths
Visigoths)

..
(.. 452)

..

( . . ) 67


.. (; .. 500)


(Bactria)
(
Taxila =; =)

.. (.. 476)

(Odoacer)
(Romulus
Augustulus)

, (.. =.. 476-1453)

(=
)
68

(Middle Ages)

(Dark Ages)
,

(
)

Romulus Augustulus

(Byzantine Empire)
(.. 330)
-

(
)

-



.. (.. 1453)

( . . ) 69

.
.

..
(persecution)

Constantine I

Edict of Milan .. 313/.. (

)
70

(persecution)
(

[Spanish Inquisition] 1834/)

(religious war) (Crusade)
(1095-1291/
)

..
(; /Attila
)


( ,
) ..

.. (..
540)

.. - (.. 543-757)

(.. -=.. 606647)
(.. =.. 610-642)
..

..

(/Sind
Sindh/

.. (.. 975)
.. (.. 1189)

(
) .. -
(.. 624-1070)

.. (.. 520)
.. (.. 552)

(Emperor Kimmei)
(Chan;
=Zen)

( .. /
.. 538)
:

( . . ) 71

72

. ..
-


(

)
)
:
- .. -
(Aurangabad)
- ( -)
-
)

. ( .
- .. -

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- ( -)
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(==)



( )


..

( .. -)

(East India Company)
.. (.. 1819)

--

( . . ) 73

.. - (.. 605-619)

.. (.. 605)

..

(=Kanauj)

..

.. (; .. 600)

.. 600
..

:
.. (; .. 600)

76

. .

.. (; .. 600)





.. -

..

.. (.. 617)

( . . ) 77

.. - (.. 606-647)
( )

.. (.. 618)
-
()
.. (.. 581)

.. (.. 907)
.. - (.. 626-755)

.. (.. 622)




..

(Medina )

78

.. - (.. 629-645)
(Hsuan-tsang; .. )
( ) ()
(
)

.. - (.. 626-649)

(
=Allahabad




)

/ ..


..

.. (.. 630)

,

..

( )

--

( . . ) 79


,
Hsi-yu-chi (Record of a Journey
to the West Buddhist Records of the Western World)
1942
Monkey

1. -

(Bamian)
( )
(
.. )

.. (.. 638)


( .. =63 BC)

.. (.. 655)


()

80

.. (.. 639)

-
.. (.. 655)

(Damascus)
(

)

.. 680

(
%

% %
)

( . . ) 81

.. (.. 641)

.. (.. 641)

.. (.. 647)

(

)

.. - (.. 680-695)
(I-ching I-tsing)

.. (.. 671;
)

.. ()
,

.. (.. 661)

(Umayyad)

(Sassanid)

..
(.. 651)


.. (.. 732)

82

King Ardashir I ()

( . . ) 83

(


)

(
)

()
(Pandya ) (Cola Chola
) (Cera, Chera
Kerala
)

.. ( .. 600)

5

.. (.. 13)

.. (.. 707-1107)


.. (


..
.. -)

( )

..

84

( . . ) 85


. .

.. (
.. /.. 225)




(Kanchipuram)
.. (.. 225)
.. (.. 600 )

--

..
/.. 1025

( ..
(
)

..
86

.. - (.. 704-751)

(

.. )

:
Surya Majapahit

.. (.. 543)
.. (.. 757)
..
(.. 975)
.. ( 8)

.
.

(
..
/.. 476)

(.. -/.. 1012-44)

Rajendra Coin

.. (.. 710)
(Nara)

.. (.. 711)

.. (.. 712)

/ (
)

:
Todaiji Daibutsu

( . . ) 87


.. (.. 750)


..
(
)

(
)

( .. ) (.. )
(.. ) (.. )

(
)
( .. /.. 1120)

88

.. (.. 762)

.. (.. 750)
.. (.. 751)
(Umayyad caliphate) (Battle of Talas)
(Abbasid caliphate)

(
)

(.. 795)

(.. =.. 750-1055)

( /Harun al-Rashid

.. -
)
(
..
)

( . . ) 89

)
1.

.. (.. 775)
.. (.. 712)

(
)

()

90

(








)
( Arjehir)
- (al ..
- Khwarizmi, Algorithm)
.. -
(
-
-/Hindu-Arabic numerals)

-
( .. ) Algebra ( al-jabr)

(Seljuq/Seljuk)
.. (.. 1055)

(
.. =.. 747)


..

.. (.. 757)

( . . ) 91

.. - (.. 762-1055)

( ..
)

.. - (.. 788-820)




(

.. - (.. 768-814)
(Charlemagne)
(
)

(.. -=.. 800925) Holy Roman Empire
962 (.. )

.. - (.. 778-850)

Borobudur Barabudur (
) (
.)

.

Borobudur ..
()
-
..

.. (.. 840)


(..
-/.. 843-845)
,
,
,

.. (.. 845)
()

:
Emperor Charlemagne

92

( . . ) 93

Shringeri
Math

(
)

.. (.. 871)



.. (=
) ..

.. (.. 962) /



(Otto I)

(Holy Roman
Empire; H.R.E.)

(.. -=.. 962-1806)

/




.. /.. 1273

(Hapsburg)

.. - (.. 972-983)

,


( ..
)

University of Texas Libraries

94

( . . ) 95

.. ( .. 850-870)

..

..

.. -

(.. 926-942)
.. - (.. 1014-1044)
()
.. (.. 1054)
.. (.. 1070)
() (..
625) -

.. (.. 1189)

..
(.. 1257) .. (.. 1279)

( Madurai
)

96

.. (.. 992;

)

/Polonnaruva
.. 1056
..
..

..

()

2. -

(
)

( . . ) 97

2.

.. (.. 977)
(Sebuktigin;

)
(Ghasna =Ghasni
.)

(=)
(Ghaznavid)

.. ( )

98

.. - (.. 1001-1026)

()

..
,

,
,

,

..
-

(Khajuraho) ..
-

(

)

.. (.. 1007)

.. (.. 1012)
(persecution)

persecution

( . . ) 99

.. - (

..
)

.. (; .. 1070)


(Nadia = /Navadwip/
Nabadwip
. .

.. (..
1095)

.. (.. 1044)

(
) ( ) ()

(
.. )

.. (; .. 1045)

(
/Gutenberg
/1450)

.. - (.. 1088-1167) ()

. (Bologna .. 1088) . (Paris
.. (.. 1055) .. 1150) . (Oxford .. 1167)
(

. .
)
(Seljuq Seljuk)

: , .
: ., .

100

( . . ) 101


.. (.. 1095)
(
.. )

(
)

Dhakeshwari

: -

.. (.. 1095)
(Pope Urban II)



(Crusade=
)


.. (..
1291)

.. - (.. 1100-1532)
(Inca Empire)
()

.. - (.. 1113-c1150)

102

( . . ) 103

The Qutab Minar

.. (.. 1173)






--

.. (.. 1206) --

(Bakhtiyar Khalji Iktiar
Khilji)


(/Mamluk [Slave] dynasty)

104

.. - (.. 1198-1207)

( ..
)
..
..

( . . ) 105

..

..

..

()

(.. -=..
1198-1757)

.. (.. 1173)
(Muham-
mad of Ghur) .. (.. 1206)
(Ghur =Ghowr )


.. (.. 1186)
(
.. )

University of Texas Libraries

106

.. (.. 1215)


..
..
-
(Khwarezm-Shah

)

Khwarezm Shah
Ala Ad Din Mohammed

( . . ) 107

..
..
()

(Khajuraho)
..

..

.. (.. 1221) (Genghis

Khan)

(Bamian)

(Delhi Sultanate)
( .. +
.. )
..


.. (.. 1858)

.
.

108

( . . ) 109

.. (.. 1232)
(Koryo period, 918-1392)
(Sung period,
960-1279)

(Kanghwa Island

( .. -)

.. (.. 1233) /
(Gregory IX)
(Inquisition)
(persecution)

.. (.. 1243)
(Seljuk Turks)

(.. 1055)
(Asia Minor)
.. (.. 1071)

(Crusades)

.. (.. 1099)
()


(.. 1243)

:

Inquisition

112

( . . ) 113

( )
( ) .. /
.. (.. 1257) 1347-1378
/1361

.. /1275 /1279,
(
/1317 /1299)
,


)




(
.. )

..

/1419 ( )
:

114

.. (.. 1261)

.. (.. 1250)
.. (.. 1261)



(Slave
dynasty/Mamluk dynasty/Mameluke dynasty)




..



(.. =.. 1250-1517)

(.. =.. 1206-1290; )

(
)

( .. 1398
)

(
)

..
(.. 1517)

.. (.. 1811)
( . . ) 115

.. (.. 1293)


.. /.. 1120
(-)

..
(Majapahit Empire)

.. (.. 1290)



(Anatolia=Asia
Minor )
(Osman I)
(Ottoman
Empire) (
.. =.. 1918)

116

.. - (.. 1274-1281)

( ,
)
.. (.. 1280)

(=)

.. (.. 1271) (Marco

Polo) (Venice)
(/Cathay)


.. (.. 1295)

17

..

(
.. /.. 1202)
..

, 1300-1359
1359-1451
1451-1481 ( )
1512-1520 ( )
1520-1566 ()
1566-1683

( . . ) 117

.. (.. 1294)

Deccan

.. (.. 647)

)
(.. 650

)
(Baluchistan )

/712

,
(Sind
)

-/705715

() (
)

.. (.. 1206)

.. (..
1294) -- (Ala-ud-din Khalji)
,


Deccan
.
()

.. (.. 1291)


( .. 1095)

University of Texas Libraries

118

.. (.. 1299)

()

/ / (Temasek/Tumasik
)

()
(

/1025 )

(




)

( . . ) 119

..
/
1310)

(

/1378

/1565
)

/1309

(Cape Comorin)

--
/1316


(Devagiri=Daulatabad)
/.. 1327

/1335

/1351

/1327



/1336

.. (.. 1398)

,

.. (.. 1351)
( )
.. (.. 1353)

Hampi

.. (.. 1355/1385)
( )
..
..
( )
..
()

(, ..
) ( .. )

120

( . . ) 121

(
.. (.. 1370) )

(Timur Timour Tamerlane Timur
(Ankara )
Lenk=Timur the Lame=)
-
(Genghis Khan;
(.. 1405) (Timurids)
)
(Samarkand)
(.. =
..
.. 1526) (Babur
Baber)

:
.. (.. 1392)


( )

122

.. (.. 1403)
(Melaka Malacca)

.. 9-13



(Tumasik/Temasek -->)
( )







.. (.. 1414)

( .. /.. 1511)

.. (.. 1405)






1405

,
1405/

1407
1409





(1411 1419)

1456


(1488-1511/)

1511

()
1641/
1795/
1826/ Federation of
Malaya 1957/
( Federation of Malaysia)
1963/ ( 1965/
)

( . . ) 123

/1488
/1492
.. (.. 1418)

(Porto Santo ( Dutch East India Company /1602,
/Madeira Islands) Dutch West India Company, /1621)
(British East India Company, /1600)

(French East India Company, /1664)

.. (.. 1434, /1436)

(




)

/1468
..
/1552
/1564
/
1778
.. /1784

.. (; .. 1405)


, encyclopedia

Yongle Encyclopedia
:

.. (.. 1413)
-

.. - ( .. 1520-66)
124

.. (.. 1435-1487,
/1432-1488)


..
( )

:

University of Texas Libraries

( . . ) 125

.. (.. 1448-1488)
/1350
/1369
( )
(
) ( ) ()
()
()

126

/1378




(
) .. /1438 (
)

/1474


/1558 /1569

/1578

/1584
/1592
()

/1595

/1763
/1767

.. /1774

() (
) ( )


(
)




(
)


( .. ..
) ..



