Siwon Kim Ms.

Brown Advanced Placement United States History Due August 26, 2011 Chapter 5 Notes The Cultures of Colonial North America (1700-1780) Background - Conflicts between Catholic French (and her allies) and Christian English (and her allies) grew more profound. - French were already mingling with Native Americans. As a result, a generation between French and Natives was reproduced, Catholic religious rituals were mixed with Iroquois rituals, and European clothes were mixed with those of Native Americans. (Example: Kahnawake) North American Regions -Indian America was a critically important part of the eighteenth-century world. -Natives took the majority of North American population -British Provinces: Along the Atlantic Coast. -Hispanic Provinces: Defended the northern borderlands of the Spanish Caribbean and Mexican empire from Florida to California. -French Provinces: The valley of St. Lawrence River and down the Mississippi Valley from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. -Similarities: 1. Continuation of traditional Old World beliefs 2. Continuation of traditional Old World customs and institution. 3. General pattern of European adaption to American conditions. Indian America -Natives lost homelands to the colonists. -Depended on fur trade, and adopted European goods and technologies. -Became dependent on European goods, and participated in the commercial economy. -Independent, and became skillful at playing colonial powers against each other. (Example: Iroquois Five Nations battled against French, then later signed peace treaty and attacked English with French. Yet they still traded with English.) -European diseases were still striking natives. -By the early 18th century, Natives used horses, stolen from the Spanish.

Siwon Kim Ms. Brown Advanced Placement United States History Due August 26, 2011 French Colonies -Remained good relationship with the Natives. -Main purpose was fur trade and alliance. -Church and State were interwoven. -Also Catholic empire. -Population of New France grew quickly. -Used alliance network to create colonies. -French authorities created port and fortress of Louisbourg on Ile Royale. This protected the colonies, and planned it to be a great commercial empire. This confined the Protestant British to a narrow strip of Atlantic coastline. -Farming community (Mississippi Natchez; Baton Rouge New Orleans) and Fur Trade community -Long Lots land sharing method to share fertile lands. -Many mtis (mestizo) population; mingling of cultures. Spanish Colonies -New Spain was one of the wealthiest colonies. (Capital Mexico City) -Provinces were Florida, Texas, New Mexico, and California. -Established as buffer zones, protecting New Spain from the expanding empires of other competitors. -Florida: Weakened by war. Had to cooperate with the Creek and Seminole Indians. This led to growing mestizo population and number of free African Americans and Hispanicized Indians. -New Mexico: Isolated from New Spain. Relied on their own agriculture, yet had unfair trade with New Spain. Settlers expanded and moved out of New Mexico. -Texas: Threatened by French in Louisiana, presidios (military posts) were formed on the fringe of Louisiana. Natives in Texas were targeted for conversion to Franciscan Catholic. -California: The dry area belonged to the Natives. However, because of the rumor of Russian expansion, more settlers were sent to California. -Conversion of Native Americans made more labor forces to build infrastructures. (Natives were not forced to convert, but once converted, they could not make changes in their beliefs) -More died from inadequate nutrition, overcrowded regions, poor sanitations, and diseases. -Catholic Church dominated the area.

Siwon Kim Ms. Brown Advanced Placement United States History Due August 26, 2011 New England -Puritan congregations governed local communities in New England except RI. -Local communities had considerable autonomy, yet Puritan and General Court restrictions were strictly applied. -Roger Williams: Stop forcing worship IN 1661, King Charles II ordered to stop religious persecution in MA. -MA accepted the Toleration Act, pressurized from English authorities. This allowed other Protestant denominations to meet openly. -Groups of residents left to find new land, new town, and new church. -Deerfield was the furthest northern boundary restricted by French and her allies. The Middle Colonies -NY was ethically diverse. -NJ: Dutch, Huguenots, Flemish, and the Scots. -15%+ was African (slave & free) population. -NY: Lands were rented out, so it was not popular to immigrants. -PA: Quakers. Haven for Farmers -Property-owning farmers chose their own officials. The Back Country -PAs population boom led to expansion towards west. -Towards Maryland and Virginia -Settlers disdain for rank. The South -The Chesapeake and Lower South: Communities of White & Black slaves mingled. -Population growth from forced slavery. -Rice, tobacco, and other cash crops. -Church of England was the state religion. (Set by English authorities) No other religions were allowed. -Before 1750s, Toleration Act was a bit enforced in the colonies. -Transformed landscapes to farm rice and tobacco. -Rice: Required a lot of work and land Large quarters -Tobacco: Required less land Most farmers -Well-developed neighborhoods constructed from kinship networks and economic connections. -County Court: Executive and Judicial Power