.. /1482

( . . ) 127

.. (.. 1450)
(Gutenberg)
()

.. - (.. 1453-1527)
(Renaissance)

,

(

)

.. (.. 1453)
(Byzantine Empire)




(Middle Ages,
.. 476-1453)
(modern era)

/:

Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo Buonarroti

.. (.. 1483)
/
(Sixtus IV)
(Spanish Inquisition)
(persecution)

14 18 ( .. -) Spanish
Inquisition

(


)
(
)

(persecution)


(anti-Semitism)

,
..

128

( . . ) 129


.. (.. 1492)
(Christopher Columbus)

( /.. 1499 /
Amerigo Vespucci

:
Treaty of Tordesillas

130

.. (.. 1494)




(Treaty of Tordesillas)
/

(Brazil)
(..
1500-1822 = )
(
)

(


)

/1514

( . . ) 131

.. (.. 1497) (Vasco

da Gama)

.. (.. 1502)

..

.. (.. 1509)

.. (..
1808) (
/1865)
132

.. (.. 1510)
(Manuel)


(Goa)

.. (.. 1512)

.. (.. 1511)
(
) (Duarte
Fernandez)
(
)

(Mergui)
(Tenasserim)

(Aztec)
/1517
2
(Mexico City)

(Peru)
(Inca) /1532


/1535
(Lima;
)


(Guatemala)
(Maya)

/1542

,
..
=50 BC

-/
292-909

Aztec Sun Stone

( . . ) 133

3.

.
.

.. (.. 1520)
(
)

(1530)
(1605)
(1707)

%
.. 17

.. (.. 1517)
(Selim I)

(Byzantine Empire
=.. 1453)
(Arab Caliphate)

134

.. (.. 1526)
(Delhi Sultanate)
..
(.. 1206) (Timur)
(.. 1398)

..
(.. 700)

(Middle East) -,
(Central
Asia)

(Babur Baber;
=)
(Timur)

(Mogul/Mughal Empire)

.. (.. 1858)

.. (.. 1258)

( . . ) 135


.. - (.. 1517-1559)
() (Reformation)

..




(Holy Roman Emperor)

.. - (.. 1519-1522)
(Ferdinand Magellan)



(Moluccas)

..
.. 1519

(
)
(South Sea)
(Pacific Ocean,
) (Guam)
( ..
1521)

.. 1522


:

136

:
Pope Clement VII

.. (.. 1524)


(..//;
..//)

.. -
( )

(.. /.. 14951525)

(, ) (, ) ()
()
()

.. (.. 1534)
(Henry VIII)
(Tudor)


/
(Church of England)

( . . ) 137

.. - (.. 1540
1559-1610)
(Counter-Reformation)

.. (.. 1542)
(persecution) /
138

(Paul III)

.. (.. 1588) /
(Sixtus V)
the Congregation of the Roman and Universal
Inquisition the Holy Office

.. (.. 1543)
(Copernicus) On the Revolutions of
Celestial Spheres ()

(scientific revolution)

(Inquisition)
(Giordano Bruno)
.. 1600 (Galileo Gali lei)

.. 1642
:

.. (.. 1553)
-

.. (.. 1555)

(Mary I Mary Tudor)

(persecution)
(Huguenot)
(Conspiracy of Amboise)
,

(-/1562-1598)

(persecution)

(Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre)

/1572 ..
Bloody ,
(
Mary ( )

)
(Wars of Religion)


.. (.. 1560)


( . . ) 139

.. (.. 1565)
(Vijayanagar
Empire)

(.. 1565)

(.. 1672)

.. (.. 1563)
(Elizabeth I)

(persecution)

.. (.. 1568)
(persecution)

140

(


)

(-/
1568-1648)
/1588

(Spanish Inquisition)
(-/1478-1834)

/
1618

(persecution) (religious wars)

, /1492
,
/1685

( . . ) 141

.. (.. 1581) (Akbar)

/1556

/1581

Din-e llahi
(Divine Faith = )

Tabinshwehti)

.. (.. 1590-1605) (
)

(-/1488-1491) -

(-/1491-1529
( )
)

(-/1529-1533
)
(/1533 ) () (-/1534-
1546) ( (/1548-1568)

/1605

The Tomb of Akbar Shah

(
Bayinnaung)







..

() .. /1584

/1592 ()
( /1605)

..

:
Kamakura Buddha Daibutsu

Thirty Years War

144

.. (.. 1597)

(persecution)

.. (.. 1640)


.. (.. 1854)

(religious war)




.. (.. 1648)
(Thirty Years War)

(
)

.. - (.. 1618-48)

(Thirty
Years War)

..

.. (.. 1620-1628)


(/1605/1620)

.. ( )
(
)

(/1491-1529)

()





James I (
1603/1625/
)

( )

(
)










( . . ) 145


.. (1648) (Taj Mahal)
(Agra) (Shah Jahan)

(Mumtaz Mahal)

(

)

/1657

(Agra fort)
/1666

.. (1658) (Aurangzeb)
(persecution)

:
Mayflower

.. (.. 1620) - ()
(Puritans) (persecution) (Pilgrims)

.. 1608 Mayflower
(Plymouth)

.. (.. 1626)
()
($24) (
/New Amsterdam;
/New York)

146

.. (.. 1633) (Galileo

Galilei)

(Inquisition)

.. 1642

.. - (.. 1643-1715)

(Louis XIV King of France Louis the

Great;
.. -)






() (Cardinal Richelieu, 15851642)

( . . ) 147

148

.. (.. 1656-1688)





(

)
()

(/1630
/1655) -

..

.. /1681

(Constantine Phaulkon,
/ )

()

()




(/1597-1854)









..

(, )

( . . ) 149

(.. 1715)
.. (.. 1665)
(Louis XIV) (persecution)
()
.. (.. 1685)



(...several
provinces were virtually depopulated. <The
Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, 1991)

150

.. (.. 1739)



(Koh-i-noor diamond

)

( )

(Nadir Shah)

.. (.. 1747)

.. (.. 1719)

(persecution)
(Herat;
. .)
(Safavid dynasty)

(.. 1722)
(Kandahar )

.. (.. 1736)

(.. 1736)

( . . ) 151

.. (.. 1757)

(British East
India Company)
(French East India Company)

/1774

(Warren Hastings)

-

/ (Sir
William Jones)

(Samuel Johnson )

(Warren Hastings)

.. - (.. 1750-1850)
(Industrial Revolution)

/1453
/1543
..
..
() (Enlightenment)

(idea of
progress)

.. (.. 1750)

154

/1505

/1581

(
/1658




/1796
/1815

)

( . . ) 155



.. (.. 1767-1782)

/1688
(
, /1688-1703)
(

, /1703-1708)
(
, /1708-1732)


() (
)

( ,
/1732-1758)

( )

156

.. /1750

(
)
()



(
,

)

/1758

()

..



(

)



(
)

/1782

( . . ) 157


.. (.. 1784)

.. (.. 1768) (Captain
James Cook, Captain Cook)
(Tahiti)

Terra Australis
(New
Zealand)
(Australia)

(James Prinsep;
.. 1799-1840)

.. - (.. 1775-83)
(American Revolution)


/1776

.. (.. 1781)
(Sir William Herschel)
()
(Uranus)
, .
, .
.

.. (.. 1776) (Adam

Smith) Wealth of Nations

National Library of Australia

158

Wealth of Nations

( . . ) 159

...

.. (.. 1782)







160

;

(/1782-1809)

..




.

(
)
(
)
(
)

( )

...


....


...

( . . ) 161

.. - (.. 1814-16)

(protectorate; /1923)

.. - (.. 1824-26)

/
1886
/ 1948

.. - (.. 1789-1815)
(French Revolution)

(nobility)
(clergy)
Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity ( )

(Declaration of
the Rights of Man and Citizen)

:
Declaration of the Rights
of Man and Citizen

162

.. - (.. 1804-1814)
(Napoleon
I; Napoleon Bonaparte)

/1806

(Duke of Wellington)
(Waterloo) /1815

.. (.. 1817)
(Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet)

(sign
language)
Hartford School for the Deaf

( . . ) 163

 (/1809-1824)
()
( --)

.. (.. 1817)
()
..

()

164

.. (.. 1829)
(. )




(
)

() ..

.. ( )

.. (.. 1829)
(Louis Braille)
(
)

.. (..1831)

(
)
(UNESCO)

(Memory of the World)
(/1824-1850)

(/1851-1868)

( )

(/Annual
Bangkok Calendar) (/
Bangkok Recorder)
..

.. (.. 1835-1871)

..
(Rev. Dan
Beach Bradley)
( . . ) 165

The Communist Manifesto

.. (.. 1848)
(Communist
League) The Communist Manifesto
(Manifest des Kommunismus,
)
(Karl Heinrich Marx) (Friedrich
Engels)

.. (.. 1839)

(Matthias Jakob Schlei-
den) (Theodor Schwann)



1864/
( First Inter
national)

:

.. (.. 1837)
(Friedrich Wilhelm
August Froebel) (kindergarten)


The Education of Man
(1826)

.. (.. 1850)













..
/1898


( )

..

.

/1950-1954
/1966

()

.. (.. 1851)

166

( . . ) 167


.. (.. 1858)
/1849
(British East India Company)

.. (.. 1855)
(extrater
ritoriality, extraterritorial rights)

.. (
/1855
(Queen Victoria) )
/Treaty of Kanagawa
(Sir John Bowring)
( )

sakoku/national seclusion (1639-1854)

(Bowring Treaty) (1688-1855)
168

..

: , , ,

.. (
)

/Bowring
Treaty (
)
(1688-1855)


(Woodrow Wilson)
/
1920

. (Francis B. Sayre,

)
.. (

.
)

.. - (.. 1859-1952)
(John Dewey)

(progressive education)
(child-centered education)

.. (.. 1858)
(Charles Darwin)
(theory of evolution)

( . . ) 169

.. (.. 1863)

Indian Archaeo
logical Survey
(Sir Alexander Cunningham) (
/1837 /1850
;
.. 1814 .. 1887 .. 1893)

.. (.. 186165)

Union
Confederacy (

)





(Abraham Lincoln)

170

(Deep South)
(
.. ) South Carolina
( Union,
.. )
..


Confederate States of America
( Confederacy)
..

, ,

(Civil War)
Confederacy ..
( ..)

,
( Union ,
, Confederacy
, ,
, )
(

1783/
, ,
,
, )

( government of the people, by the people, for the

people, ...)


.. 1863/ Gettysburg Address

( . . ) 171

Mr. Carllyle
(Archaeological Survey Reports, vol.18)

.. (.. 1866) (Tennessee)

(Ku Klux Klan)

1924


White Supremacy America
for Americans

172

()

(Major
Kittoe)

...

..

(malignant Brahmans)

(musulman
)

(Nobel Prize)

.. (.. 1866)
(Alfred Bernhard Nobel)
(dynamite)

$9,200,000

..
/1901 /1969
(
$1.2 )

.. (.. 1866)

(Remington) 1873

.. (.. 1872)

:
Remington No.1
Typewriter (1873)

.. (.. 1871)




..

( . . ) 173

vs.

.. (.. 1879)
(Sir Edwin Arnold)
The
Light of Asia ()

.. (.. 1881)

(persecution)




(Zion ism
)
.. (.. 1881) ..

(T.W. Rhys Davids) Pali Text Society
() to foster and , (1903, 1905-6)
promote the study of Pali texts


(anti-Semitism)

-

:

..

174

.. - (.. 1883-1946)
(John Maynard Keynes)

20

.. (.. 1888)
.

()
,

.. ..
.. (.. 1889)


()
.. (.. )
.. (.. = .. + ; .. = ..
+ ; .. = .. + )

()

.. (.. 1888)

..

..
( ,
)

( . . ) 175

: ..

.. (.. 1891)
(Anagarika Dharmapala) ..
=.. 1864
David
Hewavitharne
David
.. /Col. H.S. Olcott

.. (.. 1889)
.



..

176

..
.. .
..

..
..

()
Maha Bodhi Society ()

Buddhagaya Maha
..
Bodhi Society (

)



( .. )

.. (the

1893 Worlds Parliament of Religions in Chicago)

.. (.. 1892)


( )

..

.. (.. 1893)
.

.. ..

. ..

( . . ) 177

Mrs. Mary Foster

( Mary Foster Permanent Fund,
.. )

..

(
.. 1931: Ordained as a
Bhikkhu... .. 1933: Received Higher Ordination.

)
..

...

.. (.. 1949)

.
(Buddha Gaya Temple Act)

(Kolkata Calcutta)
The Maha Bodhi

.. (.. 1892)

Buddhist
Text Society ()

.. (.. 1895) ..
(Wilhelm C. Roentgen)

(X-ray) /1901

.. (.. 1897)
(Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki)

.. (.. 1896)
/
194
178

:
Wilhelm C. Roentgen

1896 Olympic Medal

( . . ) 179

.. (.. 1898)

.. (

.. )

..

() () (

) ()

:
.. (.. 1898)




..

(
university) ..
(.. )
(... )

180

+:

.. - (.. 1900-16)

:
(Max Planck)
/1900;
(Albert Einstein) (
)
/1905
/1916

(

..



)

(Guglielmo Marconi)
/
1901; (Orville Wright)
(Wilbur Wright)
/1903;
(Leo Hendrik Baekeland)

/1909
: (Alexander Graham
Bell)
.. /1876; (Sir Joseph Wilson Swan)
(Thomas Alva Edison)

/1860 /1879

,
(1881-2)
( . . ) 181

...
.
.. (.. 1902)


..

..

.. (.. 1905)





182

..

/1874
..

..
..
.. (..
)

:

.. (.. 1911)



-
..

.. (.. 1913)


(.. =
.. + )

.. - (1914-18)
(World War I) (Central
Powers -

) (Allies

)

.
( + .)
( . + .)
. ( . + .)

.. (.. 1916)

(
)
( )
..


..

.. (.. 1916)

...

..


.. (
, )
( . . ) 183

:

Abdul Aziz Al Saud

184

.. (.. 1918)





-

16
.. (..
1571)
(Sick
Man of Europe)

/1913) .. 19161918

/1921)

..
(.. 1917)

.. (.. 1921)






( )

(
.. 1453=.. )

/
/.. 1290

(secular state)


..

(Constantinople -> Istanbul)
(Angora -> Ankara)

(Ottoman Empire)
.. 1290 (.. )

( . . ) 185

.. (.. 1925)


,

- .
..



..

.. (.. 1932)

.. (.. 1929)

.. (.. 1930)
(Clyde W. Tombaugh) (Pluto,
)
, .

, . (
, ., )
.

.. (.. 1932)

186

(The Royal Institute)

..

.. (.. 1934)

..

.


(... .)
(
)

.. (.. 1933)

(.. .)
..
( . . ) 187

:
Little boy
Fat Man

188

.. - (.. 1939-45)
(World War II) (Axis
Powers )
(Allies
)

(Pearl
Harbor) ..

..


(Hiroshima) ..
(Nagasaki) ..
..

,,,,
( -
+ - )
.
.
. .
. .

.
- -
.

()

( . . ) 189

.. - (.. 1937-2000)

-
:
-
Mac Plus
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X

192

(Computer)

(third-generation
computer) ( ICs
(John V. Atanasoff)
integrated circuit computer) main
- frame minicomputer
1960s 1970s
/1939-1942
(fourth-generation
(first-generation comcomputer)
puter)
ENIAC .. /1946 UNIVAC I (LSI=large-scale integration
/1951) 1970s VLSI=very-large-scale integration 1980s
( )
LSI microprocessor
(second-generation
microcomputer personal computer
computer)
UNIVAC Model 80 /1958 [ PC
/transister /1947]

Intel Corp. microprocessor chip, 8080

(..1974) PC
Altair 8800 /1975
PC IBM PC /
1981 /1986 Apple Computer, Inc.
( Apple Inc.) Mac Plus (
LaserWriter 1985)
desktop publishing (DTP)
(fifth-generation
computer)
(AI=artificial intelligence)

/1981) .. (..

1992)
(generations)
IBM Floppy Disk /1970 .
. CD-ROM
/1980 Microsoft Corporation Microsoft Windows /1985
Internet
ARPANET
1960s World Wide Web
/1991) /1997
Web Sites

/1837
/1876 /1899
() /1926
/1939 ( )
/1940
cellular phones
. (Motorola)
/1983

( . . ) 193


.. (.. 1941)
.

..

( .. )

.. (.. 1941)
.

.. .

.. ..

.. (.. 1944) (Oswald T.

Avery) DNA

...

.. (.. 1941)
... ..

.. (.. 1949)
(Mao Tse-tung Mao Ze dong)

, (Long March, /
1934-1935)

(Peoples Republic of China) ..

.. (.. 1945)
(
(Arab
nationalism) /1949-1959)
(Great Leap Forward)



(Cultural Revolution, /1966 (Arab League) ..
1969)
Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt,
Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, /1976
Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia,
Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates,
Yemen the Palestine Liberation Organization

(factionalism) (.. 1948)

194

( . . ) 195

196

.. (.. 1947)

.. (.. 1948)
(Mahatma Gandhi)
(nonviolence)

(.. )

.. (.. 1951)

Nalanda Institute of
Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Buddhist
Learning and Pali (
)

( . . ) 197

.. (.. 1956) (

)





(Wat Thai Buddhagaya)
..


2500 Years of Buddhism The Way of the Buddha

.. (.. 1956) . (Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, 1891-1956)

..
(.. 1947)

(architect of the Indian

constitution)

.
..
.

.. (.. 1955)
.
.. ..
.

..

198

..

( . . ) 199

.. (.. 1956)
..


..





(
)

.
.. ( .. ) .

. .
( )

.. ..

:
Sputnik 1

200

.. (.. 1957) ..
Sputnik 1
.

(childcentered education)

(teacher- and subject-centered

education)
child-centered education

.. (.. 1958)

..

..

.. (.. 1959)

..
(
)

..
(
)

..

( . . ) 201

.. (.. 1960)
.. (.. 1959)
(Theodore H. Maiman)
(Laser)

.. (.. 1960)
(Sirimavo R.D. Bandaranaike)
:
:

Potala Palace

.
(1960-1965/, 1970-1977/

202

, 1994-2000/)

1972/
Ceylon
Sri Lanka ()

.. (.. 1961)
(Gene Regulation)

.. (.. 1962)


... .. ( ..
.. )

( ...
.. )

.. - (.. 1962-5)

(./WFB)
..

.. (.. 1966) ..
.
(Buddhapadipa Temple)
.. (.. 1965)
/The World Fellowship of Buddhists
( . . ) 203

.. (.. 1970) ..
(First Earth Day)

.. (.. 1967)
/. Time, Newsweek, Life, Look, the New York Times
(hippie)
..

( - )
(counterculture;
subculture
anti-culture )

204

(communes)

--
(New
Left)

( =/1954-75)

1980s (Hare Krishna)

(Sun Myung Moon) [
/brainwashing]

.. (.. 1971) ..


(The Theravada Buddhist Center, Inc.)
(Wat Thai
of Los Angeles)

(
/Wat Thai of Washington,
D.C. ..
/1974; /Vajiradhammapadip
Temple
.. /1975 Buddhist
Study Center /1965;
/Wat Buddhawararam of Denver,
Inc.
.. /1976; /Wat
Dhammaram
.. /1976 The Thai Buddhist
Temple;

)

( . . ) 205

UN

.. (.. 1972)

(UN Conference on the Human
Environment) (Stockholm)

/1970



(UN Environment
Programme; UNEP)

.. (.. 1973)
(Genetic Engineering) (gene splicing) DNA

.. (.. 1975)

/1970



(Khmer Rouge)
..

(Pol
Pot /Saloth Sar)

(
.. )
.

(

, )

.. (.. 1975)



..