Siwon Kim Ms. Brown Advanced Placement United States History Due August 26, 2011 Traditional Culture in the New World -Family, Kinship, Church, and Local Communities -Colonists tended to live as they did so back in Europe. -Passion for religion even after the mother countries had put those aside. -Medieval worldview. (Time based on the Sun) -Birthrate was high during winter, and low during summer. (Opposite for African Americans) -Collective works to maintain the community. -Most colonists continued their old jobs of working the land, as they did back in Europe. -Most farmers attempted to remain independent by raising their own food. -Colonial cities were centers of commerce. -Few opportunities for women outside the household; Men held managerial rights over family property. The Frontier Heritage -Since Europe was small and lands were owned by monopoly, Europeans sought for large and cheaper land in the colonies. -Popular acceptance of forced labor: Slave labor was the key to more labor and more success. -More than half of the immigrants were indentured servants: Enjoyed more privileges than those of 17th century did. -More conflict on land (More land was in demand). Diverging Social and Political Patterns -Population Growth and Immigration-Population grew quickly -High fertility and low mortality. -British colonies grew quicker: Immigration -Spanish was fearful of depleting their home population, and French was afraid of non-Catholic population. -French sent Catholic engages to Canada, but they returned. -British were the only imperial power to encourage the immigration of foreign nationals to the colonies. -British colonies enacted liberal naturalization laws that allowed immigrants who professed Protestantism and swore allegiance to the British crown to become free denizens, or country-born. -African slaves being shipped in

Siwon Kim Ms. Brown Advanced Placement United States History Due August 26, 2011 -Social Class-Attempt to restore European social class system was unsuccessful. -New France -Landowning seigneurs (Lords) were aristocracies. -The mix-blood race was on descending levels. -African slaves and Native Americans were at the bottom -Castas were mixed background, so they enjoyed more opportunities. -British Colonies -Upper Class: Large landowners, merchants, and prosperous professionals. -Celebrated social mobility class system was open to any wealthy people -Slaves, bound servants, and poor family made large portion of the population -Economic Growth and Increasing Inequality-New France: & New Spain: Economic stagnation (caused by royal bureaucracies and regulations) -British Colonies: Economic growth -Improved living conditions -Increased social inequality (Wealth held by mainly wealthy families) -Hope of social mobility on the countryside. -Contrasts in Colonial Politics-French Canada: Superior Council with royal governor -New Spain: Council of the Indies and executive authority by viceroy in Mexico City -British Colonies: Decentralized administration, but not democratic (rule by mobs) The Cultural Transformation of British North America -The Enlightenment Challenge-Galileo, Copernicus, Ren Decartes Enlightenment in Britain and Europe -Colonial elite believed in progress -Half of the population could read Read the Bible -Almanac (Combination of calendar, astrological guide, and sourcebook of medical advice and farming tips

Siwon Kim Ms. Brown Advanced Placement United States History Due August 26, 2011 -A Decline in Religious Devotion-Enlightenment made people believe in their reasoning -Declining membership of religious groups -Half-Way Covenant: Members children who had not experience conversion themselves could join as half-way members -Congregationalist began to question the Calvinist theology of predestination (God had predetermined the few men and women to be saved from second coming) -The Great Awakening: Protestant Reformation -Religious leaders condemned the laxity, decadence, and officalism -Division among the Presbyterians -New Lights vs. Old Lights -Rally against Calvinism, Support Alminiacism vs. Condemnation of emotional enthusiasm -Affected politics (depending on the religion of the leader groups)