.
..

.. (.. 1975) /
1960 (
)
..






..
( /
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, [= , + ,]
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206

( . . ) 207


.. (.. 1976)
(Geneva Conference) /1954




( .. /1975)

,,
,
,
$141,000,000,000 (
$405,000,000)

.. (.. 1978)

Jim Jones Peoples Temple

(/Doomsday Cult,
millennium
)
1977
San Francisco
Jonestown (Guyana)
..

( )
()

208

:
Jim Jones

.. (.. 1979)


..

.. /1979 (

)
/1982
, ( /1999
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, )


( ..
/1991

)

.. /1989 (

/1998
)
/1993
(
,
/1997)
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(
)
( . . ) 209


.. (.. 1983)
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acquired immune deficiency syndrome) (

/1981)

+ +
+

Sun Myung Moon

Swami Prabhupada

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi

Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh

210

.. (.. 1979) English Sangha

Trust (
/1956
)

..
(
)

(Wat Pah Cittaviveka
Chithurst Forest Monastery) West Sussex ..
..
(Amaravati Buddhist Centre)

.. (.. 1985)

Guru (/,
) TM (Transcendental
Meditation) the Beatles

(

Hare Krishna) (Sun Myung Moon)
Unification Church
()

( ) ()
1981/
,
(Oregon)
()

Rolls-Royce



dynamic meditation
(salvation through free love)
sex guru

.. (.. 1988)





..

Version VI (BUDSIR VI)

( . . ) 211


.. (.. 1989) ..
(Berlin Wall)
(Cold War)
/1946

.. (.. 1991) ..

.. (.. 1992) ..

(UN Conference on Environment and

Development) (Rio de Janeiro)
Earth Summit

212

(unsustainable development)

(idea of progress)
(conquest of nature)

Commonwealth of
Independent States
Earth Summit 1992

:
David Koresh
Marshall Herff Applewhite (Bo)
Timothy J. McVeigh
Shoko Asahara

.. (.. 1993)
Branch Davidians (David Koresh)
(1995/)
(Waco, Texas)
..
.. (.. 1995)

(sarin)
(apocalypse)
, Shoko

Asahara (Aum Shinrikyo)
..


.. (1995) 1999/




Timothy
.. (.. 1997)
J. McVeigh
Branch
Davidians (Heavens Gate)
()
(Bo) (Peep)



- (Comet Hale-Bopp)

.. (.. 1994) ..
(Solar Temple)
()
(Quebec)
( . . ) 213


.. (.. 1997) ..-..


(Taliban)

:
Dr.Ian Wilmut
Dolly

MRTC

.. (.. 1997) ..

( /
Dolly)

.. (.. 2000) ..

(Apology)

214

.. (.. 2001)

(
)

( ) (Bamiyan
Bamian)

.. (.. 2000)
(Uganda)

(Movement for the Restoration of the
Ten Commandments of God/MRTC)



.. 1999/

()

Y2K millennium 3
.. (.. 2000)
millennium (
)
(apocalypse)
(doomsday) .. 2000
Y2K (Year 2 Kilo; Kilo=1000)
millennium 2

Y2K problem
Millennium Bug
1999 2000


International Conference

on Y2K .. 1998/
Y2K


1965, 1987,
1993 65, 87, 93
2000 00
00 2000
00 1900 0

(January 1, 2000)
3rd millennium

( )
(December 31,
2000) ( )
(January 1, 2001)

()

( . . ) 215


.. (.. 2001)


(

;
Banga /Bengal
Bangladesh
;

)

SDNP Bangladesh

( Microsoft Encarta
Reference Library 2002 Encyclopdia Britannica 2002)
. ( /
Republic of India
) 1,029,991,100
82% 12% (

)
2.3% 2% 0.7% (0.7%=7.2

/) 0.4% 0.6%
. (
/Peoples Republic of
Bangladesh
) 131,269,860 88%
() 10% 1.0%

: -

218

. (
/Islamic Republic of Pakistan)
144,616,639 97% (4/5
1/5 )
. (
/Islamic State of Afghanistan)
26,813,057 99% (
84% 15%)

(
1,273,111,300 )

228,437,870 87%

6,615,847,000
- 2,199,817,400 - 1,387,454.500
- 875,726,000 - 385,609,000
- 22,927,500 - 14,956,000
( Encyclopdia Britannica )

University of Texas Libraries

:
.. (..
2008)
. 1,147,995,900
. 153,546,900

- 60,916,441
(
63,389,730 )

University of Texas Libraries

University of Texas Libraries

. 167,762,040
. 32,738,376

- 57,157,751 - 2,777,542
- 486,840
- 52,631
- 6,925
- 48,156
(: ..
)
( . . ) 219


..

..

..


(International recognition of the Day of Vesak)
..

()
..

(International Buddhist Conference)



220

..

..

..-..



..
(

)




.. (- ..)

..

..

( . . ) 221

Y2K
millennium 3

Book of Revelation (The Apocalypse
) millennium ()


(apocalypse)

19 William
Miller (Second
Advent) .. 1843/
.. 1844/


1844

( ,
)


(The Great
Disappointment)

( Millerites)


Seventh-day Adventist
church (
)
1914/
Jehovahs Witnesses
20

.. (.. 1978) Jim Jones (
/Methodist)
apostolic socialism
Peoples Temple 1977
San Francisco
1974 (Guyana)

Jonestown
1978 Jim Jones
(cyanide)
revolutionary suicide
(
)
( ,

, Jim Jones
,
)
Jim Jones

Jim Jones
() (Doomsday
Cults, Encyclopdia Britannica, Book of the

Year, 1997) millennium

() ..
2000 millennium 2

2000

.. (.. 1993)
Branch Davidians

Seventh-day Adventist
(Waco, Texas) 1935/
1987/ (David Koresh)

Lamb ()
(Revelation 5:6) (Messiah)




(apocalypse)



( , )

(1995)
(
/Patriots Day
..
/1775) (
Internet)


( )
Oklahoma City bombing

/2001 (

World Trade Center Pentagon)

(Oklahoma City National
Memorial) 2000
Timothy J.
McVeigh

(Persian Gulf War, 1991)

Internet

Branch Davidians

.. (.. 1994) ..
(Solar Temple)

(Quebec)




()

(1995/)

1996/
.. (.. 1997)

.. (.. 1995)

(sarin)
,
Shoko Asahara
()


1987/


1999/


(


)

1996/

(Heavens Gate)
UFO (unidentified flying object
)
(Bo) (Peep)
1972/
Marshall Applewhite ( /Bo
/Do) Bonnie Nettles
( /Peep
/Ti, 1985/)
my two witnesses (

)
(Revelation 11:3)

(kingdom of heaven)
1994/

Internet Web site

- (Comet Hale-Bopp)

.. (.. 2000)
(Uganda)

(Movement for the Restoration of
the Ten Commandments of God/MRTC)



Jonestown
1978/ ( )

Joseph Kibwetere
Credonia Mwerinde
(Virgin Mary)

Y2K problem ( year 2000 problem) Millennium Bug Y2K Bug

1999 2000






Y2K millennium 3

.. (.. 2000)
millennium ( computer chips
)

Book of Revelation (Revelation 20:1-7)

1998/
(apocalypse) 1999/
(doomsday
Y2K (Inter) national Conference on Y2K)
.. 2000 Y2K (Year 2 Kilo; Kilo .. 1998/
= 1000) millennium 2
apocalyptic

year ( )
.. 2000

(National Guard)

Millennium apocalypse

1999/
(Dec. 31, 1999)

Y2K




1965, 1987, 1993 65,
87, 93

2000 00

00 2000 00
1900 0


1999 Jan. 1, 2000




(January 1, 2000)
3rd millennium

( )
(December 31, 2000)
( )
(January 1, 2001)

Acknowledgements

Particular thanks are due to the following principal sources
for permission to use their copyrighted material:
1. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2. www.flickr.com
3. University of Texas Libraries
4. David Rumsey Map Collection
Care has been taken to trace copyright holders. However,
if any source has been omitted, we apologize for it and will, if
informed, make corrections in any future edition.

Picture Credits:
Page:
01 Annapurna Himal Foothills Paul A.Souders/CORBIS
03 Corpus of Indus Seals and inscriptions, eds. Jagat Pati Joshi
and Asko Parpola
03 Replica of Mo-Jo man, Lahore Museum Ed Sentner
03 Harappan bullock cart, Lahore Museum Ed Sentner
04 Peacock on the roof, by Charnchai Bindusen
07 Thales / Wikipedia / www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de
07 Kapitolinischer Pythagoras / Galilea / de.wikipedia.org
07 Heraclitus / cote / www.flickr.com
08 Birthplace of Buddha / Matthew Knott / www.flickr.com
08 Mahabodhi Temple Atlantide Phototravel/Corbis
09 Dhamekha Stupa, India, by Sitthisak Thayanuwat
09 Mahaparinibbana Stupa jumpee2010 / www.flickr.com
10 Gandara Art, Sravasti, Lahore Museum Ed Sentner
11 Vulturepeak / National Informatics Centre, Bihar State Unit
13 Jetavana / Bpilgrim / Wikipedia
13 Animal Sacrifice / www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett
15 Castes of India / beinecke.library.yale.edu/digitallibrary
16 Tapas / www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett
16 Hindo Dadhu, Benares by Herbert Ponting, 1907 / WIkipedia
17 Fasting Buddha, Lahore Museum Ed Sentner
18 Buddha sculpture, Gupta period Luca Tettoni/Robert
Harding World Imagery/Corbis
18 Bas-Relief Sculpture from the Palace of Sargon Gianni
Dagli Orti/CORBIS
20 Buddhas Footprints, Sanchi Adam Woolfitt/CORBIS
21 Scenes from Buddhas life / centralasian / www.flickr.com
22 Asokan Inscription, by Charnchai Bindusen
24 Sattapannaguha, by Charnchai Bindusen
25 Temple of Kukulkan / pugwash00, www.flickr.com
26 The School of Athens by Raffaello Sanzio

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The Death of Socrates by Jacques Louis David

Socrates, Louvre by Eric Gaba / Sting / Wikipedia
Plato by Silanion, Capitoline Museums, Rome
Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons
Bust of Aristotle, Ludovisi Collection, National Museum of
Rome by Jestrow / Wikipedia
Central Asian Buddhist Monks, Bezeklik grottoes, China
Torah, the former Glockengasse Synagogue in Cologne /
Horsch Willy / Wikipedia
A Rabbinical Disputation by Jacob Toorenvliet Christies
Images/CORBIS
Bhagavad Gita / www.quotesandsayings.com
Khishna ans Arajuna / www.bhagavad-gita.us
Alexander the Great on his horse Bucephalus / Wikipedia
The Empire of Alexander the Great / Thomas Lessman
Stamp on Maurya Chandragupta / Amol N. Bankar, Ancient
coinsofindia 1, Wikipedia
Coin of the Gupta king Chandragupta II, British Museum /
PHGCOM / Wikipedia
Alexander the Great Bust, British Museum Andrew Dunn,
Wikipedia
Seleucus I Nicator, The National Archaeological Museum
of Naples, Italy / Massimo Finizio / Wikipedia
Ptolemy I Soter, Louvre by Jestrow / Wikipedia
Ancient Library / Wikipedia
Hanuman before Rama / www.asia.si.edu / Wikipedia
Cleopatra, Centrale Montemartini, Rome / Truus, Bob &
Jan too! / www.flickr.com
Buddhas Sermon Christophe Boisvieux/Corbis
6th pillar edict of Emperor Asoka, British Museum /
PHGCOM / Wikipedia
Colosseum, Rome, Italy / Shutterstock
Pollice Verso, Phoenix Art Museum, Arizona by Jean-Lon
Grme / www. phxart.org / Wikipedia
Lumbini / Matthew Knott / www.flickr.com
Asokan pillar at Vaishali, Bihar / Rajeev Kumar / Wikipedia
Asokan pillar at Vaishali, Bihar, India / myself / Wikipedia
Sanghamitta with Holy Bodhi Tree by Solius Mendis,
Kelaniya Vihara, Colombo, Sri Lanka / Lankapic / Wikipedia
Phra Pathom Chedi Paul Almasy/CORBIS
The Great Wall of China / Saad Akhtar / www.flickr.com
Qin Shi Huangdi / www.chinapage.com
Sanchi Zach Hessler / www.flickr.com
The Great Stupa of Sanchi by Charnchai Bindusen
Patanjali / www.exoticindiaart.com
Coin of Demetrius, British Museum / PHGCOM / Wikipedia
Coin of Menander, British Museum / World Imaging /

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Wikipedia
Head of the Buddha, Afghanistan (Hadda) /
www.buddhascupture.net
Moulin banal in Braine-le-Chateau, Belgium / Pierre 79 /
Wikipedia
Statue of the Buddha at Mahintale, Sri Lunka / Wikipedia
Shiva Nataraja, Freer Gallery, Washington DC / Mr. T in DC
/ www.flickr.com
Four-Armed Vishnu, Metropolitan Museum of Art /
PHGCOM / Wikipedia
Abayagiriya Dagaba in 1800 / www.comeonsrilankabykun
chana.blogspot.com
Abhayagiri Dagaba / Gwen Vanhee / www.flickr.com
Uttama coin / http://lakdiva.org/coins/
Ribbed Vault and Carvings in Ellora Cave 10 Richard T.
Nowitz/Corbis
Ajanta cave / Pnp! / www.flickr.com
Cave #24, Ajanta Caves Richard A. Cooke/CORBIS
Amaravati / soham_pablo / www.flickr.com
Buddha Image from Mathura, Uttar Pradesh Luca Tettoni/
CORBIS
Coins of Kossano (Kushan) / Jeantosti / Wikipedia
Gatius Julius Caesar, National Archaeological Museum of
Naples, Italy / Andreas Wahra / Wikipedia
Cleopatra, Altes Museum, Berlin by Marco Prins /
www.livius.org
Bust of Marcus Antonius, Museo Vaticano, Rome CORBIS
Augustus of Prima Porta, Museo Chiaramoni, Vatican,
Rome / Andreas Wahra, Till Niermann / Wikipedia
Street in Pompeii / Paul Vlaar / Wikipedia
Map of the Roman Empire in 125 during the reign of
emperor Hadrian by Andrein with EraNavigator / Wikipedia
Pompeo Magno / Guido Bertolotti / Wikipedia
Sermon on the mount by Bloch, Copenhagen / Wikipedia
Descent of the cross by Rubens, Palais des Beaux Arts de Lille
Nero, Glyptothek, Munich / Freebase / Wikipedia
Gold coin of Kanishka, British Museum / Wikipedia
White Horse Temple by Charnchai Bindusen
Maitreya Buddha, Thikse Monastery / Payal Vora /
www.flickr.com
Dragon Gate Cave in Luoyang, China / Fanghong / Wikipedia
Colossal Buddha in Bamian Paul Almasy/CORBIS
Colossal Buddha at Bamiyan Robert Harding World
Imagery/Corbis
Three Brothers / The Field Museum / Wikipedia
Germania Antiqua / Philip Clver / www.library.yale.edu
Nalanda by Bhikkhu Panot Gunavattho

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Bust of Constantine / Art & Culture 104 / www.cultureart.

blogspot.com
Coin of Emperor Gratian / Wikipedia
Attila with Goat Horns, Pavia, Italy
Goryeo Buddhist painting, Asian Art Museum of
San Francisco / Appleby / Wikipedia
Buddhaghosa by Solius Mendis, Kelaniya Vihara, Colombo,
Srilanka / Lankapic / Wikipedia
Bust of Byzantine Empreror Theodosius II Corbis
Carved Columns Ellora / amanderson2/ www.flickr.com
Nothern Wei Buddha Statue, Tokyo National Museum
Head of Buddha Statue / Hyougushi / www.flickr.com
Romulus Augustus, Rome / www.cngcoins.com / Wikipedia
Taxila by Charnchai Bindusen
Bodhidharma by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi / Wikipedia
Prince Shotoku, Imperial Household Collection / Wikipedia
Ajanta Caves and Environs Michael Freeman/CORBIS
Ellora Caves Frdric Soltan/Sygma/Corbis
Kumbh Mela in Allahabad Frdric Soltan/Sygma/Corbis
Bodhgaya, India / svennemeister / www.flickr.com
Giant Shivalingam in the Shiva temple Luca Tettoni/
Robert Harding World Imagery/Corbis
Vertical-axis winmills Caroline Mawer, 2011. All rights
reserved.
Dvaravati Cakka, National Museum, Bangkok / Dvaravati
Art, The Early Buddhist Art of Thailand
Songstan Gampo, Tibet / www.cc.purdue.edu / Wikipedia
Xuanzang Lebrecht Music & Arts/Corbis
Tang Taizong / Wikipedia
The Prophet Muhammad / BNF, MS Arabe 1489, fol. 5v /
Wikipedia
Kaaba Mirror / Muhammad Mahdi Karim
(www.micro2micro.net) / Wikipedia
Afghanistan Jump-Starts a New Day David Bathgate/Corbis
Statue in Mountainside, Afghanistan Charles & Josette
Lenars/CORBIS
City Skyline with Umayyad Mosque and Souk Bruno
Morandi/Robert Harding World Imagery/Corbis
Naqsh i Rustam / Ginolerhino 2002 / Wikipedia
Avalokitesvara, Malayu Srivijaya style / Gunkarta / Wikipedia
Avalokitesvara, National Museum, Bangkok / Sukon
Sikkhakosol / www.learners.in.th
Surya Majapahit, National Museum of Indonesia, jakarta /
Gunkarta / Wikipedia
Prajpramit, Korean Tripitaka / Wikipedia
Tripitaka Koreana Woodblock / Steve46814 / Wikipedia
Rajendra coin / http://lakdiva.org/coins/ Wikipedia

87 Statue of Buddha at Todaiji in Nara / Wikipedia

87 Todai-ji / Bobak HaEri / Wikipedia
87 Emperor Shomu, Imperial Collection, Japan / Wikipedia
88 Buddha, Pala Dynasty, Musee Guimet, Paris / Wikipedia
89 Center of Vikramshila / Devesh.bhatta / Wikipedia
89 Caliph Harun al-Rashid / http://miniaturesinancientart.com
90 Aryabhata, India / Wikipedia
91 Nalanda by Charnchai Bindusen
92 Buddhas life from a Prajna-paramita Manuscript, Northeast
India. courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C.:Purchase, F1930.88
91 Temple at Chaiya, Thailand Michael Freeman/CORBIS
92 Borobudur, Indonesia / 123RF Stockphoto
93 Shankaracharya, Ravi Varmas Studio / www.columbia.edu
93 Buddha statue in a perforated stupa Graham Uden/
Redlink/Corbis
94 The temple of the Shringeri Math / www.columbia.edu /
itc/mealac/pritchett
94 Papa Giovanni XII / www.romamedioevale.it / Wikipedia
95 Shiva Statue / Deepak Gupta / Wikipedia
96 Reclining Buddha in Gal Vihara, Polonnaruwa / Lankapic /
Wikipedia
97 Devagiri Fort / Wikipedia
97 Gomatesvara, Mysore / jshyun / www.flickr.com
98 Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni / Wikipedia
99 Khajuraho by Charnchai Bindusen
99 Prang Sam Yod / .Live.Your.Life. / www.flickr.com
99 The Windsor Martyrs burned at the stake in 1543
Stefano Bianchetti/Corbis
100 Mahmoud & Ayaz, and Shah Abbas, Reza Abbasi Museum
/ Wikipedia
100 Koning Anawrahta Leo Koolhoven / www.flickr.com
101 Metal movable / Willi Heidelbach / Wikipedia
101 University of Bologna Stephanie Maze/CORBIS
101 One the entrance of Sorbonne, in Paris / David Monniaux /
Wikipedia
101 Oxford University / 123 RF Stockphoto
102 Dhakeshwari Temple in 1890 / Wikipedia
102 Saladin and Guy de Lusignan / www.usherbrooke.ca /
Wikipedia
103 Old Inca wonder / MarcoIE / www.flickr.com
103 Ankor Wat / rosskevin756 / www.flickr.com
104 The screen and the mosque courtyard, Qutbminar /
www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett
104 Iron Pillar in Qutab Minar Complex Hulton-Deutsch
Collection/CORBIS
106 Hindu Priest, India / The Library of Congress, LC-B2-2350-16

107 Khwarezm Shah Ala Ad Din Mohammad / Wikipedia

108 Shri Mahakali Mata / pritchett / www.columbia.edu
108 Genghis Khan, National Palace Museum, Taipei / Wikipedia
109 The Khajuraho Temples Frdric Soltan/Sygma/Corbis
110 The Taj Mahal at dawn Christophe Boisvieux/Corbis
112 Tripitaka Koreana in Haeinsa / Lauren Heckler / Wikipedia
113 Gregory IX by Raffaello Sanzio, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican
113 Statue of Saladin in Damascus / Godfried Warreyn /
Wikipedia
114 Golden Buddha Statue in Thailand Christophe
Boisvieux/Corbis
114 Sukhothai / 123RF Stockphoto
114 Inscription No.1 (King Ramkamhaeng) Michael Freeman/
CORBIS
114 Knig Ramkamhaeng the Great / www.wapedia.mobi
115 An Ottoman Mamluk by Carle Vernet / Wikipedia
115 Monsieur Ducel, Mameluke de la Garde, 1850, The Anne
S. K. Brown Military Collection / Brown University Library
116 The Portrait of Kublai Khan by Anige, National Palace
Museum, Taipei
119 Boat Quay, Singapore Romain Cintract/Hemis/Corbis
120 Ayutthaya by Krisda Nithananond
120 Ayutthaya / 123RF Stockphoto
121 Ancient Hampi City Center / Wikipedia
122 Timur by M. Gerasimov / www.museum.ru / Wikipedia
122 Timur the Lame, Gallery of Art in Lviv / Wikipedia
122 Map of the city and fort at Malakka / Wikipedia
124 Youngle Dadian Chinese Encyclopedia / Wikipedia
124 Younle Emperor / Wikipedia
125 Emerald Buddha, Wat Phra Kaeo Luca Tettoni/Robert
Harding World Imagery/Corbis
125 Wat Bodharammahavihar / / www.cm77.com
126 Iudea, Rijksmuseum, Natherland
126 Crowned Buddha Head Luca I. Tettoni/CORBIS
128 Gutenberg Bible, Museum of Printing History, Houston /
Andromeda8236 / www.flickr.com
128 Constantine XI Palaiologos, Greece / Wikipedia
128 Michelangelo by Baccio Bandinelli, Muse Du Louvre, Paris
129 Pope Sixtus IV by Melozzo da Forl, Vatican Museum
129 Jews Prying in the Synagogue by Maurycy Gottlieb, 1878
130 Portrait of Amerigo Vespucci, Portrait of Amerigo Vespucci,
National Library of Australia / nla.pic-an2310320
130 Columbus by Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, c. 1520, Museum of the
sea and navigation of Genoa
130 Pope Alexander VI by Cristofano dellAltissimo (1525-1605),
Corridoio Vasariano Museum, Florence
131 The Cantino World Map, Biblioteca Estense, Modena, Italy

132 Vasco Da Gama by Antonio Manuel da Fonseca (1796-1890),

National Maritime Museum, London
133 Map of Goa / Braun and Hogenberg / Wikipedia
133 King Manuel I of Portugal / Wikipedia
133 Aztec sun stone replica / Gryffindor / Wikipedia
134 Guru Nanak Dev / punjabwallpaper.wordpress.com
134 Native American, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig
135 Shahenshah Babar Muhammad Naeem, Lahore-Pakistan
135 Sultan Selim I / Wikipedia
136 Martin Luther / Wikipedia
136 Ferdinand Magellan, Museo Naval de Madrid
137 Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, Thailand Sopon Supamangmee,
www.soponphotography.com
137 Pope Clement VII by Sebastiano del Piombo (1485-1547)
138 Pope Paul III by Tiziano Veccelli, Galleria Nazionale di
Capodimonte
138 Pope Sixtus V / www.papalartifacts.com
138 Nicolaus Copernicus, Regional Museum in Torun
138 Giordano Bruno from Livre du recteur (1578), University
of Geneva
138 Portrait of Galileo Galilei by Justus Sustermans, National
Maritime Museum, London
139 Portrait of Mary I of England, by Hans Eworth
139 King Frances II of France and his wife by Franois Clouet
139 Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre by Franois Dubois,
Muse cantonal des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne
140 Portrait of Elizabeth I The Print Collector/Corbis
140 Philip II of Spain by Sofonisba Anguissola, Prado Museum,
Madrid
141 Kanyakumari sundarapandian / www.flickr.com
142 King Nareuan / Mix vasuvadh / Wikipedia
143 The tomb of Akbar Shah, The Ames Library of South Asia
at the University of Minnesota
143 Koning Bayint Naung / LeoKoolhoven / www.flickr.com
144 Buddha Daibutsu, Kamakura, Japan /Dirk Beyer/wikipedia
144 Commodore Matthew C. Perry, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/
cph 3g07502
144 Ernest Crofts A Scene from the Thirty Years War, 1884 -
Leeds Art Gallery
145 Portrait of James I of England by Paul Van Somer, ca 1620
146 Replica of Mayflower Sailing Bettmann/CORBIS
146 Pilgrims Landing by Edward Percy Moran (1862-1935),
Pilgrim Hall Museum, Plymouth, Mass.
146 Redraft of the Castello Plan New Amsterdam in 1660 /
New York Historical Society Library, Maps Collection
146 Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition, painting by Cristiano
Banti, 1857

147 Shah Jahan Muhammad Naeem, Lahore, Pakistan

147 Mumtaz Mahal Muhammad Naeem, Lahore, Pakistan
147 Aurangzeb Alamgir Muhammad Naeem, Lahore, Pakistan
147 Portrait of Cardinal Richelieu by Philippe de Champaigne,
National Gallery, London
148 King Narai the Great of Siam by Clestur / Wikipedia
149 Constantin Phaulkon, 17th century print
149 Siamese Embassy To Louis XIV by Nicolas Larmessin
150 Nader Shah Afshar, Victoria & Albert Museum, London
150 View of Peacock Throne Bettmann/CORBIS
150 Portrait of Louis XIV, Hyacinthe Rigaud (16591743), Louis
XIV Collection, Louvre Museum
151 Vigil of Queen Mothers grandsons Pool Photograph/
Corbis
152 Ganges River at sunset Destinations/Corbis
154 Portrait of Warren Hastings by Lemuel Francis Abbott
154 Spinning Mule / Pezzab / Wikipedia
154 Watts steam engine / Nicolas Perez / Wikipedia
155 Sir William Jones, The James Smith Noel Collection
155 Samuel Johnson by Joshua Reynolds, Tate Gallery
157 King Taksin Statue / Ian Fuller / www.flickr.com
157 Wat Arun at Sunset / Stuck in Customs / www.flickr.com
158 The Old Asiatic Society Building / Wikipedia
158 Captain James Cook, 172879 by William Hodges, 177576
158 Statue of Liberty, NY /Wiliam Warby / www.flickr.com
159 Bronze medal of James Prinsep by William Wyon, National
Portrait Gallery, London
159 Paper strip with writing in Kharoshthi. 2-5th century CE,
Yingpan, Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Museum
159 George Washington (1732-1799), by Gilbert Stuart, Yale
University, New Haven, Conn
159 Adam Smith, 1738 - 1822 by Lemuel Francis Abbott
159 Liberty Bell, Philadelphia / Ben Schumin / Wikipedia
159 John Frederick William Herschel (1792-1871) / Smithsonian
Instution Libraries
160 King Buddhayodfah the Great of Siam by Chalerm Nagirak
160 The Three Seals Law / Wikipedia
161 Wat Poh Bangkok Javier Baranda, Spain / www.flickr.com
162 British officers with Gurkhas Hulton-Deutsch Collection/
CORBIS
162 Representation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man
and of the Citizen in 1789
162 Execution of Louis XVI / Museum of the French Revolution
163 Kemmendine Attack by J.Moore, 19th Century
163 British Attack in Burma by J.Moore, 19th Century
163 Napoleon in his King of Italy gown, 1805, by Andrea Appiani
163 Arthur Wellestley, 1st Duke of Wellington by Robert Home,

1804, National Portrait Gallery, London

163 The Battle of Waterloo, 1852 by Clment Auguste
Andrieux
163 Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet CORBIS
164 King Buddhalertlah of Siam by Chalerm Nagirak
164 Monumento a Louis Braille / Rodolfoto / www.flickr.com
164 Wood-carved Braille code by Christophe MOUSTIER /
Wikipedia
165 King Nangklao of Siam / soham pablo / www.flickr.com
166 Friedrich Frbel / http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/LCDIG-
pga-00127
166 Matthias Jacob Schleiden by Carl Schenk, ca 1855
166 Theodore Schwann by Henry Smith Williams, 1904
166 Friedrich Engles by George Lester, 1868
166 Karl Marx by John Mayall, 1875, International Institute of
Social History in Amsterdam
167 Phukhaothong, Wat Saked, Bangkok / 123RF Stockphoto
168 Queen Victoria by Alexander Bassano, 1882. National
Portrait Gallery, London
168 Sir John Bowring, by John King
168 F. B. Sayre, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of
Congress, ggbain 15346
168 Woodrow Wilson, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of
Congress, cph. 3c32907
169 Charles Darwin by J. Cameron, 1869
169 John Dewey Corbis
170 Alexander Cunningham, Santonio Museum of Art, Texas /
Mike Fitzpatrick
170 Abraham Lincoln, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of
Congress, cph.3a53298
171 Archaeological Survey of India, Muradpur, India (1905-
1920) / www.kerninstitute.leidenuniv.nl
171 Gettysburg National Monument by Henry Hartley / Wikipedia
172 Mississippi Ku-Klux, Prints & Photographs Division, Library
of Congress, cph.3a50075
172 Klu Klux Klan Members Burning Cross William Campbell/
Sygma/Corbis
172 Nobel Prize medals, Erik Lindberg (1873-1966) / Jonathun
der / wikipedia
172 Portrait of Alfred Nobel by Gsta Florman (18311900)
173 Reminton no.1 Typewriter 1870 Corbis
173 Portrait of King Mindon, Mandalay Palace, Myanmar /
Wagaung / Wikipedia
173 Kyuaksa, Kuthodaw Pagoda, Mandalay, Myanmar /
Wagaung / Wikipedia
174 Portrait of Sir Edwin Arnold Bettmann/CORBIS
174 Rhys Davids / Pali Text Society

174 Portrait of Alexander III by I.N. Kramskoi (1837-1887)

174 John Maynard Keynes Corbis
175 Pali Tipitaka of King Chulalongkorn the Great, courtesy of
The International Tipitaka Project / www.tipitakahall.net
176 Anagarika Dharmapala / Wikipedia
176 Thawon Watthu Bldg., Bangkok by Thongsook Changvijjukarn
178 Bodhgaya after Renovation / Wikipedia
178 Wilhelm Conrad Rentgen / Wikipedia
178 Wilhelm Rentgens first x-ray by Wilhelm Rentgen,
178 The 1896 Olympic Silver Medal by Nicolas Gysis, 1896
179 Mahabodhi Society, India / dhammasociety.org /
www.flickr.com
179 Statue of Anagarika Dhammapala, Sarnath Thomas
Kappler / www.flickr.com
179 D. T. Suzuki by Mihoko Okamura
181 Max Planck Bettmann/CORBIS
181 Albert Einstein, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of
Congress, cph.3g04940
181 Marconi With His Wireless Apparatus Hulton-Deutsch
Collection/CORBIS
181 Orville Wrigh, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of
Congress, ppmsc 06102
181 Wilbur Wright, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of
Congress, ppprs 00683
181 American Inventor L.H. Baekeland Bettmann/CORBIS
181 Alexander Graham Bell, Prints & Photographs Division,
Library of Congress, cph.3a17019
181 Sir Joseph Wilson Swan Bettmann/CORBIS
181 Thomas Alva Edison, Prints & Photographs Division, Library
of Congress, cph.3b26026
183 German Infantry Along River Bettmann/CORBIS
183 Bangkok - Chulalongkorn University / Roger Wollstadt /
www. flickr.com
184 Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud / www.bpeah.com
184 King Abdullah I bin Hussein of Jordan, 1951
185 Mustafa Kemal Atatrk / Zeynep / www.flickr.com
185 Osman I / Bilinmiyor / Wikipedia
186 Portrait of King Prajadhipok Bettmann/CORBIS
186 Clyde W. Tombaugh Bettmann/CORBIS
187 Buddhadasa Bhikkhu / Buddhadsa Indapao Archives
187 Dome of Thammasat / ScorpianPK / Wikipedia
188 Little Boy Nuclear Weapon / United States Department of
Energy, U.S. federal government
188 Fat Man Nuclear Device / U.S. Department of Defense,
U.S. federal government
188 Atomic Bombing of Japan, Necessary Evil
188 Harr Truman, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of

Congress, cph.3c17122
188 Pearl Harbor Attack, 7 December 1941 / USS West Virginir
188 Scene of destruction in a Berlin street / IWMCollections
IWM Photo No.: BU 8604
190 Buddhas footprints, Mahabodhi Temple Photosindia/
192 John Atanasoff at a press conference Bettmann/CORBIS
192 ENIAC Paul W Shaffer, curator for the University of
Pennsylvania ENIAC Museum / Wikipedia
192 UNIVAC II / U. S. Navy Electronics Supply Office / Wikipedia
192 Altair 8800 Computer by Michael Holley / Wikipedia
193 IBM 1130 console by Bob Rosenbloom / Wikipedia
193 FGCS, PIM/m1 / Nixdorf / Wikipedia
193 MacIntosh Plus / Rama / Wikipedia
193 Motorola Dyna TAC 8000X / Redrum0486 / Wikipedia
195 Dr. Oswald T. Avery Bettmann/CORBIS
195 Mao Tse Tung Roman Soumar/CORBIS
197 Mahatma Gandhi Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
198 Wat Thai Buddhagaya, Bihar / www.watthaibuddhagaya.com
198 The Way of The Buddha by Bhikkhu C. Buddhivaro
199 Buddhamonthol, Nakhonpathom by Thongsook
Changvijjukarn
199 Phrasrisakyadasapalanyan, Nakhonpathom by Krisda
Nithananond
200 Chaththa Samgiti / Tipitaka International Council B.E. 2500
(1956) / www.dhammasociety.org
201 Sputnik I, National Air and Space Museum / NASA
201 The Buddha and Pancavaggiya, water-color painting by
Chakrabhand Posayakrit, courtesy of The Chakrabhand
Posayakrit Foundation All rights reserved
202 Tibet, Lhasa: Potala Palace Fridmar Damm/Corbis
202 S.S. o Dalai Lama / Elton Melo / www.flickr.com
202 Theodore Maiman & the worlds first laser /
Kathleenfmaiman / wikipedia
202 Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime Minister of Ceylon
Bettmann/CORBIS
203 Pope John XXIII / John McNab / www.flickr.com
203 The World Fellowship of Buddhists / www.wfb.org
203 Buddhapadipa Thai Temple Tomasz Nowak /
www.flickr.com
204 Hippies 1960s / brizzle born and bred / www.flickr.com
204 Sharing a joint, Palm Springs / Wikiwatcher1 / Wikipedia
204 Prabhupada Dancing at Bhakt / aquarius2001.worldpress.com
204 Hare Krishna Grigory Kubatyan/shuttlerstock
205 Wat Dhammaram by Weerasak Witthawaskul, Chicago
206 Pol Pot In The Cambodian Jungle Bettmann/CORBIS
207 Wat Phra That Phanom, Thailand / Matthew Gold /
www.flickr.com

207 King Savang Vatthana, Royal Lao Army Paywar Calendar /

Wikipedia
207 Souvanna Phouma / www.msxlabs.org
208 Ho Chi Minh, 1946 / Bo C Mau / Wikipedia
208 Bombing in Vietnam, Lt. Col. Cecil J. Poss, 20th TRS on
RF-101C, USAF.
208 Dead Vietcong by: SP5 Edgar Price Pictorial A.V. Plt. 69th
Sig. Bn. (A) / Vietnam Center and Archive
209 Jim Jones STEPHANIE MAZE/San Francisco Chronicle/
Corbis
209 Heng Samrin Pascal Manoukian/Sygma/Corbis
209 The King of Cambodia, Norodom Sihamoni Christian
Liewig/Corbis
209 Prince Norodom Ranariddh, FUNCINPEC leader
Les Stone/Sygma/Corbis
209 Samdech HUN SEN / Trade Promotion Department,
Cambodia
210 Luang Por Chah, ABM Photo Archives
210 Luang Por Sumedho, ABM Photo Archives
210 Cittaviveka Buddhist Monastery by Bhikkhu Gavesako, CBM
210 Amaravati Buddhist Monastery, ABM Photo Archives
210 Korean Reverend Sun Myung Moon Ira Wyman/Sygma/
Corbis
210 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi / Galaxy fm / www.flickr.com
210 A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada / Eequor / Wikipedia
210 Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh / The Oregon Historical Society /
www.ohs.org
211 BUDSIR VI by Bhikkhu C. Buddhivaro
212 Fall of the Wall 1989 dpa/dpa/Corbis
212 UN Conference on Environment and Development,
United Nations Photo/www.flickr.com
213 Mug shot of David Koresh by McLennan County Sheriffs
Office / www.therightperspective.org
213 Timothy James McVeigh, courtesy of Gary Hunt,
www.outpost-of-freedom.com
213 Shoko Asahara nekkymomo / www.flickr.com
213 Marshall Herff Applewhite Brooks Kraft/Sygma/Corbis
214 Afghanistan Jump-Starts a New Day David Bathgate/Corbis
214 Dr. Ian Wilmut with Sheep Remi Benali/Corbis
214 Pope John Paull II Bernard Bisson/Sygma/Corbis
215 Image of explosive destruction of Bamiyan buddhas by
the Taliban, March 21, 2001./ CNN (To illustrate the
historic event of the destruction of the Bamiyan buddhas,
in the context of religious supression of some art)
215 Afghanistan Alexandra Boulat/VII/Corbis
216 Taj Mahal by Krisda Nithananond
221 Visakha at Buddhamonthol by Kan Arthayukti

.. 1 - 100

25
25
25
26
27
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.. 101 - 200

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-- 31
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3
7
7
-- 8
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10
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18
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: - 21
21
24

.. 201 - 300

32
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(: -) 33
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? 39
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.. 301 - 400

43
(-) 43

.. 401 - 500

: 43
44
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-- 47
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: 50
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+ 56
56

.. 501 - 600

57

.. 601 - 700

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.. 701 - 800

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.. 1101 - 1200

.. 901 - 1000

63
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- 64
65
66
67

76
: 76
77
77
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78
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80
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- 82
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.. 1001 - 1100

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- 72
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82
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-- 86
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.. 1301 - 1400

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.. 1401 - 1500

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 98
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: 104
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- 107
- 108
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126
: 128
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.. 1801 - 1900

.. 2001 - 2100

115
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- 117
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- 118
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.. 1901 - 2000

- 122
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: 122
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.. 2101 - 2200

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- 144
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.. 2201 - 2300

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163

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164

164
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166
166

The Communist Manifesto 166
167
. 167

168

.. 2401 - 2500

169
169
169
170
170
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: 172
172
(Nobel Prize) 172
: 173
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173

173
173
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174
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176
176
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177
177
178
178
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178
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179

 179
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180
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182
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183
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186

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187

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: 192
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194

...
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.. 2501 - 2547

201
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. 203
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205
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206

206
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208
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214
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Y2K millennium 3 215
218
: - 218
220

220

, 112
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 195, 202, 218

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186
170
114
114
114, 145

160
,
160
,
164
161
142
114, 127,
143
149

, 182
143
137
13

 157
180
, 127
, 142
33, 62, 126
, 126
, 120,
126
, 132,
142, 145
126, 127
13
13
148
38, 76
149


198
127, 143
148
(), 164
13
13
149
, 148
, 145
, 144,
145
, 3, 94
13
, 159
42
146
, 156
206, 209

60, 80, 94, 108,

151, 214, 215
7
, 8-10, 18, 78,
102, 178
18
12
12
141
7
, 31, 32
, 9, 18
, 145
146
114, 127
, 88, 179, 197
141
/ 121
100
, 7, 9, 28, 33, 34,
38-40, 42-46, 50-52, 58-
73, 76-78, 80, 82, 84, 85,
89-95, 97-100, 104-108,
111, 114, 117, 119-121,
149, 153, 155, 158, 160,
165, 171, 172, 174, 176,
178, 179, 187, 197, 198,
199, 201, 202, 205, 209,
213, 220
9, 18, 20, 21
8, 35, 76, 95, 170,
176, 177, 179, 198
/,
65, 84
198
187

198
198
,
203
, 145
, 171
26, 27
, 189
146
, 210
, 71
, 137
, 14, 91, 199
, . 169
, 139
148
79
, 63, 80
136
, 140
166
136
92
, 184
29
, 64, 210

211
, 19
, 164
33
/ 218
163
163
, 13
167

,
198, 200,
203, 211, 220
19
40
/ 7-9, 25, 29, 30,
53, 62, 197
97, 100, 107, 109,
112, 113, 115-117, 120-122,
124, 135
137
, 86, 117,
119, 123
, 53, 100
96
143
100
, 159
47
, 44
85, 119, 123
176, 177
50
, 24

176, 220
127
, 45, 46
, 38
, 38
29
177
29, 33
177, 180
72, 83, 85, 93, 99,
114

, 38
38, 39
, 72, 218
211
, 17, 18
46, 47
21
28
, 211
, 40
, 38
16
, 77, 100, 143,
164
, 78, 79, 82, 83,
92, 97, 135
132
85, 119, 123, 132,
142
, 78, 79, 135
137
156
, 156
7
, 38
50
, 38
173
47
7
173
26, 31, 34, 37
124
47
, 52
, 133

25, 133
, 64, 95
166
, 57
116
136
15
123
, 58, 59
144, 165
, 173
, 3
62, 63
, 23, 30, 43
30, 43
/, 70
146
/
185
26, 63, 70, 71, 79,
80, 82, 87-94, 97-99, 101,
102, 104-109, 111, 113,
115, 117-123, 129, 132,
134, 135, 140-143, 151,
173, 185, 197, 214, 218,
219
84
, 118
104, 106, 107
25, 132-134
31
, 121
, 7, 18, 56
, 3,
81, 90
/ 195

181
, 144
, 146
104, 115
, 57, 214
, 139, 140
, 129
, 79
, 100, 146
, 9, 11
, 38
, 31, 40, 42, 53
, 136
, 66, 82, 90
202
, 186
16, 78
21
28
8
10
119
145
29, 54, 56, 57, 78-80, 129,
141, 174, 184, 189, 195,
214, 218
128
68, 69, 128
3
212
3
123, 124
29
30, 37, 66, 68, 69, 80,
83, 88, 90, 95, 99, 101,
102, 108, 113, 116, 122,

124, 128-130, 132-136,

139, 141, 144, 154, 158,
163, 166, 168, 169, 174,
180, 183, 184, 189
165
57, 129
56, 57, 79, 80,
102, 113, 118, 184
66, 92, 95, 101, 128,
129, 159, 166, 183, 189
61, 62, 68, 92, 99,
128, 136, 144, 166, 178,
181, 184, 189, 212
// 7, 21, 34
42, 204, 213
38
38
162, 170, 171,
199, 202, 203
44
125, 145, 160,
198
137
108, 122, 151, 174,
183, 184
200
9, 18, 19, 24
77
112
101, 103, 106,
117
, 127
155
86, 87, 119
33, 62, 161
102

71, 73, 86
19
147
212
173
65
28
175
33, 51, 54-56, 60, 62,
63, 66, 68, 81, 95, 140,
147
26, 37, 43, 47, 55-57,
61-63, 65, 66, 68-70, 80,
81, 83-85, 87, 92, 95, 113,
128, 131, 133, 135, 136,
138-140, 144, 147, 148,
163, 174, 178, 185, 211,
214, 218
95, 113, 133,
138, 139, 144, 148, 174, 214
61, 63, 66, 68,
70, 87
61-63, 65, 66,
68-70, 80, 128, 132, 135,
185
95, 136,
144, 147, 163
68
45
18
11
58, 60
99, 100, 149
206
139, 165, 166, 174,
203, 210

, 205
130
99, 125
104, 106
106
218
/ 38-40, 44-47,
63, 65, 84, 86, 96, 125,
155, 156, 164
96
100, 120
100, 121, 125, 127,
137
59, 120, 207
114, 121, 127
155
133
, 130
/ 8, 36
3, 50
19
60
177
38
, 29
3, 13, 14, 16, 35, 88,
94, 95, 103, 199
, 66, 83,
90, 118
163
154, 155
218
7
7, 25, 28, 46
28, 46
, 45, 46

125
149
149
205
198
205
164, 200
121
9, 155
156
210
125
9, 18, 19
161, 165

207
125,
160, 176, 200
126
203
205
125
173
164, 176, 183
58
145
205
156
167
137
210
210
114
131
159
179, 202, 210

193
17
61, 67, 86
13
71, 86
137
33
28
132
, 105, 168
89, 91, 92, 105
15
, 148
66

181, 184, 212
, 40
40
50, 119
181
155
159
, 169
, 95
, 9
, 65
//, 60
60
, 71
, 116
11
24
, 19
163
132
, 18, 19, 25, 28

, 67
19
9, 18, 19
, 125, 157,
207
208
204, 208
62
, 95
// 58
52
149
25, 45, 96, 155, 202,
214, 220
155
63, 76, 83-89, 91-93,
99, 117, 119, 123
, 207
, 132
144
145
114, 120, 123, 125,
126, 127, 132, 142-145,
147, 148, 155, 156
66, 76, 77, 88
95
93-95
, 8
113, 138,
140, 147
137, 139
33-36, 39, 46, 78,
158, 159, 197
, 3, 42, 95
, 90
, 175,

183, 194
, 42, 51, 53
93
, 70, 76, 93, 155
160
212
117, 144,
169, 171, 172, 174, 184,
185, 189
171, 184,
189, 192, 206
70, 102, 118,
139, 141, 144
206
83, 87, 95, 103, 124,
129, 130, 132-134, 136,
139, 140, 143-145, 147,
168, 173
162,
186, 194
68, 69, 128
174
179
157
123, 127, 132, 143,
145, 149, 155, 168
/ 155,
156
, 155
, 59
, 77
, 145
, 12, 16
187
144
181

206, 220
100
122
21, 23-25, 28, 30,
38, 44, 47, 59, 125, 161,
173, 200
, 38, 40, 44
, 149
176,
183
36, 63, 179
24
166
195
, 3, 46, 63, 99
28
, 181
13
8, 25, 35,
178
33, 62
43
70
, 40, 52, 170
40, 51-53, 60, 61,
67, 84, 86
60, 165
125
, 126, 127
36, 170, 172, 176-
178, 197
, 9, 21
, 9, 18, 19, 62
, 60, 83
, 17
218

134, 147, 169, 218

86, 119, 123
86, 119, 123
65
, 44, 45, 47
, 44, 45
, 47, 155
71, 87, 90, 118
16
8
, 137
33
33
19
10
8
15
39, 100
, 12
25
11
, 114
, 121
114
, 76, 84, 85, 93,
119, 123
60
/, 210
, 78
7
187
98-100,
104, 106
104, 109, 115,
119, 120, 135
145

, 207
38, 77
, 137
, 25
, / 29
81, 91, 101, 132, 151,
218
44
103
60
, 102
, 41
, 148, 156
7, 27
, 38
89, 105
7
, 114, 127
165
, 123, 124
, 116
/, /
71, 77, 78, 82, 118
204, 211
187
125
164
139, 147
139,
147-150
, 93
183
/ 121
10
29
15, 38

, 202
, 202
28, 51, 66, 72, 83, 85
/ 60, 66, 68, 70,
71, 77
/, 73,
79, 80, 82, 83
, 60
, 19
, 51, 52, 61, 67,
72, 73, 84
, 24
159
, 91
12
7, 117, 135
9, 18
/ 38, 44,
45, 47, 96
, 100
, 84
, 38
8
() 38
46
46
, 84
, 52
25, 103, 124, 129,
130, 132-134, 140, 141,
146, 150, 158, 159, 168-
173, 177, 179, 186, 189,
202, 205, 208, 211-213,
220
, 158
130

, 33, 62
, 29
, 13
19, 20, 33, 65, 137,
174, 211
24, 28, 38, 100
/, 9,
167
114
38
26, 27, 31
218
, / 82
30
133
, 32
, 32
,
170
,
130
,
18, 26, 27, 30-32, 155
7, 32, 40, 50
/, /
32-38, 158, 159,
197
38
, 44, 45
, 101
145
55
/ 55, 56
, 95
, 26, 69,
115, 117, 122, 124, 128,

132, 135, 151, 183-185

181
, 72
, //
100, 143, 146, 147
176
, 158
95, 144, 183, 184
117
192
20
7
7
165
142, 143
, 146
73, 109, 124, 132,
137, 140, 145, 150, 154,
155, 159, 163, 165, 166,
168, 169, 171, 174, 176,
180, 181, 183, 189, 203
7, 171, 218
, 156
, 127
63, 66, 68, 70
44
, 44, 51, 71, 84
170
3, 20, 30, 43,
50, 60, 73, 79, 94, 98, 106,
108, 122, 135, 151, 214,
218, 219
, . 199
146
- 90
172

, 13, 42, 52, 67

7, 50
82
/ 28
155,
158, 159
58, 84, 85, 87,
92, 116
, 19, 24
79
83, 88, 124, 214
56, 80, 83, 87,
135
, 59
81
90
, 3
, 87, 90
79, 134, 184
-- ,
119, 120
79
, 47
201
135
141
19
, 19
, 123
130
, 37, 62, 66, 95,
116, 183, 189
, 103, 132,
133, 139
18, 29, 31-33, 37, 40,
42, 43, 44, 50, 51, 56, 58,

60-63, 70-73, 77-79, 82-

85, 87, 89, 90, 92-94, 97-
100, 104, 106, 108, 109,
111, 115-123, 130, 132,
133, 135, 136, 140, 141,
146, 153-155, 158, 163,
167, 169, 170, 174, 176,
179, 197-199, 202, 211,
218, 219
154, 169
71, 76, 84, 96, 119,
120
25, 133, 134,
146
208
, 76, 117,
123, 218
, 62, 185
54, 57, 195
, 47, 70, 78-81,
83, 89, 93, 97, 98, 100,
102, 105, 107, 115, 117-
119, 122, 123, 134, 135,
142, 143, 185, 195, 218
, 8, 9,
36
81
3, 20, 81, 83, 94, 97,
98, 107, 108, 122, 150, 151
, 60, 151
156, 161
, 7
3, 18, 30-34, 54, 55,
80, 81, 113, 115, 135
, 73
, / 40, 50

161
() 28
10
50, 53
, 25
210
, 24, 156
, 155
, 155, 156
, 82, 88
, 207
, 8
, 120, 126, 127
19
166
3
7, 31
, 165
, 174
181
, 7, 26, 27, 32,
178
34
25
, 51
, 140
/,
44, 45
, 102
122, 185
, 130
, 55
, 88, 89, 92
18
, 132, 139
150

68
89, 105
, 178
9, 167
181
, 56
7, 21, 26
7, 20, 21, 148
, 30
25
145, 146
93, 123, 124, 145,
146
-, 54
/, 41, 58- 60,
66
, 95, 184
, 208
, 89
, 158
78, 185
, 63, 95, 99, 102,
108, 134, 155, 197, 199
50
204
, 189
81
209
139, 150
130
, 137, 150
7
151
, 64
208
218


(. . )
( .. )

( ) ..
.. ..

.. ..
..

University Museum Pennsylvania .. Swarthmore College
Pennsylvania .. .. visiting scholar
research fellow Divinity Faculty Harvard




(Most Eminent Scholar)

(UNESCO) ..
..




()